Semester 4, 2017-2018

L
EO OG I
U A P I
NG
[TGS7401] 2 SKS teori

Dr. Hill. Gendoet Hartono

  Geologi Gunung Api, Kontrak Kuliah, Kelulusan, & Praktikum
 Tataan Tektonik & Gunung Api, Rejim Tektonik & Struktur Bumi
 Magma & Lava, Komposisi Kimia Batuan Pijar
 Tipe Erupsi & Bentuk Gunung Api, Letusan & Lelehan
 Gunung Api Bawah Permukaan Air, Karakter & produknya
 Indek Letusan Gunung Api, Bentang Alam & Material
 Lahar, Gas Gunung Api & Awan Abu
 Geologi Gunung Api Di Pacific Ring Of Fire
 Geologi Gunung Api Di Spreading Center
 Geologi Gunung Api Di Hot Spot
 Geologi Gunung Api Moderen
 Geologi Gunung Api Purba
 Bencana Gunung Api, Mitigasi & Monitoring
 Evolusi Gunung Api
Pembentukan batuan gunung api (Hartono, 2010)
A massive underwater volcano erupted and scientists
almost missed it
Definition:
Submarine Volcanoes
Underwater volcanoes, also called submarine volcanoes, are commonly found
on the ocean floor. As with those on land, some are active and others are not.
In shallow water, the eruption of a submarine volcano may spew steam and
debris above the surface of the water. Most underwater volcanoes are at such a
depth that they can only be detected with proper equipment and eruptions in
deep water may not even disturb the ocean surface.
Underwater volcanoes are often located in areas of tectonic plate movement. Submarine
volcanoes behave much the same way as land volcanoes. Some erupt more violently than
others. Whereas volcanic eruptions on land create a river of lava flow, water has a rapid
cooling effect on lava from a submarine volcano. The lava congeals underwater, forming
what is known as pillow lava. Pillow lava forms when eruptions have a low effusion rate.
This simply means a slower rate at which the matter and liquid comes forth. Pillow lava
may be bulbuous, spherical or tube-like in shape.
Submarine volcanoes are underwater vents or fissures in the Earth's
surface from which magma can erupt. A large number of submarine
volcanoes are located near areas of tectonic plate movement, known as
mid-ocean ridges. The volcanoes at mid-ocean ridges alone are estimated to
account for 75% of the magma output on Earth. Although most submarine
volcanoes are located in the depths of seas and oceans, some also exist in
shallow water, and these can discharge material into the atmosphere during
an eruption. The total number of submarine volcanoes is estimated to be
over 1 million, of which some 75,000 rise more than 1 km above the seabed.
There are two types of submarine eruptions: One is created by the slow
release and bursting of large lava bubbles, and the other one is created by a
quick explosion of gas bubbles. Lava can affect marine animals and
ecosystems differently than gas can, so it is important to be able to
distinguish the two.
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Spreading ridges volcanoes map
Map of world's major seamounts
Map of
world's
major
hotspots
 High-resolution seafloor topography of the Havre caldera mapped by the autonomous underwater vehicle
(AUV) Sentry shows the new 2012 erupted lavas in red. The volcano is nearly a mile deep (1,519 meters). The
top of the volcano is at 650 meters below sea level. Credit: Rebecca Carey, University of Tasmania, Adam
Soule, WHOI, © Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
3D map of underwater volcano.
Submarine volcanoes are underwater fissures in
the Earth's surface from which magma can erupt.
They are estimated to account for 75% of annual
magma output. The vast majority are located near
areas of tectonic plate movement, known as ocean
ridges.
There are three circumstances where tectonic plates
can interact with each other and the Earth's molten
interior to form submarine volcanoes. One form of
interaction occurs when a tectonic plate slides over
a "hot spot" of magma under the seafloor. A second
circumstance occurs where tectonic plates are
spreading apart at the mid-ocean ridges, allowing Scheme of a submarine eruption.
magma to rise from deep within the Earth. A third 1. Water vapor cloud 5. Magma conduit
2. Water 6. Magma chamber
type is where plates are moving toward each other,
3. Stratum 7. Dike
which often forces one plate under the other, in a 4. Lava flow 8. Pillow lava
process called subduction.
Submarine volcano, eruption
Volcanoes are formed by
1. SUBDUCTION
explosive eruptions
2. Sea Floor Spreading
quiet eruptions
3. Hot Spots
usually quiet eruptions
VOLCANO FORMATION:
HOT SPOTS

A fixed source of magma rising

beneath a plate forming
volcanic islands

Magma can be basaltic or

granitic –so eruptions can be
explosive or “quiet”
The remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Jason lands on the seafloor at Havre submarine volcano to retrieve a heat flow
monitor. Credit: Multidisciplinary Instrumentation in Support of Oceanography (MISO) Facility, ©Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution

Read more at: https://phys.org/news/2018-01-close-up-uncommon-underwater-eruption.html#jCp

Pillow lava formed by a submarine volcano
Images of pillow
lava flows both near
and far from Hades
vent at West Mata
volcano during the
2009 eruption,
illustrating how
such flows lengthen,
expand, and flow.
Unpublished
enhanced ROV
JasonVideo frame
grabs courtesy of
Ken Rubin.
ROV Jason gets a close view of magma explosions and lava flows on West
Mata volcano.
Lava pillar with
shrimp (middle left)
and broken plates of
lobate/sheet lava in
the floor of the axial
summit collapse
trough of the East
Pacific Rise near 9
degrees 50.1'N, 2524
m depth.
 Contact between ropy/sheeted lava flow (foreground) and lobate flow
surface in background on the crest of the East Pacific Rise near 9 degrees
50.3'N, 2518m depth.
Lava cylinders with breadcrust texture on the East Pacific Rise crest near 9
degrees 49'N, 2564m depth.
Lobate lava on the East Pacific Rise crest near 9 degrees 51'N, 2522m
depth
Breadcrust pillow and tube shaped lava on the East Pacific Rise crest
near 9 degrees 50'N, 2600m depth
 Collapse margin of the axial summit collapse trough of the East
Pacific Rise near 9 degrees 50'N, showing layering in the wall, crust
thickness is ~7 cm, depth 2510m.
Lava "spires" on lip of fissure, southern Juan de Fuca Ridge. Alvin
handheld photo taken by Bob Embley.
Skylight in lobate lavas, summit caldera of Axial Volcano. "Smoke"
being emitted from below is hydrothermal fluid. White fringe
around cavity are specially adapted tubeworms that utilize
hydrogen sulfide in the rising fluid. NOAA towed camera system.
Photo and caption courtesy of Bob Embley and Bill Chadwick.
Smoke pours from top of a chimney at the Mata Fitu submarine volcano, at a depth
of 2,600 meters. NOAA scientists studied this and other underwater volcanoes as
part of the Submarine Ring of Fire 2012: Northeast Lau Basin expedition.
Distribution of hydrothermal vents. This map was created
by making use of the InterRidge ver.3.3 database.
Deep-sea vent biogeochemical
cycle diagram
White smokers
emitting liquid rich
in barium, calcium,
silicon and carbon
dioxide at the
Champagne vent,
Northwest Eifuku
volcano, Marianas
Trench Marine
National Monument
White flocculent mats
in and around the
extremely gassy, high-
temperature (>100°C,
212°F) white smokers
at Champagne Vent.
A black smoker or deep sea vent is a type
of hydrothermal vent found on the seabed,
typically in the bathyal zone (with largest
frequency in depths from 2500 m to 3000
m), but also in lesser depths as well as
deeper in abyssal zone.[1] They appear as
black, chimney-like structures that emit a
cloud of black material. Black smokers
typically emit particles with high levels of
sulfur-bearing minerals, or sulfides. Black
smokers are formed in fields hundreds of
meters wide when superheated water
from below Earth's crust comes through
the ocean floor (water may attain
temperatures above 400 °C).[1] This water
is rich in dissolved minerals from the crust,
most notably sulfides. When it comes in
contact with cold ocean water, many
minerals precipitate, forming a black,
chimney-like structure around each vent.
The deposited metal sulfides can become
massive sulfide ore deposits in time.
See You….Soon