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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 9. A movement of muscle that bends a joint to a more

(PART 2) acute angle is termed
a. flexion
1. Neurotransmitters diffuse across a … b. insertion
a. chemical synapse c. myelin sheath c. tonus
b. chemical protein d. Both a and b d. diastole

2. The role of calcium in muscle contraction is… 10. Which hormone triggers your body to retain NaCl,
a. To break the cross bridges as a co-factor in the especially during periods of heat?
hydrolysis of ATP a. Aldosterone
b. To bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the b. Progesterone
actin filament is exposed c. ACTH
c. To transmit the action potential through the transverse d. Epinephrine
tubules
d. To spread the action potential through the transverse 11. The vessel with the LEAST oxygenated blood is the
tubules. a. pulmonary vein
b. aorta
3. Which of the following statements is incorrect? c. renal artery
a. Olfactory receptors respond to the chemical stimulation d. pulmonary artery
of an odorant molecule by producing a receptor potential
b. Basal stem cells continually produce new olfactory 12. A person’s anterior pituitary gland is removed by
receptors. surgery. Plasma concentrations of which of the following
c. Adaptation to odors is rapid and occurs in both olfactory hormones would be LEAST affected?
receptors and CNS a. GH
d. Olfaction has a low threshold b. LH
c. FSH
4. Which of the ff. statements is incorrect? d. Insulin
a. Taste is a chemical sense
b. The receptors for taste sensation are found in the taste 13. The hormone progesterone
buds located on the tongue, soft palate, larynx, pharynx a. stimulates follicle growth
c. Taste receptors generate a receptor potential b. stimulates FSH production
d. The threshold for bitter substances is the highest c. is produced by the anterior pituitary
d. readies the uterus for implantation
5. Which of the ff. is a correct sequence for the sound
waves? The graph below illustrates the data from an experiment
a. External auditory canal, tympanic membrane, auditory in which antibody levels for two different antigens, A and
ossicles, oval window, cochlea, and organ of Corti. B, were measured following exposure to these antigens.
b. Tympanic membrane, external auditory canal, ossicles, Antibodies play a crucial role in the human body’s
cochlea, organ of Corti, round window defences against disease.
c. Ossicles, tympanic membrane, cochlea, organ of Corti,
round window, oval window, external auditory canal
d. Auricle, tympanic membrane, round window, cochlea,
organ of Corti, oval window

6. Which of the following explains why blood circulates

through the body tissues of amphibians at higher pressure
than through the body tissues of a fish?
a. amphibians have 2-heart-double circulation system
b. in fish, blood travels directly from gills to the body
c. blood from the lungs requires less muscular energy to
pump than blood from the gills
d. amphibians are warm-blooded while fish are not

7. Ammonia is excreted by most…

a. Bony fishes
b. Organisms that produce shelled eggs Questions 14-16 refer to this graph.
c. Adult amphibians
d. Mammals 14. Antibodies are produced by
a. B cells
8. In mammalian males, the excretory and reproductive b. T cells
systems share the… c. macrophages
a. Testes c. Urethra d. neutrophils
b. Vas deferrens d. Ureter

15. The large peak upon secondary stimulation is due to
a. proliferation and differentiation of memory cells to
secrete antibody
b. more antigen in the organism
c. T-cell activation
d. passive immunity
16. The secondary response is how many times larger
than the primary response?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 101
d. 102
17. Which will initiate the process of blood clotting?
a. damage to the lining of a blood vessel
b. conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
c. attraction of leukocytes to the site of infection
d. exposure of blood to air
18. Norman is an amateur body builder with a huge
collection of weight lifting equipment in his basement. His
little sister Venus tried to lift the 100-lb barbel- it didn't
budge. Norman lifted the same barbell over his head, held
it there and then lowered it back to the ground. Venus
was very impressed with her big brother. What were the
types of muscle contractions performed by Norman?
a. isotonic concentric contractions
b. isotonic eccentric contraction
c. isometric contractions
d. all of the above
19. Which physiological response is an example of positive
feedback?
a. an increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood
stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin, a hormone that
lowers blood glucose concentration
b. a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood
causes deeper, more rapid breathing which expels CO2.
c. stimulation of a nerve cell causes sodium ions to leak
into the cell and the sodium influx triggers the inward
leaking of even more sodium.
d. the pituitary gland secretes a hormone called TSH
which stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete another
hormone called thyroxine. A high concentration of
thyroxine suppresses the pituitary’s secretion of TSH.
20. Weakening of skeletal muscles in myasthenia gravis is
caused by:
a. decreased calcium ions diffusing into the muscle fibers
b. decreased number of acetylcholine receptors
c. increased parathyroid hormone production
d. increased osteoclastic activity
21. Foreign molecules that evoke an immune response are
called...
a. pathogens b. antibodies c. antigens d. histamine
22. Which part of the brain is involved in loss of control
when a person drinks alcohol?
a. Cerebellum c. Medulla oblongata
b. Cerebrum d. hypothalamus
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23. Which of the ff. hormones have antagonistic effects?
a. parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
b. glucagon and thyroxine
c. growth hormone and epinephrine
d. epinephrine and norepinephrine
24. In mammals, urine formation occurs in a pair of
kidneys. Each human kidney contains about a million tube-
like-blood-filtering units called nephrons. Urine
compositions and volume depend on three processes:
filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Which of the
following does not match the process named?
a. filtration: blood enters Bowman's capsule of glomerulus
b. reabsorption: water and solutes selectively return to
blood capillaries
c. secretion: excess ions and some other substances move
from blood capillaries into the nephrons
d. all of the above match
25. Multicellular animals have a circulatory system
consisting of a muscular pump, blood and blood vessels; it
exchanges substances with interstitial fluid only in
diffusion zones. Blood, transport fluid, carries oxygen and
other substances to cells. Which of the following are NOT
components of blood?
a. red blood cells and white blood cells
b. assorted solutes and dissolved gases
c. platelets and plasma
d. none of the preceding
26. The contents of the stomach changes from an acid pH
towards an alkaline pH as they enter the small intestine.
This change is caused by:
a. neutralization of amino acids
b. the removal of hydrogen ions in reaction with salt in the
intestinal secretion
c. a decrease in the secretion of HCl in the stomach
d. the digestion of acid molecules by enzymes in the small
intestine
27. A woman had several miscarriages. Her doctor
suspected that a hormonal insufficiency was causing the
lining of the uterus to break down, as it does during
menstruation, terminating her pregnancies. Treatment
with which of the ff. might help her to remain pregnant?
a. oxytocin c. adrenal cortex
b. testosterone d. luteinizing hormone
28. Which of the following is not part of the body’s
non-specific defense system?
a. natural killer cells c. complement
b. antibodies d. inflammation
29. Living organisms have abilities to respond to stimuli
and perpetuate their own kind. These characteristics are:
a. homeostasis and reproduction, respectively.
b. irritability and reproduction, respectively.
c. metabolism and homeostasis, respectively.
d. irritability and metabolism, respectively.
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30. The Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas secrete the 38. In pulmonary circulation in mammals, the veins carry
hormone insulin which regulates the blood glucose level in a. Oxygenated blood away from the heart
humans. The pancreas is an organ of the: b. Oxygenated blood toward the heart
a. Digestive system c. Endocrine system c. Deoxygenated away from the heart
b. Circulatory system d. a and b d. Deoxygenated blood toward the heart

31. Which organ-system do you think is not vital to the 39. Which portion of the brain establishes regularity of
survival of an individual organism? respiration?
a. Reproductive system c. Muscular system a. Medulla c. Inferior pons
b. Digestive system d. Nervous system b. Cerebrum d. Superior pons

32. Which is true about the antagonistic action of arm
muscles?
a. When we bend the arm biceps relax, triceps contract
b. When we extend the arm, biceps contract, triceps relax
c. When we bend the arm biceps contract, triceps relax
d. Both a and c
40. In the initial digestive process in man, all of the
following occur in the mouth EXCEPT
a. Secretion of enzymes
b. Primary carbohydrates digestion
c. Fats and protein digestion
d. Conversion of food into smaller pieces

33. What do you call the functional unit of the nervous 41. The function of mucus secreted by the lining of the
system that is responsible for transmitting signals from alimentary canal is to:
one location in the body to another? a. Help digest fats into fatty acids and glycerol
a. neuron c. dendrite b. Help increase the amounts of juices secreted by the
b. axon d. Schwann digestive glands
c. Protect the lining from being acted upon by the
34. Which activity does NOT require cellular energy? digestive juices
a. Synthesis of hormones d. Prevent bacteria from reaching the blood vessels
b. Contraction of muscles
c. Coordination of electrochemical impulses 42. When inhaled, which substance can form a more
d. Diffusion of sodium chloride through blood plasma stable compound with hemoglobin, thereby, causing
adverse reactions in an individual?
35. Which of the following correctly describes the Na+ and a. Ether c. Carbon Dioxide
K+ ions across the cell membrane? b. Nicotine d. Carbon Monoxide
a. The concentration of Na+ ions outside the cell is high
and the concentration of K+ Ions outside the cell is low 43. Which of the following blood vessels carries blood with
b. The concentration of Na+ ions outside the cell is low the highest concentration of oxygen?
and the concentration of K+ ions outside is low a. Renal vein c. Pulmonary artery
c. Inside the cell, the concentrations of Na+ and K+ ions b. Pulmonary vein d. Hepatic portal vein
are both high
d. Outside the cell, the concentrations of Na+ and K+ ions 44. Transcapillary flow into the tissue spaces occurs when
are both high the…
a. Plasma osmotic pressure exceeds the blood pressure
36. Find the correct sequence of the different stages in b. Blood pressure exceeds the plasma osmotic pressure
blood clotting? c. Osmotic pressure of the tissue fluids exceeds that of the
I. Fibrinogen thrombin fibrin plasma
II. Prothrombin thromboplastin thrombin d. Hydrostatic presseure of the tissue fluids exceeds that
𝐶𝑎++ of the plasma
III. Fibrin + erythrocytes form a hardened
clot 45. Which of the following can be observed if there is a
IV. Platelets rupture lack of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
a. A decrease in calcium concentration and an increase in
a. I, II, IV, III c. IV, II, I, III phosphate concentration in the blood
b. II, I, IV, III d. IV, I, II, III b. An increase in calcium concentration and a decrease in
phosphate concentration in the blood
37. When levels of ADH are low, which of the following c. An increase in both calcium and phosphate
will be the direct result? concentration in the blood
a. Decreased recovery of sodium from the urine d. A decrease in both calcium and phosphate
b. Increased recovery of sodium from the urine concentrations in the blood
c. Decreased recovery of water from the urine
d. Increased recovery of water from the urine 46. In which two period of the human life cycle do the
greatest physical changes take place?
a. Early childhood and adolescence
b. Late childhood and old age
c. Before birth and adolescence
d. Early childhood and adulthood
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47. The curve above represents data obtained from a

group of animals receiving a single daily dose of a drug
“Normine”. A portion of this group was given the dose at
day 1 and the response was noted. The same number of
animals was given the dose at day 2, and so on, up to day
10. Base on the curve, it can be deduced that the single
dose of “Normine” used was:
a. Completely eliminated from the body in less than 24
hours
b. Just enough to elicit the high possible response
c. More than enough to elicit the highest possible
response
d. Less than enough to elicit the highest possible response

48. Action potentials are usually propagated in only one

direction along the axon because…
a. The nodes of Ranvier only conduct in one direction
b. The brief refractory period prevents depolarization in
the direction from which the impulse came
c. Ions can only flow along the axon in one direction
d. Both Na+ and K+ voltage sensitive gates open in one
direction.

49. Anesthetics reduce pain by blocking the transmission

of nerve impulses. Which of these three chemicals might
work as an anesthetic?
a. A chemical that open voltage-sensitive Na+ channels in
membranes
b. A chemical that open voltage-sensitive K+ channel
c. A chemical that blocks neurotransmitter receptor
d. All of the above

50. You have an isolated neuron in a bath of artificial body

fluid, so that it can generate normal action potentials.
You then add a mystery substance, X, to the fluid, and
when you trigger the next action potential you see that
the cell membrane stays depolarized indefinitely. Which
of the following might explain this?
a. X interferes with normal opening of voltage-gated Na+
channels.
b. X interferes with normal closing of voltage-gated Na+
channels.
c. X interferes with normal opening of voltage-gated K+
channels.
d. X interferes with normal closing of voltage-gated K+
channels.