Spinning Review
Yield of Yarn from Pakistani Cotton
by Dr. H.R. Sheikh, Professor Emeritus, Textile Institute of Pakistan
Most of cotton in Pakistan is hand
picked and consequently it should be the
cleanest!
This advantage is lost due to rub-
standard picking. Further more cotton
quality is also adversely affected due to
sub-standard ginning. The adverse effects
of sub-standard picking and ginning are
briefly reported as follows:
Substandard cotton picking
The formal workers employed for
cotton picking are generally untrained,
demotivated and poorly paid. They resort
to rough and atrocious picking and
remove dried leaves, shales, hulls, burrs,
grass, pieces of plant stalk etc. along with
seed cotton.
Seed cotton is collected by pickers in
soiled, dirty and worn out poly propylene
bags Provided by the farmers. Foreign
contaminants such as PP fibers, wool
fibers from pickers clothing, pieces of
broken comber, hairpins, human hairs are
also included in seed cotton
Substandard ginning
Most of ginning factories are not
equipped with seed cotton drying,
cleaning and lint cleaning machines. The
process of ginning is performed
inefficiently as follows:
Leaf removal is unsatisfactory due to
in accurate setting between spiked rollers
and Screens. Most of the factories de not
use extracting machinery to remove hulls
and burrs.
Due to poor settings gin-stand huller
fronts fail to extract hulls which are
broken up and Carried forward with lint
along with crushed reed-coat fragments.
Due to non-existence or non-
operation of lint cleaners, most of the
ginning factories do not extract fine trash
short fibers.
Impact on cotton quality
The sub-standard cotton picking and
ginning results in the delivery of poorly-
ginned contaminated cotton bales at the
gates of the spinning Mills. The non-lint
content of Pakistani cotton bales is much
higher than that of bales produced by
other countries as listed below:
Country % Non-Lint Content
USA 4% or lower
CAS 4.5%
EGYPT 3% or Lower
PAKISTAN 7% or higher
On account of high percentage of non-
lint content, yield of carded and corded and
Combed yarn spun from Pakistani cottons
seldom secedes 82% and 66% respectively
as calculated below:
Yield of Yarn
Carded
1. Blow Room: Cotton Fed = 100 LBs,
Waste extracted inch. Invisible loss =
7% Laps delivered = 93 LBs.
2. Cards: Laps Fed = 93 LBS Waste
including invisible = 7 % i.e. 93 x
0.07 = 6.51 LBS Carded sliver deliv-
ered = 93-6.51 = 86.49 LBS
3. Draw Frames (2 passages) : Carded
Sliver Fed = 86.49 LBS, waste @
1.0% = 86.49 x 0.01 = 0.8649 LBS
Finished sliver delivered = 86.49 –
0.8649 = 85.6251 LBS.
4. Simplex Frames : sliver Fed =
85.6251 LBS, waste @ 1.0%,
85.6251 x 0.01 = 0.85625 LBS.
5. Roving Delivered = 8536251 –
0.85625 = 84.7689 LBS
Ring Spinning Frames : Roving Fed =
84.7689 LBS, waste @ 3% i.e.
84.7689 x 0.03 = 2.5431 LBS
Yarn Delivered = 84.7689 – 2.5431 =
82.2258 LBS.
6. Auto – Cone Winder: yarn Fed =
82.2258 LBS, Waste @ 0.5% i.e
82.2258 x 0.005 = 0.41113 LBS.
Yarn Delivered on wound cones =
82.2258 – 0.41113 = 81.8147LBS.
say 82%
It is obvious from the above
calculations that the yield of carded yarns
from 100 LBS of Pakistani cottons is
81.815 LBS or say 82% approximately.
Combed Yarn
1. Blow Room: Cotton Fed = 100 LBS
Waste @ 7% (including invisible loss),
Laps Delivered = 93 LBS
2. Cards: Feed 93 LBS, waste @ 7%
(Including invisible loss) = 93x0.007
= 6.51 LBS Carded sliver delivered
= 93-6.51 = 86.49 LBS
3. Pre-Comber Draw Frame: Feed =
86.49 LBS, waste = 0.5%
86.49x0.005 = 0.4325LBS. Sliver
Delivered = 86.49 – 0.4325 =
86.0575 LBS
4. Lapformer: Sliver fed = 86.0575,
waste @ 0.5% = 86.0575 x 0.005 =
0.4303 LBS
Laps Delivered = 86.0575 – 0.4303
= 85.6272 LBS
5. Combers: Laps Fed = 85.6272, Noils
Extracted @ 18% = 85.6272 x 0.18
=15.412 LBS
Combed Sliver Delivered = 85.6272 –
15.4129 = 70.2143 LBS
6. Post Comber Draw Frames (2
Passages ) : Feed = 70.2143 LBS,
waste @ 1% = 70.2143 x 0.01
= 0.7021 LBS
Finished Sliver Delivered = 70.2143 –
0.7021 = 69.5122 LBS.
7. Simplex Frame: Feed =69.5122 LBS
waste @ 1% =69.5122 x 0.01
= 0.69512 LBS
Roving Delivered + 69.5122 –
0.69512 = 68.8171 LBS
8. Ring Spinning Frames : Roving Fed
68.8171 LBS, waste @ 3% = 68.8171
x 0.03 = 2.0645LBS . Yarn delivered
= 68.8171 -2.0645 = 66.7526 LBS.
9. Auto-Cone Winders: Yarn Fed =
66.7526 LBS, waste @ 0.5%
= 66.7526 x 0.005 = 0.3338 LBS
Yarn delivered on Cones = 66.7526
– 0.3338 = 66.4188 LBS
Yield of combed yarns = 66.42 LBS or
approximately 66%
The foregoing calculations indicate that
the yield of combed yarns from Pakistani
cottons is Approximately 66%.
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