COMPRESSED VEHICLE

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CONTENTS

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 CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE

SYNOPSIS
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Introduction
2 Literature review
3 Description of equipments
3.1 Compressor
3.2 Solenoid valve
3.3 Pneumatic
3.4 Control unit
4 Design and drawing
4.1 Components
4.2 General machine Specifications
5 Working principle
6 Merits & demerits
7 Applications
8 List of materials
9 Cost Estimation
10 Conclusion
Bibliography
photography

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4
 LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title
Number

1 Compressor

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2 Solenoid valve
3 Overall diagram

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 SYNOPSIS

SYNOPSIS

This air engine is the new innovative concept to run the bicycle by using the

compressed air system. Begins with an introduction to pneumatic it’s various applications

and units and briefly explains a few devices capable of utilizing air effectively and their

relative merits. The pneumatic operated of air engine is equipment and it is very useful

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for drive the vehicle. It is operated by pneumatic system. Air is the working substance of

our machine. This system gives smooth operation and smooth movement vehicle.

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 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

Vehicles, derived from the Latin word, vehiculum, are non-living means of

transport. Most often they are manufactured (e.g. bicycles, cars, motorcycles, trains,

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ships, boats, and aircraft), although some other means of transport which are not made by

humans also may be called vehicles; examples include icebergs and floating tree trunks.

Vehicles may be propelled or pulled by animals, for instance, a chariot, a

stagecoach, a mule-drawn barge, or an ox-cart. However, animals on their own, though

used as a means of transport, are not called vehicles, but rather beasts of burden or draft

animals. This distinction includes humans carrying another human, for example a child or

a disabled person.

A rickshaw is a vehicle that may carry a human and be powered by a human, but

it is the mechanical form or cart that is powered by the human that is labeled as the

vehicle. For some human-powered vehicles the human providing the power is labeled as

a driver.

Vehicles that do not travel on land often are called craft, such as watercraft,

sailcraft, aircraft, hovercraft, and spacecraft Land vehicles are classified broadly by what

is used to apply steering and drive forces against the ground: wheeled, tracked, railed, or

skied.

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 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

HISTORY OF THE AUTOMOBILE

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 Although Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is often credited with building the first self-

propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about 1769 by adapting an existing horse-

drawn vehicle, this claim is disputed by some, who doubt Cugnot's three-wheeler ever ran

or was stable. Others claim Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China,

built the first steam-powered vehicle around 1672 which was of small scale and designed

as a toy for the Chinese Emperor that was unable to carry a driver or a passenger, but

quite possibly, was the first working steam-powered vehicle ('auto-mobile'). What is not

in doubt is that Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil road

locomotive in 1801, believed by many to be the first demonstration of a steam-powered

road vehicle although it was unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure for long

periods, and would have been of little practical use.

In Russia, in the 1780s, Ivan Kulibin developed a human-pedalled, three-wheeled

carriage with modern features such as a flywheel, brake, gear box, and bearings;

however, it was not developed further.

François Isaac de Rivaz, a Swiss inventor, designed the first internal combustion

engine, in 1806, which was fueled by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen and used it to

develop the world's first vehicle, albeit rudimentary, to be powered by such an engine.

The design was not very successful, as was the case with others such as Samuel Brown,

Samuel Morey, and Etienne Lenoir with his hippomobile, who each produced vehicles

(usually adapted carriages or carts) powered by clumsy internal combustion engines.

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 In November 1881 French inventor Gustave Trouvé demonstrated a working

three-wheeled automobile that was powered by electricity. This was at the International

Exhibition of Electricity in Paris.

Although several other German engineers (including Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm

Maybach, and Siegfried Marcus) were working on the problem at about the same time,

Karl Benz generally is acknowledged as the inventor of the modern automobile.

An automobile powered by his own four-stroke cycle gasoline engine was built in

Mannheim, Germany by Karl Benz in 1885 and granted a patent in January of the

following year under the auspices of his major company, Benz & Cie., which was

founded in 1883. It was an integral design, without the adaptation of other existing

components and including several new technological elements to create a new concept.

This is what made it worthy of a patent. He began to sell his production vehicles in 1888.

In 1879 Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, which had been designed

in 1878. Many of his other inventions made the use of the internal combustion engine

feasible for powering a vehicle.

His first Motorwagen was built in 1885 and he was awarded the patent for its

invention as of his application on January 29, 1886. Benz began promotion of the vehicle

on July 3, 1886 and approximately 25 Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893,

when his first four-wheeler was introduced along with a model intended for affordability.

They also were powered with four-stroke engines of his own design. Emile Roger

of France, already producing Benz engines under license, now added the Benz

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automobile to his line of products. Because France was more open to the early

automobiles, initially more were built and sold in France through Roger than Benz sold in

Germany.

In 1896, Benz designed and patented the first internal-combustion flat engine,

called a boxermotor in German. During the last years of the nineteenth century, Benz was

the largest automobile company in the world with 572 units produced in 1899 and

because of its size, Benz & Cie., became a joint-stock company.

Daimler and Maybach founded Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (Daimler Motor

Company, DMG) in Cannstatt in 1890 and under the brand name, Daimler, sold their first

automobile in 1892, which was a horse-drawn stagecoach built by another manufacturer,

that they retrofitted with an engine of their design. By 1895 about 30 vehicles had been

built by Daimler and Maybach, either at the Daimler works or in the Hotel Hermann,

where they set up shop after falling out with their backers. Benz and the Maybach and

Daimler team seem to have been unaware of each other's early work. They never worked

together because by the time of the merger of the two companies, Daimler and Maybach

were no longer part of DMG.

Daimler died in 1900 and later that year, Maybach designed an engine named

Daimler-Mercedes, that was placed in a specially-ordered model built to specifications

set by Emil Jellinek. This was a production of a small number of vehicles for Jellinek to

race and market in his country. Two years later, in 1902, a new model DMG automobile

was produced and the model was named Mercedes after the Maybach engine which

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generated 35 hp. Maybach quit DMG shortly thereafter and opened a business of his own.

Rights to the Daimler brand name were sold to other manufacturers.

Karl Benz proposed co-operation between DMG and Benz & Cie. when economic

conditions began to deteriorate in Germany following the First World War, but the

directors of DMG refused to consider it initially. Negotiations between the two

companies resumed several years later when these conditions worsened and, in 1924 they

signed an Agreement of Mutual Interest, valid until the year 2000. Both enterprises

standardized design, production, purchasing, and sales and they advertised or marketed

their automobile models jointly although keeping their respective brands.

On June 28, 1926, Benz & Cie. and DMG finally merged as the Daimler-Benz

company, baptizing all of its automobiles Mercedes Benz as a brand honoring the most

important model of the DMG automobiles, the Maybach design later referred to as the

1902 Mercedes-35hp, along with the Benz name. Karl Benz remained a member of the

board of directors of Daimler-Benz until his death in 1929 and at times, his two sons

participated in the management of the company as well.

In 1890, Emile Levassor and Armand Peugeot of France began producing

vehicles with Daimler engines and so laid the foundation of the automobile industry in

France.The first design for an American automobile with a gasoline internal combustion

engine was drawn in 1877 by George Selden of Rochester, New York, who applied for a

patent for an automobile in 1879, but the patent application expired because the vehicle

was never built and proved to work (a requirement for a patent).

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 After a delay of sixteen years and a series of attachments to his application, on

November 5, 1895, Selden was granted a United States patent (U.S. Patent 549,160 ) for

a two-stroke automobile engine, which hindered, more than encouraged, development of

automobiles in the United States. His patent was challenged by Henry Ford and others,

and overturned in 1911.

In Britain there had been several attempts to build steam cars with varying

degrees of success with Thomas Rickett even attempting a production run in 1860.

Santler from Malvern is recognized by the Veteran Car Club of Great Britain as having

made the first petrol-powered car in the country in 1894 followed by Frederick William

Lanchester in 1895 but these were both one-offs. The first production vehicles in Great

Britain came from the Daimler Motor Company, a company founded by Harry J. Lawson

in 1896 after purchasing the right to use the name of the engines. Lawson's company

made its first automobiles in 1897 and they bore the name Daimler.

In 1892, German engineer Rudolf Diesel was granted a patent for a "New

Rational Combustion Engine". In 1897 he built the first Diesel Engine. Steam-, electric-,

and gasoline-powered vehicles competed for decades, with gasoline internal combustion

engines achieving dominance in the 1910s.

Although various pistonless rotary engine designs have attempted to compete with

the conventional piston and crankshaft design, only Mazda's version of the Wankel

engine has had more than very limited success.

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 CHAPTER-3

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT

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 DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

3.1 COMPRESSOR

A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a

gas by reducing its volume. Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure

on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the

compressor also reduces the volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively incompressible, so

the main action of a pump is to transport liquids.

The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means using reciprocating

compressor. A compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas at a certain pressure and

delivered the air at a high pressure.

Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air compressed and delivered and

the volume expressed is that of that of the air at intake conditions namely at atmosphere

pressure and normal ambient temperature.

Clean condition of the suction air is one of the factors, which decides the life of a

compressor. Warm and moist suction air will result increased precipitation of condense

from the compressed air.

Compressor may be classified in two general types.

1. Positive displacement compressor

2. Turbo compressor

Positive displacement compressors are most frequently employed for

Compressed air plant and have proved highly successful and supply air for pneumatic

control application.

The types of positive compressor

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1. Reciprocating type compressor

2. Rotary type compressor

Turbo compressors are employed where large of air required at low discharge

pressures. They cannot attain pressure necessary for pneumatic control application unless

built in multistage designs and are seldom encountered in pneumatic service.

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS:

Built for either stationary (or) portable service the reciprocating compressor is by

far the most common type. Reciprocating compressors lap be had is sizes from the

smallest capacities to deliver more than 500m3/min.In single stage compressor, the air

pressure may be of 6 bar machines discharge of pressure is up to 15bars.Discharge

pressure in the range of 250bars can be obtained with high pressure reciprocating

compressors that of three & four stages. Single stage and 1200 stage models are

particularly suitable

For applications, with preference going to the two stage design as soon as the

discharge pressure exceeds 6 bars, because it in capable of matching the performance of

single stage machine at lower costs per driving powers in the range.

The compressibility of the air was first investigated by Robot Boyle in 1962 and

that found that the product of pressure and volumes of particular quantity of gas.

The usual written as

PV =C (or) P1V1 =P2V2

In this equation the pressure is the absolute pressured which for free is about

14.7Psi and is of courage capable of maintaining a column of mercury, nearly 30 inches

high in an ordinary barometer.

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3.2 SOLENOID VALVE:

The directional valve is one of the important parts of a pneumatic system.

Commonly known as DCV; this valve is used to control the direction of air flow in the

pneumatic system. The directional valve does this by changing the position of its internal

movable parts.

This valve was selected for speedy operation and to reduce the manual effort and

also for the modification of the machine into automatic machine by means of using a

solenoid valve.

A solenoid is an electrical device that converts electrical energy into straight line

motion and force. These are also used to operate a mechanical operation which in turn

operates the valve mechanism. Solenoid is one is which the plunger is pulled when the

solenoid is energized.

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PARTS OF A SOLENOID VALVE

1. Coil

The solenoid coil is made of copper wire. The layers of wire are separated by

insulating layer. The entire solenoid coil is covered with a varnish that is not affected by

solvents, moisture, cutting oil or often fluids. Coils are rated in various voltages such as

115 volts AC,230volts AC,460volts Ac,575 Volts AC.6Volts DC,12Volts DC,

24 Volts DC,115 Volts DC &230Volts DC.they are designed for such

Frequencies as 50Hz to 60Hz.

2. FRAME

The solenoid frame serves several purposes. Since it is made of laminated sheets,

it is magnetized when the current passes through the coil. the magnetized coils attract the

metal plunger to move. The frame has provisions for attaching the mounting.

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 They are usually bolted or welded to the frame. The frame has provisions for

receivers, the plunger. The wear strips are mounted to the solenoid frame, and are made

of materials such as metal or impregnated less Fiber cloth.

3. SOLENOID PLUNGER

The solenoid plunger is the mover mechanism of the solenoid. The plunger is made of

steel laminations which are riveted together under high pressure, so that there will be no

movement of the lamination with respect to one another. At the top of the plunger a pin

hole is placed for making a connection to some device. The solenoid plunger is moved by

a magnetic force in one direction and is usually returned by spring action.

Solenoid operated valves are usually provided with cover either the solenoid or the

entire valve. This protects the solenoid from dirt and other foreign matter, and protects

the actuator. In many applications it is necessary to use explosion proof solenoids.

3.2.1. WORKING OF SOLENOID VALVE:

The solenoid valve has 5 openings. These ensure easy exhausting of 5/2Valve.the

spool of the 5/2 valve slide inside the main bore according to spool position: the ports get

connected and disconnected.

The working principle is as follows.

Position-1

When the spool is actuated towards outer direction port ‘P’ gets

Connected to ‘B’ and ‘S’ remains closed while ‘A’gets connected to ‘R’.

Position-2

When the spool is pushed in the inner direction port ‘P’ and ‘A’

Gets connected to each other and ‘B’ to ‘S’ while port ‘R’remains closed.

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SOLINOID VALVE (OR) CUT OFF VALVE:

The control valve is used to control the flow direction is called cut off valve or solenoid

valve. This solenoid cutoff valve is controlled by the electronic control unit.

In our project separate solenoid valve is used for flow direction of vice cylinder. It

is used to flow the air from compressor to the single acting cylinder.

3.3 PNEUMATICS

The word ‘pneumatic’ comes from Greek and means breather wind. The

word pneumatics is the study of air movement and its phenomena is derived from

the word pneumatic. Today pneumatics is mainly understood to means the

application of air as a working medium in industry especially the driving and

controlling of machines and equipment.

Pneumatics has for some considerable time between used for carrying out

the simplest mechanical tasks in more recent times has played a more important

role in the development of pneumatic technology for automation.

Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air which must be

made available in sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the

system. When the pneumatic system is being adopted for the first time, however it

wills indeed the necessary to deal with the question of compressed air supply.

The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means using

reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas at a

certain pressure and delivered the air at a high pressure.

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 Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air compressed and delivered

and the volume expressed is that of the air at intake conditions namely at

atmosphere pressure and normal ambient temperature.

The compressibility of the air was first investigated by Robert Boyle in

1962 and that found that the product of pressure and volume of a particular

quantity of gas.

The usual written as

PV = C (or) PıVı = P2V2

In this equation the pressure is the absolute pressured which for free is

about 14.7 Psi and is of courage capable of maintaining a column of mercury,

nearly 30 inches high in an ordinary barometer. Any gas can be used in pneumatic

system but air is the mostly used system now a days.

3.4 CONTROL UNIT:

Here the compressed air form the compressor firstly enters the Control unit. In the

control unit the pressure of the air is controlled unit the pressure of the air is controlled

and sent to the solenoid valve to supply the air to pneumatic gun for the movement of the

vehicle using the gear arrangement.

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 CHAPTER-4

DESIGN AND DRAWING

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 CHAPTER-4

DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT AND DRAWING

4.1 COMPONENTS

The air engine is consists of the following components to full fill the requirements

of complete operation of the machine.

1. Compressor

2. Solenoid valve

3. Control unit

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DRAWING

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DRAWING FOR AIR ENGINE

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 CHAPTER -5

WORKING PRINCIPLE

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 CHAPTER-5

WORKING PRINCIPLE

In our project we have operate the vehicle with out using the fuel.

Inside of fuel we are using the compressed air supply, with the gear

arrangement. Here the vehicle is consist of the gear arrangement, pneumatic

gun, solenoid valve and control unit. In this the vehicle wheel shaft is

coupled with spur gear and the pneumatic gun. The air from the compressor

it reaches the control unit and the pressure of air is controlled and it is passed

through the solenoid valve. The solenoid valve supply the required amount

of air to the pneumatic gun and the gun shaft the fixed the gear it will be

rotate and the rotating gear is coupled to the wheel shaft gear to move the

vehicle. The froced air passes into the inlet port to rotate the pneumatic gun.

Then the output shaft will coupled with the back wheell drive using gear

arrangements which is clearly shown as in the below diagram.

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 CHAPTER -6

MERITS AND DEMERITS

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 CHAPTER-6

MERITS AND DEMERITS

MERITS

 Easy to operate

 Air is readily available

 Compact

 Easy maintenance

DEMIRTS

 May be a choice of air leakage

 Need the separate cylinder for air

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 CHAPTER -7

APPLICATIONS

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 CHAPTER-7

APPLICATIONS

 It is applicable in automobile vehicles etc…,

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 CHAPTER-8

LIST OF MATERIALS

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 CHAPTER-8

LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are discussed below.
1. Properties:

The material selected must posses the necessary properties for the proposed

application. The various requirements to be satisfied

Can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand environmental attack from

chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively affect their

selection

a. Physical

b. Mechanical

c. From manufacturing point of view

d. Chemical

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 The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific gravity, electrical

conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,

Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue resistance, impact

resistance, eleastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear

resistance and sliding properties.

The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of view are,

 Cast ability

 Weld ability

 Surface properties

 Shrinkage

 Deep drawing etc.

2. Manufacturing case:

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface qualities

obtainable by the application of suitable coating substances may demand the use of

special materials.

3. Quality Required:

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the material. For

example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a less number of components which

can be fabricated much more economically by welding or hand forging the steel.

4. Availability of Material:

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 Some materials may be scarce or in short supply. It then becomes obligatory for

the designer to use some other material which though may not be a perfect substitute for

the material designed. the delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should

also be kept in mind.

5. Space consideration:

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces involved are

high and space limitations are there.

6. Cost:

As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material plays an

important part and should not be ignored.

Some times factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-maintenance of the

designed part are involved in the selection of proper materials.

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 CHAPTER-9

COST ESTIMATION

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 CHAPTER-9

COST ESTIMATION

1. LABOUR COST:

Lathe, drilling, welding, grinding, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost

2. OVERGHEAD CHARGES:

The overhead charges are arrived by”manufacturing cost”

Manufaturing Cost =Material Cost +Labour Cost

Overhead Charges =20%of the manufacturing cost

3. TOTAL COST:

Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead Charges

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Total cost for this project =

CHAPTER-10

CONCLUSION

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 CHAPTER-10

CONCLUSION

The project carried out by us made an impressing task in the field of automobile

department. It is useful for industrial purpose etc..,

This project will reduce the cost involved in the concern. Project has been

designed to perform the entire requirement task at the shortest time available.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Design data book -P.S.G.Tech.

2. Machine tool design handbook –Central machine tool Institute, Bangalore.

3. Strength of Materials -R.S.Kurmi

4. Manufaturing Technology -M.Haslehurst.

5. Design of machine elements- R.s.Kurumi

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PHOTOGRAPHY

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