Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
T his re p ro d u c tio n was made fro m a copy o f a docum ent sent to us fo r m ic ro film in g .
W hile the m ost advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce
this d ocum e nt, the q u a lity o f the re p ro d u ctio n is heavily dependent upon the
q u a lity o f the m aterial subm itted.
3. When a map, draw ing o r chart, etc., is p a rt o f the m aterial being photographed,
a d e fin ite m ethod o f “ sectioning” the m aterial has been fo llo w e d . I t is
custom ary to begin film in g at the upper le ft hand corner o f a large sheet and to
con tinu e fro m le ft to rig h t in equal sections w ith small overlaps. I f necessary,
sectioning is co ntin ue d again beginning below the firs t ro w and co n tin u in g on
u n til com plete.
4. F o r illu s tra tio n s tha t cannot be sa tisfa cto rily reproduced by xerographic
means, p h o to g ra p hic p rin ts can be purchased at a d d itio n a l cost and inserted
in to y o u r xerographic copy. These p rin ts are available upon request fro m the
D issertations C ustom er Services D epartm ent.
5. Some pages in any docum ent may have in d is tin c t p rin t. In all cases the best
available copy has been film e d .
University
Micrdrilms
International
300 N. Zeeb Road
Ann Arbor, Ml 48106
8521953
D o n o h u e , M a ry V e ro n ic a
University
Microfilms
International 3 0 0 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106
Copyright 1985
by
Donohue, Mary Veronica
All Rights Reserved
PLEASE NOTE:
In all cases this m aterial has been film ed in the best possible w ay from the available copy.
Problems encountered w ith this d o cum e nt have been id e n tifie d here with a check mark v/ .
11. Page(s) lacking when material received, a nd not available from school o r
author.
16. Other
University
Microfilms
International
D is s e rta tio n Committee: Professor Deborah R. L ab o vitz, Chairperson
Professor Carol Mil Isom
Professor Rosalie J . M i l l e r
Mary V. Donohue
Submitted in P a r t i a l F u l f il lm e n t
of the Requirements f o r the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in the School
of Education, H ealth, Nursing and A rts Professions
New York U n iv e rs ity
February, 1985
Mary V. Donohue 1985
I hereby guarantee th a t no p a r t o f the d is s e r t a t io n which I have submitted
f o r p u b lic a tio n has been hereto fo re published and (o r ) copyrighted in the
United States o f America, except in the case o f passages quoted from
other published sources; t h a t I am the sole author and p r o p r ie to r o f said
d i s s e r t a t io n ; t h a t the d is s e r t a t io n contains no m atter which, i f published
w i l l be lib e lo u s or otherwise i n ju r i o u s , or i n f r i n g e in any way the copy
r i g h t o f any other p a rty ; and th a t I w i l l defend, indemnify and hold harm
less New York U n iv e rs ity ag ainst a l l s u its and proceedings which may be
brought and against a l l claims which may be made against New York U n iver
s i t y by reason o f the p u b lic a tio n o f said d is s e r t a t io n .
r
Dr. Gorn:
An Abstract of:
grouping.
expected r e s u l t .
33%.
fe s s io n a ls .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
fo r her generosity and assistance in providing the tim e, space and place
his o f f e r to e d i t t h is f i n a l d r a f t .
e d i t o r i a l re v is io n s .
TABLE OF CONTENTS
L i s t of Tables ...................................................................................................................v i i
L i s t of F i g u r e s ................................................................................................................ v i i i
CHAPTER
2. Related L i t e r a t u r e ............................................................................................ 16
3. M e t h o d o l o g y ......................................................................................................... 38
v
5. Summary and Recommendations ............................................................................ 85
Summary.......................................................................................................................85
Recommendations ................................................................................................ 88
Appendices
A. Human Subjects Review Board ............................................................................ 107
A p p l i c a t i o n ............................................................................................................ 108
L e t t e r of Approval ...........................................................................................119
B. C a li f o r n ia Psychological Inventory .......................................................... 120
Test Booklet ....................................................................................................
D escription of Scales ...................................................................................
P r o f i l e Sheet ....................................................................................................
Correspondence ....................................................................................................
From Harrison Gough, Ph.D........................................................................... 121
From David Rogers, Ph.D................................................................................123
C. Covariance M a tric e s , Histograms and Scattergram . . . ................... 124
vi i
LIST OF FIGURES
vi i i
CHAPTER 1
theory is concerned with the manner in which diagnosis and age of onset
1
examination of how various aspects of social competence survive a psy
chotic episode. Nor, to date, has research been d ire c te d to the com
ness to the same degree, or in the same manner. In sum, the o b je c tiv e of
Sub-Problems
D e fin itio n s
Social Competence
(Gough, 1956)
personal l i f e , common needs and customs of one's social and work groups.
c o n sis tin g of a level of standard scores ranging w ith in the span of the
Diagnoses
DS M -III (p. 202) and the fin d in g s of Pope, L ip in s k i , Cohen and Axelrod
(1980) as well as those of Tsuang, Dempsey and Rauscher (1976) and were,
2 9 5 .7 , 2 9 6 .4 , 296.5 and 2 9 6 .6 ) .
Assumptions
Lim itatio n s
The sample was lim ite d to female p s y c h ia tric p a tie n ts from an o uter-
Sig n ific a n c e
(1961, 1964); and G oldstein, Held and Cromwell (1968) concerning three
psychosis.
through the social competence theory. These concepts are taxonomic sub-
(G ille tte , in W illa r d & Spackman, 1971) to date general social s k ills
social competence and two major v a ria b le s of diagnosis and age of onset of
competence s k i l l s .
onset of psychosis is l a t e r .
p a tie n ts .
competence, as follow s:
a. Non-paranoid schizophrenia
b. Paranoid schizophrenia
c. B i- p o la r a f f e c t i v e disorders.
adulthood (20-23)
below.
1964).
and G olds te in, Held and Cromwell (1968) have not examined the various
Tsuang & Winokur, 1975; Tsuang, Dempsey & Rauscher, 1976). An examina
treatm ent planning e s ta b lis h e s the need f o r a study which examines the
components f o r r e h a b i l i t a t i o n .
theory of social competence considers the diagnoses most fre q u e n tly found
are the subject of the studies which examine the theory o f social com
petence (Tsuang & Winokur, 1975; Tsuang, Dempsey &Rauscher, 1976; Pope,
cause parents, frie n d s and f a m ilie s are gen erally unable a t t h a t time to
pre-morbid s k i l l s .
Hypothesi s
RELATED LITERATURE
illn e s s . This theory o f social competence explains how these three areas
r e la te d l i t e r a t u r e .
Age of Onset
of Psychosis
Level of
Social S k i l l s
Diagnosis
unfolding of t h is t h e o r e t ic a l model.
16
17
and mature would be the nature of the disturbance which caused the break
In the m id -19 50's, Farina and Webb (1956) continued the discussion
staying out of the hospital when the period of fo u r and ten years post-
19
h o s p it a liz a t io n was examined. The strength of the Farina and Webb study
la y in i t s lo n g itu d in a l nature.
s o n a lity t r a i t s .
stu d ies.
1973, Z i g l e r and Levine focused on the same v a ria b le s as the 1971 study,
t in c t i o n s (p. 190).
Sanes & Z i g l e r , 1971; Z i g l e r & Levine, 1973; Levine, Watt & F ry e r, 1978).
of social contacts; and (4) time spent out of the h o s p it a l. Social com
fo llo w -u p .
charge.
26
of pre-morbid asocial w ith d raw al, the less l i k e l y the recovery from a
of psychosis (p. 3 35 ).
Lewine, Watt and F reyer (1978) found the average age of onset of
good and poor social competence groups. However, they did f in d w ith in
the poor social competence group, strong rep res en tatio n o f non-paranoid
28
A weakness of t h is study was t h a t the authors did not address the demo
Los Angeles and N a s h v ille . Among the strengths of t h is study was a change
with a paranoid diagnosis were more common in the VA hospital in the study,
and r a r e r in the s ta te hospital (p. 193). At the same time they observed
Poors."
Because the Sanes, Z i g l e r and Levine studies of 1971 and 1973 had the
the instruments used by the two groups: the SCS measure used by the
Z i g l e r group, and the UCLA Scale employed by Goldstein and his associates.
30
(5) sexual experience. The UCLA Social Attainment Scale (1974) added
necessity of c o n t r o l li n g t h is v a r ia b le (p . 3 3 8 ).
pre-and post-psychotic social competence, and using his own UCLA Social
I t was w ith the ad d itio n of the Goldstein (1978) and Lewine (1978)
tio n s Two and Four, regarding the association of age and diagnosis with
group of normal su b jec ts. The lack of normal con trols in e a r l i e r studies
was one o f the major c r itic is m s of Sarbin and Mancuso (1980) of these
studies.
orders were often capable o f social in te r a c tio n t h a t was " w ith in normal
and recovered social competence, and also looked a t the c o n trib u tio n of
episode.
hood ( 2 0 - 2 8 ) .
chosis increases along the imaginary "X" a x is , the scores of social s k ills
are expected to in crease, moving toward the r ig h t along the imaginary "Y"
a x is , on th is simulated scattergram i l l u s t r a t i o n .
Age o f Onset
o f Psychosis
Level o f
Social S k i l l s
Diagnosis
AGE
OF Mid-20 ' s
ONSET
s o c i al mesence
OF Paranoi d
Schi zophr eni a
PSYCHOSIS
Lat e Adolescence
E a r l y 20' s
z a
S o c i a l Presence
Soci al i z a t i on
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
p a r t ic ip a t i n g in a r e h a b i l i t a t i o n a c t i v i t y program of a p s y c h ia tr ic
They were te s te d as they entered the program during the one-year data
c o lle c t io n period.
39
and treatm ent. Only those subjects whose admission and discharge diag
nosis were co n sis ten t were included in the study. This procedure i n
1978; Lewine, Watt & F reye r, 1978). A second study, examining males, was
Factors and the Edwards' P e rs o n a lity Preference Schedule had been admin-
s o n a lity t r a i t s as having v a l i d i t y .
Gough over a span of years s tre tc h in g from 1948 to 1957 co n sis ting of 18
order.
(Megargee, p. 7 ) .
common, they are scored independently and do not impinge on each other
forced-choice questions, nor does the response to one scale force the
content.
Rel i abi 1 i ty
(n=125), male high school subjects (n=101) and male prisoners (n=200).
high school females, .7 1 , .63 and .6 9 ; high school males, .6 8 , .60 and
c o r r e la tio n s computed from double a d m in is tra tio n of the CPI to 179 Univer
Val i d i t y
(Gough, 1968, p. 8 ) .
46
where the p r in c ip a ls were asked to nominate the "most" and " le a s t" p ar
males had a mean of 25.4 whereas s o c ia lly in a c tiv e males had a mean
subjects, from whose ranks the top and bottom quarters of the class in
items were then selected f o r the present e d itio n o f the scale. V a lid a tio n
v a lid ity .
scores tended to be very extreme. Greater weight than usual was also
customs o f one's social and work groups. This concept as defined here is
iz a tio n .
three subdivisions: (a ) a s tab le home and fam ily adjustment versus way
lo g ic a l continuum, or more s p e c i f i c a l l y a s o c i a l i z a t i o n - a s o c i a l i z a t i o n
ferences between high and low groups were both s ta b le and im portant.
who found t h a t unwed mothers had lower scores than single g i r l s who were
raw scores were remarkably s i m il a r from one country to the next (Megargee,
1972, p. 6 2 ).
evaluated a g a in s t external c r i t e r i a .
social presence f o r 104 high school boys and 102 high school g i r l s in
students highest and lowest in social presence. For those boys rated
30.1 f o r those rated lowest. The d iffe r e n c e between the means was s i g n i
the em pirical area. A look a t the means of the CPI's standardized scores
chology graduate students (n=572) had the highest averages of 4 1.0 and
social impression came next with salesmen (n=85) and policemen (n=88)
70, and low le v e ls range near 30. This is the range of the second stan
dard d e v ia tio n .
52
saw numerous p a tie n ts take the MMPI successfully under such circumstances.
despite in te rr u p te d t e s t - t a k i n g sessions.
handicapped people; and (2) con struct and adm inister te s ts so t h a t they
(2) each with a t l e a s t 2 cases per group, and (3) no more v a ria b le s than
55
56
presented below.
Table 1
the expectation th a t:
the th ree groups across the four v a ria b le s showed a strong d iffe r e n c e
Table 2
Age of Onset
of Psychosis 22.7 5.9 21.0 21.7 2.007 1.636 0.2008
o f s o c ia l i z a t i o n .
Table 3
Non-Paranoi d
Schizophrenic 21.46 37.50 36.96 34.33
Paranoid
Schizophrenic 22.60 40.53 39.36 32.30
B i-P o la r
A f f e c t iv e 24.20 47.96 44.70 37.26
a l l areas except one, the trend p red icted by the hypothesis was as ex
function a n a ly s is .
These canonical d isc rim in a n t function scores were developed through the
analysis or i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s of a d iscrim in an t a n a ly s is .
Table 4
as given above.
63
p. 4 4 2 ). With two d isc rim in a n t fu n c tio n s , two eigenvalue scores are pro
(See Table 4 ) . The second function had such a small proportion of the
(See Table 4 ) .
between each case and i t s "group c e n tr o id ," w ith each case being
Table 5
Actual Number
Diagnostic Group of Cases Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
Group 1:
Non-Paranoi d 15 7 8
Schizophrenic Cases 30 50.0% 23.3% 26.7%
Group 2:
Paranoid 6 13 11
Schizophrenic Cases 30 20.0% 43.3% 36.7%
Group 3:
B i- P o la r 7 5 18
A f f e c t iv e Cases 30 23.3% 16.7% 60.0%
instance, the v a r ia b le of social presence did not share the same d iscrim
v a ria b le s was 46.67%. This step-w ise combination of three v a ria b le s can
s ta tis tic s .
67
one whose group means were not in the expected order (Table 3 ) , a question
group), lo c a tin g the mean d iscrim inan t scores f o r each group. As can
overlap among these three groups. They were not w idely separated even
of psychosis, data were also gathered to examine cu rren t age o f the psy
cu rre n t age were analyzed together with the three social s k ill v a r ia b le s ,
ficance le v e l of .0021.
Summary o f Results
had the lowest average ages of onset o f psychosis and lowest scores of
Venn diagram s im p lif ie d and summarized the exten t to which each group was
(XI
c
o
• r—
+2
u
c: Non-
3
U-
Paranoid
C +1
CO
c Polar
*r—
£
o 0
l/>
-1
f o
o Paranoid
c
o
c:
ro
O
-2 -1 0 +1 +2
groups could be " c o r r e c tly c l a s s i f ie d " by the r e s u lts of these data, and
scores in s o c i a l i z a t i o n .
t h a t the hypothesis could be accepted. The d isc rim in a n t an alysis was set
Groups 1 and 2.
lowest scores.
p a tie n ts averaged 15 points lower than average, or about 1 and 1/2 stan
Discussion of Results
of social competence; (2) c u rre n t age and the o r i g in o f the study; (3)
Age of Onset
of Psychosis
. Level of
Social S k i l l s
Diagnosis
to set up the ju x ta p o s itio n of the v a ria b le s with age and social s k ill
i l l u s t r a t e d as follow s:
Age of Onset
of Psychosis
— ^Diagnosi:
Level of
Social S k i l l s
Age of Onset
of Psychosis S o cia b i1i t y
w ith Z i g l e r and P h i l l i p s , (1953, 1961) and G olds te in, Held and Cromwell,
in those in v e s t ig a t io n s .
in 1953, 1958, 1961, 1962, 1964, 1971 and 1973 focused on symtomatic fa c
focus.
77
o f social contacts and time spent out of the h o s p it a l. Both scales ex
amine data r e t r o s p e c t i v e l y .
Lewine, Watt, Prentky and Freyer (1978 & 1980) published re s u lts
springboard f o r t h is study.
t r a i t te s ts in id e n t if y i n g and d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g behavioral c h a r a c t e r is t i c s .
competence.
the fin d in g s of Lewine, Watt, Prentky and Freyer (1978 & 1980), t h a t ages
groups of women in young (20 to 29) and a d u lt (30 to 55) women's groups.
presence.
fu l f i l l m e n t and r o l e - o b li g a t io n s .
on the CPI scales which are based on normals. When b i - p o l a r p a tie n ts are
the co n cep tu aliza tio n s of occupational therapy theory from 1960 to 1982
ships, Mosey (1968 & 1974) presented the psychosocial model and Llorens
groupings has now provided data which have been analyzed to reveal the
the scores, the average of the scores, the p r o b a b il it y of the scores, and
therapy.
simply being w ith people. This can be achieved through r e la x a tio n tech
niques, group dynamics, e xe rcis es, sports, movement, dance, and music.
therapy theory since the a b i l i t y to reach out to others with one's own
twenty yea rs. For t h i s reason, the r e s u lts of t h is study also have f is c a l
84
needs w ith in varying diagnostic groups, c u rre n t age and age of onset of
f o r p s y c h ia tr ic p a t ie n t s .
Summary
and s o c i a l i z a t i o n . The study was concerned w ith the ass ociation of the
would be p o s it iv e .
Diagnostic determ inations a t the hospital where the study was done
85
86
the basis f o r the discharge diagnosis. Cases were included only when
p s y c h ia tr ic diagnoses.
a p a tte rn in the p red icted d i r e c t io n , with only one out of twelve v a ria b le s
f a l l i n g in to an unexpected placement.
an alysis in d ic a te d t h is trend to be a t a s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l .
ment by the CP I.
s k i l l behaviors.
purposes.
Recommendations
actual d iffe r e n c e s .
increase the power o f the d isc rim in a n t an alysis when there was a r e l a t i o n
the r e s u lt s .
groupings.
REFERENCES AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
90
91
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ahmed, P . I . & Plog, S.C. S tate mental h o s p ita ls . Mhat happens when they
c lo s e . New York: PlenunTMedical Book C o., 1976.
Goldberg, K.P. & Weinberg, S.L. Basic s t a t i s t i c s . New York: New York
U n iv e r s it y , 1976.
Gough, H.G. Appraisal o f social m atu rity by means of the CPI. Journal of
Abnormal Psychology, 1966, 7 1 :3 , 189-195.
Hoch, P.H. & Zubin, J . ( E d s .) . Depression. New York: Grune & S tr a tto n ,
1954.
Meissner, W.W. The paranoid process. New York: Jason Aronson, 1978.
100
Rodnick, E.H. & G oldstein, M.J. Premorbid adjustment and the recovery
of mothering fu n ctio n in acute schizophrenic women. Journal of
Abnormal Psychology, 1974, 83:6 pp. 623-8.
S u lliv a n , H.S. The fusion o f p sy chiatry and social science. New York:
W.W. Norton, 1964.
Tsuang, M.T. & Winokur, G. The Iowa 500: F ie ld work in a 35-year fo llo w -
up of depression, mania and schizophrenia. Canadian P s y c h ia tric
Association J o u rn a l, August 1975, 2 0 :5 , 359-365.
Von Mering, 0. & King, S.H. Remotivating the mental p a t i e n t . New York:
Russell Sage Foundation, 1957.
White, R.W. The abnormal p e r s o n a lity . New York: The Ronald Press, 1956.
White, R.W. The urge toward competence. American Journal of Occupa
tio n a l Therapy, 1971, 25, 271-274.
and
107
A l'l'llf- A I iO N H i l l AITIUJVAI III A HI SI AHPH I’HOJI CT 108
I U H M f ln it n u h itM .il li t vii'kV Bu<*rr1 I I H I l l Im j | j f |*rrm r»«*>n o 1 N un.an S u b jr rls f'a m c ip a iin g in H r t f a i d
In s i m t nuns lu Pis. C o m p le t e Se c tio n I and II Co mp lete cither A , U. or C as appropriate to y uu i piujBCt Investigators art
r efe rr ed l u l l i t Research M a n u a l w l ii c li cunlai ns ii istilutiuu al policies lo r the pr ote ct ion ul hu ma n subjects participating in
icscdii h 1 lie Office ot G i a n t s M a na ge m e n t wi ll he pleased tn provide any assistance
l i th of Protocol. A S t u d y _ of th.fi R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n Ag e a n d S o c i a l De v e l o p m t•
- " ■• ■ " ‘ ‘ ^ Major D i a g n o s e s ___________
Ili'P t. I h a d A|ipi|iv,ll J j-
Ninr. (!l) m p i e s ul a lay Mii iii na iy 11! l l .i j. 1.:j i t t ie an exp lan at ion ol the study in non m ed ic a l
It:linDiiloyy.
'i Ntt it (9) i opies of <» prop erl y f x e i u i r r i ni nsu ni f n m i Nutt: Invrs iiga ior must iw r l p the app io pf *a ie cost
M .M f iiM 'U l (H I p . f i l l 1 /
1.1 2 Collection o f h l n n d samples by venip ur icl tii e, in amo unt s not exceeding 4 5 0 m ill ili le is in an B week pe ii od ,
and no n i o ip o f t e n Il ia n t w ic e a w « e k , h u m subjects over 18 years ol age, in good health, and not pre gnant
I d3 Ret oi dm g o f da ta f r o m subjects 18 yp.us ur older using noninvasive procedures rout in ely em ployed in clinical
practice (e.g. w e ig h in g , testing sensory acuity, electrocardiography, electroencephalography, t he rm o gr ap hy -
N O ! X R A Y S OR M IC R O W A V E S ).
\ i t . i c l i one ( 1 ) i upy id the 1 n i n | i k tc pi own ul and a • on unary m non medical tei mi oology which wi ll be given tn the subject
I 1 1. Use o l e duc at ion al tests lor w h ic h there is no subject iden tif y in g data
L I 2. Research in volving col lec tio n or s tu dy of charts, spcuineris. or medical records I or wh ich there wi ll be n
subject id e n t if y in g data
(x 1 3. Heseaich involving questionnaires, suiveys, interviews Subjects cannot be id en tif ied fr o m data; subject
responses, if k n o w n , w il l no t place the m at risk; reseaich dues not deal with sensitive aspects of subject
behavior (e.g. illegal c on d uc t, drug or alcohol use, sexual behavior). A l l o t th e c o n d itio n s m u s t b e m et
A tt a c h one ( 1 ) co py of the p i o t u c n l and, if applic able , a summary ot the pruject in non medical t e rm in ol o gy wh ic h will b
p io v n t e d to the subject
II. A l I IN V I S I I G A 1 0 H S M U S I S I G N T H E F O L L O W I N G S I A l l M E N T 0 1 A S S U R A N C E .
Th e p r op os ed investigation involves the use of human subjects I am s ubm itting this for m w i t h a description o l my
pi o je c t , p i e p a i e d in accordance w i t h in st it u t io n a l policy for the pr ot e c tio n ol human subjects par tic ipat ing in research
I nuclei stand the Medic al Cen tal's po lic y conc er ning research involving hu ma n subjects and I agree:
2. t o rep ort 1 0 t he H u m a n Subjects R ev ie w C om m it te e any unan ticipa ted effects on subjects wh ic h become
a p p a ie n t du rin g the couise or as a result of e x p e r im e nt a tio n and the actions taken as a result;
3. to coo perate w i t h m ein bei s o f the C o m m i t t e e chaiged w i t h the co ntinuing review of this project;
/
Mule l/iv e s n y a jo /i are referred U> lb * H ese jirb Mamml lo r in m p lrte statement o l institutio n a l policy and procedures regarding research
w ith human subjects
S u b c o m m i t t e e -----------------------
J In accord anc e w i t h in st it ut io na l jr o li r y , this p i o t u c n l was j|ij<ioved via the procedures for e x p e di te d review.
CoMimtuee Cfirfirnsan/
Suite iKM'Tiii ire Cr**«i»fr>an
are:
contact me a t 470-4378/4525.
S in c e re ly , ? ^
' 7 ] ’- H x f U ' ^ l C-
Mary V. Donohue, OTR, MA
Supervisor, A f t e r Care A c t i v i t i e s
112
INTRODUCTION
ent problems of the two age groups in cohort groups. Cohort groups
the social d iffe re n c e s observed in the two age groups of females: age-
of the two age groups 21 to 30 and 31 to 50, and how they in t e r a c t with
number of h o s p it a l iz a t i o n s .
OUTLINE OF PROTOCOL
HYPOTHESES
younger group.
female p s y c h ia tr ic p a t ie n t s .
DELIMITATIONS
1) Three diagnoses
2) Female sex
H i l l s i d e p a tie n ts
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Kagan, Block
Coe, White
groups.
and Ramos-Lorenzi
2) Age, sex and cohorts: Block, Costa and McGrae, Brim and Kagan,
K e lly , C a t t e l l
p a tie n ts of the two age groups and s t r a t i f i e d by the three diagnoses: (1)
randomization involved.
which does not require a consent form since the adm inistering of such
A c t i v i t i e s Department.
Treatment o f Data
MEM ORANDUM
as a no risk study.
C a l i f o r n i a Psychological Inventory
(CPI) by Harrison Gough, Ph.D.
1) Test Booklet
May be obtained
2) D escription of Scales from Consulting
Psychologists
3) P r o f i l e Sheet Press
120
U N IV E R S IT Y OF C A L IF O R N IA , BERKELEY 121
l l L H K L l. K Y • D A V IS • I K Y i S b • I.O S A N L F L K S • H I Y L H S I D i: • S A N D IK C O • SAN FH AN C TS C O S A N T A H A IU IA K A * S A N T A C IU .’ Z
IN S T IT U T E O F P E R S O N A L IT Y A S S E S S M E N T 3657 T O l.M A N H A L L
A N D RESEA R C H B E R K E L E Y . C A L IF O R N IA 94720
Mary V. Donohue
60-25 Marathon Parkway
Little Neck, Ne w York H 362
Very often the CPI, and other long self-report tests, is given in a bat
tery that may require two or more hours to finish. In these circumstances,
an inventory may he partly finished at one setting, then completed at another.
I have seen this occur hundreds if not thousands of times with the MMPI, when
patients had the test booklet and answer sheet in their possession for a day
or more at a time. In our work with non-patients here at IPAR \.e frequently
mail an envelope of tests to a client, and ask that the forms be completed
over a period of seven to 10 days. In one of the Cali'ornia correctional
centers, the CPI is administered by means of a tape, during a week of intake
activities. If the tape is unfinished and lunchtime occurs, the wards simply
stop where they are on the inventory and return to it after eating.
One way to mol* sure that nothing untoward has occurred is to scan the
test profiles for evidence of faking or invalidity. Random answering on the
CPI is easily detected by unusually low scores on Cm. Fake good and fake bad
protocols are also fairly easy to spotted by noting scores on Gi and Wb. These
three scales are sensitive indicators of non-modality in responding to the
test. For more precise identification of unreliable protocols, falee-detecting
formulas have been developed. For visual inspection, I suggest these cutting
points as indicative of possible invalidity: VTb scale, scores less than 19:
Gi, scores greater than 31; aBi Cm, scores less than 15. These numbers all
refer to raw scores.
Let me know if you need or want anything else from me. I think your plan
to allow two b-5-minute periods to complete the CPI is a good one, and it should
give reliable data.
Sincerely
Harrison G. Gough
U N IV E R S ITY O F C A LIFO R N IA , BERKELEY 122
Thank you for letting me know about your thesis on social skills of
psychiatric patients. It sounds like an interesting project.
The psychiatric samples reported in the manual came from routine testing
at the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio. David Rodgers, Ph.D., chief of the psychology
service there, has developed a standard testing battery that includes both the
CPI and the MMPI. Because of this, CPI profiles are available for a large
number of patients, and he was kind enough to send me the descriptive statistics
reported in the manual.
It is quite a task to keep up with studies using the CPI or making references
to CPI findings. I find that the Psychological Abstracts misses at least half of
the studies, even many that are summarized in the volumes themselves. This is
because the test is often used without being cited in the references, which means
a search of citations will miss the paper, and because in non-APA journals the
test Is often referred to as the CPI, an abbreviation not officially recognized
by the APA and hence overlooked in its PASAR computer sweeps.
I make a trip to the library about twice a month, and try to find references
for inclusion in my comprehensive bibliography, but I miss many studies too.
Every now and then I read a paper using CPI data, and find in the references for
that paper two or three studies with the CPI that are entirely new to me. I
mention all of this because on a special topic such as the effect on CPI scores
of neuroleptics and anti-depressants is one on which there may well be studies
unknown to me.
Harrison G. Gough
Director
Enclosure
12.3
T he C l e v e l a n d C l in ic F o u n d a t io n
U500 Kuclkl Avenue Cleveland, Ohio I'.S.A.
Sincerely yours,
DAR:ki
APPENDIX C
Covariance Matrices
Hi stograms
Scattergram
124
125
a>
>
•r—
U u p
•r— •1“ <j
C c a)
* o a> <u p
■ r- S- S- p t/>
o -c sz e £ S- Z
c a. CL
.. fO o -a o
0)
S- ■a J
1ft S- N •1 - N 03 s.
CL fO »r— O -I- r— o
3 Q . -E C -C o c/> -J
O 1 u 03 o a. •r—
s- C CO 1Q
C3 o
S- CO
fO •r— _>
z Q_ CD
O
4-> II II II
>> rH oo CO
<D
« H + '
4~t
< •-4
A
■-<
n. a
3
J -j
•X
J ■j
JC r
* a
A z
Z <*
o J
<
c
o 'J ■\J
u I
-J
U.
9 1
9 1
< 1
XI 1
CO 1
_3 I -o
taH 1 !
oc CO 1
CJ UJ »
4) --J
33 I
-J a < ./> 1
t—*
-J zC a d j
< < -j •a 1
V a. ** 1
9 -J ►*0
X -j CJ
CENTRO IDS
r z .
tu Q 'JJ 00 "SI
CO 2 -a a.
i. < o o
3 o UJ -J UU a
4 X •A ae
a. ZD (J
CO o ■JJ
t-*4 u. <A
CO 'J ru -J -J
> XI t- a a
GKO UP
-J 33 -< UJ a a
< X 'A ac */? s: 3: 1
_3 < >• >
n 2 -» a t/> •A 1 U,QCjJ3»3lXIZOJ
rr|rr>-^pri
-»■
oo
s
NJ
ra m
eg
<£
3 3 ■n.ri^n
rgrg •°ira-o-o
<3 3 •nrn-^'Mrn ■n-n.-n
'O l Z X
-4 3 " < r > l r \ j " 4 ( \ j ! \ l N 'N
-J ■ g -M g 'N i rTO 'O nn i« l( ,1,-n
.nj g^'Nj' NjfN (T>-> -rirr,
•01
< - \ T 'J '\ | - g N j r \ | <
'M Z z
N N + 3 rg "f)"omrr>"r»'nro'non'Tri‘"n+
fNjrslNJN
3 (y>-nn -n mmrv>n -c| ^
3 CC r g n j ~g r g r g - g r g - g r g -\J X
.0 3 3
ul NJNJ oo no n ro -?) on -ci 3 ^ m on rr) n-yrn rn m
-n n jn j n 'T1-qrr) T)-nr^rT1m'^
■a. 3 3
3 N jr g N j'N J *0^ nm-n^-n.-n
3 J u 3
u
3
% r g 's jr g 'M x <t NOCHm +
<t
3 •J 'NN 3 3 ^ ^ rr**n
■-H
X NN X z
3 3 u u
■-0 u. Z z
z < <
3 3
o
< <t
X X
'Ol 3 3 ig
-U
3 3 I
Ol 3
g O)
!>
-t
— 4
0
•■o
u.
3
/I
•—4
01
t iu i
z
» 3 +
•X O
oo rg •r m NJ
127
• *3
-nj
vf
o
s
n
N
1 fO
JC a mrg-4
< OfM-<
*
o -O"0-*—«
<
h« _> (NrM'^rgn
oO u. fO ^N N
*«•
*»
s:
J t <VMNn
-U
o
*-* "I ^ nj -**-h —
< ON
ac
■q; i-^
M » od
V/» j
A
oO -o *H
-J a. a
-J O ‘nrnrsjrsj
-* UJ -/
X-J X < rON'M^-* <
O 'J o ^M h
1 ••*
-J w z N
< o
< —4 ~*
u
o o
O
'J
'A
UJ
</>
■O
O X
OH • * * 3
128
O
X
z
UJ <n
3 rg ♦N
m rn
tn
PO *Hrr>
OO J
UJ z
3 <N mrg
«c 'N
'O rr> o^rg rg
rg N * rg
o H M H
z m ^
-« z -< rn
■Hrg rg
X•
— o^ •H
fTJ *-4-4
rg
* f^
rg +o
(N-4
X <N
o roiN N
oo -<IN
•-4 * rg rN
o •N <N~« IN
a. -*"1
X
4
u
ro
I
< IN 1*1
o
oO 1*1
cO IN-N
a.
3 IN
a "si
x <N
o I I
»
w
<
m
I l
«
►“ X X k
3 X •X 3
a a
*> •N N in
I I
129
r o t a t e d st a n u a h o i z t o j i s c r i m i n a n i f u n c t i o n c c e f f i l i e n i s
VARI ABLES ABE CRt EHEO BY ThL FUNCTI ON W I T h LARGEST C O E F F I C I E N T A NO THE MAGNI TUDE OF THA
FLNC I FUNC 2
SY 0 . 9 2662 * -0.04673
ONSEI 0.53027* - 0 . 1 j 392
SCC - 0 .20699 1.0172E*
1 3 12.287298
2 J 11. 8 5 3 5 6 5
3 i 13.352151
POOLEU n 1 I h l N - G R O L P S
COVARI ANCE M A T R I X 12. 6 16704