Determining Tamblingan Lake Water Quality Status Using Method

of STORET and AVSWAT Model

[1]
Moh Sholichin, [2]Rini Wahyu Sayekti, , [3]M Janu Ismoyo
[1]
Water Resources Engineering Departement Brawijaya University-Indonesia

Abstract—Tamblingan Lake is a natural lake has a function as a sources of raw water dan tourism destination.
The change in the cultivation of farmers around Tamblingan from hard cropping pattern (coffee) to the annual
plantations (flowers and horticulture), if can’t be controlled may cause decreased of water quality. The objective
of this study to determine the pollution load from the agricultural element, and the water quality index based on
existing condition. This research conducted tree stages; chemical analysis of water quality indicators in laboratory,
analysis of water quality status using STORET method and water pollution load analysis using application
AVSWAT Program. Based on measurement of water quality parameters obtained Nitrate (NO3-N) amount to
1,002 mg/l, BOD5 amount to 9,34 mg/l, DO amount to 6,83 mg/l and Tot. Phospat as P amount to 0,764 mg/l.
Water quality analysis using STORET method, total score from the results of the calculation is -10. These value
with range -1 to10 so that status of water quality of Tamblingan Lake is “ B Class”. The pollution load of existing
land Tamblingan Lake for runoff have average of 31,393 mm/month, land erosion of 1,206 ton/ha/month, land
sediments of 0,885 ton/ha/month, NO3-N of 47,515 mm/ton/ha/month, pollutant inflow BOD5 of 469,635
mm/ton/ha/month, organic pollutant inflow DO amount to 2.054,8317 mm/ton/ha/month.

Index Terms— Water Quality, STORET method, AVSWAT Model

I. INTRODUCTION AVSWAT 2000) designed to solve the problem of

Tamblingan Lake is a natural lake has a
function as a sourcces of raw water and tourism
destination. However, the waters of this lake is a
potential resource for the agricultural adn tourism
sectors that provide additional value and extra useful
for lake.
There is existence of settlements around and
in the middle of the protected forest (owned land)
make the environmental quality of both water and
forest greatly decreased and the number of timber
theft in protected forests and shifting boundaries of
protected forest with surrounding plantations, so the
number of plants decreases and the area of protected
forest narrows. Changes to the cultivation of famers
around Tamblingan from hard cropping patterns
(coffee) to annual plantations (flowersand
horticulture) may cause water quality to decrease.
From the disclosed problem it is seen that
land use on Tamblingan Lake shown a bad impact on
the sustainability of lake especially water quality of
Tamblingan Lake. If done regularly about the
evaluation of the condition of the lake will be
displayed quality lake information that will direct
and provide appropriate input both in the
determination of prevention programs, handling up
to the lake quality recovery program by utilizing
geographic information system technology or
commonly abbreviated GIS.
Water quality modeling with SIG technology
is helpful in its use and its analytical results can be
accounted for both theoretically and practically. In
this study used one of the software SIG is ArcView
Spatial Watershed Assessment Tools 2000 or
abbreviated AVSWAT 2000 (hereinafter called
complete water resources, including in its
application to model a water quality.
II. METHODOLOGY
A. Study Area
Sites of study are located on Tamblingan Lake at
08°15’03,3” LS and 115° 08’10,1” BT with a height
of approximately 1200 - 1400 meters above sea
level. Supporting data on the required studies
include 26 years of land use map (1990-2015), 26
years of rainfall data (1990-2015), climatological
data 26 years (1990-2015). The stages of study work
consisted of three stages, first was by conducting
water quality analysis in the laboratory, second
analysis of status of water quality by STORATE
method and water pollution load analysis with
AVSWAT 2000 modeling.
B. Water Quality Status of STORET Method
STORET (STOrage and RETrieval) method
was used in order to evaluate water quality status for
decision maker. It is also widely used by
government and non– government agencies
(Sholichin et al., 2010). The basic concept of
STORET is to compare between water quality data
and its standard. As a result, the status of water
quality depends on the score of water sampling
based on the following classification system.
Determining water quality status using
STORET method is implemented by following these
steps :
1. Collect water quality data periodically so
the data from time to time can be obtained
 2. Compare data obtained with water quality Table 1. Scoring System for Determine Water Quality Status
threshold which is suitable with class of the
water
3. If data obtained meet the threshold, give it
a “0” score
4. If data obtained do not meet the threshold,
give it a score (table 1)

Fig 1. Map of Study Area –Bali Island -Indonesia

Fig 2. Land Used at Study Area Fig 3. Soil Type at Study Area

The total negative score of all parameters are C. AVSWAT 2000 Modeling
then calculated and determined based on the quality SWAT is a hydrologic and water quality
score from total score obtained which is based on US model developed by the U.S. Department of
– EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) criteria. Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service
This criteria divides water quality status into 4 (USDA-ARS). It is a long-term continuous
classes. watershed scale simulation model that operates on a
Classification : daily time step and is designed to assess the impact
1. Class A : Very good, score = 1  meet of different management practices on water,
threshold, unpolluted sediment, and agricultural chemical yields. The
2. Class B : Good, score = -1  mildly model is physically based, computationally
degraded efficient, and cap able of simulating a high level of
3. Class C : Moderate, score = -11  spatial detail. Major model components include
moderately degraded weather, hydrology, soil temperature, plant growth,
4. Class D : Bad, score ≥ -31 critically nutrients, pesticides, and land management.
degraded The SWAT model is capable of simulating a
high level of spatial details by allowing the
watershed to be divided into a large number of sub-
watersheds. In SWAT, a watershed may be
partitioned into multiple sub-watersheds. The model
has been widely used around the world. Previous
applications of SWAT for flow and/or pollutant
loadings have compared favorably with measured
data for a variety of watershed scales (Saleh et al.,
2000; Santhi et al., 2001).
The nitrogen (N) processes and soil pools
simulated by SWAT are described in Neitsch et al.
(2002). Plant use of nitrogen is estimated using the
supply and demand approach (Williams et al., 1984
). Daily plant demand is a function of plant biomass
and biomass N concentration. Available nitrogen in
the soil (root depth) is supplied to the plant. When
demand exceeds supply, there is a nutrient stress.
Amounts of NO3–N transported with runoff, lateral
flow and percolation are estimated as products of the
volume of water and the average concentration of
nitrate (NO3 -N) in the soil layer.
The phosphorus (P) processes modeled by
SWAT and the various pools of phosphorus in the
soil are described in Neitsch et al. (2002). Plant use
of phosphorus is estimated using the supply and
demand approach similar to nitrogen. The loss of
dissolved phosphorus in surface runoff is estimated
based on the concept of partitioning phosphorus into
solution and sediment phases.
III. RESULTS and DISCUSSION
A. STORET METHOD
Water samples taken from the location in
Tamblingan Lake for five (5) water samples along
several months. Water samples are analyzed in the
laboratory to determine value of Nitrate, BOD5, DO
and Phosphorous. The results analysis from
laboratory can be seen in Table 2.
Based on Water Quality Classification
According to Bali Governor's Regulation February
1, 2007 8 of 2007, regarding the Environmental
Quality Standards there are four classes of water are
as follows:
1. First class (I), water that can be used as
drinking water directly without processing.
2. Second class (II), water that can be used for
water recreation facilities, cultivation of
freshwater fish, livestock, agriculture.
3. Class three (III), water that which the
designation can be used for the cultivation
of freshwater fish, livestock, water to
irrigate the landscaping, and or other
designation that requires the same water
quality with such usefulness.
4. Class four (IV), water which can be used to
irrigate the landscaping and / or other
designation that requires the same water
quality as the use.
From Table 3., it can be seen that the
parameters of nitrate and DO meet the Water Quality
Standard of class II still meet the standard of water
quality class II. Parameters BOD5, where the value
of Max (14 mg / l), Min 3.98 (mg / l) and the mean
value (9.34 mg / l) whereas Standard class water
quality is 3 mg / l, the raw water quality standard
exceeds the required limit. Phosphorous parameters
where the value of Max (1.827 mg / l), Min 0.945
(mg / l) and the average value (0.244 mg / l) while
the standard class water quality is 0.2 mg / l, then it
can be said the water quality standard the drainage
exceeds the required limit.
The next step is to analyze based on the
STORET method on the sampling data from the
field. Nitrate parameter gets score 0 (zero),
parameter BOD5 get score - 8 (eight), parameter DO
get score 0 (zero) while Phosphorous parameter get
score -2 (minus two), so total score is - 10 (minus
ten). From the table above can be seen that the total
score of the calculation of the value system "US-
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)" is -10.
The value is between -1 until -10 so Lake
Tamblingan classified as Class B with Lake water
conditions contaminated lightly. In detail can be
seen in table 4.
B. SWAT Model
Flow calibration was performed for the
period from 2016 through 2017. Calibration was
performed for annual and monthly-simulated flows
using observed flows from the Tamblingan gauge
station. The calibration process consisted of
ensuring the simulated flow match the observed
flow at Several statistics including the mean,
standard deviation, coefficient of determination
(R2), Nash-Suttcliffe prediction efficiency (ENS) was
used to evaluate the model predictions against the
observed values. The R2value is an indicator of
strength of relationship between the observed and
simulated values. The Nash-Suttcliffe simulation
efficiency (Nash and Suttcliffe,1970) indicates how
well the plot of observed versus simulated value fits
the 1:1 line
• The spatial distribution of nitrogen in
Tamblingan watershed.
Distribution of pollutant load N in
Tamblingan western watershed with average 0,502
mm/month, north with average 0,430 mm/month,
south with average 0,751 mm/month, east with mean
0,491 mm / month. The value of the distribution of
organic pollutants N Tamblingan watrshed
conditions in 2017 is the largest area south, because
the land is dominant agriculture (horticultural
interest) that is equal to 2.677 ha. (Figure 4)
• The spatial distribution of phosphorus in
Tamblingan watershed.
Distribution of pollutants P load in
Tamblingan western watershed with a mean of 0.003
mm / month, north with a mean of 0.003 mm /
month, south with a mean of 0.004 mm / month, east
with mean 0,003 mm / month. The value of the
pollutant distribution of organic land in P
Tamblingan watershed condition in 2017 is the
largest in the south area, because the land is
dominant agriculture (horticultural interest) that is
equal to 0.877 ha. (Figure 5)
• The spatial distribution of nitrate and
phosphorus in Tamblingan Lake water body
Based on the results of SWAT run for 2 years
ie 2016-2017 years can be shown the average value
of pollution load conditions for nitrate and
phosphorous in the period of one year. Running
results can be seen that fluctuations in water
Fig 4. Distribution Pollutant Load of N in
Tamblingan Watershed
reservoir and discharge info and outflouw affect the
amount of pollution for nitrate and phospohous. The
largest load for nitrate occurred in February of 50
mm / ton / month and the smallest in August was
0.66 ml / ton / month. While the value of pollution
load of phosphorous element is in February of 31.25
ml / ton / month and the smallest of 0.5 ml / ton /
month i n july. (Figure 6)
Fig 5. Distribution Pollutant Load of P in
Tamblingan Watershed
 Fig 6. Graph of Distribution Pollutant Load of N &P in
Tamblingan Watershed

IV. CONCLUSION REFERENCES

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of the west of the pond for the runoff has an average
of 31.393 mm / month, land erosion of 1.206 ton /
ha / month, land sediments of 0.885 ton / ha / month,
organic land pollutant N of 0.502 mm / month, P
land organic pollutant by 0,003 mm / month,
polluted dissolved phosphorus land of 0,00273 mm
/ month, P pollutant mineral land equal to 27,399
mm / month, inflow discharge equal to 0,0068 m3 /
s per month of sediment inflow 13,346 ton / ha /
month, N organic pollutant inflow of 108,377 mm /
ton / ha, P organic pollutant inflow of 14,374 mm /
ton / ha, NO3N organic pollutant inflow of 47,515
mm / ton / ha / month, BOD5 pollutant inflow of
469,635 mm / ton / ha / month, DO organic pollutant
inflow amounted to 2054,8317 mm / ton / ha /
month.