BIOLOGY

http://www.conservapedia.com/Scientific_method
 TYPES OF VARIABLES

DEPENDENT
INDEPENDENT Changed happened CONTROLLED
Can be CHANGED BECAUSE of the UNchanging
independent variable

https://wcmssef.wordpress.com/understanding_variables/
 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF LIFE

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES CELL POPULATION

ATOM TISSUE COMMUNITY

MOLECULE ORGAN ECOSYSTEM

ORGANELLE ORGAN SYSTEM BIOME

ORGANISM BIOSPHERE
CELLS AND MOLECULES
 CELL THEORY
• All living organisms are composed of one
or more cells.
• Cell is the basic unit of life
• Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
 PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE
nucleus X
Organelles with X
phospholipid membranes
motility Rotating flagella (some) Amoeboid/ undulated
flagella/microtubues
Cell wall Most bacteria Fungi and plants
cytosol present Present
chromosomes Single circular More than one, linear
http://www.lessonpaths.com/learn/i/cells-cells-cells/prokaryotic-vs-eukaryotic-cells
 Organelles and other inclusions
Cytoplasm Transport substances
Nucleus Replication of DNA
ER Synthesis of lipids and membrane proteins
Golgi apparatus Modification, sorting and transport of proteins and lipids
Lysosome Digestion of substances inside the cell
Peroxisome Oxidation of molecules
Ribosomes Synthesis of proteins
Mitochondria Synthesis of ATP (for energy) for aerobic respiration
Chloroplast ATP synthesis by photosynthesis
Transport across membranes
Transport across membranes

http://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-1-cell-biology/14-membrane-transport/osmolarity.html
Transport across membranes
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
Function Capture energy and STORE it Release energy stored in
in sugars sugars
Location Light rxn: thyllakoid of Glycolysis: cytoplasm
chloroplast KC and ETC: mitochondria
Dark rxn: stroma of
chloroplast
Reactants Water and carbon dioxide Oxygen and glucose
Products Oxygen and glucose Water and carbon dioxide
Equation

Type of Plant cell BOTH plant and animal

cell cells
GENETICS

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology
 AG
side

rung

CUT
http://theinvestigation.yolasite.com/dna-structure.php
http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/en/virtuallessons/cellcycle/trans/
Mitosis and Meiosis
 MITOSIS

INTERPHASE PROPHASE PROMETAPHASE

Centrosomes Chromatin Early mitotic Centrosome Fragments
(with centriole pairs) spindle of nuclear Kinetochore
envelope

Nuclear Plasma Centromere Spindle

envelope membrane Chromosome, consisting microtubules
Nucleolus of two sister chromatids
 METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS

Metaphase Cleavage Nucleolus

plate furrow forming

Nuclear
Daughter envelope
Spindle chromosomes forming
 MEIOSIS I: Homologous chromosomes separate

INTERPHASE PROPHASE I METAPHASE I ANAPHASE I

Centrosomes
(with centriole Sites of crossing over Microtubules Metaphase Sister chromatids
attached to plate remain attached
pairs) Spindle kinetochore

Nuclear Sister Tetrad Centromere Homologous

envelope Chromatin chromatids (with kinetochore) chromosomes separate
MEIOSIS II: Sister chromatids separate

TELOPHASE II
PROPHASE I TELOPHASE II
METAPHASE II ANAPHASE II
AND CYTOKINESIS AND CYTOKINESIS
Cleavage
furrow

Sister chromatids Haploid daughter

separate cells forming
 MITOSIS MEIOSIS
Parent cell Site of MEIOSIS I
(before chromosome duplication) crossing over

Prophase I
Prophase
Tetrad formed
Duplicated by synapsis of
Chromosome Chromosome
chromosome homologous
duplication duplication
(two sister chromosomes
chromatids) 2n = 4

Chromosomes Tetrads
Metaphase align at the Metaphase I
align at the
metaphase plate metaphase plate

Anaphase Anaphase I
Telophase Sister chromatids
Homologous Telophase I
separate during
anaphase chromosomes
separate
(anaphase I); Haploid
sister chroma- n=2
tids remain Daughter
together cells of
meiosis I
No further
2n 2n chromosomal MEIOSIS II
Daughter cells duplication;
of mitosis sister
chromatids
separate n n n n
(anaphase II) Daughter cells of meiosis II
 INHERITANCE
MENDELIAN NON-MENDELIAN
Law of segregation Trait not segregated
Law of independent Multifactorial traits
assortment

Dominant and recessive Incomplete and

codominance
 MONOHYBRID
Single Trait

DIHYBRID
Two Traits
BOTANY

https://www.pinterest.com/breakfastvix/plant-anatomy/
http://biology.tutorvista.com/plant-kingdom/plant-anatomy.html
http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/docs/seeds.html
 Monocot vs Dicot

http://www.holganix.com/blog/bid/59573/The-Science-Behind-Holganix-Monocots-vs-Dicots-What-You-Need-To-Know
 HORMONE WHERE PRODUCED OR FOUND
IN PLANT
Auxin Embryo of seed, meristem of
apical buds, young leaves
Cytokinins Synthesized in roots and
transported to other organs
Gibberillins Meristem of apical buds and
roots, young leaves, embryo
Abscisic acid Leaves, stems, roots, green fruit
Ethylene Tossues of reppening fruit, nodes
of stem, aging leaves and flowers
MAJOR FUNCTION
Stimulates stem elongation, root
growth, cell differentiation and
budding, fruit development,
enhances APICAL dominance
Stimulate CELL DIVISION, GROWTH
and GERMINATION
Promote seed and bud germination,
STEM ELONGATION, stimulate
flowering
Inhibits growth, closes stomata
during water stress, promotes seed
dormancy
Promotes fruit ripening
LIGHT DEPENDENT LIGHT INDEPENDENT
Occurs in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast Occurs in the stroma of chloroplast
in the leaves
Light energy is absorbed Carbon dioxide is absorbed
End products are ATP and NADPH2 End products of light reaction are used to synthesize
sugar
Oxygen is relased as a byproduct of photolysis of Main product is sugar in the form of glucose
water http://fhs-bio-wiki.pbworks.com/w/page/12145796/Photosynthesis%20-%20light%20reaction
http://www.everythingmaths.co.za/science/lifesciences/grade-10/05-support-and-transport-systems-in-plants/05-support-and-
transport-systems-in-plants-03.cnxmlplus
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/plant-cells-chloroplasts-and-cell-walls-14053956
ECOLOGY
http://antonantonio.blogspot.com/2015/03/types-of-ecological-succession.html
BIOME PRECIPITATION TEMP SOIL DIVERSITY
Tropical rainforest high hot poor High
Tropical dryforest variable mild rich Moderate
Tropical savanna variable mild clay Moderate
Desert low variable poor Moderate
Temperate grassland moderate hot Rich Moderate
Temperate woodland Summer low Summer hot Poor Low
Winter moderate
Temperate forest Moderate Summer rich High
moderate,
winter cold
Coniferous forest High Summer mild, Rocky; low
winter cold acidic
Tundra Low Summer mild, poor Low
winter cool
Taiga moderate Summer mid, Poor; Moderate
winter cool acidic
EVOLUTION
• NATURAL 1 Population with varied inherited traits
SELECTION
– It results from
exposure of
heritable
variations to
environmental 2 Elimination of individuals with certain traits
factors that favor
some individuals
over others

3 Reproduction of survivors
 TYPES OF EVOLUTION

A. DIVERGENT EVOLUTION B. CONVERGENT EVOLUTION C. CO-EVOLUTION

• Selective pressure cause • Species of different ancestry • Organism of different
TWO SPECIES TO FORM begin to share similar trait species have a CLOSE
because of SHARED RELATIONSHIP and
ENVIRONMENT EVOLVE TOGETHER
 HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURE ANALOGOUS STRUCTURE
The same or common ancestor Different ancestor

may or may not have the same function Usually have the same function

Develop from similar embryonic tissue Develop from different embryonic tissue