CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

In daily life and work, we are often confronted with various issues that require precise and accurate
solutions. Statistics serve to help us make conclusions that are precise, accurate, and scientifically
accountable. Thus, statistics can be viewed as a tool, means, means of working on and interpreting
data responsibly. However, it will only happen if the data processed by the statistical technique is
also accurate. Statistical techniques will question and at the same time demanding accountability
from accuracy of data to be processed, so before processed with certain statistical techniques, there
should be information about the accountability of data acquisition concerned.

A. The Nature of Statistics

There are two main ways in data processing, namely data processing in quantitative and
qualitative. Quantitative analysis is an analysis based on calculated numerical work.
Qualitative analysis is an analyst based on the work of grouping symbols other than numbers.
The symbols in the form of words, phrases, or sentences. The statistical term is a branch of
mathematical science that specifically develops numerical processing techniques. The result
of statistical development is in the form of practical statistics or applied statistics that can be
used by anyone who has studied it. There is a distinct understanding between statistical and
statistical terms. Statistics interpreted as a data processing tool numbers, while statistical is a
branch of science that observes and develops ways of processing data numbers. Thus, statistics
are the product of statistical work, and statistical are statistics producer.

B. Types of Statistics
Statistical techniques can be grouped into 2 groups, such as descriptive statistics and
inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics are statistical techniques that provide information
only about the data held and do not intend to test the hypothesis and then draw generalized
inference for larger data. Descriptive statistics are used to present and analyze data to be more
meaningful and communicative and accompanied by simple calculations that are more clarify
the circumstances and characteristics of the data concerned.
Inferential statistics are referred to as inductive statistics, ie statistics relating to data analysis
(samples) to then do the inferences, generalized to the entire subject where the data is taken
 (population). Inferential statistics are statistics intended to test the hypothesis, either the null
hypothesis or the working hypothesis, about the presence or absence of relationships,
differences, and forecasting functions among the variables tested.

C. The Concept of Numbers and Scale

The notion of numbers in the concept of statistics is broader than that known to people. To
distinguish between the notion of numbers in the general sense, statisticians do not use the
term numbers in statistical concepts, but rather by using the term scale. The terms of numbers
in general terms are summed up in terms of scale, but the term scale in the concept of statistics
is not entirely in terms of numbers in the general sense. So, the concept of scale has a wider
scope than the concept of numbers in the general sense. The concept of scale is meant in the
sense of statistics include four kinds, that is :
1. Nominal, for example the serial number whose function is the same as the name of the
participant.
2. Ordinal, for example numbers that can not be added, divided, or multiplied.
3. Intervals, for example numbers that can be summed, divided, or multiplied.
4. Ratios, for example numbers that can be summed, divided or multiplied and the results
could have reached units smaller than hundreds of dollars, tens of dollars and etc.

D. Data and Data Collection Tools

Data is information of a symptom. The adherents of the quantitative stream firmly believe that
there are no movements that can not be removed. The problem for them is not whether or not
an issue can be raised, but how the number of figures represents the observed phenomenon.
The other hand, the quantification of social, cultural, artistic and religious phenomena is not
easily understood and accepted by the parties directly, it arises because of the sense of
arrogance of the field of work on the one hand, and the reluctance concerned to participate in
a quantitative (scientific) mindset that demands great detail and precision.
The quality of data obtained through data collection activities refers to the precision and
accuracy of the data to represent information that approximates the actual state of the subject
of the data bearer. The accuracy and accuracy of data obtained through the use of the
instrument will be determined by the quality of the instrument concerned. To account for the
 quality of the instrument, an instrument to be used must be piloted, tested, and validated first.
These instruments are generally made specifically for the research concerned. However, there
are standard types of instruments that have been standardized for various other studies to
capture the same data. If the instrument required to capture the appropriate data has not been
standardized, we must develop the instrument itself and should be accounted for as a data
collection tool.

E. Data Distribution
The concept and the term "data" in the original language contain plural meanings. Plurality of
data following the subject's gamut. That is, for a certain number of subjects there will be data
of an amount equal to each one of the observed phenomena. Conceptually theoretical, the data
for each subject in harmony with the other. In principle, every research always observes or
examines the differences of a number of data contained by the same number of subjects.
When one thinks of a distribution of data, in essence he thinks about the picture of the intensity
difference of a set of data. In other words, when a group of subjects contains different
characteristics, the subject group contains certain other characteristic equations. If the
emphasis is the aspect of the difference, the term used for the concept is heterogeneity,
whereas if the emphasis element of the equation is called homogeneity.

F. Population and Sample

Population and sample is the subject of research data and data derived from the subject of
research will be the object of statistical analysis. The entire subject of research that concerns
the observation of the data provider is called the population. Population is the whole member
of the research subject that has the same characteristics. While the sample is part of the
population and sample members will be used as data sources. The sample is a group of
members that are part of the population so that it has the characteristics of the population. The
condition of the representation of a sample is determined by several things and the main one
is the random sampling of members of the sample and the sufficient number of members so
that it can be tolerated.