The rhetoric of history and the history of
rhetoric: On Hayden White’s tropes
1 may star by saying thatthe basic reason for my disagreement with
Hayden White frend whom I amir and from whom I constantly
fear) is about the ature rather than about the past. T fear the
cnsequencs ois approach historiography because he has eliminated
the research for erth atthe msn tak ofthe historian. He tress
historians, like any oer narrators, x hetorcas tobe characterized
by ther made of epech. We must ecogiz, sys Hayden White, that
history writing like anyother frm of erature contrucs selity by
chong prt aes af dice ach of which imple 2 erent
caneepuaizaionof the relation between. the individual and society.
With the support of Gimbatinta Vico the ight side and of Kenneth
Burke on the left side ~and perhaps with the general blessing of R
Jskobson~ White reduces the modes of dsr to oar: metaphor,
imetonymy,syneedochesndirony. Though egivesno precise explanation
‘tthe ccumaances in which each ofthe four modes tends t prevail
in chronological sequence it would appea from the esay on “Fowaul
decode, reprinted in Trop of Divure (pp. 2316), tat inthe
Seen and seventeenth centuries meapho prevailed, only 0 yield
to metonymy in the eighteenth century and to syneadoche inthe
intent century, wile we are or should bein theron age, or rather
{that ate period ofthe ric age whichis characterized by ony about
itony. This, however, cn only be 4 vague approximation, beste
Mtahitry makes abundantly clear that ll four modes ae very vital
ad competitive inthe nineteenth century, when Michelet stands for
metaphor, Ranke for synecdoche, Tocqueville fr metonyny and
25060 ARNALDO MoMIOLIANO
‘Burckhardt for ony: ia fet tomy preva inthe late nineteenth
Four basic gures may scm to be to few Fr dhe varity fais
of ninetenth