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G. Deierlein - 2014 EERI Technical Seminar Series
Nonlinear Structural Analysis for Seismic Design
Model Types
RC Column Test
macro-models micro-models
Phenomenological Fundamental
• Simplest models..
• Concentrate inelastic deformations at ends of the element..
• Condensed, numerically efficient formulations..
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Nonlinear Structural Analysis for Seismic Design
Model Types
Phenomenological Fundamental
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Nonlinear Structural Analysis for Seismic Design
Model Types
Phenomenological Fundamental
• Plasticity distributed through member cross section and along member length..
• Uniaxial material models (stress-strain) relations defined - Uniaxial material
“fibers” integrated over the cross section to obtain stress resultants (axial force
and moments)
• Plane sections remain plane enforced..
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Nonlinear Structural Analysis for Seismic Design
Model Types
Phenomenological Fundamental
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Nonlinear Structural Analysis for Seismic Design
Analysis Software
Advantages :
➢ conceptually simple, easily parameterized
➢ easily calibrated to test data
➢ uniaxial phenomenological hysteretic hinge models have been a mainstay approach in
seismic response analysis for many years, and have been developed to the point of
capturing cyclic strength and stiffness degradation fairly well
➢ less computationally demanding than fiber and finite element models, relatively robust.
Limitations:
➢ Although such models are able to capture nonlinear cyclic degradation well, it is difficult
to extend their rule-based formulations to multi-axial response.
➢ P-My-Mz and P-M-V interaction with cyclic degradation difficult to capture.
➢ Limitations associated with ASCE 41 force-displacement relationships commonly used
in definition of concentrated hinge models.
capping point
monotonic
vs. cyclic
response
envelope
capping point
monotonic
vs. cyclic
response
Backbone
envelope
curve in model
capping point
monotonic
vs. cyclic
response
Backbone
envelope
curve in model
capping point
monotonic
vs. cyclic
response
Backbone
envelope
curve in model
Do we use the monotonic curve
or the cyclic envelope as the
backbone curve in a plastic
Depends on the analytical model.. hinge model??
Option 1 Cyclic deterioration is explicitly incorporated in the analytical model; use the monotonic
curve as a reference (initial) backbone curve; backbone curve updated (moving “inward”-towards the
origin) during analysis as a function of the loading history (e.g. Ibarra-Krawinkler).
Options 2-3Use of cyclic envelope curve as the backbone curve; backbone curve is fixed- not
updated during the analysis; cyclic envelope based on measured data (Option 2) or approximate
modification of the monotonic curve (Option 3).
Option 4 Analytical model does not capture post-capping (negative tangent stiffness) behavior; use
the cyclic envelope but limit ultimate deformation to that associated with 80% of the capping
strength on the descending branch of the cyclic envelope obtained using Option 2 or 3.
PEER ATC 72-1 & PEER/TBI 2010 15
Nonlinear Structural Analysis for Seismic Design
Model Types
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Nonlinear Structural Analysis for Seismic Design
ASCE/SEI 41 Generalized Force-Deformation Curves
Examples of
uniaxial
hysteretic
response
models
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NEHRP Seismic Design Technical Brief No. 4, NIST GCR 10-917-5
Nonlinear Structural Analysis for Seismic Design
Model Types
Examples of
uniaxial
hysteretic
response
each successive cycle
initiates yielding at a
models
lower force level
in successive cycles of
yielding, an increasingly
negative post-yield stiffness
occurs
negative
post-
Same
yield
backbone stiffness
curves but
different
behavior..
Sources of Deterioration
In reinforced concrete components, the following phenomena can cause deterioration:
Modeling of deterioration is a complex issue. In most practical cases reliance must be placed on
experimental evidence, and simplifications must be made. It is a matter of engineering judgment to
decide when a source of deterioration is a sufficiently important contributor to response, and must
be incorporated in the analytical model. 23
Nonlinear Structural Analysis for Seismic Design
Model Types
Undesirable, non-ductile failure modes that prevent significant nonlinear frame response
include:
• member and joint shear failure
• reinforcing splice failure
• reinforcing pull-out at joints
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• slab column punching shear failure
Nonlinear Structural Analysis for Seismic Design
RC PT
X Y
ᴞ
g
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Nonlinear Structural Analysis for Seismic Design
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Nonlinear Structural Analysis for Seismic Design
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Nonlinear Structural Analysis for Seismic Design
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RC Wall δ δ
UPT Wall
Residual
displacement
Appropriate
hysteretic model
to use depends
RC Wall on actual UPT Wall
characteristics of
element being
represented