Mechanical
Engineering
News
FOR THE POWER,
PETROCHEMICAL AND
RELATED INDUSTRIES
The COADE Mechanical Engineering
News Bulletin is published periodically
from the COADE offices in Houston,
Texas. The Bulletin is intended to provide
information about software applications
and development for Mechanical
Engineers serving the power, petrochemi-
cal and related industries. Additionally, the
Bulletin serves as the official notification
vehicle for software errors discovered in
those Mechanical Engineering programs
offered by COADE. (Please note, this
bulletin is published only two to three
times per year.)
©1999 COADE, Inc. All rights reserved.
VOLUME 28 JANUARY 2000
Volume 25
CAESAR II Receives TD12 Approval
by Transco
On November 30, 1999, following a long and rigorous validation process,
the Stress Analysis Workgroup of Transco officially approved CAESAR II
for use on projects requiring the IGE/TD/12 piping code, “Pipework
Stress Analysis for Gas Industry Plant”. Transco is the Gas Transportation
arm of the British Gas Group. CAESAR II thus becomes the first and
only commercially available pipe stress analysis program so accepted by
Transco. Note that only CAESAR II Version 4.10 Build 991201
(December 1, 1999) and later is covered by this acceptance.
ATTENTION:
Users of Green External Software Locks!
All new COADE products released after July 2000 will no longer support
the old SSI (Software Security, Inc.) ESLs since this company is no longer
in business. Any users who are current on their maintenance and are now
using one of these ESLs (identified by their green color) should contact
COADE to arrange for a replacement ESL.
All COADE products released after January 2000 will remind any users
who still have green ESLs of this situation. Please contact COADE as per
the instruction on the screen so that this transition can be accomplished with
a minimum of effort.
IN THIS ISSUE:
Hydrodynamic What’s New at COADE
Loading of CAESAR II Version 4.20 New Features ......... 2
Piping Systems PVElite Version 3.60 New Features ............... 2
> see story page 5 CODECALC Version 6.20 New Features ....... 3
Shows and Exhibitions ................................... 3
Layouts in Technology You Can Use
AutoCAD 2000 & Modeling Sway Brace Assemblies in
CADWorx/PIPE CAESAR II ................................................. 3
Hydrodynamic Loading of Piping Systems .... 5
> see story page 13
A Comparison of Wind Load Calculations
per ASCE 93 and ASCE 95 ..................... 10
CAESAR II Layouts in AutoCAD 2000 and
Version 4.20 CADWorx/PIPE ........................................ 13
New Features PC Hardware for the Engineering User
> see story page 2 (Part 28) ................................................... 17
Program Specifications
CAESAR II Notices ...................................... 18
TANK Notices ............................................... 19
CODECALC Notices .................................... 19
PVElite Notices ............................................ 20
COADE Mechanical Engineering News
CAESAR II Version 4.20
New Features
By: Richard Ay
CAESAR II Version 4.20 is nearing completion. Some of the
major new features of this release are listed in the table below.
CAESAR II Version 4.20 Features
New Input Graphics - utilizes a true 3D library, enabling graphic element selection
Completely revised material data base, including Code updates.
Hydrodynamic loading for offshore applications. This includes the Airy, Stokes 5th, and
Stream Function wave theories, as well as Linear and Power Law current profiles.
Wind analysis expanded to handle up to 4 wind load cases
New piping codes: B31.4 Chapter IX, B31.8 Chapter VIII, and DNV (ASD)
A wave scratchpad - see the recommended theory graphically, or plot the particle data for
the specified wave.
Updated piping codes: B31.3, B31.4
Automatic Dynamic DLF Plotting
Hydra expansion joint data bases
PCF Interface
The new input graphics provide a much faster drawing response,
noticeably speeding up the graphics operations. The default drawing
mode will be a 3D rendered view. New capabilities of this graphics
library will allow the user to click on an element and pull up the
associated input spreadsheet. Additionally, the graphic can be
annotated with user defined notes for printing purposes. A sample
input graphic generated from this new library is shown in the figure
below. The new input graphics are provided alongside the old ones,
since all functions have not be provided in this environment yet.
Details of the hydrodynamic (wave and current) capabilities are
discussed in a later article in this newsletter. Several piping codes
have been added for the offshore implementation of hydrodynamic
loads (B31.4 Chapter XI, B31.8 Chapter VIII, and DNV). In
addition, the load case editor has been modified to accommodate up
to four wave/current cases and up to four wind cases.
2
January 2000
For users of the “force spectrum dynamics”, Version 4.20 will
provide automatic plotting of the computed DLF curve. This
plotting occurs automatically once the time pulse has been entered.
The resulting numeric DLF data and its plot are shown side by side,
as depicted in the figure below.
The PCF interface was actually first distributed in the 990617 build
of Version 4.10. We don’t normally include new capabilities or
features in intermediate builds, but we felt this one was worth
distributing before the next major release. The PCF interface reads
a PCF neutral file and creates a CAESAR II model. Any CAD
package which can create a PCF file, can be used to create
CAESAR II piping geometries.
PVElite Version 3.60 New Features
By: Scott Mayeux
PVElite Version 3.60 will be ready to ship before the end of 1999.
A number of new capabilities have been added for this version, in
addition to the ASME code updates. These new features are listed
in the table below.
PVElite Version 3.60 Features
A-99 addenda changes have been incorporated, including the higher allowable stresses
for Div. 1
The pre 99 addenda is available as an option (uses the 98 addenda material database, etc.)
Other FVC nozzles such as types F, V1, V2, and V3 are now included (with or without
nut relief)
Nozzle calculations in ANSI blind flanges can now be performed (full area replacement)
An ANSI flange dimension lookup feature has been added
Required flange thickness calculations based on Rigidity considerations are included
A saddle copy feature has been incorporated
The program’s documentation is now available on-line in PDF format
Several enhancements to the user interface have been made
Dimensional Solutions Foundation 3-D interface has been added
MAWP and MAPnc can now be manually defined
The 3/32 min. thickness requirement based on the Service type (Unfired Steam) is
accounted for
The Maximum hydrotest pressure is computed in the case of overstressed geometries
The ESL will automatically be updated for current users (obviating the need for the phone
call)
An option for the pneumatic hydrotest type has been added
The material database editor can select materials from the database for editing purposes
Additional changes and updates have also been made to the
component modules of PVElite, which are also included in
CODECALC Version 6.20.
January 2000 COADE Mechanical Engineering News

CODECALC Version 6.20

New Features
By: Scott Mayeux

CODECALC Version 6.20 will be ready to ship before the end of

1999. A number of new capabilities have been added for this
version, in addition to the ASME code updates. These new features
are listed in the table below.

C O D E C A L C V er sio n 6 .2 0 F ea tu r es
A -9 9 ad d en d a ch an ges ha ve b e en in co rp o ra ted , inc lud in g the h igh er a llo w a b le stresse s
fo r D iv . 1
T he p re 9 9 ad d en d a is a va ilab le a s a n o p tio n (u se s th e 9 8 ad d e nd a m a terial d a tab a se,
etc.)
R eq u ired flan ge th ick ne ss ca lcu latio n s b a se d o n R igid ity co n sid eratio ns
T E M A E ighth ed itio n cha ng es are inc lud e d
C o d e C ase 2 2 6 0 has b ee n ad d ed
T he C o d e C a lc U se r in terfac e ha s b e en re-w ritten a nd n o w h as lo w er m e m o ry The ImageGrafix Booth at the Arab Oil & Gas Show,
req u irem en ts Dubai, U.A.E.
C alc ula tio ns p er W R C 2 9 7 ha ve b e en a d d ed
A p p e nd ix Y c alc ula tio ns are no w a lso in clu d ed
T he m ate rial d ata b a se e d ito r ca n se lec t m a terials fro m th e d ata b ase fo r ed iting COADE has also attended a number of CAD-centric shows, in
p u rp o se s
T he E S L w ill auto m a tica lly b e up d a ted fo r cu rre nt users (o b v iating the nee d fo r th e
order to showcase CADWorx, our piping design and drafting
p h o ne c all) software. Among others, Vornel Walker and Robert Wheat have
T hic k W a lled C ylind e r an d S p he re eq u atio n s are im p le m ente d p er A p p en d ix 1
T he o u tp ut p ro c esso r ha s b e en re-w o rke d an d strea m line d attended AEC Systems, the Autodesk “One Team” Conferences (in
Los Angeles and Nice, France), and the World Wide Food Expo
this year.

Visitors to these exhibitions have the opportunity to discuss software

Shows and Exhibitions issues, concerns, and needs first hand with the local dealer offering
By: Richard Ay
support in the region, as well as the developers of the software.
These exhibitions provide an excellent forum for information
COADE attends industry trade shows and exhibitions as a normal
exchange and education. A list of the exhibitions at which COADE
business activity. The benefits of attending these events are: contact
personnel will be present is maintained on the COADE web site.
with existing customers, introduction of the software to prospective
These events are well worth attending.
users, introduction of new features to the industry. Recently COADE
attended two shows, hosted by our local dealers in the regions.

The Offshore Europe show was held in Aberdeen, Scotland from
September 7 through September 10, 1999. COADE’s Tom Van
Laan helped staff Fern Computer Consultancy’s booth for this
event. At this show, COADE demonstrated the new offshore
features of CAESAR II. The four day show attracted over 25,000
attendees, including many long-time COADE customers.
The Arab Oil and Gas show was held in Dubai, U.A.E. from
October 16 through October 19, 1999. COADE’s Richard Ay
helped staff ImageGrafix’s booth for this event. At this show, two
presentations were made. The first presentation detailed the new
hydrodynamic (offshore) features of CAESAR II Version 4.20.
The second presentation was an “all product” demonstration,
covering the complete line of COADE software products.
Modeling Sway Brace Assemblies
in CAESAR II
By: Griselda Mani
Vibration in a piping system is an undesirable movement that a
designer must often consider. Vibration from equipment such as
pumps, turbines and vessels can usually be anticipated and prevented.
However, periodic motion or rapid oscillations of piping components
cannot always be anticipated; it may cause serious failure in a short
period of time or fatigue failure if of long duration. A recommended
solution for controlling this type of vibration in a piping system is
the use of a sway brace assembly.
The sway brace is commonly used to allow unrestrained thermal
movements while “tuning” the system dynamically to eliminate
vibration. In this respect, the sway brace resembles a spring: it may
be pre-loaded in the cold (installed) position, so that after thermal
pipe growth it reaches the neutral position and the load on the
system in the operating condition is zero or negligible.

3
COADE Mechanical Engineering News
The sway brace is composed of a single compression spring enclosed
between two movable plates. The spring is pre-compressed a full
inch providing an initial force that instantaneously opposes vibration.
Any movement from the sway brace neutral position is opposed by
a load equal to the pre-load plus travel from neutral position times
the sway brace spring constant. Once maximum allowed travel
(usually 3-in. in either direction) is reached, the sway brace locks,
preventing additional movement.
The associated figures show the operation of the sway brace in
neutral, compressive, and tensile positions.
spring compressed to pre-load
Figure 1
Sway brace in neutral position
(pre-load is prepared to resist movement)
Figure 2
Sway brace opposing compression force
(movement occurs after pre-load is overcome)
Figure 3
Sway brace opposing tension force
(movement occurs after pre-load is overcome)
Manufacturers typically recommend a specific size sway brace for a
given pipe nominal diameter. A more accurate sway brace selection
is possible when the exact restraining force required to control the
piping vibration is known. The energy necessary to control the
piping is proportional to the mass, amplitude of movement, and the
force causing the vibration. From this relation the exact restraining
force required to control the piping vibration may be calculated and
an appropriate sway brace size selected. Once selected, the sway
brace may be modeled in CAESAR II using a combination of a bi-
linear restraint and a translational restraint:
4
January 2000
Assuming the following parameters:
Sway Brace Spring Rate = 150 lb./in.
Sway Brace Initial Loading = 150 lb.
Sway Brace Allowed Movement in Either Direction = 3.0 in.
Sway Brace Line of Action = X-axis
Sway Brace Location = Node 10
Restraints:
Node: Sway Brace Node CNode:
Type: X2 K2: 150 lb./in.
K1: F: 150 lb.
Node: Sway Brace Node CNode:
Type: X Gap: 3.0 in.
Stiff:
X2 is the bi-linear restraint.
K2 is the stiffness of the restraint after the pipe overcomes the
initial pre-load of 150 lb.
K1 is the stiffness of the restraint before the pipe overcomes
the initial pre-load of 150 lb. (blank indicates rigid stiffness).
No movement is allowed until the pipe exerts a force larger
than the pre-load.
F is the initial sway brace loading (pre-compressed spring
load).
X is the translational restraint. The sway brace allows 3.0-in.
travel before it locks to become a rigid restraint.
Gap is the allowed travel in either direction.
Stiff is the stiffness of the restraint when the gap is closed
(blank indicates rigid stiffness).
The above model is applicable for systems where the sway brace is
installed in the cold position as shipped by the manufacturer, i.e. the
sway brace exerts zero-load on the pipe when cold, but does exert a
load in the operating condition. The sway brace operation may be
altered by adjusting the initial loading or the neutral position, by
using the rod coupling or by applying the desired pre-load on the
spring. Adjustments to fit the use of the sway brace on the piping
system may be made before, during, or after installation.
In the event that the sway brace is to be installed in the operating
condition (or the neutral position is to be adjusted to the operating
condition), the modeling in CAESAR II is a little more complex.
In this case, before modeling the sway brace, one must analyze the
piping system without the sway brace to obtain displacements from
the cold to neutral operating position:
• Preliminary Step
Run analysis on the system without the sway brace to obtain
the displacements from cold to operating condition. For the
sake of this example, let's assume the CAESAR II calculated
displacement from cold to operating position is 0.5 in.
January 2000 COADE Mechanical Engineering News

• Model the sway brace

Assume the following parameters:
Hydrodynamic Loading of
Sway Brace Spring Rate = 150 lb./in.
Sway Brace Initial Loading = 150 lb.
Piping Systems
By: Richard Ay
Sway Brace Allowed Movement in Either Direction =
3 in. Ocean waves are generated by wind and propagate out of the
generating area. The generation of ocean waves is dependent on the
Restraints: wind speed, the duration of the wind, the water depth, and the
Node: 10 CNode: 101 distance over which the wind blows. This distance over which the
Type: X2 K2: 150 lb./in. wind blows is referred to as the fetch length. There are a variety of
K1: F: 150 lb. two dimensional wave theories proposed by various researchers,
but the three most widely used are the Airy (linear) wave theory,
Node: 10 CNode: 101 Stokes 5th Order wave theory, and Dean’s Stream Function wave
Type: X Gap: 3.0 in. theory. The later two theories are non-linear wave theories and
Stiff: provide a better description of the near-surface effects of the wave.
Displacements: (The term “two dimensional” refers to the “uni-directional” wave.
Node: 101 One dimension is the direction the wave travels, and the other
DX2: 0.5 in. dimension is vertical through the water column. Two dimensional
waves are not found in the marine environment, but are somewhat
• Include the applied displacement D2 (vector 2) in both the easy to define and determine properties for, in a deterministic sense.
SUS and OPE load cases. In actuality, waves undergo spreading, in the third dimension. This
can be easily understood by visualizing a stone dropped in a pond.
Typically as shown: As the wave spreads, the diameter of the circle increases. In
addition to wave spreading, a real sea state includes waves of
Load Case 1 - W+P1+T1+D1+F1+D2 (OPE) various periods, heights, and lengths. In order to address these
Load Case 2 - W+P1+F1+D2 (SUS) actual conditions, a deterministic approach cannot be used. Instead,
Load Case 3 - DS1-DS2 (EXP) a sea spectrum is utilized, which may also include a spreading
function. As there are various wave theories, there are various sea
In the SUS case the displacement D2 (vector 2) represents the pre- spectra definitions. The definition and implementation of sea spectra
load in cold position. Under shutdown conditions, the pipe returns are usually employed in dynamic analysis. Sea Spectra and dynamic
to its cold position and the brace exerts a force as previously analysis, which has been left for a future implementation of
described. CAESAR II , will not be discussed in this article.)
Sustained case restraint loads on sway brace = Pre-Load + Hot The linear or Airy wave theory assumes the free surface is symmetric
Deflection * Spring Rate about the mean water level. Furthermore, the water particle motion
is a closed circular orbit, the diameter of which decays with depth.
In OPE the displacement allows thermal expansion and the sway (The term circular should be taken loosely here, the orbit varies
assumes neutral position exerting zero or negligible load on the from circular to elliptical based on whether the wave is in shallow or
pipe. deep water.) Additionally, for shallow water waves, the wave
height to depth ratio (H/D) is limited to 0.78, to avoid breaking.
Operating case restraint loads on sway brace =~ 0.0 (does not (None of the wave theories address breaking waves!) The figure
restrain thermal expansion) below shows a typical wave and associated hydrodynamic
parameters.
Engineers and designers in search of solutions to vibration problems
readily recognize the importance and functions of the sway brace.
The assembly is easy to handle, select and adjust, and now, easy to
model in CAESAR II.

5
COADE Mechanical Engineering News January 2000

SWL - The still water level.

L - The wave length, the horizontal distance between
successive crests or troughs
H - The wave height, the vertical distance between the
crest and trough.
D - The water depth, the vertical distance from the bottom
to the still water level.
η - The surface elevation measured from the still water
level.
Ocean Wave Particulars

The Airy wave theory provides a good first approximation to the

water particle behavior. The nonlinear theories provide a better
description of particle motion, over a wider range depths and wave Applicable Wave Theory Determination
heights. The Stokes 5th wave theory is based on a power series.
This wave theory does not apply the symmetric free surface The limiting wave steepness for most deep water waves is usually
restriction. Additionally, the particle paths are no longer closed determined by the Miche Limit:
orbits, which means there is a gradual drift of the fluid particles, i.e.
a mass transport. H / L = 0.142 * tanh( kd )

Stokes 5th order wave theory however, does not adequately address
steeper waves over a complete range of depths. Dean’s Stream
Function wave theory attempts to address this deficiency. This
wave theory employs an iterative numerical technique to solve the
stream function equation. The stream function describes not only
the geometry of a two dimensional flow, but also the components of
the velocity vector at any point, and the flow rate between any two
streamlines.
The most suitable wave theory is dependent on the wave height, the
wave period, and the water depth. Based on these parameters, the
applicable wave theory can be determined from the figure below
(from API-RP2A, American Petroleum Institute - Recommended
Practice 2A).
where: H is the wave height
L is the wave length
k is the wave number (2π/L)
d is the water depth
Pseudo-Static Hydrodynamic Loading
CAESAR II allows individual pipe elements to experience loading
due to hydrodynamic effects. These fluid effects can impose a
substantial load on the piping elements in a manner similar to, but
more complex than wind loading.
The various wave theories incorporated into CAESAR II as well as
the various types of current profiles are discussed below. The wave
theories and the current profile are used to compute the water
particle velocities and accelerations at the node points. Once these
parameters are available, the force on the element can be computed
using Morrison’s equation:

6
January 2000 COADE Mechanical Engineering News

F = 1/2 * ρ * Cd * D * U * |U| + π/4 * ρ * Cm * D2 * A AIRY Wave Theory Implementation

where ρ - is the fluid density
Cd - is the drag coefficient
D - is the pipe diameter
U - is the particle velocity
Cm - is the inertial coefficient
A - is the particle acceleration
The particle velocities and accelerations are vector quantities which
include the effects of any applied waves or currents. In addition to
the force imposed by Morrison’s equation, piping elements are also
subjected to a lift force and a buoyancy force. The lift force is
defined as the force acting normal to the plane formed by the
velocity vector and the element’s axis. The lift force is defined as:
Fl = 1/2 * ρ * Cl * D * U2
Airy wave theory is also known as “linear” wave theory, due to the
assumption that the wave profile is symmetric about the mean water
level. Standard Airy wave theory allows for the computation of the
water particle velocities and accelerations between the mean surface
elevation and the bottom. The Modified Airy wave theory allows
for the consideration of the actual free surface elevation in the
computation of the particle data. CAESAR II includes both the
standard and modified forms of the Airy wave theory.
To apply the Airy wave theory, several descriptive parameters
about the wave must be given. These values are then used to solve
for the wave length, which is a characteristic parameter of each
unique wave. CAESAR II uses Newton-Raphson iteration to
determine the wave length by solving the dispersion relation, shown
below:

where ρ - is the fluid density L = (gT2 / 2π) * tanh(2πD / L)

Cl - is the lift coefficient
D - is the pipe diameter
U - is the particle velocity
The buoyancy force acts upward, and is equal to the weight of the
fluid volume displaced by the element. The buoyancy effect is
automatically included in all load cases which include weight.
Once the force on a particular element is available, it is placed in the
system load vector just as any other load is. A standard solution is
performed on the system of equations which describe the piping
system. (The piping system can be described by the standard finite
element equation:
[K] {x} = {f}
where g - is the acceleration of gravity
T - is the wave period
D - is the mean water depth
L - is the wave length to be solved for
Once the wave length (L) is known, the other wave particulars of
interest may be easily determined. The parameters determined and
used by CAESAR II are: the horizontal and vertical particle
velocities ( UX and UY ), the horizontal and vertical particle
acceleration ( AX and AY ), and the surface elevation (ETA) above
(or below) the mean water level. The equations for these parameters
can be found in any standard text (such as those listed at the end of
this section) which discusses ocean wave theories, and therefore
will not be repeated here.

where [K] - is the global stiffness matrix for the STOKES Wave Theory Implementation
entire system
{x} - is the displacement / rotation vector The Stokes wave is a 5th order gravity wave, and hence non-linear
to solve for in nature. The solution technique employed by CAESAR II is
{f} - is global load vector described in a paper published by Skjelbreia and Hendrickson of
the National Engineering Science Company of Pasadena California,
The element loads generated by the hydrodynamic effects are placed in 1960. The standard formulation as well as a modified formulation
in their proper locations in {f}, similar to weight, pressure, and (to the free surface) are available in CAESAR II.
temperature. Once [K] and {f} are finalized, a standard finite
element solution is performed on this system of equations. The The solution follows a procedure very similar to that used in the
resulting displacement vector {x} is then used to compute element Airy wave; characteristic parameters of the wave are determined by
forces, and these forces are then used to compute the element using Newton-Raphson iteration, followed by the determination of
stresses.) the water particle values of interest.

Except for the buoyancy force, all other hydrodynamic forces acting
on the element are a function of the particle velocities and
accelerations.

7
COADE Mechanical Engineering News January 2000

The Newton-Raphson iteration procedure solves two non-linear
equations for the constants beta and lambda. Once these values are
available, the other twenty constants can be computed. After all of
the constants are known, CAESAR II can compute: the horizontal
and vertical particle velocities (UX and UY), the horizontal and
vertical particle acceleration (AX and AY), and the surface elevation
(ETA) above the mean water level.
Stream Function Wave Theory Implementation
The solution to Dean’s Stream Function Wave Theory employed by
CAESAR II is described in the text by Sarpkaya and Isaacson. As
previously mentioned, this is a numerical technique to solve the
stream function. The solution subsequently obtained, provides the
horizontal and vertical particle velocities (UX and UY), the horizontal
and vertical particle acceleration (AX and AY), and the surface
elevation (ETA) above the mean water level.
Ocean Currents
In addition to the forces imposed by ocean waves, piping elements
may also be subjected to forces imposed by ocean currents. There
are three different ocean current models in CAESAR II; linear,
piece-wise, and a power law profile.
The linear current profile assumes that the current velocity through
the water column varies linearly from the specified surface velocity
(at the surface) to zero (at the bottom). The piece-wise linear
profile employs linear interpolation between specific “depth/
velocity” points specified by the user. The power law profile
decays the surface velocity to the 1/7 power.
In actuality, these coefficients are a function of the fluid particle
velocity, which varies over the water column. In general practice,
two dimensionless parameters are computed which are used to
obtain the Cd, Cm, and Cl values from published charts. The first
dimensionless parameter is the Keulegan-Carpenter Number, K. K
is defined as:
K = Um * T / D
where: Um - is the maximum fluid particle velocity
T - is the wave period
D - is the characteristic diameter of the
element.
The second dimensionless parameter is the Reynolds number, Re.
Re is defined as
Re = Um * D / ν
where Um - is the maximum fluid particle velocity
D - is the characteristic diameter of the
element
ν - is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid
(1.26e-5 ft2/sec for sea water).
Once K and Re are available, charts are used to obtain Cd, Cm, and
Cl. (See Mechanics of Wave Forces on Offshore Structures by T.
Sarpkaya, Figures 3.21, 3.22, and 3.25 for example charts, which
are shown in the figures below.)

While waves produce unsteady flow, where the particle velocities

and accelerations at a point constantly change, current produces a
steady, non-varying flow.

Technical Notes on CAESAR II Hydrodynamic Loading

The input parameters necessary to define the fluid loading are

described in detail in the next section. The basic parameters
describe the wave height and period, and the current velocity. The
most difficult to obtain, and also the most important parameters, are
the drag, inertia, and lift coefficients, Cd, Cm, and Cl. Based on the
recommendations of API RP2A and DNV (Det Norske Veritas),
values for Cd range from 0.6 to 1.2, values for Cm range from 1.5 to
2.0. Values for Cl show a wide range of scatter, but the approximate
mean value is 0.7.

The inertia coefficient Cm is equal to one plus the added mass

coefficient Ca. This added mass value accounts for the mass of the
fluid assumed to be entrained with the piping element.

8
January 2000 COADE Mechanical Engineering News

The term αd represents the effective height of the point at which the
particle velocity and acceleration are to be computed. The use of
this term keeps the effective height below the still water level. This
means that the velocity and acceleration computed are convergent
for actual heights above the still water level.

As previously stated, the drag, inertia, and lift coefficients are a

function of the fluid velocity and the diameter of the element in
question. Note that the fluid particle velocities vary with both depth
and position in the wave train (as determined by the applied wave
theory). Therefore, these coefficients are in fact not constants.
However, from a practical engineering point of view, varying these
coefficients as a function of location in the fluid field is usually not
implemented. This practice can be justified when one considers the
inaccuracies involved in specifying the instantaneous wave height
and period. According to Sarpkaya, these values are insufficient to
accurately predict wave forces, a consideration of the previous fluid
particle history is necessary. In light of these uncertainties, constant
values for Cd, Cm, and Cl are recommended by API and many other
references.

The effects of marine growth must also be considered. Marine

growth has the following effects on the system loading: the increased
pipe diameters increase the hydrodynamic loading; the increased
roughness causes an increase in Cd, and therefore the hydrodynamic
loading; the increase in mass and added mass cause reduced natural
frequencies and increase the dynamic amplification factor; it causes
an increase in the structural weight; and possibly causes
hydrodynamic instabilities, such as vortex shedding.
In order to determine these coefficients, the fluid particle velocity
(at the location of interest) must be determined. The appropriate
Finally, Morrison’s force equation is based the “small body”
wave theory is solved, and these particle velocities are readily
assumption. The term “small” refers to the “diameter to wave
obtained.
length” ratio. If this ratio exceeds 0.2, the inertial force is no longer
in phase with the acceleration of the fluid particles and diffraction
Of the wave theories discussed, the modified Airy and Stokes
effects must be considered. In such cases, the fluid loading as
5th theories include a modification of the depth-decay function.
typically implemented by CAESAR II is no longer applicable.
The standard theories use a depth-decay function equal to
cosh(kz) / sinh(kd), where:
Additional discussions on hydrodynamic loads and wave theories
can be found in the references at the end of this article.
k - is the wave number, 2π /L
L - is the wave length
Input: Specifying Hydrodynamic Parameters in CAESAR II
d - is the water depth
z - is the elevation in the water column
The hydrodynamic load analysis requires the specification of several
where the data is to be determined
measurable parameters which quantify the physical aspects of the
environmental phenomenon in question. The necessary
The modified theories include an additional term in the numerator
hydrodynamic parameters are shown in the following CAESAR II
of this depth-decay function. The modified depth-decay function
hydrodynamic loading.
is equal to cosh(kαd) / sinh(kd), where:

α - is equal to z / (d + η)

9
COADE Mechanical Engineering News
Details of this input screen can be found in the program
documentation. Once the wave parameters have been defined, the
“plot” button on the tool bar (the far right button in the figure above)
will activate the Wave Wizard. This module will plot the
“Recommended Wave Theory” diagram, including the location of
the specific wave just defined. This diagram shows exactly where
the specified wave falls on the chart, as shown in the figure below.
The Wave Wizard can produce other plots of the data for this
specific wave, as well as display the numeric data tables which
correspond to these plots. The “View Data Table” button at the
bottom of the screen brings up the numeric data in tabular form.
This data includes the free surface elevation as a function of wave
phase, and tables of horizontal and vertical velocities and
accelerations as a function of wave phase and water depth. An
example plot (obtained by selecting from the drop list in the figure
above) shown below.
10
January 2000
A Comparison of Wind Load
Calculations per ASCE 93
and ASCE 95
By: Scott Mayeux
Frequently in the design of vertical and horizontal pressure vessels,
the need for computing loads on these and other structures due to
the effects of wind is a necessity. Air can be thought of as a fluid of
low viscosity. When air moves around an obstacle, its kinetic
energy is given up to the structure that is resisting the wind. Because
of this transfer of momentum and energy, forces are placed on a
structure that cause bending and other loads to arise. It is these
loads that we must account for in the design of pressure vessels,
most notably vertical pressure vessels. In this article we will
explore the equations that are used in the computation of wind loads
according to the ASCE 95 and 93 design codes. Of course there are
many wind design codes that are in use world wide, but the ASCE
codes are commonly used in the United States and we will concentrate
on how these codes develop loads due wind and compare them.
The discussion of the ASCE 95 code will be followed by the
discussion of the ASCE 93 code.
From physics, the kinetic energy of a moving particle is expressed
by the following equation:
Ke = 1/2 M V2
Where M is the mass of the particle and V is the velocity. In US
customary units the mass is expressed in units of lb. and velocity is
expressed in units of feet per second. Please note that in this system
of units the gravitational acceleration constant of 32.2 must be
properly applied to the mass M.
January 2000 COADE Mechanical Engineering News

Obtaining the kinetic energy term is step 1 in the determination of Now that we are familiar with all of the terms needed to compute qz,
the wind pressure at a given elevation. The term is as follows: lets look at a sample calculation.

2 Given: Exposure C, V = 100 mph, I = 1.15, z = 50 ft.

1 lb s 2   mi   5280 ft   hr 
Constant = 2 0.0765 cu ft × 32.2 ft   hr   mi   3600s  = 0.00256
      
From the table alpha is 9.5 and zg is 900 ft. Consequently kz =
2.01*(50/900) 2/9.5. kz is therefore equal to 1.098. qz =
The constant that uses the value of 0.0765, reflects the mass density 0.00256(1.0938)(1)(100 * 100)(1.15). Thusly at an elevation of 50
of air at standard atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 59 feet the computed wind pressure is 32.2 lbs/sq ft. Once the wind
degrees F. This constant is used in the following equation of qz, pressure at the target elevation has been computed the relation
which is the wind pressure at an arbitrary elevation (z). qz is Force = pressure * area is used to determine a single concentrated
expressed by the following equation: force F at this elevation.

qz = 0.00256(Kz)(Kzt)(V2)(I) units: Pound per square foot (psf) PVElite uses this methodology to compute loads at the wind centroid
of each element (shell course). There are two more terms that are
Where Kz - velocity pressure coefficient, involved in the final computation of the force. These terms are the
Kzt - topographic factor, Gust Response Factor and the shape factor. Vertical pressure
V - basic wind speed vessels are typically round and smooth and have a shape factor of
I - importance factor. 0.6 to 0.8. The other term is the gust response factor G. The gust
response factor accounts for the fact that the wind “gusts” or speeds
The term Kz in turn is defined by the following equation(s): up periodically. This factor is a computed constant for the entire
structure and depends on its dynamic sensitivity. Gust effect factors
For elevations below 15 feet, Kz = 2.01*( 15/zg)2/alpha. For elevations are discussed in paragraph 6.6 of ASCE 95.
above 15 feet, Kz = 2.01*(z/zg) 2/alpha. Values of alpha and zg are
shown in the table below: After the wind pressure at each elevation has been computed, the
area of each element must also be computed. The wind pressure
Exposure Category Constants times the area results in a force at elevation z. This force times a
distance to the support point results in a bending moment. The
Exp. Category alpha Zg(ft) stress on the cross section due to this moment should also be
investigated.
A 5.0 1500
B 7.0 1200 The following sample shows a PVElite sample model with a wind
C 9.5 900 loading and shear and bending report.
D 11.5 700

The exposure categories in the ASCE code are explained in paragraph

6.5.3. The exposure category pertains to the amount of obstruction
the structure is shielded from. For example, a vertical structure that
lies along a flat unobstructed plain will feel the full effect of the
wind. While a structure in the middle of a large city center with
plenty of shielding will not feel the full effect of the wind. An
exposure D is the most conservative while A is the least conservative.

The topographic factor Kzt involves computing the speed up effect

of the wind blowing over a hill or some other type of escarpment.
For most computations in this industry, Kzt is taken to be 1.0.

V is defined as the basic wind speed. The minimum value of V is 70

miles per hour. Along hurricane oceanlines V increases substantially
to 120 mph or higher. Note that since this term is squared, it has a
big impact on the final wind pressure qz.

The final term in the equation of qz is I. I is the importance factor.

It accounts for the degree of loss of life and damage to property. I
can vary between 0.87 to values of 1.15 or greater.

11
COADE Mechanical Engineering News January 2000

PVElite 3.5 Licensee: COADE, Inc.

FileName : WindLoad —————————————————————————————————————— Page 1
Once the moments have been resolved at each point of interest, the
Wind Load Calculation STEP: 8 9:42a Nov 2,1999 stress on that cross section can be obtained by using the standard
stress equation; stress = Moment * Fiber Distance / (Moment of
Wind Analysis Results
Inertia). These stresses are added algebraically to other longitudinal
User Entered Importance Factor is 1.150 stresses to obtain the total stress on both the tensile and compressive
ASCE-7 95 Gust Effect Factor (Ope)(G or Gf) Dynamic 0.979
User entered Beta Value ( Operating Case ) 0.0100 side of the vessel. These resulting stresses can then be compared to
ASCE-7 95 Shape Factor (Cf)
User Entered Basic Wind Speed
0.601
100.0 mile/hr
appropriate allowables.

Wind Vibration Calculations ASCE 93

—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

This evaluation is based on work by Kanti Mahajan and Ed Zorilla

Prior to the publication of ASCE 95, the wind design code in
Nomenclature
general use was its predecessor ASCE 93. This wind code was
Cf
D
-
-
Correction factor for natural frequency
Average internal diameter of vessel ft.
essentially the American National Standard Institute Code 58.1.
Df - Damping Factor There are a few key differences between these two wind load
Dr - Average internal diameter of top half of vessel ft.
f - Natural frequency of vibration (Hertz) specifications. We will now explore these differences.
f1 - Natural frequency of bare vessel based on a unit value of (D/L^2)(10^4
L - Total height of structure ft.
Lc - Total length of conical section(s) of vessel ft.
tb - Uncorroded plate thickness at bottom of vessel in. First of all the basic equation for the wind pressure qz is different.
V30
Vc
-
-
Wind Velocity at 30 feet mile/hr
Critical wind velocity mile/hr
In the 93 edition it is as follows:
Vw - Maximum wind speed at top of structure mile/hr
W - Total corroded weight of structure lb.
Ws - Cor. vessel weight excl. weight of parts which do not effect stiff. lb qz = 0.00256(Kz)( I V) 2 units: Pound per square foot (psf)
Z - Maximum amplitude of vibration at top of vessel in.
Dl - Logarithmic decrement ( taken as 0.03 for Welded Structures )
Vp - Vibration Possibility, <= 20.000 (High); 20.000 < 25.000 (Probable)
P30 - wind pressure 30 feet above the base Note that the importance factor I is now squared along with the
Compute the vibration possibility. If Vp > 25.00000 no possibility.
design wind velocity and the factor Kzt is absent from the equation.
Vp = W / ( L * Dr^2 )
Vp = 108779 / ( 55.50 * 8.000^2 ) = 30.625
Other differences include changes to values of alpha in Table C6.
Since Vp is > 25.0000 no further vibration analysis is required !
The values are reduced in comparison to those in the later edition
Wind Load Calculation causing higher values of Kz to result.
| | Wind | Wind | Wind | Height | Element |
From| To | Height | Diameter | Area | Factor | Wind Load |
| | ft. | ft. | sq.in. | psf | lb. |
10| 20| 2.50000 | 9.80000 | 7056.00 | 24.9911 | 720.260 |
Analyzing our tower model under the older code with the same
20| 30|
30| 40|
5.12500
10.2500
|
|
9.80000
9.80000
|
|
352.800
14112.0
|
|
24.9911
24.9911
|
|
36.0130
1440.52
|
|
parameters produces the following results:
40| 50| 20.2500 | 9.80000 | 14112.0 | 26.6210 | 1534.47 |
50| 60| 30.2500 | 9.80000 | 14112.0 | 28.9681 | 1669.75 | PVElite 3.5 Licensee: COADE, Inc.
60| 70| 40.2500 | 9.80000 | 14112.0 | 30.7633 | 1773.23 | FileName : WindLoad —————————————————————————————————————— Page 1
70| 80| 50.2500 | 9.80000 | 14112.0 | 32.2346 | 1858.04 | Wind Load Calculation STEP: 8 9:24a Nov 8,1999
80| 90| 56.2504 | 9.80000 | 2277.03 | 33.0092 | 307.007 |

PVElite Version 3.5, (c)1995-99 by COADE Engineering Software Wind Analysis Results

User Entered Importance Factor is 1.150

Notice that in this report the wind height is the value z used in the ASCE-7 Gust Factor (Gh, Gbar) Dynamic 1.217
ASCE-7 Shape Factor (Cf) for the Vessel is 0.601
above formulas. The element wind load is multiplied by the wind User Entered Basic Wind Speed 100.0 mile/hr

height to determine the moment at the base and at the bottom of

each section of the vessel. Also note that the wind pressure increases
as a function of the wind height as one would expect. The following
report illustrates the wind shear and bending for all of the elements.
Wind Vibration Calculations
—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
This evaluation is based on work by Kanti Mahajan and Ed Zorilla
Nomenclature

Cf - Correction factor for natural frequency

PVElite 3.5 Licensee: COADE, Inc. D - Average internal diameter of vessel ft.
FileName : WindLoad —————————————————————————————————————— Page 1 Df - Damping Factor
Wind/Earthquake Shear, Bending STEP: 10 9:42a Nov 2,1999 Dr - Average internal diameter of top half of vessel ft.
f - Natural frequency of vibration (Hertz)
f1 - Natural frequency of bare vessel based on a unit value of (D/L^2)(10^4
The following table is for the Operating Case. L - Total height of structure ft.
—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— Lc - Total length of conical section(s) of vessel ft.
tb - Uncorroded plate thickness at bottom of vessel in.
Wind/Earthquake Shear, Bending V30 - Wind Velocity at 30 feet mile/hr
| | Elevation | Cummulative| Earthquake | Wind | Earthquake | Vc - Critical wind velocity mile/hr
From| To | of To Node | Wind Shear| Shear | Bending | Bending | Vw - Maximum wind speed at top of structure mile/hr
| | ft. | lb. | lb. | ft.lb. | ft.lb. | W - Total corroded weight of structure lb.
10| 20| 2.50000 | 9339.29 | 0.00000 | 280342. | 0.00000 | Ws - Cor. vessel weight excl. weight of parts which do not effect stiff. lb
20| 30| 5.12500 | 8619.03 | 0.00000 | 235446. | 0.00000 | Z - Maximum amplitude of vibration at top of vessel in.
30| 40| 10.2500 | 8583.02 | 0.00000 | 233296. | 0.00000 | Dl - Logarithmic decrement ( taken as 0.03 for Welded Structures )
40| 50| 20.2500 | 7142.50 | 0.00000 | 154668. | 0.00000 | Vp - Vibration Possibility, <= 20.000 (High); 20.000 < 25.000 (Probable)
50| 60| 30.2500 | 5608.03 | 0.00000 | 90915.6 | 0.00000 | P30 - wind pressure 30 feet above the base
60| 70| 40.2500 | 3938.28 | 0.00000 | 43184.0 | 0.00000 |
70| 80| 50.2500 | 2165.05 | 0.00000 | 12667.4 | 0.00000 | Compute the vibration possibility. If Vp > 25.00000 no possibility.
80| 90| 55.3750 | 307.007 | 0.00000 | 307.141 | 0.00000 | Vp = W / ( L * Dr^2 )
Vp = 108779 / ( 55.50 * 8.000^2 ) = 30.625
PVElite Version 3.5, (c)1995-99 by COADE Engineering Software

12
January 2000 COADE Mechanical Engineering News

Since Vp is > 25.0000 no further vibration analysis is required !

allowing drag and drops of entities from drawing to drawing.
Wind Load Calculation
CADWorx/PIPE has utilized this functionality in every way. Sizes
and specifications are unique in each drawing while in this single
PVElite 3.5 Licensee: COADE, Inc.
FileName : WindLoad —————————————————————————————————————— Page 2 session of AutoCAD. CADWorx/P&ID allows items to be dropped
Wind Load Calculation STEP: 8 9:24a Nov 8,1999
from other drawings and then it automatically updates the database
| | Wind | Wind | Wind | Height | Element |
From| To | Height | Diameter | Area | Factor | Wind Load | as needed. All these new features make AutoCAD 2000 and
|
10| 20|
| ft.
2.50000
|
|
ft.
9.80000
|
|
sq.in.
7056.00
|
|
psf
27.1152
|
|
lb.
971.392
|
|
CADWorx an unbeatable pair.
20| 30| 5.12500 | 9.80000 | 352.800 | 27.1152 | 48.5696 |
30| 40| 10.2500 | 9.80000 | 14112.0 | 27.1152 | 1942.78 |
40| 50| 20.2500 | 9.80000 | 14112.0 | 29.5427 | 2116.72 | To us, the development staff at COADE, Inc., the new Paperspace –
50| 60| 30.2500 | 9.80000 | 14112.0 | 33.1322 | 2373.90 |
60| 70| 40.2500 | 9.80000 | 14112.0 | 35.9493 | 2575.75 | Modelspace layout features are probably the most exciting. With
70| 80| 50.2500 | 9.80000 | 14112.0 | 38.3023 | 3177.61 |
80| 90| 56.2504 | 9.80000 | 2277.03 | 39.5569 | 457.313 | the addition of the multiple layouts in Paperspace, all those that
PVElite Version 3.5, (c)1995-99 by COADE Engineering Software
have not used Paperspace and three-dimensional models will have
to take another look. This environment has become a very valuable
It can be seen that the wind pressure at each corresponding elevation asset. Users of CADWorx/PIPE are creating single models and
is greater than in the 95 edition causing the element loads (in populating the environment with up to 50 different layouts. These
conjunction with the gust factor) to produce larger loads and moments layouts consist of the plans, elevation, various sections and any
on this process tower model. details that might be required for the job. Layouts can have different
scales and even different borders. They can be isometrics or simple
In conclusion, we note that the 93 edition is more conservative than orthographics. With CADWorx/PIPE’s view clipping
the newer 95 edition. However please understand that the guidelines (VIEWCLIP), sections can be set up from any of these different
in the 95 edition are based on newer findings and reflect the effort of layouts. Now, the magic of these new layouts is when one change is
a great deal of research in the area of actual wind dynamics and made to the model, all the different drawings will be updated.
behavior. Modify dimensions, text and other annotation – but don’t worry
about the model – change it once.

Layouts in AutoCAD 2000
and CADWorx/PIPE
By: Robert Wheat
With the release of AutoCAD 2000, Autodesk has made another
strong step towards the Windows look and feel. The new features in
the AutoCAD 2000 when combined with CADWorx version 3.0
makes these products even more robust. Ease of use was the main
reason CADWorx was designed and with this new AutoCAD
release, many of the functions used are even simpler to operate due
to this totally integrated Windows environment.
Autodesk has added an object property manager (OPM), real-time
shading, multiple document interface (MDI), and has made extensive
changes to the functionality of Paperspace. The new OPM allows
modification to the properties of any entity from within a simple
dialog. With this facility, layers, colors, and line types are easily
changed. Hyperlinks can be attached from this simple list type
dialog. The real time shading can make your CAD station seem like
a tinker toy set. Purchase a $300-$600 video card and your monitor
will come to life in a whole new dimension. CADWorx/PIPE
functionality has been modified to work with the new shaded images
in many ways. For example, CEDIT has been improved to allow
the user to pick the graphic outlines instead of having to pick
centerlines of the component. This allows the user to work and
build piping systems in this new real time shaded mode. The new
multiple document interface allows the user to open multiple
drawings within a single AutoCAD session. This is really powerful,
Our support staff is always providing ideas and suggestions for
making Paperspace work. We believe that Paperspace is very
useful tool. Within this article, we would like to supply some
secrets that will make all of this quite simple. Many people try to
make Paperspace-Modelspace modeling much more difficult than it
really is.
What do we do first? Well, the user must start with a 3D model.
Building a three dimensional model within CADWorx/PIPE is
simple and easy. Take the time to build something simple and see
just how easy it is. Most resistance to 3D models is the time factor
needed to create a true model versus the time factor needed to create
all the plans and elevations in pure 2D layouts. In all reality, the
time factor is just about the same with the exception of changes.
When computers first became useful in engineering departments
around the mid-80s, we found that things were easier to change.
Therefore, changes are much more prevalent than they were in the
days prior to CAD. Changes are easier to deal with in a model.
Things change within a project, and to be able to change one item
on a model and have it update 50 layouts (with borders, titles,
annotation, etc.) would be incredible. This would also be a huge
time saving both for the customer and the engineering group.
To make this simpler, start with a 2D plan view of the project. Lay
everything out as though it was a 2D drawing. Think of it as only
the working X-Y layout. Forget about the vertical information –
valves in down comers or what elevations need to look like (this is
the Z information which will be added later). If this was a
maintenance job, elevations might not be known, but for now just

13
COADE Mechanical Engineering News January 2000

draw the piping flat on the piece of paper. Most new jobs will can continue. If a plotter configuration is not set up, go to the tab
require the designer to set elevations based on some type of intelligent named “Plot Device” and under the plotter configuration, pick the
decision after the job becomes more organized. But this is not done plotter named “None”. Then pick the “Plot Settings” tab and pick
at the beginning of the job. We can apply elevations to the piping the paper size desired. If you have a plotter already set up, use it.
anytime in a very simple manner with the CHANGEELEV command There are some very useful and needed features in the new plotting
within CADWorx/PIPE. Use the 2D drawing capabilities of menu in AutoCAD 2000. Autodesk supplied some needed audio
CADWorx/PIPE and create a 2D drawing. clips that help in the setup of a plotter and it is our suggestion to
view and listen to these clips for all the new details involved with
Once the 2D drawing is created, elevate the components as mentioned this new plotting method. In the Options dialog, under the tab
above with the CHANGEELEV command. This will seem to be named “Display”, there is a toggle that allows the automatic creation
one of those steps of an Mview
that was not whenever a layout is
required in the 2D created. We found
world but the that this automatically
sections and created Mview was
elevation created in usually deleted to
the 2D world is not make room for ones
one of those that are really needed;
required for the 3D therefore we toggled
model. At this it off in our
point, mode configuration.
convert everything
to either 3D solids Prior to making an
or to an isometric Mview, it was easier
mode. This is to choose the view
accomplished with desired from
t h e Modelspace. This is
CONVERTSOLID accomplished with
or CONVERTISO the AutoCAD View
commands within command and
CADWorx/PIPE. choosing one of the
Solids will be the preset views from the
finished product “Orthographic and
and should be used Isometric View” tab.
whenever possible. If you need to clip the
Isometrics are good view, wait till the
for layout purposes Mview is created.
when things get crowded. Now, we have the beginning of a true 3D Then use the AutoCAD 3DCLIP command or CADWorx/PIPE
model. There will be vertical information missing but that is what VIEWCLIP command (note, the AutoCAD 3DCLIP command will
you develop sections and elevations for with the Mviews that will take some time for it to rotate the view in the clipping viewer if it is
be discussed later. a relatively large model).

Models are not restricted to just one drawing either. Many designers
can work on different parts of the model and they can all be Xref’ed
(external reference) together to create one model. With this Xref’ed
model, it to can be created with multiple layouts as with a single
model in a single drawing.
Next, develop some plan views in Paperspace. Make sure that the
UCS is set to World and run the Plan command using the world
option while in Model space. This should show you a plan view of
the model. In AutoCAD 2000, pick the Layout tab at the bottom
right above the command prompt. When you enter this space, a plot
dialog appears which requires a plotter to be selected before you
Create an Mview that shows the desired part of the piping plan
needed in the first layout. This is real easy. Run the Mview
command and cut a hole in the Paperspace of any size. When this is
done the whole model immediately shows up in the Mview. Then
from the CADWorx/PIPE pulldown menu, chose the Utility
pulldown and notice that the “Zoom Factors” item on the menu is
accessible. Here, zooming to any scale is accommodated. Pick a
scale and then pick the focal or center point within the desired
piping plan. Note that an Mview must be active for this command
to work properly (toggle the Paper button on the status line to
Model). Now, readjustment of the Mview might be required.
Toggle the Model button on the status line to Paper and then grip

14
January 2000 COADE Mechanical Engineering News

the Mview (the hole in the paper) and stretch it as required. This has an option that allows the front and rear clipping distances to be
hole in the paper (Mview) is just like another AutoCAD entity. The set. You might need to change to these distances several times
layer can be changed and it can be turned off in the Layer dialog before the right piping components are displayed.
(move it or create it on the VIEWL layer – this is the purpose of this
layer). Now that all the sections are developed, the user can go into each
one and create any vertical components required. This can be
Use the SETUP command within CADWorx/PIPE for setting up a accomplished from the model also. Many designers are used to
border. Run the setup command and then chose the Border button manipulating the drawing or design from a flat view. This probably
on the main dialog. Here options are available for placing the is the easiest place to change or alter anything within the model and
border in Paperspace and choosing the correct border. As with it also completes the design just like the user would if he were
most of CADWorx/ working with a 2D
PIPE, customizing drawing or layout.
the borders or adding As mentioned
a new border is above, it is our
always possible. estimate that each
job, 2D or 3D, will
Renaming the take the same
“Layout1” tab at the amount of time on
bottom of the the front end. Once
AutoCAD screen will the model is
be required to created, there is all
indicate what all the the free information
different layouts will that comes with it –
be. Right click on a u t o m a t i c
the tab and presented isometrics, stress
are options for analysis, accurate
renaming, deleting, bill of material and
creating new layouts, d a t a b a s e s ,
etc. “Plan 0.0-10.0” automatic elevation
would be appropriate and plan updates,
for the first layout etc.
created above which
might show a plan Once the Mviews
from the 0’ level to for the entire job
the 10’ level. Others have been created,
might need “North it is best to lock
Elevation”, “Sections each Mview. This
A-E”. Others might be 3D isometrics field assembly drawings like is accomplished with the Mview command and its lock option. This
“Assembly Southeast”. Imagine that, an assembly view from the locks the Mview where the zoom factor cannot be changed. Very
southeast. You cannot easily create that with a 2D drawing. simply, zoom in an Mview and AutoCAD switches the environment
to Paperspace. Once the zoom command has completed, it re-
To make a section, go to the model and choose the correct view that enters the Mview. CADWorx/PIPE has a similar function
the section needs to appear in. Next place the UCS location on the introduced in AutoCAD Release 14 called ZOOMLOCK. It is used
point where the section needs to take place. It might be easier to primarily by our Paperspace-Modelspace isometric. CADWorx/
change the viewpoint with one of the isometric views listed above in PIPE automatically turns this feature on in an automatic isometric
the AutoCAD VIEW command dialog. Use the CADWorx/PIPE at the very end. It prohibits the zoom factor from being changed.
point and shoot UCS feature to place the UCS at the desired When working with multiple layouts such as described here, it is
location and make sure the X-Y plane of the UCS is actually the best to use the AutoCAD Mview command’s lock option. This
plane needed for the section. Next create or go to the layout that particular zoom lock is saved with the drawing whereas the
this section needs to appear. Cut an Mview and follow the procedure CADWorx/PIPE equivalent is turned off as the drawing is ended.
for scaling and positioning as outline above. Do not move the UCS Please note, we have tried to change the zoom factor many times
once positioned in the model. Then, once the total view has been within an Mview only to find that the zoom lock was on. This can
created, run the CADWorx/PIPE VIEWCLIP command and clip be very frustrating, so make sure that the zoom lock in the Mview is
the view in the Mview (do this while in the Mview). This command off while trying to scale or zoom an Mview.

15
COADE Mechanical Engineering News January 2000

After the layouts are finished, annotation and dimensions can be routines are used in an active Mview. The routines were designed
placed. Dimensioning can be placed in either Modelspace or to operate just like the dimensioning where the size of the text is
Paperspace. If they are placed in Modelspace, they must be placed automatically set according to the view port size.
on separate layers such as “Dim1”, “Dim2”, or “DimPlanTopRight”.
Once a layer is used within an Mview, it must be frozen in all view Plotting is now as simple as opening a layout and picking the print
ports except the current one. The layers dialog can accommodate button. There is a really neat preview button now inside of AutoCAD
this. Make sure the setvar DIMSCALE is set to 0. This forces all 2000 that allows you to look at any plot prior to actual plotting.
the dimensioning routines in AutoCAD and CADWorx/PIPE to Also there is a setvar, HIDEPRECISION, which will improve the
scale the dimensioning to the proper size based on the size of the actual plotted images greatly. This setvar increases the precision
Mview. In CADWorx/PIPE, the setvar DIMSCALE will also used by the hiding algorithm inside of AutoCAD and helps plots
affect the annotation that have problems
routines as well as such as pipe outlines
the elevation not appearing. We
annotation and the have also noticed
line numbering that when a piping
annotation. design layout is at a
very high elevation,
When the this problem seems
dimensions are to increase. We
placed in advise not to union
Paperspace, the nozzle to vessel and
setvar DIMSCALE equipment until the
should also be set to job is finished. This
0. Also, since the way the user can
Mview is scaled to a move or re-orient the
relative size of the nozzle at will.
current Paperspace, Although, when they
the dimensioning have not been
setvar DIMLFAC unioned with the
should be adjusted. equipment, plotting
From the Dimension looks incorrect. We
Style Manager, suggest doing this
accessing the union toward the end
“Modify” button and of the job.
then the “Primary Equipment is the
Units” tab can set perfect example of
this variable in the Xrefs (place each
“Scale Measurement” section. The dialog does not give the user piece of equipment in a drawing of its own – then Xref it into the
any help with the value that it needs to be set but there is an “Apply layout or plan).
to Paperspace Only” toggle which is real useful (I’m sure there is
some setvar which controls this one also). To figure what this value There are a couple of commands that need to be mentioned here.
should be is not difficult. For example 3/8” = 1’-0” would be 32. The SOLPROF command is excellent for creating profiles of 3D
Divided 12”(1’-0”) by 3/8” – make sure both values are of equal solids. This can be used for equipment creation and also piping
units – inches vs. inches, millimeter vs. millimeter. The reciprocal systems that might roll out of plane. This will create a perfect 2D
of this value is the same for zooming. block of the solid’s profile. This command can only be used while
in an Mview. The other commands that can be used to make flat 2D
Annotation can be placed in Paperspace or Modelspace also. When drawings from the 3D models are the Drawing Exchange Binary
placed in Paperspace, it can be placed on a single layer. When format (DXB) and the Window metafile (WMF) format. The DXB
placing the annotation in Modelspace, you must place it on separate format can be accessed from the plotting dialog and can plot the
layers just like the dimensioning. Currently, the automatic annotation model from Paperspace or Modelspace. The DXBIN command can
routines such as line numbering, elevation and component labeling then import the DXB file into the drawing as a flat 2D drawing. The
will only work in Modelspace. This will change in the next release WMF format is good for selecting item from the Modelspace only.
(Version 3.1) of CADWorx/PIPE. As with the dimensioning, the When re-imported, it comes back as a block that will require scaling
setvar DIMSCALE should be set to 0 whenever the annotation by the user.

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January 2000
There are some issues with this method of 3D modeling that are a
little aggravating. There are some things that don’t work or appear
correctly according to the standards we used to produce 2D drawings.
Ball and globe valves don’t appear correctly. Centerlines disappear
into the solid of a component. There is not a good way of breaking
a pipe over another system with pipe breaks as we did in a 2D
environment. But there are ways around these problems. The
problem with ball and globe valves is they both look the same.
However, you can place a circle in Paperspace over the globe valve
then place a solid hatch within the circle. Breaking pipe over
another system might not be needed since that system below can be
clipped out and shown somewhere else. It’s not like having to
redraw it. It’s all part of the model. The centerline problem is one
that we don’t have a solution for. Losing centerlines versus getting
a model that automatically updates all the drawings would be well
worth it to me.
The next generation of CADWorx/PIPE will handle the problems
as mentioned above. The components in our next generation system
will allow centerline viewing. Breaking will be allowed on pipe
type components and globe valve when viewed in a plan or elevation
will appear as they have for the last 100 years. When the view is
changed back to 3D, things will look as they are in our present
CADWorx/PIPE. Hopefully completed within the next year, this
system will truly leap beyond the traditional 2D drafting techniques
and give us a tool where there will be no comparison.
PC Hardware/Software for the
Engineering User [Part 28]
By: Richard Ay
Q: How can I improve I/O performance?
A: If your system is fairly I/O intensive, you may benefit from raising
the I/O Page Lock Limit, which can increase the effective rate the
operating system reads or writes data to the hard disks.
First, benchmark your common tasks. See how long it takes to load
and save large files, how long it takes to search a database or run a
common program; just do your normal tasks, timing them to record
how fast they are. Then follow these steps:
1. Start the registry editor (regedit.exe)
2. Move to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM
\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Memory
Management
3. Double click IoPageLockLimit
4. Enter a new value.
COADE Mechanical Engineering News
This value is the maximum bytes you can lock for I/O
operations. A value of 0 defaults to 512KB. Raise this value
by 512KB increments (enter “512”, “1024”, etc.), then exit
regedit and benchmark your system after each adjustment.
When an increase does not give you a significant performance
boost, go back and undo the last increment.
Caution: There is a limit to this. Do not set this value (in
bytes) beyond the number of megabytes of RAM times 128.
That is, if you have 16 MB RAM, do not set IoPageLockLimit
over 2048 bytes; for 32MB RAM, do not exceed 4096
bytes, and so on.
5. Click OK.
6. Close the registry editor
Unless you do little I/O, this should give you a significant boost in
performance.
Q: My machine has a “constant” connection to the internet. Is my
machine secure?
A: Check out the link http://www.grc.com/, which will load a web
page designed to test the security of your computer. (Click on the
“ShieldsUp” icon.) This web site contains all the details you need
to check out the security of your system, including explanations of
security details. A related article can be found on Ziff Davis’s site
at http://cgi.zdnet.com/slink?10862:1590013
Basically, you don’t want to bind TCP/IP to Microsoft Networking
Protocols (NetBIOS or NetBEUI). If binding occurs, this opens up
the local ports to perusal via TCP/IP, which is a security breach. On
Windows NT systems, you can check and disable this binding by
right clicking on “Network Neighborhood” and selecting
“Properties”. Next click on the “Bindings” tab, and finally click on
the “NetBIOS” interface. Insure the “WINS Client” is disabled.
You can disable this by highlighting this option and using the
buttons at the bottom, as shown in the figure below.
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COADE Mechanical Engineering News
For Windows 95/98, the procedure is slightly different. Right click
on “Network Neighborhood”, then select “Properties” as before.
Next select TCP/IP form the list. After selecting TCP/IP, click on
the “Properties” button in the middle of the screen. Select the
“Bindings” tab from the resulting dialog box. Insure neither “Client
for Microsoft Networks” or “File and printer sharing for Microsoft
Networks” is checked. These two dialogs are shown in the figures
below.
Q: Where can the latest, up to date information on operating
systems be obtained?
A: Check out these web sites:
JSI, Inc. - Windows NT Resource at http://www.jsinc.com/
Windows Magazine PC Tips at http://www.winmag.com/
Windows NT FAQ at http://www.ntfaq.com/
CAESAR II Notices
Listed below are those errors & omissions in the CAESAR II
program that have been identified since the last newsletter. These
corrections are available for download from our WEB site. Unless
otherwise stated, all of these changes and corrections are contained
in the 990918 build.
1) Piping Input Module: Corrected a problem inserting an
element at the front of a job, which caused the element’s data to
be lost. This problem was corrected in the 990617 build.
• Corrected the “node renumbering” option to handle negative
increments, user defined coordinates, and nozzle node
numbers.
• Corrected a problem addressing non-CADWorx valve/flange
data bases
18
January 2000
• Corrected the acquisition of allowable stress data for the TD/
12 piping code
• Corrected a problem where “inserting an element at the start
of a job” lost the data for the first element. Corrected in the
990617 build.
• Corrected a problem with the input echo which occurred when
the data path exceeded 64 characters. Corrected in the 991201
build.
2) Analysis Setup Module: Corrected the static load case check
routine which prevented algebraic load cases greater than 20.
• Corrected the fatigue stress identifier for TD/12 cases when
recommended by the software.
• Corrected the dynamic input module to properly interpret
input specified in exponential notation. Corrected in the
991201 build.
3) Miscellaneous Analysis Module: Corrected the pass/fail status
in the expansion joint rating module on failures. This problem
was corrected in the 991201 build.
• Corrected the static output data acquisition routine to address
more than 20 load cases. This problem was corrected in the
991201 build.
• Corrected a WRC297 curve interpolation problem.
• Corrected the flange material selection routine to acquire
allowables properly when using metric units.
4) Equipment Module: Corrected the static output data acquisition
routine to address more than 20 load cases. This problem was
corrected in the 991201 build.
• Corrected the initialization of the API661 outlet diameter
value when read from an existing data file.
• Corrected the coordinate transformation (from global to local)
of the inlet MX value for API617 and NEMA23.
5) Dynamic Output Processor: Corrected the “included mass
report” to list the spectrum names properly following the first
line.
• Corrected a data conversion problem in the input echo for P3
through P9. Corrected in the 990617 build.
6) Static Output Processor: Corrected a problem with the input
echo which occurred when the data directory path exceeded 64
characters.
• Corrected the tracking of hangers (predefined and designed)
in the job to allow proper load case and report selection.
January 2000
• Corrected a data conversion problem in the input echo for P3
through P9. Corrected in the 990617 build.
7) Material Data Base Editor: Corrected a problem when editing
user materials which caused the material to be added again,
instead of modified.
8) Piping Error Checker: Corrected the allowable stress
acquisition routine to handle the case where a user checked the
“allowable stress check box”, but didn’t enter any data. Corrected
in the 991201 build.
• Corrected the acquisition of allowable stress data for the TD/
12 piping code.
• Corrected an error which copied force vector #7 into vectors
#8 and #9. Corrected in the 990617 build.
• Modified necessary TD/12 calculations as per Transco's
validation project. Corrected in the 991201 build.
9) Dynamic Stress Computation Module: Corrected an error
processing the cyclic reduction factors to temperatures 4 through
9 when determining the allowable dynamic stress. Corrected in
the 990617 build.
• Modified necessary TD/12 calculations as per Transco's
validation project. Corrected in the 991201 build.
10) Static Stress Computation Module: Corrected the computation
of the allowable stress for the Z662 code, for the “from” end of
elements in tension. Corrected in the 990617 build.
• Modified necessary TD/12 calculations as per Transco's
validation project. Corrected in the 991201 build.
11) Element Generator: Modified Bourdon Pressure calculations.
Corrected in the 991201 build.
TANK Notices
Listed below are those errors & omissions in the TANK program
that have been identified since the last newsletter. These corrections
are available for download from our WEB site. Unless otherwise
stated, all of these changes and corrections are contained in the
990811 build.
1) Input Module: Corrected the acquisition of stainless steel
allowables from the material data base when using non-English
units.
COADE Mechanical Engineering News
• Corrected the units conversion constant for the girder ring
radius.
• Corrected several resource ID values which caused incorrect
text labels on some dialog boxes. Corrected in the 991005
build.
• Corrected the shell course material input so users can change
materials once the job is defined. Corrected in the 991005
build.
2) Error Check Module: Corrected the units conversion constant
for the girder ring radius.
3) Solution Module: Corrected a variable misspelling which
caused the value of “maximum pressure limited by uplift in
inches of H2O” to be reported as zero.
4) Output Module: Corrected a variable misspelling which
caused the number of user defined anchor bolts to be reported as
zero.
CODECALC Notices
Listed below are those errors & omissions in the CODECALC
program that have been identified since the last newsletter. These
corrections are available for download from our WEB site.
1) In WRC 297, there were a few unit conversion problems in the
results and an import function units conversion error when the
units were not English. Also a curve interpolation problem was
corrected. Also a check box for the use of ASME Section VIII
Division 2 stress indices was added. To maintain compatibility
with previous results, this box must be checked. The default
setting is not checked.
2) For the ASME fixed tubesheet, the factor J was not properly
computed when there was no expansion joint. This was an
unconservative error. This problem has been resolved.
3) Some other fixes/enhancements were made to the U-tube required
thickness calculation when the elastic/plastic iteration was being
performed.
4) In the flange routine, circular blind flanges were being treated as
non-circular resulting in a higher than required thickness.
5) The conical discontinuity stress calculations were slightly
modified. The new results may vary slightly with the previous
results, depending on the input and the magnitude of the forces
on the top and bottom of the cone.
19
COADE Mechanical Engineering News January 2000

6) Small nozzles on flat heads were being computed regardless of

how small the finished opening was.

7) In the shell and head module the minimum thickness has been set
to 1/16 of an inch. Additionally, some other cosmetic changes
were made to the printout.

8) The merge button in the ASME tubesheet, Tema Tubesheet and

horizontal vessel was not properly accounting for the diameter
basis.

9) In the rectangular vessel program, the Membrane stress MAWP

for figure A3 was in error and has been corrected.

PVElite Notices

Listed below are those errors & omissions in the PVElite program
that have been identified since the last newsletter. These corrections
are available for download from our web site.

1) The vortex shedding routines were obtaining results that were

extremely conservative due to a units conversion error. This
problem has been corrected.

2) The conical discontinuity stress calculations were slightly

modified. The new results may vary slightly with the previous
results, depending on the input and the magnitude of the forces
and moments on the top and bottom of the cone.

3) The BS-5500 head thickness routine failed to obtain the correct

result in one known case. The routine was re-written to solve the
problem. Also the MAWP computation for heads was reworked
at the same time and now gives correct results. This problem
occurred on elliptical and torispherical heads. Also, some of the
nomenclature was updated in the BS-5500 nozzle analysis and
some conservative error checks were resolved.

4) There was an error in the CodeCase 2260/2261 calculations for

some geometries that caused the thickness to be more conservative
than the regular ASME equations.

5) The thickness limit for hub type nozzles using Division 1 was
conservative in some cases. This problem has been fixed.

COADE Engineering Software

12777 Jones Rd. Suite 480 Tel: 281-890-4566 Web: www.coade.com
Houston, Texas 77070 Fax: 281-890-3301 E-Mail: query@coade.com

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