Subject: Physics 5054 Assignment Topic: Kinetic Model of Matter

Name: ………………….............................. Class: ………………

Submission Date:
10th April 2018, Tuesday

1. A substance consists of particles that are close together and moving past each other at random.
The average speed of the particles is gradually increasing.
What best describes the substance?
A a gas being heated
B a liquid being heated
C a liquid undergoing solidification
D a solid being heated

2. A gas is heated in a closed container of constant volume.

What happens to the molecules of the gas?
A They collide with the walls with less force.
B They expand.
C They move faster.
D They move further apart.

3. A gas in a container of fixed volume is heated.

What happens to the molecules of the gas?
A They collide less frequently.
B They expand.
C They move faster.
D They move further apart.

4. A gas expands slowly and its temperature remains constant.

What happens to the gas molecules?
A They move further apart and their average speed decreases.
B They move further apart and their average speed increases.
C They move further apart and their average speed remains unchanged.
D They stay the same distance apart and their average speed decreases.

5. Scientists believe that some lakes are shrinking because of evaporation.

What increases the rate of evaporation?
A a decrease in the surface area
B a fall in water temperature
C an increase in the depth of the lake
D wind blowing across the surface

6. A fixed mass of gas is enclosed in a cylinder with a movable piston.

The gas is initially at pressure p1 and has a volume V1.

The temperature is kept constant. The piston is moved so that the pressure becomes p2 and the volume
becomes V2. Which equation is correct?
7. A gas syringe contains a fixed mass of air. The volume of the air is 240 cm 3 and it exerts a pressure
of 5.0 x104 Pa. The air is slowly compressed, keeping the temperature constant, until the pressure is
1.5 x105 Pa.
What is the final volume of air?
A 72 cm3 B 80 cm3 C 720 cm3 D 800 cm3

8. An extremely large increase in pressure is needed to compress a liquid. A gas can be compressed by a
much smaller increase in pressure.
Which statement explains this?
A Molecules repel each other very strongly when very close.
B The attractive forces between molecules are small at large distances.
C The molecules in the gas collide with the walls of their container and rebound.
D The molecules of a liquid are constantly moving at random.

9. A dish of liquid is left on a laboratory bench. Some of the liquid evaporates.

What happens and why?
A The liquid cools because liquid molecules have more potential energy than gas molecules.
B The liquid cools because faster-moving molecules escape.
C The liquid warms because liquid molecules have less potential energy than gas molecules.
D The liquid warms because slower-moving molecules are left behind.

10. Water of depth 10 m exerts a pressure equal to atmospheric pressure.

An air bubble rises to the surface of a lake which is 20 m deep. When the bubble reaches the surface, its
volume is 6.0 cm3.
What is the volume of the air bubble at the bottom of the lake?
A 2.0 cm3 B 3.0 cm3 C 12 cm3 D 18 cm3

11. When a sample of a solid is heated, it becomes a liquid and eventually becomes a gas.
(a) Fig. 11.1 shows the arrangement of the molecules in the solid.

Fig. 11.1
In the space below, draw the arrangement of the molecules in the liquid. [1]

(b) Complete the table by describing the motion of the molecules in the solid, liquid and gas.

[3]
(c) Suggest why a gas is able to fill a container but a solid has a fixed shape.
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12. Fig. 12.1 shows a can of compressed air that is being used to blow dust off a computer keyboard.

Fig. 12.1
(a) The pressure of the air inside the can is greater than the pressure of the atmosphere outside.
(i) What is meant by the term pressure of a gas?
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(ii) Explain, in terms of molecules, why the pressure of the air inside the can decreases as it is used.
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13. Gas is trapped in a syringe by a piston. Fig. 13.1 shows that the narrow end of the syringe is sealed.

Fig. 13.1
When the gas is at a pressure of 1.1 × 105 Pa, it occupies a volume of 40 cm3.
(a) Explain, in terms of the molecules, how the gas exerts a pressure on the inside of the syringe.
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(b) The piston is slowly pulled to the right until the volume occupied by the gas is 110 cm 3. The temperature
of the gas does not change. Calculate the new pressure of the gas.

pressure = .......................................[2]

(c) A beaker of boiling water is taken off a stove. The boiling stops but evaporation still continues and the
water cools.
Explain, using ideas about molecules, how evaporation causes cooling.
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14. A student notices puddles of water on a road, as shown in Fig. 14.1.

Fig. 14.1
Later in the day, he passes the puddles again and some of the water has evaporated.
(a) State two changes to the atmospheric conditions that would cause the water to evaporate faster.
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(b) Explain, in terms of molecules, what happens during evaporation.
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15. Fig. 15.1 shows the arrangement of molecules in a solid and in a liquid.

Fig. 15.1
(a) State one difference between the two arrangements.
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(b) By writing about the forces between molecules and the motion of molecules, explain why
(i) the molecules of a solid and of a liquid have different arrangements,
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(ii) the evaporation of a liquid cools the liquid,
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(iii) the rate of evaporation is greater when a liquid is hotter.
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16. Fig. 16.1 illustrates the arrangement of the molecules of a substance in its solid, liquid and gaseous
states.

Fig. 16.1
(a) State which arrangement, A, B or C, contains molecules with the most energy.
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(b) Explain, in terms of the forces between the molecules and their separation, why gases are easier to
compress than liquids,
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17. A helium balloon carries scientific instruments high up in the atmosphere.
Fig. 17.1 shows the partially inflated helium balloon leaving the ground.

Fig. 17.1
(a) A completely deflated balloon contains no gas. The helium to inflate it is stored in a very large cylinder at
a pressure of 2.5 × 107 Pa. Helium that occupies a volume of 18 m3 in the cylinder is slowly released into
the balloon until the pressure in the balloon is 1.0 × 105 Pa.
The temperature of the helium remains constant.

(i) State the equation that you will use to find V2.
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(ii) Calculate V2.

V2 = ......................................[2]

(b) When it leaves the ground, the balloon is only partially inflated. Suggest and explain why this is
necessary.
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18.

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19 Unwanted gold jewellery is heated in a furnace until it melts. Figure shows the liquid gold being poured
into a mould to make a gold bar.

The melting point of gold is 1100 °C.

(a) State two ways in which the molecular structure of gold at 1200 °C differs from its structure at 1000 °C.
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(b) In the furnace, solid gold reaches its melting point.
The furnace continues to supply thermal energy and, after a short time, all the gold melts.
Explain, in terms of the molecules, why thermal energy is needed to melt the gold.
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