Communications Engineering Coaching Materials in ECE

Board Exam

Communications Engineering Coaching Materials per Topic

Coaching Materials in Acoustics

Notes 1: Coaching Materials in Acoustics Part 1
1. A vibration in an elastic medium to which the sense of hearing is responsive.
Sound
2. Pertaining to signals, equipment or devices that involve frequencies within the human
hearing range.
Audio
3. Method of expressing amplitude of complex non-periodic signal such as speech.
Volume
4. In measuring intelligibility of sound, the number of recorded syllables as a percentage of
number transmitted is termed as the
articulation efficiency
5. Generally used as the measure of the amplitude of the sound wave.
Sound pressure
6. A simple sound whose instantaneous waveform is that of a sine wave.
Pure tone
7. Sound reduction index is also called
transmission loss
8. Ability of sound to inhibit the perception of another sound
Masking
9. If the pressure component of the sound wave is in the form of a sine wave, its associated
velocity component would take a
cosine wave
10. In acoustics, the amplitude of the pressure component is a function of the ______ of the
medium.
young’s modulus
11. In acoustics, the volume velocity of the component is a function of the _____ of the
material.
Density
12. Complex number equal to the ratio of complex pressure amplitude to the complex
amplitude of the volume velocity
acoustic impedance
13. Acoustic energy flowing per unit area and per unit time
acoustic intensity
14. What is the approximate acoustic impedance for a wave in air at 20deg Celsius?
416kg/m2s
15. What is the speed of sound in water having a density of 1000 kg/m^3 and a Young’s
modulus of 2.3x10^9N/m^2
1517m/s

16. Calculate the wavelength of sound wave in sea water whose frequency is 100 kHz at 25
degrees C?
1.52cm
17. If the wavelength of sound is 3.5cm in sea water, calculate its frequency. 43kHz
18. What is the speed of sound in air at 25deg C?
347m/s

19. The velocity of sound in dry air medium is 331.45 m/s. Calculate the new velocity if
there is an increase of temperature equal to 10 degrees centigrade.
337.52 m/s
20. Speed of sound is 1000ft/s, what frequency has a wavelength of 24 inches?
500 Hz.
21. What do you call of the several sound sources which are related to each other?
Correlated sound sources
22. If several sounds come from several unrelated sources, the sources are called
uncorrelated sound sources
23. If sounds are produced from three loudspeakers which are driven from a single source
(i.e. amplifier), the speakers are considered as
correlated sound source
24. Sound sources that are coming from different instruments are called
uncorrelated
25. If a sound receiver receives two sound waves, one directly from the source and the
other from simple reflection (with short delay), the sound waves are considered as
correlated
26. If a sound receiver receives two sound waves, one directly from the source and the
other from a long relay deflection, the sound waves are considered
uncorrelated
27. The sound at a particular point consist of a direct wave and a reflection with the same
amplitude (P) but has been delayed by 1 ms. If the sound frequency is 1kHz, calculate the
pressure amplitude in terms of P at this point.
2P

28. Calculate the total signal pressure level when two vocalists sing at the same pressure
level of 1x10^-3 Pa each.
1.41x10^-3 Pa.

29. Frequency range of audible signal is

30. 20Hz-20kHz.
31. What is the normal audible range of the human ear?
20 Hz to 20kHz.
32. Audible sound that can be detected by human ear ranges from
16Hz to 16kHz.
33. Very low frequency or very low amplitude sounds.
Subaudible
34. Very high frequency sounds or very high amplitude sounds
Superaudible
35. Signals having frequencies below the range of human hearing
Infrasonic
36. Signals with frequencies above the range of human hearing
Ultrasonic
37. The wavelength of a 20 Hz sound propagating in air at 25 degC is
17.4m
38. The increase in level for uncorrelated sound sources of equal amplitudes is proportional
to the

square root of the number of sound sources,

39. The sound intensity is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance.
40. As sound propagates from the source, its intensity follows an
inverse square law.
41. Measure of sound intensity in comparison to another sound intensity.
Decibel*
42. A measure of the power density of a sound wave propagating in a particular direction
SIL
43. Is a measure of the total power radiated in all directions by a source of sound.
SWL
44. It is also known as sound power level.
PWL
45. Acoustic impedance is _____ the sound pressure.
directly proportional to the square of

Notes 2: Coaching Materials in Acoustics Part 2

1. If the distance between the listener and the source is tripled, intensity is reduced to
1/9

2. Decreasing distance by ½, intensity increases

4 times *
3. How much is the reduction of sound intensity level (SIL) every time we double the
distance?
6dB

4. A loudspeaker radiates 100mW, what is the sound intensity level (SIL) at a distance 1 m
from the source?
99dB
5. Doubling the pressure level will result in a _____ increase in SPL.
6dB

6. What is the increase in sound intensity level (SIL) if the intensity if doubled?
3dB

7. What is the SPL for a sound wave with 1 Pa rms pressure amplitude?
94dB

8. SPL can also be calculated using

9. Increase in SPL in dB, if pressure is increased 4 times,

12dB
10. A sound pressure (RMS)of 125 ubars is equivalent to what sound pressure level?
116dB

11. The sound pressure level of 0 dB is equivalent to how many ubars?

2 x 10-4 or 0.0002
12. A loudspeaker has an effective area of 0.05 m^2 and radiates 20 mW. Calculate the
sound intensity at the loudspeaker.
0.4W/m^2

13. Calculate the sound intensity level of the loudspeaker having a sound intensity of 0.4
W/m^2?
116dB

14. If a sound source radiates 1 watt, what is its sound power level (SWL)?
120dB

15. Calculate the acoustic impedance if the sound pressure is 20uPa and acoustic intensity
is 10-12 W/m2 .
400 kg/m2s

16. What are the three basic characteristics of sound?

Pitch, intensity and quality
17. The sound characteristics related to a sonic time pattern is known as
rhythm
18. The two main characteristics of sound waves.
Pitch and loudness
19. A unit of loudness for an individual listener is
Sone
20. The unit loudness level of a tone compared to the intensity of 1000-Hz tone. It is the
apparent change in loudness discerned by a listener.
Phon
21. A pure tone of loudness 40 phons produces a loudness sensation of
l sone
22. By definition, a pure tone 1000-Hz of loudness l sone produces a pitch of
1000 mels
23. In measuring loudness, using 1000-Hz sinewave as a reference, l sone is agreed to be
at what level, above the listener’s threshold of hearing?
40dB
24. As defined by ANSI, _____ is that attribute of auditory sensation in terms of which
sounds may be ordered on a scale extending from low to high.
Pitch
25. The unit of pitch is the
Mel
26. Pitch of sound is dependent on
sound frequency, sound waveform, and sound pressure.
27. The apparent change in frequency or pitch because of motion is explained by what
effect?
Doppler effect
28. _____ surfaces must be avoided since they result in undesirable focusing of sound.
Concave
29. What term describes sounds capable of being heard by the human ear?
Sonics
30. A sound is considered as having a pitch if
it has a periodic acoustic pressure variation with time
31. Pitch perception theory which relates directly to the frequency analysis carried out by
the basilar membrane in which different frequency components of the input sound stimulate
different positions, or places on the membrane,
place theory
32. Pitch perception theory that is based on the fact that the waveform of a sound with a
strong musical pitch is periodic. This theory relies on the timing of neural firings generated
in the organ of Corti which occurs in response to vibrations of vasilar membrane.
Temporal theory
33. If a note has a fundamental frequency, fz =100 Hz, what is its 5th harmonic?
500Hz.
34. If a note has a fundamental frequency, fz =100 Hz, what is its 5th overtone?
600Hz.
35. The separation in pitch of frequency between two sounds.
Interval
36. The ratio of two sound frequencies separated by an interval.
Frequency interval
37. Interval between two tones sounded simultaneously.
Harmonic interval
38. Interval between two tones sounded successively.
Melodic interval
39. The interval between any two frequencies that have a ratio of 2 to 1.
Octave
40. 11th octave, above 1kHz.
2048Hz
41. Frequency 10 octaves above 30Hz.
30.72kHz
42. Octaves of frequency range 1 to 8 MHz.
3
43. In acoustics, if the low frequency edge of a band is 10Hz, what is the high frequency
edge of the band 10 octaves wide?
10240Hz.
44. Sound wave deformation during reproduction of amplification.
Distortion
45. A means of correcting distortion
Equalization

Coaching Materials in Broadcasting

Notes 1: Coaching Materials in Broadcasting Part 1
1. FM broadcast receivers in the 88 MHz to 108MHz have an intermediate frequency (IF)
nominally at
10.7 MHz *
2. The AM broadcast band in the Philippines is
535 kHz to 1605 kHz*
3. If the final amplifier output power of a TV broadcast station is 4kW,the antenna
transmission loss is 400 watts, and the antenna power gain is 10, the effective radiated
power is
35kW.
4. What type of emission used in video part of television transmission?
A5*
5. What is the purpose of the blanking pulses in a television receiver?
Cuts off the cathode ray tube beam during retrace *
6. How wide a frequency band must the IF amplifier of an FM broadcast receiver pass?
150 kC*
7. What is the frequency swing of an FM broadcast transmitter modulated 80 percent?
60 kC*
8. What is the function of quartz crystal in a radio transmitter?
To stabilize the frequency of the transmitting system*
9. To cut off dangerous voltages when the cabinet of a transmitter is opened, what device is
used?
Interlock switch*
10. Transmitter maintained only for transmitting the regular programs of broadcast stations
in case of failure of the main transmitter is the
auxiliary transmitter.
11. The frequency tolerance allowed in international broadcast stations is
±2 kHz*
12. Auxiliary transmitter of a regular broadcast station must be tested at least
once each week*
13. What do you call of the device which is used to derive a standard frequency of 10
kilocycles from a standard-frequency oscillator operating on 100 kilocycles?
Multivibrator*
14. What is the oscillator frequency of an FM station using two doublers, one tripler, and a
quadrupler, whose center frequency is 105.6MHz?
2.2 MHz*
15. The field intensity of the antenna of a broadcast station is normally measured in
microvolts per meter*
16. The radio wave propagated from high frequency broadcast station which reaches more
than 4000km is called
sky wave*
17. What is the purpose of station call sign?
Identification of station*
18. What is the crystal frequency in a transmitter having three doubler stages and output
frequency of 8000kHz?
1000 kHz*
19. Why should a transmitter be tuned initially at reduced power?
To prevent damage to components*
20. What is the purpose of putting crystal oscillator in a constant temperature oven?
To stabilize the oscillator frequency*
21. A crystal oscillator is used to generate the carrier wave in transmitter because it
has good frequency stability*
22. Too much loading of an oscillator may result in
poor frequency stability*
23. In a frequency modulated receiver, the function of the discriminator is to
separate audio signal from the IF*
24. In broadcast transmitters, modulation in the oscillator stage is rarely used because
it is liable to cause frequency instability*
25. The stability of transmitter frequency is best maintained by
using crystal oscillator as frequency operator*
26. The emission symbol for television broadcast is
A5*
27. To maintain a stable frequency, crystal in the oscillator stage are
enclosed in crystal ovens*
28. A system of telecommunication set-up for the transmission of speech, or in some cases
other sounds is
telephony*
29. The type of emission for FM stereo (multiplex) broadcasting is
F8E*
30. The width of a television broadcast channel is
6MHz*
31. The spare radio equipment is normally termed as
auxiliary equipment*
32. The function of a quartz crystal in a radio transmitter is
to keep the transmitter on its assigned frequency within the allowed frequency
tolerance*
33. In FM transmitter the amplitude of the antenna current
remains essentially constant during the process of modulation*
34. The squelch circuit in a radio communication receiver is used
to reduce inherent noise developed in the receiver during the absence of signal
frequency*
35. A _____ is essentially a frequency stabilizer. It serves as a voltage amplifier stage to
isolate the crystal oscillator from the radio frequency amplifier circuit.
buffer amplifier
36. Undesired oscillations developed in a radio frequency amplifier circuit as some
frequency higher than the normal operating frequency.
Parasitic oscillation*
37. _____ is used to load a transmitter for testing purposes without radiation.
Dummy antenna*
38. The expression “positive temperature coefficient” as applied to a quartz crystal means
that the frequency of the crystal varies directly with the temperature*
39. The expression “negative temperature coefficient” as applied to a quartz crystal means
that the frequency of the crystal varies indirectly with the temperature*
40. the video signal transmitted on a TV program employs
amplitude modulation*
41. The sound transmitted on a TV program employs
frequency modulation*
42. In broadcast studios, a zero VU indicates how much percent modulation?
100*
43. This amplifier is used to isolate oscillator from power amplifiers.
Buffer amplifier*
44. A power line filter for rejecting RF interference has
RF bypass capacitors in shunt across the power line*
45. In a broadcast station, the audio peak limiters are used to
prevent the modulation percentage of the transmitter to be exceeded*
46. What is the local oscillator frequency in commercial AM broadcast if it is equal to 455
kHz?
955 to 2055 kHz.
47. Listing of the date and time of events, programs, equipments, tests, malfunctions and
corrections in communications system
Log
48. What is the purpose of an indirectly-heated cathode in a cathode ray tube?
Beam production
49. Which of the following is not a low-impedance microphone?
Crystal
50. Facsimile permits remote duplications of which of the following items?
Map, Pictures, Printed Page
51. A measure of how well the receiver can respond to very weak signals.
Sensitivity
52. The FM broadcast band is from
88 to 108 kHz.
53. The type of emission used by standard AM radio broadcast.
A3
54. The standard AM radio broadcast belongs to which frequency band?
MF
55. What is the allowable frequency deviation of a commercial FM broadcast band?
75 kHz

Notes 2: Coaching Materials in Broadcasting Part 2

56. The final amplifier of either FM or AM transmitter is operated as
Class C
57. Standard AM broadcasting use _____ for greater and efficient coverage.
vertical polarized wave antenna
58. Receiver sensitivity means
the ability of picking up weak signal.
59. The main function of the RF amplifier in a superheterodyne receiver is to
improve the rejection of the image frequency.
60. Local oscillator of a broadcast receiver always tunes to a frequency _____ than the
incoming frequency in order _____.
Higher --- to allow adequate frequency coverage without switching
61. Which of the following is the first component of any MATV system to receive broadcast
signals?
Antenna
62. It is the most common technique where apartment houses, hotels, schools,
condominiums, and multi-unit buildings distribute TV and FM signals to a number of
receivers, using a single head-end.
CCTV
63. Interlacing is used in television to
avoid flicker.
64. A mechanism or device which enables the TV camera to move in lateral and tilting
motion
Pan/tilt device
65. Which of the following is a solid state imaging device?
Charge couple device
66. What class of TV camera lens used to cover short distances?
Wide angle
67. What class of TV camera lens used to cover long distances?
Telephoto
68. What is the chroma subcarrier signal frequency for color television?
3.8 MHz
69. The aspect ratio of HDTV is
16/9
70. Television has a lot of features in common with
motion picture.
71. The major component of the TV signal waveform is the
Video
72. For NTSC TV system, the image is scanned from
top to bottom and left to right
73. What is the horizontal synchronous/blanking pulse rate?
15.75 Hz
74. What is the vertical blanking pulse rate?
60Hz.
75. The pulses riding on the vertical blanking pulse.
Equalizing (sync) pulses and serrated vertical sync pulses.
76. Television camera pickup tube is called
vidicon, image orthicon, plumbicon
77. The television picture tube magnetic fields can be used for
beam focusing and beam deflection
78. Indicate which voltages are not found in the output of a normal monochrome receiver
video detector.
Sweep
79. Video modulation for television is
both amplitude modulation and vestigial sideband
80. What is the maximum frequency deviation for audio modulation in TV transmission?
25 kHz
81. The video carrier and the audio carrier are separated by
4.5 MHz.
82. In a practical image scanned at the NTSC rate, the spectrum will include components
clustered at the fundamentals and harmonics of
15.75 Hz.
83. Brightness of an image is known as
Luminance
84. The colors at the vertices of the color triangle are referred to as
Primary
85. A newscast is a distinct unit of a program with a minimum news content of _____
excluding intro, extro, headline and commercial load.
1 minute
86. In accordance with existing provision of law and the KBP rules and regulations, all
stations shall actively promote the growth and the development of Filipino music by playing
____ every clock hour.
4 OPM
87. KBP radio code mandates that station must provide a minimum of _____ of news per
day from 5:00 in the morning to 10:00 in the evening.
45 minutes
88. What are the three separate signals derived from a matrix in a color TV transmitter?
Y,I, and Q.
89. Range of a VHF television transmitter.
54-98 MHz
90. Range of a UHF television transmitter
470-890 MHz
91. What is the approximate bandwidth occupied by the chrominance video signal for color
TV?
1.8 MHz
92. Commercial load for radio shall not exceed _____ for one hour program in Metro
Manila.
15 minutes
93. Commercial load for radio shall not exceed _____ for a one hour program outside Metro
Manila.
17 minutes
94. Program interruption for the airing of commercial in Metro Manila shall not exceed
_____ breaks every program hour.
6
95. Program interruption for the airing of commercial outside Metro Manila shall not exceed
_____ breaks in every program hour.
6
96. The colors found around the perimeter of the color triangle are said to be
Saturated
97. What is the phase difference between the I and Q color signal carriers?
90 degrees
98. The carrier transmitted 1.25MHz above the bottom frequency in a United States TV
Channel is the
picture carrier
99. ______ is the most effective filter for separating luminance and chrominance frequency
components.
Comb
100. The chrominance processing circuits can be deactivated when monochrome
broadcasts are received by the
color killer
101. What is the standard video level, in percent PEV, for blanking?
75%
102. What is the standard video level, in percent PEV, for black?
70%
103. What is the standard video level, in percent PEV, for white?
0%
104. One should first perform ______ before a convergence setup is performed.
Degaussing
105. For Metro Manila, the classification of primetime blocks for FM shall be
6:00AM to 8:00 PM
106. For provincial stations, the classification of primetime blocks for FM radio shall be
6:00AM to 8:00 PM
107. All airtime classifications shall be submitted to and subject for approval by the
KBP-SA
108. What is the frequency tolerance of an FM Radio Broadcast station?
±2000 Hz
109. The minimum frequency separation between frequency of AM broadcasting station
36 kHz
110. If there are too harmonics, one should check the
coupling, tuning of circuits, shielding

Notes 3: Coaching Materials in Broadcasting Part 3

111. In transmitter amplifier design, an even-order harmonics can be prevented or reduced
by
using a push-pull amplifier.
112. The vertical and horizontal pulses are separated at the
sync separator.
113. The reason why buffer stage is included in a transmitter is to
present a constant load to the oscillator stage
114. Where is the operating position of a radio station?
At the control point
115. Equalizing pulses in TV are sent during
vertical blanking
116. The alignment of the three color guns to a common point is known as
Convergence
117. Lack of raster is an indication of no
high voltage
118. The sound and video signals are separated at the _____ of the TV receiver.
video detector
119. What is emission A3F?
TV
120. The presence of color bars is an indication that there is a problem in the ______
circuit.
reactor
121. Type of emission produced when a frequency modulated transmitter is modulated by a
TV signal.
F3F
122. What is emission F3F?
Television
123. Cause of slow rising white “hum bars” in the television.
Bad filter
124. An odd number of lines per frame form part of every one of the world’s TV systems.
This is
done to assist interlace
125. Adjusting the _____ may eliminate color confetti.
color killer
126. Video signal amplitude determine the picture quality called
Contrast
127. Part of broadcast day from midnight to local sunrise.
Experimental
128. Part of broadcast day from local sunset to local sunrise.
Nighttime
129. What causes snow in television?
Random noise in the signal.
130. The function of the serrations in the composite video waveform is to
help horizontal synchronization
131. Vestigial sideband is known as _____ type of emission.
C3F
132. Which of the following filters block FM radio band for TV channels (2 to 13)?
Band-reject filter
133. The width of the vertical sync pulse in the United States TV system is
3H
134. Indicate which of the following frequencies will not be found in the output of a normal
TV receiver tuner:
4.5MHz
135. When were UHF channels (14-83) of television added?
1952
136. When was colored TV standards established in the United States?
1953
137. What synchronizes the horizontal line of the TV picture tube?
HAFC
138. Type of filter used in TV receivers that separates the chroma signal from the
colorplexed video signal but leaves intact the Y-component.
Comb filter
139. What is the first-letter symbol for emission of unmodulated carrier?
N
140. The channel for cable TV frequency range of 5.75 to 11.75 MHz.
T-1
141. The frequency range for cable TV channel T-13.
23.75 to 29.75MHz
142. Channel 8 frequency range allocation in cable TV.
180-186MHz
143. The video voltage applied to the picture tube of a television receiver is fed in
between grid and cathode
144. The circuit that separates sync pulses from the composite video waveform is
a clipper.
145. The _____ of a television system is a measure of its ability to delineate picture detail.
Resolution
146. CCIR standards for the internal exchange of programmes on film for television used.
Rec.256-6
147. CCIR transmission standards for FM sound broadcasting at VHF.
Rec. 450.1
148. ISO Rec. 23 in 1976 is the standard for recorded characteristics for magnetic sound
records on full cost 16mm.
camera usage of 35mm motion picture film.
149. The output of the vertical amplifier, applied to the yoke in a TV receiver, consists of a
sawtooth current.
150. Which of the class station below is a regional channel?
Class III-B
151. International broadcasting (short wave) uses frequency between ______ in
accordance with international agreements.
5950 and 26100 kHz
152. The permissible power in kW of stations II-A during nighttime is
0.25-50.
153. The television frequency which are now allocated to the land mobile services
806 and 192MHz
154. The HV anode supply for the picture tube of a TV receiver is generated in the
horizontal output stage.
155. Numerical frequency band designation of Channel 9.
186-192 MHz.
156. Cable TV systems originate from
Pennsylvania
157. A term applied to third and higher order products, which can greatly degrade the
performance of the system.
Composite triple beat.
158. A station similar to a translator station in terms of equipment and service area, but is
permitted to originate programming from virtually any source.
LPTV.
159. Indicate the following signals is not transmitted in color TV:
R
160. The shadow mask in a color picture tube is used to
ensure that each beam hits only its own dots.
161. Three stations are licensed to eligible education entities for the distribution of program
material to students enrolled in instructional curricula.
ITFS.
162. ITFS means
Instructional Television Fixed Service.
163. MDS means
Multipoint Distribution Service
164. Direct broadcast satellite based allocation.
12.2 – 12.7 GHz for downlink and 17.3 – 17.8 GHz for uplink.
165. What is the channel number of an FM station with 88.1MHz carrier?
201
166. If an FM station has an effective radiated power of 100kW then it is under what class?
Class C
167. The video signal amplitude determines the quality of the picture otherwise known as
Contrast
168. The ultimate Dolby surround system is the
Dolby Prologic.
169. What is the carrier frequency of an FM station with channel number of 300?
107.9MHz
170. In a TV receiver, the color killer
cuts off the chroma stages during monochrome reception

Coaching Materials in Digital and Data

Communications
Notes 1: Coaching Materials in Digital and Data Communications Part 1
1. The first digital code was the:
Morse code
2. Advantage of digital over analog transmission.
Noise immunity
3. Hartley’s Law is:
I = ktB
4. The Shannon-Hartley theorem is:
C = 2Blog(2M)
5. The Shannon Limit is given by:
C = B log2 (1 + S/N)
6. In North America, companding uses:
the m Law (mu law)
7. A typical codec in a telephone system sends and receives:
8-bit numbers
8. In delta modulation, “granular noise” is produced when:
the signal does not change
9. Which coding scheme requires DC continuity:
unipolar NRZ
10. Number of independent symbols that can be propagated out through a communications
system which is a function of bandwidth.
Information capacity
11. Refers to the rate of change of a signal on a transmission medium after encoding and
modulation have occurred.
Baud rate
12. What is the relationship of bit rate and baud in FSK and PSK?
Equal
13. What is the relationship of bit rate and baud in QPSK and 8-PSK?
Bit rate is greater than baud
14. A digital modulation technique also known as “on-off” keying.
Amplitude Shift Keying or ASK
15. From of digital modulation using its modulation signal (a binary pulse stream) that varies
between two discrete voltage levels.
FSK
16. In FSK, a figure of merit used to express the degree of modulation.
H-factor
17. Most common modulation technique used for radio telegraphy.
FSK
18. It is a type of FSK where the mark and space frequencies are synchronized with the
input binary rate.
Continuous-Phase Frequency-Shift Keying or CPFSK
19. The most common circuit used for demodulating binary FSK signals.
Phase locked loop
20. A form of digital modulation similar to PSK except the digital information is contained in
both the amplitude and the phase of the transmitted carrier.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
21. If is often used to compare the performance of one digital modulation technique to
another
Bandwidth efficiency, Information density of Spectral efficiency
22. It is the ratio of the transmission bit rate to the minimum bandwidth required for a
particular modulation scheme.
Bandwidth efficiency, Information density of Spectral efficiency
23. For an 8-PSK system, operating with an information bit rate of 24 kbps, determine the
bandwidth efficiency.
3 bits/cycle
24. For a 16-PSK and a transmission system with a 10 kHz bandwidth, determine the
maximum bit rate.
40,000 bps
25. A common method of achieving carrier recovery for BPSK.
Squaring loop
26. A modulation technique where data rates I excess of 56 kbps can be achieved over
telephone circuits.
Trellis code modulation
27. It is a theoretical expectation of the bit error rate in the system.
Probability of errors
28. It is a function of the carrier-to-noise power ratio and the number of possible encoding
conditions used.
Probability of error
29. It is the ratio of the average carrier power to the thermal noise power.
Carrier-to-noise ratio
30. It is the thermal noise power normalized to 1-Hz bandwidth.
Noise power density
31. It is used to compare two or more digital modulation systems that use different
transmission rates, modulation scheme or encoding techniques.
Energy per bit-to-noise power density ratio
32. The phase relationship between signaling elements for BPSK is the optimum signaling
form and occurs only when two binary signal levels are allowed and when one signal is the
exact negative of the other.
Antipodal signaling
33. An “eye pattern” shows a good channel when:
the eye is maximally open
34. What you see in an eye pattern is the effect of:
intersymbol interference
35. High-frequency radioteletype systems commonly use:
FSK
36. In digital modulation, such as FSK, the rate of change of frequency at the input is called
bit rate
37. The fundamental frequency of a binary square wave.
1/2 bit rate
38. In digital communications, employing FSK, baud rate is _____ of bit rate.
Equal
39. Form of angle modulated constant envelope digital modulation.
Phase-shift keying
40. The threshold point of QPSK system is
+ or – 0.785
41. A form of digital modulation similar to PSK, it transmit 2 separate information signal
using 2 AM carriers at the same frequency but differ in phase by 90O.
QUAM
42. Table that list all the possible combinations of variables.
Truth table
43. The term used to define jitter above 10 Hz is _____.
Wander
44. He is credited with inventing PCM in 1937.
Alex H. Reeves
45. In PCM, the circuit that periodically samples the analog input and converts it to PAM.
Sample and hold
46. In PCM, it converts the PAM samples to parallel PCM codes.
Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
47. Modern digital systems use a _____ to demodulate a PAM signal.
LPF
48. A signal which varies between 3 levels.
Bipolar code
49. There are how many transistors in CMOS inverter?
2
50. Variation of the PCM that uses a single but PCM code.
Delta modulation
51. In delta modulation method, what causes error in the demodulated signal?
Slope overload
52. In PCM, according to Nyquist sampling theorem to avoid distortions, the minimum
sampling rate should be ____ value of the highest audio frequency.
Twice
53. The disadvantage of PC systems is that
it requires a large bandwidth
54. Companding is employed in PCM system
to protect small signals from quantizing distortion
55. An integrated circuit that performs the PCM encoding and decoding functions.
Codec
56. Method of encoding audio signals used in US standard 1.544 Mbps 24-channel PCM
system.
Mu-law
57. A digital modulation technique in which the polarity of the transmitted pulse indicates
whether the demodulator output should rise or fall at each pulse.
Delta modulation
58. In PCM sampling, the time when the FET is “on” is called
Acquisition
59. The most common method used for sampling voice signals in PCM systems.
Flat-top sampling
60. What is the result if the input of the ADC is changing while performing conversion?
Aperture distortion
61. The result whenever the sampling rate is less than twice the highest audio frequency.
Alias or Foldover distortion
62. It is a process of converting an infinite number of possibilities to a fine number of
conditions.
Quantization
63. The magnitude of a quantum in quantization of PCM codes.
Resolution
64. It is a numerical indication of how efficiently a PCM code is utilized.
Coding efficiency
65. BW efficiency is also known as
information capacity
66. Devices used for digitizing speech signals only.
Vocoders
67. Type of PCM that uses single-bit PCM code to achieve digital transmission of analog
signals.
Delta modulation
68. A digital modulation technique that does not need to recover the phase coherent carrier.
Differential phase shift keying

Notes 2: Coaching Materials in Digital and Data Communications Part 2

69. In Boolean Algebra, functions expressed as sum of minterms of product of maxterms
are said to be in what form?
Canonical
70. The slope of the analog signal is greater than the delta modulator can maintain.
Slope overload
71. In is a delta modulation system where the step size of the Digital-to-Analog converter is
automatically varied, depending on the analog input signal.
Adaptive Delta Modulation
72. The type of PCM which is designed to take advantage of the sample-to-sample
redundancies in the typical speech waveform.
Differential PCM
73. An error detection, that requires a human being at the received terminal to analyze the
received data and make decisions on its integrity
symbol substitution *
74. Most reliable scheme for error detection.
CRC *
75. Error control in HF radio data transmission.
ARQ *
76. A convenient technique for determining the effects of the degradations introduced into
the pulses as they travel to the regenerator.
Eye patterns
77. It is the transmission of information in any form from one source to one or more
destinations.
Multiplexing
78. It is a form of phase-division multiplexing where two data channels modulate the same
carrier frequency that is shifted 90 degrees in phase.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation or QAM
79. It is the most prevalent encoding technique used for TDM signals.
Pulse Code Modulation or PCM
80. One eight-bit PCM code is called _____.
TDM frame
81. The time it takes to transmit one TDM frame is called _____.
Frame time
82. T1 stands for
Transmission one
83. In T1, it is equal to the reciprocal of the sample rate.
Frame time
84. The PCM code for each channel occupies a fixed time slot called _____.
Epoch
85. It is a low-quality video transmission for use between non-decided subscribers.
Picturephone
86. A transmission of binary data which involves the transmission of two non-zero voltage
level.
Bipolar
87. It can be used to categorize the type of transmission.
Duty cycle
88. If the active time of the binary pulse if less than 100% of the bit time.
Return to zero (RZ)
89. What is the category of data transmission if the binary pulse is maintained for the entire
bit time.
Non return to zero (NRZ)
90. Encoding wherein, the most commonly used characters are represented with the fewest
number of bits.
Huffman Encoding *
91. Variation of biphase that is used for encoding SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and
Television Engineers) time code data and for recording on video tapes.
Biphase-M
92. What uses convolutional coding technique?
Trellis Coding *
93. These are used for transmission of PCM encoded time-division multiplexed digital
signal.
T carriers
94. Statistical TDMs are also called
Intelligent TDMs, Stat mux or Asynchronous TDM
95. A chip that combines the codec and filter functions in the same LSI chip
Combo Chip
96. It is the basic building block of FDM hierarchy.
Message channel
97. An FDM hierarchy which is formed by frequency-division multiplexing five groups
containing 12 channels each for a combined bandwidth of 240 kHz.
Basic Supergroup
98. Basic supergroup frequency range.
312 to 522 kHz *
99. What is the final output of a multiplexer?
Composite baseband
100. What type of mastergroup that is used for low-capacity microwave systems?
L600
101. What type of mastergroup that can be further multiplexed and used for higher-capacity
microwave radio systems?
U600
102. How many voice channels are there in a mastergroup?
600 *
103. How many voice channels are there in a jumbogroup?
3600 *
104. How many groups are there in a supermastergroup of CCITT’s FDM Hierarchy?
75 *
105. How many voice channels are there in a DS-2 Digital Signal Hierarchy.
96 *
106. In FDM, what is the carrier frequency of supergroup 10 in L600 mastergroup?
3100 kHz *
107. The number of voiceband channel of North American TDM communications system
signaling rate of 44.736 Mbps _____.
672 *
108. It comprises of either a single L600 mastergroup or up to 3 U600 mastergroups
Radio channel
109. TDMA is used instead of TDM when:
the signals come from different sources *
110. A DS-1 signal contains:
24-channels *
111. The number of bits per sample is DS-1 is:
8*
112. The number of samples per second in DS-1 is:
8k*
113. The bit rate for each channel in DS-1 is:
64 kb/s *
114. In DS-1, bits are transmitted over a T-1 cable at:
1.544 MB/s *
115. Besides data bits, a DS-1 frame contains a:
framing bit *
116. The number of framing bits in DS-1 is:
1*
117. Framing bits in DS-1 are used to:
synchronize the transmitter and receiver *
118. So-called “stolen” bits in DS-1 are used to:
carrying signaling *
119. In DS-1, a bit is “stolen” out of each channel:
every sixth frame *
120. A T-1 cable uses:
bipolar RZ AMI coding *
121. A typical T-1 line uses:
twisted-pair wire *
122. The number of frames in a superframe is:
12 *
123. Moving signals from one line to another is called:
space switching *
124. Moving PCM samples from one time-slot to another is called:
time switching *
125. A digital space switch is a:
crosspoint switch *
126. The term “chip rate” is used in describing:
direct-sequence method *
127. “Processing gain” is another term for:
spreading gain *
128. A receiver for frequency-hopping spread-spectrum would be:
a narrowband receiver *
129. A receiver for direct-sequence spread-spectrum would be:
a wideband receiver *
130. For optimal performance, CDMA requires the use of:
orthogonal PN sequences *
131. The five-level teletype code was invented by:
Emile Baudot *
132. In telegraphy, a word consists of ____ characters.
7 and 1/2 *
133. In synchronous transmission, the receiver “syncs-up” with the transmitter by using:
the data bits *
134. To maintain synchronization in synchronous transmission:
long strings of 1s and 0s must not be allowed *
135. HDLC:
is a bit-oriented protocol *
136. The use of flags in SDLC requires:
“bit-stuffing” *
 Notes 3: Coaching Materials in Digital and Data Communications Part 3
137. ARQ is used to:
correct bit errors *
138. VRC is another name for:
Parity*
139. Run-length encoding is used to:
compress data *
140. When messages are intended for all the subscribers on the network it is called ____.
Broadcasting
141. When messages are intended for a specific group of subscribers in the network it is
called _____.
Multicasting
142. Refers to the structure of the data within the message, which includes the sequence in
which the data is sent
Syntax
143. Refers to the meaning of each section of data.
Semantics
144. It is an object or procedure considered by an authority of by general consent as a basis
for comparison
Standard
145. The process of adding or removing protocol data unit called ____.
Encapsulation / decapsulation
146. The OSI layer that is responsible for the transmission of bits.
Physical layer
147. The OSI layer that manages traffic on the link.
Data link layer
148. The OSI layer that has inter-host communication.
Session layer
149. The OSI layer that accepts and structures the message for the application.
Presentation
150. The OSIL layer that serves as an interface for the user to the network.
Application layer
151. The OSI layer that is task with the end-to-end accountability through a network.
Network layer
152. The OSI layer that ensures and controls the end-to-end integrity of data message, by
providing reliable, transparent transfer of data.
Transport layer
153. A system that allows personal computer to access files, print to a local printer, and
have and use one or more disk and CD drives.
Local operating system
154. It describes the layout or appearance of a network, it describes how the computers,
cables and other components within the data communications network are interconnected
bot physically and logically.
Network topology
155. The typical SNA topology is
Hierarchical Topology *
156. Typical PBX configuration is
Star Topology *
157. Topology which is relatively immune to bottlenecks.
Mesh Topology *
158. It is a network access method used primarily with LANs configured in a ring topology
using either baseband or broadband transmission formats.
Token passing
159. Topology of the Classical Ethernet system.
Bus *
160. ____ are omnipresent lack-and-white stripped stickers that seem to appear on virtually
ever consumer item.
Bar codes
161. Classification of bar codes that has gaps or space between characters and each
character within the bar code is independent of every other character.
Discrete code
162. A classification of bar code that does not include spaces between characters.
Continuous code
163. A classification of bar code that stores data in two dimensions in contrast with a
conventional linear bar code, which stores data long only one axis.
2D code
164. One of the most popular code which consists of 36 unique codes representing 10 digits
and 26 uppercase letters.
Code 39 or Code 3 of 9 or 3 of 9 Code
165. Code 39 is an example of what type of bar code.
Discrete code
166. Classifications of errors where two or more non-consecutive bits within a given data
string are in error.
Multi-bit errors
167. Classification of errors where two or more consecutive bits within a given data string
are in error.
Burst error
168. The message that never arrives at the destination or one that arrives but is damaged
to the extent that it is unrecognizable.
Lost message
169. A message that is not recognized at the destination that contains one or more
transmission errors.
Damaged message
170. Determine the noise margin for an RS 232 interface with driver signal voltages of +/-
6V
3V and 19V
171. The specs of the old Bell type 103 modem were:
300 bps, full-duplex, FSK *
172. The ITU is under the auspices of:
the U.N. *
173. High-speed modems equalize the line to compensate for:
uneven phase and frequency response *
174. The bits send to allow equalization are called:
a training sequence *
175. The V.90 standard is issued by:
the ITU *
176. It describes the function of a family of interchange circuits.
V.24 *
177. Protocol use to connect packet switching networks.
X.75 *
178. The output rate of CCITT V.26.
1200 bauds *
179. Technique that allows corrections of data of the receiver.
FEC *
180. MNP2, MNP3, MNP4 and MNP10 are all:
error-correction protocols *
181. MNP5 and V.42 bits are both:
data-compression schemes *
182. In RS-232, flow control is done using:
RTS/CTS handshake & XON/OFF characters
183. The official name for RS-232C is:
EIA-232D *
184. What is the signal rate of RS-232 normally used as an interface between DTE and
DCE?
20 kbps *
185. In RS-232, a modem would be:
a DCE *
186. In RS-232, a personal computer would be:
a DTE *
187. On a DB-9 RS-232 connector, signal ground is pin:
5*
188. On a DB-25 RS-232 connector, signal ground is pin:
7*
189. RS-232C has how many pins?
25 pins *
190. RS-232 signal rate when used as an interface between DTE and DCE?
20 kbps *
191. The minimum lines required for RS-232 are:
TD, RD, and signal ground *
192. Hardware flow control uses:
RTS and CTS *
193. Which voltage represents a binary zero on an RS-232 data pin:
+15 volts or +12 volts or +9 volts
194. A “splitter” at the subscriber end is not required for:
ADSL lite *
195. Synchronous data transported by asynchronous modems is called ____.
Isochronous
196. Synchronous modems cost more than asynchronous modems because ______.
They must contain clock recovery circuits *
197. The Bell system 103 compatible modems is capable of duplex operation over two-wire
telephone lines at a bit rate of ____.
300 bps
198. Asynchronous modes use what modulation techniques?
ASK or FSK
199. Speed of asynchronous modems
less than 2400 bps
200. Mode of transmission in PDN, wherein the data are transferred from source to the
network then to the destination in an asynchronous data format?
Start/stop *
201. The bell system 202 modem is an asynchronous 1200-baud transceiver utilizing FSK
with a transmission bit rate of
1200 bps
202. Synchronous modes use what modulation technique?
PSK and QAM
203. Asynchronous data modulation.
FSK *
204. Digital modulation scheme modems commonly used
PSK *

Notes 4: Coaching Materials in Digital and Data Communications Part 4

205. The total information processed of a system.
Throughput *
206. Transmission rates of synchronous modems
2400 bps to 56,000 bps
207. Communication system where transmit and receive clock free-run at approximately the
same speed.
Asynchronous *
208. What protocol can achieve code transparency with flags?
Bit-oriental protocol *
209. Characters transmitted other than data.
Overhead *
210. A start bit is normally
logic 0 *
211. In data communications circuits, synchronous data format is used to achieve what type
of synchronization?
Bit *
212. Type of synchronization where in the beginning and end of a character code is
identified.
Character synchronization *
213. What do you call a text code that makes use of 16-bit long code words?
Unicode *
214. Function of data link control that specifies the means of detecting and correcting
transmission errors
error control
215. Error-detection protocol that uses the checksum method.
Xmodem *
216. It is how the primary designates the secondary as a designation of recipient of data.
Selection
217. Classification of protocol that interprets a frame of data as a group of successive bit
combined into predetermined pattern of fixed length, usually 8 bits each.
Character-oriented protocols or Byte-oriented protocols
218. The first file transfer protocol designed to facilitate transferring data between two
personal computers over the public switched telephone network.
Xmodem protocol
219. The circuit switch is a _____ switch.
Transparent
220. A form of switching which is store and forward.
Message switching
221. A form of switching which is hold and forward.
Packing switching
222. It is logically equivalent to making telephone call through the DDD network except no
direct end-to-end connection is made
Virtual call
223. Packets which is self-contained and travels through the network independent of other
packets of the same message by whatever means available.
Datagram
224. A service provided by B-ISDN provider that offers a bi-directional end-to-end data
transmission in real time.
conversational service *
225. Uses connecting medium as a multi-channel device.
Broadband transmission *
226. In asynchronous transfer mode cell format, the ______ indicates the mode source and
packet destination.
Virtual channel identifier *
227. The ISDN channel B designates _____.
Bearer of Bearer of data
228. The ISDN channel D designates _____ which contains control information.
Data
229. The Basic Rate Interface (BRI) of ISDN has a total bit rate or ____.
192 kbps
230. The primary rate interface consists of _____.
23B + D channels; 1.544 Mbps (US, Canada, Japan and Korea)
30B + D channel; 2.048 Mbps (Europe)
231. What is the minimum frame length for a 10-base 5 with a maximum segment length of
500 meters with a maximum of five segments.
512 bits
232. CSMA stands for:
Carrier Sense Multiple Access *
233. The Internet is:
a network of networks *
234. Dumb terminals are still used:
in networks requiring central monitoring *
235. In a circuit-switched network:
each channel carries only one data stream *
236. On networks, long messages are divided into “chunks” called:
packets *
237. When two or more PCs try to access a baseband network cable at the same time, it is
called:
Contention
238. One type of network that never has a collision is:
token-passing *
239. In an Ethernet-based network, a switch can be used to reduce the number of:
Collisions *
240. The effect of too many collisions is:
the network slows down *
241. MAU stands for:
Multistation Access Unit *
242. The standard that describes Ethernet-type networks is:
IEEE 802.3
243. Ethernet was invented by:
Xerox
244. Ethernet is a baseband transmission system designed by _____
Robert Metcalfe and David Boggs
245. In data communication, the T in 10BaseT represents _____.
The type of cable used *
246. The cable mostly used by the 10 and 100 Mbps Ethernet installation.
ISTP *
247. Ethernet Standard that is sometimes called “frozen yellow garden hose”
10Base-5
248. An Ethernet running at 10Mbits /second uses:
Manchester encoding *
249. Data transfer uses handshaking principle.
Synchronous Data Transfer *
250. Data transfer scheme that used handshaking.
Synchronous data transfer scheme *
251. Ethernet access method is ______.
CSMA/CD *
252. Rate of Ethernet CSMH/CD.
10 Mbps *
253. A 100BaseT cable uses:
twisted-pair copper wires *
254. The work “Base” in 10BaseT means:
the cable carriers baseband signals *
255. 10BaseT cable typically uses:
an RJ45 connector *
256. A hub:
sends incoming packets out to all other terminals connected to it *
257. A switch:
sends incoming packets out to specific ports *
258. An advantage of using a switch instead of a hub is:
it reduces the number of collisions in large networks *
259. Using one node in the network to hold all the application software is done in:
client-server networks *
260. The software that runs a client-server network must be:
Multitasking b *
261. A “thin” client is:
basically a PC with no disk drives *
262. Packet switching is based on:
store-and-forward *
263. SNA stands for:
Systems Network Architectures *
264. Bad frames are usually detected by the:
link layer *
265. Together, TCP/IP consists of:
5 layers *
266. The “lifetime” of a packet in an IP network:
depends on number of “hops” between nodes *
267. UPD stands for:
User Datagram Protocol *
268. HTTP stand for:
Hypertext Transport Protocol *
269. HTTP allows the use of:
Browsers *
270. HTML stands for:
Hypertext Markup Language *
271. HTML allows:
web page layout *
272. FTP us used to:
transfer files between a server on the network and user *
273. SMTP stands for:
Simple Mail Transport Protocol *
274. A DNS:
translates word to numbers *
275. An internet connected to the Internet is often protected by:
a “firewall” *

Coaching Materials in Fiber Optics

Notes 1: Coaching Materials in Fiber Optics Part 1
1. Fiber optics is coined by
NS Kapany
2. What are three means of producing light?
Mechanical, electrical and chemical
3. What is the smallest unit of radiant energy?
A photon
4. What unit is used to measure the different wavelengths of light?
Angstrom unit
5. What are the three primary colors of light?
Red, green and blue
6. What are the three secondary colors of light?
Magenta, yellow and cyan
7. A substance that transmits light but through which an object cannot be seen clearly is
known as what kind of substance?
Translucent
8. What type of wave motion is represented by motion of water?
Transverse-wave motion
9. A substance that transmits almost all of the light waves falling upon it is known as what
type of substance?
Transparent
10. A substance that is unable to transmit any light waves is known as what type of
substance?
Opaque
11. What is the law of reflection
The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection
12. When a wave is reflected from a surface, energy is reflected. When is the reflection of
energy greatest?
When the wave is nearly parallel to the reflecting surface
13. When is the reflection energy the least?
When the wave is perpendicular to the reflecting surface
14. Light waves obey what law?
The law of reflection
15. A light wave enters a sheet of glass at a perfect right angle to the surface. Is the
majority of the wave reflected, refracted, transmitted or absorbed?
Transmitted
16. When light strikes a white piece of paper, the light is reflected in all directions. What do
you call this scattering of light
Diffusion
17. What is the basic optical-material property relevant to optical fiber light transmission?
The index of refraction
18. What name is given to the angle where total internal reflection occurs?
Critical angle of incidence
19. List the three parts of optical fiber
Core, cladding and coating or buffer
20. Light transmission along an optical fiber is described by two theories. Which theory is
used to approximate light acceptance and guiding properties of an optical fiber?
The ray theory
21. Light rays that passes thru the longitudinal axis at the fiber core are called
meridional rays
22. Meridional rays are classified as either bound or unbound rays. Bound rays propagate
through the fiber according to what property?
Total internal reflection
23. What mechanisms in fiber waveguides weaken and distort the optical signals?
Scattering, absorption and dispersion
24. How can loss be reduced during construction (or fabrication) of optical fibers?
By removing the impurities from the optical fiber
25. What fiber property does numerical aperture (NA) measure?
NA measures the light-gathering ability of the optical fiber
26. Skew rays and meridional rays define different acceptance angles. Which acceptance
angle is larger, the skew ray angle or the meridional ray angle?
Skew ray angle
27. The mode theory uses electromagnetic wave behavior to describe the propagation of
light along the fiber. What is the set of guided electromagnetic waves called?
Modes of fiber
28. Modes that are bound at one wavelength may not exist at longer wavelengths. What is
the wavelength at which a mode ceases to be bound is called?
Cutoff wavelength
29. What type of optical fiber operates below cutoff wavelength?
Multimode fiber
30. The fiber’s normalized frequency (V) determines how many modes a fiber can support.
As the value of V increases, will the number of modes supported by the fiber increase or
decrease?
Increase
31. The number of modes propagated in a multimode fiber depends on the core size and
numerical aperture (NA). If the core size and the NA decrease, will the number of modes
propagated increase of decrease?
Decrease
32. What is the main loss mechanism between ultraviolet and infrared absorption regions?
Rayleigh scattering
33. Name the two types of intramodal, or chromatic, dispersion. Material dispersion and
waveguide dispersion
34. Which dispersion mechanism (material or waveguide) is a function of the sine of the
fiber’s core relative to the waveguide operation?
Waveguide dispersion
35. Modes of light pulse that enter the fiber at one time exit the fiber at different times. This
condition causes the light pulse to spread. What is this condition called?
Modal dispersion
36. The reflective index of a fiber core is uniform and undergoes an abrupt change at the
core-cladding boundary. Is this fiber a step-index or graded-index fiber?
Step-index
37. What happens to the fundamental mode as the operating wavelength becomes longer
than the single mode cutoff wavelength?
The fundamental mode becomes increasingly lossy
38. Give two reasons why optical fiber manufacturers depart from the traditional circular
core cladding, low-loss glass fiber design?
To increase performance and reduce cost
39. Why do cable manufactures introduce a controlled twist to the stacked ribbons during
the cabling process?
To minimize fiber stress when the cable is bent
40. Which fiber optic component (splice, connector, or coupler) makes a permanent
connection in a distributed system?
Splice
41. What are the main causes of coupling loss?
Poor fiber end preparation and poor fiber alignment
42. When the axes of two connected fibers are no longer in parallel, the two connected
fibers are in what kind of misalignment?
Angular misalignment
43. Which are more sensitive to alignment errors, single mode or multimode fibers?
Single mode
44. Quality fiber-end preparation is essential for proper system operation. What property
must an optical fiber-end face have to ensure proper fiber connection?
Be flat, smooth, and perpendicular to the fiber axis
45. What is the basic fiber cleaving technique for preparing optical fibers for coupling?
Score-and-break
46. Fiber splicing is divided into two broad categories that describe the techniques used for
fiber splicing. What are they?
Mechanical and fusion splicing
47. What fiber property directly affects splice-loss in fusion splicing?
The angles and quality of the two fiber-end faces
48. What is a short discharge of electric current that prepares the fiber ends for fusion is
called?
Prefusion
49. Do small core distortions formed by arc fusion’s self-alignment mechanism have more of
an affect on light propagating through multimode or single mode fibers?
Single mode fibers
50. Which is the more critical parameter in maintaining total insertion loss below the
required level, fiber alignment of fiber mismatch?
Fiber alignment
51. Fiber optic connectors can reduce system performance by increasing what two types of
noise?
Modal and reflection
52. Which type of fiber optic connector (butt-jointed or expanded beam) brings the prepared
ends of two optical fibers into contact?
Butt-jointed connectors
53. Is coupling loss from fiber separation and lateral misalignment more critical in expanded
beam or butt-jointed connectors?
Butt-jointed connectors
54. Is coupling loss from angular misalignment more critical in expanded beam or butt-
jointed connectors?
Expanded beam connectors
55. Which type of optical splitter (Y-coupler or T-coupler) splits only a small amount of
power from the input fiber to one of the output fibers?
T-coupler
56. What two properties of the launch condition may affect multimode fiber attenuation
measurements?
Launch spot size and angular distribution
57. Does underfilling a multimode optical fiber excite mainly high-order of low-order modes?
Low-order modes
58. A mode filter is a device that attenuates specific modes propagating in the core of an
optical fiber. What mode propagating along single mode fibers do mode filters eliminate?
Second-order mode
59. What are the two most common types of mode filters?
Free-form loop and mandrel wrap
60. The cutoff wavelength of matched-clad and depressed-clad single mode fibers varies
according to the fiber’s radius of curvature and length. The cutoff wavelength of which
single mode fiber type is more sensitive to length?
Depressed-clad
61. What determines the range of wavelengths over which meaningful data is obtained for
calculating the chromatic dispersion?
The wavelength range of the optical source(s) used
62. Near-filed power distributions describe the emitted power per unit are in the near-field
region. Describe the near-field region.
The near-field region is the region close to the fiber0end face
63. How is the core diameter defined?
The core diameter is define as the diameter at which the near-filed intensity is 2.5
percent of the maximum intensity
64. Far-field power distributions describe the emitted power per unit area as a function of
angle theta in the far-field region. Describe the far-field region.
The far-field region is the region far from the fiber-end face
65. Will fiber coupling loss generally increase of decrease if the mode field diameter of a
single mode fiber is decreased?
Increase
66. In multimode fibers, how do fiber joints increase fiber attenuation following the joint?
By disturbing the fiber’s mode power distribution (MPD)
67. Reflectance is given as what ration?
The ratio of reflected optical power to incident optical power
68. When is an OTDR recommended for conducting field measurements on installed optical
fibers or links?
When installed optical fiber cables or links are 50 meters or more in length
69. An OTDR measure the fraction of light that is reflected back from the fiber or link under
test. What causes light to be reflected back into the OTDR?
Rayleigh scattering and Fresnel reflection
70. What is a temporary or permanent local deviation of the OTDR signal in the upward of
downward direction called?
A point defect
71. Why is dead-zone fiber placed between the test fiber and OTDR when conducting
attenuation measurements?
To reduce the effect of the initial reflection at the OTDR
72. The amount of backscattered optical power at each point depends on what two
properties?
Forward optical power and backscatter capture coefficient

Notes 2: Coaching Materials in Fiber Optics Part 2

73. Semiconductor LEDs emit incoherent light. Define incoherent light.
Light waves that lack a fixed-phase relationship
74. What are the two most common semiconductor materials used in electronic and electro-
optic devices?
Silicon and gallium arsenide
75. Describe the stimulated emission.
A photon initially produced by a spontaneous emission in the active region interacts
with the laser material to produce additional photons
76. What are the three basic LED types?
Surface-emitting LEDs (SLEDs) edge-emitting LEDs (ELEDs) and super luminescent
diodes (SLDs)
77. Which types of LEDs are the preferred optical sources for short-distance, low-data-rate
fiber optic systems?
SLEDs and ELEDs
78. What are facets?
Cut or polished surfaces at each end of the narrow active region of an ELED
79. What is the lowest current at which stimulated emission exceeds spontaneous emission
in a semiconductor laser called?
Threshold current
80. Which type of optical source usually lacks reflective facets and in some cases is
designed to suppress reflections back into the active region?
LED
81. How does the source drive circuit intensity modulate the source?
By varying the current through the source
82. What is a prebias?
A current applied in the laser off state just less than the threshold current
83. What are the two types of output interfaces for fiber optic transmitters?
Optical connectors and optical fiber pigtails
84. What type of source is typically used in low-data-rate digital applications?
LED
85. Why would a laser diode be used in a low-data-rate digital application?
When extremely high transmitter output powers are required
86. What type of source is generally used in high-data-rate digital applications?
Laser diode

OPTICAL DETECTORS AND FIBE OPTIC RECEIVERS

87. Which performance parameter is the minimum amount of optical power required to
achieve a specific bit-error rate (BER) in digital systems or a given signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR) in analog systems?
Receiver sensitivity
88. List the two principal optical detectors used in fiber optic systems.
The semiconductor positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) photodiode and avalanche
photodiode (APD)
89. What are the four most common materials used in semiconductor detector fabrication?
Silicon, gallium arsenide, germanium and indium phosphide
90. What is a photocurrent?
The current produced when photons are incident on the detector active area
91. Define responsivity.
The ratio of the optical detector’s output photocurrent in amperes to the incident
optical power in watts
92. How are PIN photodiodes usually biased?
Reverse-biased
93. What is the dark current?
The leakage current that continues to flow through a photodetector when there is no
incident light
94. Will dark current increase or decrease as the temperature of the photodiode increases?
Increase
95. Should the capacitance of the photodetector be kept small or large to prevent the RC
time constant from limiting the response time?
Small
96. Trade-offs between competing effects are necessary for high speed response. Which
competing effect (fast transit time, low capacitance, or high quantum efficiency) requires a
thin active area?
Fast Transit time
97. Why is detector saturation not generally a problem in fiber optic communications
systems?
Because fiber optic communications systems operate at low optical power levels
98. How can the gain of an APD be increased?
By increasing the reverse-bias voltage
99. List the key operational parameters used to define receiver performance.
Receiver sensitivity, bandwidth, and dynamic range
100. List the main types of receiver noise.
Thermal noise, dark current noise, and quantum noise
101. What is the main factor that determines receiver sensitivity?
Noise
102. For a reduction in thermal noise, should the value of the detector’s load resistor be
increased or decreased?
Increased
103. What are two types of noise that manifest themselves as shot noise?
Dark current and quantum noise
104. What are the two basic types of preamplifiers used in fiber optic receivers?
The high-impedance amplifier and the transimpedance amplifier
105. Which preamplifier design (high-impedance or transimpedance) provides
improvements in bandwidth and greater dynamic range with some degradation in sensitivity
from an increase in noise?
Transimpedance
106. For what types of applications are APDs generally used?
For high-data-rate applications and for low- or moderate-data-rate applications where
receivers with extremely low sensitivities are required
107. What type of modulation do most analog fiber optic communications systems use?
Intensity modulation
108. What two analyses are performed to determine if a link design is viable?
Power budget and rise time budget
109. Optical fibers or cables should never be bent at a radius of curvature smaller than a
certain value. Identify this radius of curvature.
Minimum bend radius
110. In fiber optics, the main disadvantage of plastic over glass fiber is
high attenuation
111. The wavelength of visible spectrum is within the range of
0.4 to 0.8 microns
112. Range of frequency used for fiber optic (FO) system is
100 – 1000 THz
113. The bending of light rays due to change in velocity as a result of traveling from one
medium to the other.
Refraction
114. What is the infrared range used for fiber optics in Angstrom?
7,000 to 12,000
115. In fiber optic system, the core of PCs fiber is
Glass
116. What is the primary specification of a fiber cable usually expressed as the loss in
dB/km?
Attenuation
117. What is the most widely used light generator in fiber optic system?
Injection laser diode
118. A more widely used and most sensitive photosensor is _____.
Avalanche photodiode
119. Attenuation null is fiber optic occurs at what wavelength?
1.3 microns
120. 1 angstrom is equal to how many microns?
0.0001 microns
121. 1 angstrom is equal to how many nanometers?
10 ns
122. A measure of quality of a fiber optic system.
Maximum distance between repeaters
123. The average maximum distance between repeaters in a fiber optic system.
10 - 30 km
124. Fiber optics performance is usually indicated by
product of bit rate and distance
125. The external incident angle for which light will propagate in the fiber is known as
_____.
Acceptance angle
126. In fiber optics, the dominant loss mechanisms in silica fiber are _____.
Absorption and Rayleigh Scattering Loss
127. Rayleigh Scattering Loss at 8020 nm has a typical value of _____.
2.5 dB
128. Loss due to valence electron:
UV absorption
129. Laser used in fiber optic communications.
Semiconductor laser
130. What is the maximum data rate for fiber optics?
10 Gbps
131. What is the typical bandwidth of the single-mode step-index fiber?
50 to 100 GHz/km
132. What is the achievable rate of single-mode step-index fiber as used in digital
communication?
2 Gigabytes
133. What is the typical margin of safety in dB used in preparing the power budget for fiber-
optic system?
5 – 10 dB

FIBER OPTIC PROBLEMS

134. A fiber has an index of refraction of 1.6 for the core and 1.4 for the cladding. Calculate:
(a) critical angle (b) angle of refraction for angle of incidence of 30 degrees (c) angle of
refraction for angle of incidence of 70 degrees.
(a) 61 degrees (b) 34.8 degrees (c) 70 degrees

135. Calculate the numerical aperture and the maximum angle of acceptance for the fiber
that has an index of refraction of 1.6 for the core and 1.4 for the cladding.
N.A. = 0.775 / 50.8 degrees

136. A single-mode fiber has a numerical aperture of 0.15. what is the maximum core
diameter it could have for use with infrared light with a wavelength of 820 nm?
4.2 um

137. An optical fiber has a bandwidth-distance product of 500 MHz-km. if a bandwidth of 85

MHz is required for a particular mode of transmission, what is the maximum distance that
can be used between repeaters?
5.88 km

138. The fiber has zero dispersion at a wavelength of 1310 nm and has a zero-dispersion
slope of 0.05 ps (nm2-km). Calculate the total dispersion of 50 km of this fiber when it is
used with a source having a line width of 2 nm at a wavelength of 1550 nm.
949 ps

139. Find the bandwidth and bandwidth distance product for the fiber with total dispersion of
949 ps and a total length of 50 km.
B = 526.8 MHz, Bandwidth-Distance product = 26.3 GHz-km

140. Find the energy in electronvolts, in one photon at a wavelength of 1 um.

E = 1.24 eV

141. A typical photodiode has an input optical power of 500 nW. Calculate the diode
current.
150 nA

142. A fiber optic link extends for 40 km. The laser diode emitter has an output power of 1.5
mW, and the receiver requires a signal strength of -25 dBm for a satisfactory signal-to-noise
ratio. The fiber is available in lengths of 2.5 km and can be spliced with a loss of 0.25 dB
per slice. The fiber has a loss of 0.3 dB/km. The total of all the connector losses at the two
ends is 4 dB. Calculate the available system margin.
7.01 dB
143. A 45 km length of fiber must not lengthen pulses by more than 100 ns. Find the
maximum permissible value for the pulse spreading contrast.
2.22 ns/km
144. A fiber is rated as having a bandwidth-distance product of 500 MHz-km. Find its
dispersion in ns/km, and the rise time of a pulse in a 5 km length of this cable.
5 ns

Coaching Materials in Modulation

Notes 1: Coaching Materials in Modulation Part 1
1. What is heterodyning?
Ans. Mixing two frequencies across a nonlinear impedance.
2. What waveform is the basis of all complex waveforms?
Ans. The sine wave
3. What is the instantaneous amplitude of a sine wave?
Ans. The value at any given point on the sine wave
4. What term describes how much of a cycle has been completed?
Ans. Phase or phase angle.
5. Define the heterodyne principle.
Ans. Process of combining two signal frequencies in a nonlinear device.
6. What is a nonlinear impedance?
Ans. An impedance in which the resulting current is not proportional to the applied
voltage.
7. What is spectrum analysis?
Ans. The display of electromagnetic energy that is arranged according to wavelength
or frequency.
8. What two conditions are necessary for heterodyning to take place?
Ans. At least two different frequencies applied to a nonlinear impedance.
9. Name two methods of oscillator keying.
Ans. Plate keying and Cathode keying
10. State the method used to increase the speed of keying in a CW transmitter.
Ans. Machine keying
11. Name a disadvantage of a single-stage CW transmitter.
Ans. Antenna –to-ground capacitance can cause the oscillator frequency to vary
12. What is the purpose of frequency-multiplier stages in a VHF transmitter?
Ans. To raise the low frequency of a stable oscillator to the vhf range.
13. What are the two major sections of a typical AM transmitter?
Ans. Rf and af units
14. When 100 kilohertz and 5 kilohertz are heterodyned, what frequencies are present?
Ans. 100 kilohertz, 5 kilohertz, 95 kilohertz, and 105 kilohertz
15. What determines the bandwidth of an AM transmission?
Ans. The highest modulating frequency
16. What is percent of modulation?
Ans. The depth or degree of modulation
17. With a single modulating tone, what is the amplitude of frequencies at 100-percent
modulation?
Ans. One-half the amplitude of the carrier
18. What is the formula for percent of modulation?
Ans. %M = Em/Ec x 100%
19. What is high-level modulation?
Ans. Modulation produced in the plate circuit of the last radio stage of the system.
20. For what class of operation is the final rf power amplifier of a plate-modulator circuit
based?
Ans. Class C
21. The modulator is required to be what kind of a circuit stage in a plate modulator?
Ans. Power amplifier
22. How much must the fpa plate current vary to produce 100-percent modulation in a plate
modulator?
Ans. Between 0 and nearly two times its unmodulated value
23. The collector-injection modulator is similar to what type of tube modulator?
Ans. Plate modulator
24. When is a control-grid modulator used?
Ans. In cases when the use of a minimum of af modulator power is desired.
25. What type of modulator is the cathode modulator (low- or high-level)?
Ans. Low-level
26. What causes the change in collector current in an emitter-injection modulator?
Ans. Gain is varied by changing the voltage on the emitter

ANGLE AND PULSE MODULATION

27. What are the two types of angle modulation?
Ans. Frequency and phase
28. Name the modulation system in which the frequency alternates between two discrete
values in response to the opening and closing of a key?
Ans. Frequency-shift keying
29. What is the primary advantage of an FSK transmission system?
Ans. Resistance to noise interference
30. What characteristic of a carrier wave is varied in frequency modulation?
Ans. Instantaneous frequency
31. How is the degree of modulation expressed in an FM system?
Ans. As the ratio of the frequency deviation to the maximum frequency deviation
allowable
32. What two values may be used to determine the bandwidth of an FM wave?
Ans. The number of significant sidebands and the modulation frequency.
33. How does the reactance-tube modulator impress intelligence onto an RF carrier?
Ans. By changing the reactance of an oscillator circuit in consonance with the
modulating voltage.
34. What characteristic of a transistor is varied in a semiconductor-reactance modulator?
Ans. Collector-to-emitter capacitance
35. What circuit section is required in the output of a multivibrator modulator to eliminate
unwanted output frequencies?
Ans. An LCR filter
36. What characteristic of a varactor is used in an FM modulator?
Ans. Capacitance
37. What type of modulation depends on the carrier-wave phase shift?
Ans. Phase
38. What components may be used to build a basic phase modulator?
Ans. A phase-shift network such a s a variable resistor and capacitor in series
39. Phase-shift keying is similar to what other two types of modulation?
Ans. CW and frequency-shift keying
40. Overmodulating an RF carrier in amplitude modulation produces a waveform which is
similar to what modulated waveform?
Ans. Pulse modulation
41. What is prt?
Ans. Pulse-repetition time
42. What is nonpulse time?
Ans. Rest time
43. What is average power in a pulsed system?
Ans. Peak power during a pulse averaged over pulse time plus rest time
44. What action is necessary to impress intelligence on the pulse train in pulse modulation?
Ans. Some characteristic of the pulses has to be varied
45. To insure the accuracy of a transmission, what is the minimum number of times a
modulation wave should be sampled in pulse modulation?
Ans. 2.5 times the highest modulation frequency
46. What, if any, noise susceptibility advantage exists for pulse-amplitude modulation over
analog-amplitude modulation?
Ans. Both are susceptible to noise and interference
47. What characteristics of a pulse can be changed in pulse-time modulation?
Ans. The time duration of the pulses or the time of occurrence of the pulses
48. Which edges of the pulse can be modulated in pulse-duration modulation?
Ans. Either, or both at the same time
49. What is the main disadvantage of pulse-position modulation?
Ans. It requires synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
50. If a modulating wave is sampled 10 times per cycle with a 5-element binary code, how
many bits of information are required to transmit the signal?
Ans. 50
51. What is the primary advantage of pulse-modulation systems?
Ans. Low susceptibility to noise

DEMODULATION
52. What is the simplest form of CW detector?
Ans. A circuit that can detect the presence or absence of RF energy
53. What principle is used to help distinguish between two CW signals that are close in
frequency?
Ans. Heterodyning
54. How does heterodyning distinguish between CW signals?
Ans. By giving a different beat frequency for each signal
55. What simple, one-transistor detector circuit uses the heterodyne principle?
Ans. Regenerative detector
56. What three functions does the transistor in a regenerative detector serve?
Ans. Oscillator, mixer, and detector
57. What does the simplest diode detector use to reproduce the modulating frequency?
Ans. The modulation envelope
58. What is the function of the diode in a series-diode detector?
Ans. Rectifies the RF pulses in the received signal.
59. Which junction of the transistor in the common-emitter detector detects the modulation
envelope?
Ans. Emitter-base junction
60. How is the output signal developed in the common-emitter detector?
Ans. By the collector current flow through R4
61. Which junction acts as the detector in a common-base detector?
Ans. Emitter-base junction
62. To what circuit arrangement is a common-base detector equivalent?
Ans. A diode detector followed by a stage of audio amplification.
63. What is the simplest form of FM detector?
Ans. Slope detector
64. What type of tank circuit is used in the Foster-Seeley discriminator?
Ans. A double-tuned tank circuit
65. What is the primary advantage of a ratio detector?
Ans. Suppresses amplitude noise without limiter stages.
66. What circuit functions does the tube in a gated-beam detector serve?
Ans. Limits, detects, and amplifies.
67. What condition must exist on both the limiter and quadrature grids for current to flow in a
gated-beam detector?
Ans. Both grids must be positively biased
68. Name two advantages of the gated-beam detector.
Ans. Extreme simplicity, few components, and ease of adjustment.
69. Where is the intelligence contained in a phase-modulated signal?
Ans. In the amount and rate of phase shift of the carrier wave.
70. How is a quadrature detector changed when used for phase demodulation?
Ans. The quadrature grid signal is excited by a reference from the transmitter.
71. In its simplest form, what functions must a radar detector be capable of performing?
Ans. Detecting the presence of RF energy.
72. What characteristic of pulse does a peak detector sample?
Ans. Pulse amplitude or pulse duration
73. What is the time constant of the resistor and capacitor in a peak detector for PAM?
Ans. At least 10 times the interpulse period

MODULATION/RECEIVERS/TRANSMITTERS
74. The power output of a single-sideband transmitter is normally expressed as the _____
power.
Ans. peak envelope *
75. SSB modulation is classified as ______
Ans. AM *

Notes 2: Coaching Materials in Modulation Part 2

76. Used to suppress carrier in single sideband transmitters.
Ans. balance modulator *
77. Carrier is said to be overmodulated if the positive peak rises to a value _____ of the
maximum unmodulated carrier.
Ans. more than twice *
78. Class of bias produce least harmonics
Ans. class A *
79. Devices used to make modulated envelope visible.
Ans. oscilloscope *
80. What will be the result in balanced modulation if not perfectly balanced.
Ans. the carrier is transmitted *
81. Advantage of series modulation
Ans. generate high power *
82. Filter attenuates signals, passes below and above that band.
Ans. band stop *
83. To provide 2 or more voice currents with same carrier.
Ans. ISM emission *
84. To raise the power levels of AM signals, the class of amplifier used is _____.
Ans. class A *
85. Supposed a voice frequency of 400 Hz is transmitted on an AM radio station operating
on 590 kHz, the voice frequency 400 Hz is NOT the ______ frequency.
Ans. modulated *
86. What will normal AM receiver detect from an unmodulated RF AC wave?
Ans. nothing *
87. Splatter is the result of ________.
Ans. overmodulation *
88. What happens in standard AM transmission, no modulating signal is being transmitted?
Ans. there are no sidebands *
89. B8E, form of modulation also known as ______.
Ans. Independent Sideband Transmission *
90. Colloquial term describes additional side frequencies produced by overmodulation or
distortion in AM.
Ans. splatter *
91. Shape trapezoidal pattern at 100% modulation.
Ans. triangle
92. What is the effect if the gain level being too high for signals entering the modulator?
Ans. distortion and splatter *
93. The RF signal produce; carrier frequency (fc) minus modulating frequency (fm).
Ans. LSB *
94. Mixer is also known as:
Ans. converter *
95. In filter design, the maximum SB suppression is:
Ans. 50 dB *
96. Transmitter power output in SSB operation is expressed in terms of
Ans. PEP *
97. For SSB transmitter, the average power is typically _____ of the peak envelope power,
with the typical human speech.
Ans. 1/4to 1/3 *
98. Modulation system most noise resistant
Ans. FM *
99. Pre-emphasis provides extra noise immunity by
Ans. converting phase modulation to FM *
100. The three major types of demodulators:
Ans. Foster-Seely, Quadrature, PLL *
101. In a frequency synthesizer, smallest amount which output frequency can be changed?
Ans. resolution *
102. Internal capacitance, causes feedback produces same effect on…
Ans. Miller effect *
103. Small length of wire found in some RF equipment, connected only at one end and use
as a capacitance to ground.
Ans. gimmick *
104. Movement of signal from one frequency to another using mixer-oscillator combination.
Ans. frequency translation *
105. Feature of modulating tone, FM deviation is proportional
Ans. amplitude *
106. Modulating 2 waves of the same frequency, but with _____ phase difference is
equivalent to modulating both amplitude and phase of the same carrier.
Ans. 90 degrees *
107. Frequency of unmodulated carrier of an FM.
Ans. rest frequency *
108. What determines stations that will be selected by a tuner?
Ans. resonant frequency of tuner *
109. Periodic waveforms consist of add harmonics.
Ans. square wave *
110. Major problem with VHF oscillator.
Ans. poor frequency stability *
111. What happens to a spectrum of repetitive pulse as the pulse width decrease?
Ans. more harmonics of the same phase *
112. Keyed AGC is AGC that
Ans. is used in TV receivers *
113. Main disadvantage of single-tube transmitter.
Ans. frequency instability *
114. What is reduced by rounding off square wave emission.
Ans. bandwidth *
115. Gained by operating oscillator on some subharmonic of frequency.
Ans. frequency stability *
116. Multiplexing, oldest and simplest.
Ans. space division multiplexing *
117. Device display signal state of many lines simultaneously.
Ans. logic analyzer *
118. Most common IF carrier frequency.
Ans. 70 MHz *
119. Citizen Band (CB) Radio Service is a two-way voice communication device, it uses
frequency range from ______ MHz.
Ans. 26.965 to 27.405 *
120. What determines the rate of frequency swing for an FM broadcast transmitter?
Ans. modulation frequency *
121. In PLL demodulating an FM signal.
Ans. VCOout = FMin *
122. In PLL frequency modulator, fm
Ans. error signal *
123. Find the modulation index if a 10 V carrier is amplitude-modulated by three different
frequencies with amplitudes of 1 V, 2 V, and 3 V, respectively.
Ans. 0.374

124. Calculate the modulation index for a waveform with a maximum voltage of 150 V and
minimum voltage of 70 V.
Ans. 0.364 or 36.4%

125. An AM broadcast transmitter has a carrier power output of 50 kW. What is the total
power would be produced with 80% modulation?
Ans. 66 kW
126. An AM broadcast transmitter has a carrier power output of 50 kW. What is the power in
one sideband with 80% modulation?
Ans. 8 kW

127. An AM broadcast transmitter has a carrier power output of 50 kW. What is the total
sideband power with 80% modulation?
Ans. 16 kW

128. An AM broadcast transmitter radiates 66 kW power when 100% modulated. If the

carrier and one sideband is suppressed, how much power is save?
Ans. 55 kW

129. A transmitter with 10 kW carrier power transmit 12 kW when modulated with a single
sine wave. When modulated with another sinewave at 50% modulation, calculate the total
transmitted power.
Ans. 13.25 *

130. The rms antenna current of a transmitter is 10 A when unmodulated, it increases by 2

A when modulated. Calculate the modulation index.
Ans. 93.8% *

131. In SSBSC system, if the peak envelope power (PEP) is 10 W, what will be the value of
the maximum instantaneous peak power?
Ans. 20 W *

132. In SSBSC system, if the peak voltage is 25 volts and the load resistance is 50 ohms,
what will be the value of the peak envelope power (PEP)?
Ans. 6.25 W *
133. A carrier wave with an RMS voltage of 20 V and a frequency = 1.5 MHz, is modulated
by a sine wave with a frequency of 500 Hz and amplitude of 10 VRMS. Determine the peak
voltage of the carrier and of the lower side frequency.
Ans. 28.3 V; 7.1 V *

134. An FM modulator has a modulator deviation constant of kf = 30 kHz/V and operates at

a carrier frequency of 175 MHz. Find the output frequency instantaneous value of the
modulating signal equal to -2V.
Ans. 174.94 MHz

135. An FM modulator has a modulator deviation constant of kf = 30 kHz/V and operates at

a carrier frequency of 175 MHz is modulated by a 3 V sine wave. Calculate the deviation.
Ans. 127.2 kHz

136. An FM broadcast transmitter operates at its maximum deviation of 75 kHz. Find the
modulation index for a sinusoidal modulation signal with a frequency of 50 Hz.
Ans. 1500

137. A phase modulator has a phase modulator sensitivity of kp = 2 radians per volt. What
RMS voltage of a sine wave would cause a peak phase deviation of 60 degrees?
Ans. 0.37 V

138. An FM communications transmitter has a maximum frequency deviation of 5 kHz and a

range of modulating frequencies from 300 Hz to 3 kHz. What is the maximum phase shift
that it produces?
Ans. 16.7 radians
139. An FM communications transmitter has a maximum frequency deviation of 5 kHz and a
range of modulating frequencies from 300 Hz to 3 kHz. What is the minimum phase shift
that it produces?
Ans. 1.67 radians
140. A phase modulation system, has a modulation index mp = 1.5, what is maximum
phase shift?
Ans. 86 degrees *

141. A phase modulator has a sensitivity of kp = 3 radians per volt. How much frequency
deviation does it produces with a sine-wave input of 2 V peak at a frequency of 1 kHz?
Ans. 6 kHz

142. An FM signal has a deviation of 3 kHz and a modulating frequency of 1 kHz. Its total
power is 5 W, developed across a 50-ohm resistive load. The carrier frequency is 160 MHz.
Using Carson’s rule, calculate the bandwidth of the signal.
Ans. 16 kHz

143. An FM signal has a modulation index, mf = 3 and a modulating frequency of 2 kHz. Its
total power is 5W, developed across a 50-ohm resistive load. The carrier frequency is 160
MHz. Using Carson’s rule, calculate the bandwidth of the signal.
Ans. 16 kHz

144. An FM signal has a frequency deviation of 5 kHz and a modulating frequency of 1 kHz.
The signal to noise ratio at the input to the receiver detector is 20 dB. Calculate the
approximate signal-to-noise ratio at the detector output.
Ans. 34 dB

145. A crytal oscillator is accurate within 0.0005%. How far off frequency could be at 27
MHz?
Ans. 135 Hz
146. A transmitter has a carrier power output of 10 W at an efficiency of 70%. How much
power must be supplied by the modulating amplifier for 100% modulation?
Ans. 7.14 W

147. A transmitter operates from a 12 V supply, with a collector current of 2 A. The

modulation transformer has a turns ratio of 4:1. What is the load impedance seen by the
audio amplifier?
Ans. 96 ohms

148. A collector modulated class C amplifier has a carrier output power Pc of 100 W and an
efficiency of 70%. Calculate the supply power and the transistor power dissipation with
100% modulation.
Ans. Ps = 214 W; Pd= 64 W

149. An AM transmitter is required to produce 10 W of carrier power when operating from a

15 V supply. What is the required load impedance as seen from the collector?
Ans. 11.25 ohms

150. A portable radio transmitter has to operate transmitter has to operate at temperature
from -5 to 35 degrees C. If its signal is derived from a crystal oscillator with a temperature
coefficient of +1 ppm per degree Celsius and it transmits at exactly 146 MHz at 20 degrees
C, find the transmitting frequency at the upper temperature limit.
Ans. 146.00219 MHz

151. A phase-locked loop has a VCO with a free-running frequency of 12 MHz. As the
frequency of the reference input is gradually raised from zero, the loop locks at 10 MHz and
comes out again at 16 MHz. Find the capture range and lock range.
Ans. Capture range = 4 MHz, Lock range = 8 MHz

Coaching Materials in Microwave Communications

 Notes 1: Coaching Materials in Microwave Communications Part 1
1. Which is a possible polarization for an electromagnetic wave:
Answer: Circular *
2. Which polarization can be reasonably well received by a circularly polarized antenna:
Answer: Circular *
3. The number of circular polarization modes (directions) is:
Answer: 2 *
4. When an EM wave propagates in free space, it travels as a ___.
Answer: TEM
5. An antenna has "gain" as compared to:
Answer: an isotropic radiator
6. Ground waves are most effective:
Answer: below about 2 MHz *
7. Band most suitable for SSB operation
Answer: 3-30 MHz
8. Frequency band used with submarine
Answer: ELF
9. The SHF range of frequency:
Answer: 3 – 30 GHz
10. Sky waves cannot be heard:
Answer: in the “skip” zone *
11. A 20-dB reduction in the strength of a radio wave due to reflection is called:
Answer: Fading *
12. “Ghosts” on a TV screen are an example of:
Answer: multipath distortion
13. Frequency band most suitable for LOS propagation:
Answer: VHF
14. The troposphere is the:
Answer: lowest layer of the atmosphere
15. The cumulative sum of the direct, ground-reflected, and surface waves is referred to as
____.
Answer: Ground wave
16. It is an earth-guided electromagnetic wave that travels over the surface of the earth
Answer: Surface wave
17. ________ travels essentially in a straight line between the transmit and the receive
antennas
Answer: Direct waves
18. The curvature of the Earth presents a horizon to space wave propagation commonly
called ___.
Answer: Virtual Height
19. It is the height above Earth’s surface from which a reflected wave appears to have been
reflected.
Answer: Virtual Height
20. It is the highest frequency that can be used for sky wave propagation between two
specific points on Earth’s surface
Answer: Maximum Usable Frequency
21. 85 percent of the maximum usable frequency (MUF) is called ____.
Answer: Optimum Working Frequency (OWF)
22. It is defined as the minimum distance from the transmit antenna that a sky wave at a
given frequency will be returned to earth.
Answer: Skip distance
23. At distances greater than the skip distance, two rays can take different paths and still be
returned to the same point on Earth. The two rays are called lower rays and
Answer: Pedersen ray or upper ray
24. The area between where the surface waves are completely dissipated and the point
where the first sky wave returns to earth is called
Answer: Quiet zone or Skip zone
25. It is defined as the loss incurred by an electromagnetic wave as it propagates in a
straight line through a vacuum with no absorption or reflection of energy from nearby
objects
Answer: Free-space path loss
26. For a carrier frequency of 6 GHz and a distance of 50 km, determine the free-space
path loss
Answer: 142 dB
27. The propagation velocity of longitudinal waves depends on the ___ of the medium
Answer: compressibility
28. Bending of radio waves from high density to low density
Answer: refraction
29. Only layer exist at night
Answer: F2
30. Most dense of all the ionized layer of ionosphere
Answer: F2
31. Present only during daytime
Answer: D
32. “Beyond the horizon” propagation
Answer: troposcatter
33. Radiation occurring on frequencies which are whole or multiple of the original desired
frequencies is called
Answer: harmonic radiation
34. The velocity of radio waves ___ as it passes from air to the ionosphere.
Answer: increases
35. Ducts often are formed over
Answer: bodies of water
36. Meteor-trail propagation is
Answer: used to send data by radio *
37. It states that every point on a given spherical wavefront can be considered as a
secondary point source of electromagnetic waves from which other secondary waves or
wavelets are radiated outward.
Answer: Huygen’s principle
38. Electromagnetic waves traveling within Earth’s atmosphere is called ____.
Answer: Terrestrial wave
39. What is the region of the frequency spectrum from 1000 MHz to 100,000 MHz called?
Answer: Microwave region
40. Microwave theory is based upon what concept
Answer: Electromagnetic field theory
41. What kind of material must be used in the construction of waveguides?
Answer: Conductive Material
42. What causes the current-carrying area at the center conductor of a coaxial line to be
restricted to a small layer at the surface?
Answer: Skin effect
43. What is used as a dielectric in waveguides?
Answer: Air
44. What is the primary lover-frequency limitation of waveguides?
Answer: Physical size
45. At very high frequencies, what characteristics are displayed by ordinary insulators?
Answer: The characteristics of the dielectric of a capacitor
46. What type of insulator works well at very high frequencies?
Answer: A shorted quarter-wave section called a metallic insulator
47. The frequency range of a waveguide is determined by what dimension?
Answer: The “a” dimension
48. What happens to the bus bar dimensions of the waveguide when the frequency is
increased?
Answer: The bus bar becomes wider
49. When the frequency is decreased so that two quarter-wavelengths are longer than the
“a” (wide) dimension of the waveguide, what will happen?
Answer: Energy will no longer pass through the waveguide
50. What interaction causes energy to travel down a waveguide?
Answer: The interaction of the electric and magnetic fields
51. What is indicated by the number of arrows (closeness of spacing) used to represent an
electric field?
Answer: The relative strength of the field
52. What primary condition must magnetic lines of force meet in order to exist?
Answer: Magnetic lines of force must form a continuous closed loop
53. What happens to the H lines between the conductors of a coil when the conductors are
close together?
Answer: The H lines cancel
54. For an electric field to exist at the surface of a conductor, the field must have what
angular relationship to the conductor?
Answer: The field must be perpendicular to the conductors
55. Assuming the wall of a waveguide is perfectly flat, what is the angular relationship
between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection?
Answer: The angles are equal
56. What is the frequency called that produces angles of incidence and reflection that are
perpendicular to the waveguide walls?
Answer: Cutoff Frequency
57. Compared to the velocity of propagation of waves in air, what is the velocity of
propagation of waves in waveguides?
Answer: Slower
58. What term is used to identify the forward progress velocity of wavefronts in a
waveguide?
Answer: Group velocity
59. What term is used to identify each of the many field configurations that can exist in
waveguides?
Answer: Mode of Operation
60. What field configuration is the easiest to produce in a given waveguide?
Answer: Dominant mode
61. How is the cutoff wavelength of a circular waveguide figured?
Answer: 1.71 times the diameter
62. The field arrangements in waveguides are divided into what two categories to describe
the various modes of operation?
Answer: Transverse electric (TE) and Transverse magnetic (TM)
63. The electric field is perpendicular to the “a” dimension of a waveguide in what mode?
Answer: TE
64. What determined the frequency, bandwidth, and power-handling capability of a
waveguide probe?
Answer: Size and shape
65. Loose or inefficient coupling of energy into or out of a a waveguide can be
accomplished by the use of what method?
Answer: Slots and apertures
66. What is used to construct irises?
Answer: Metal plates
67. An iris placed along the “b” dimension wall produces what kind of reactance?
Answer: Inductive
68. How will an iris that has portions along both the “a” and “b” dimension walls act at the
resonant frequency?
Answer: As a shunt resistance
69. What device is used to produce a gradual change in impedance at the end of a
waveguide?
Answer: Horn
70. When a waveguide is terminated in a resistive load, the load must be matched to what
property of the waveguide?
Answer: Characteristic Impedance

Notes 2: Coaching Materials in Microwave Communications Part 2

71. What is the primary purpose of a dummy load?
Answer: Absorb all energy without producing standing waves
72. The energy dissipated by a resistive load is most often in what form?
Answer: Heat
73. What is the result of an abrupt change in the size, shape, or dielectric of a waveguide?
Answer: Reflections
74. A waveguide bend must have what minimum radius?
Answer: Greater than 2 wavelengths
75. What is the most common type of waveguide joint?
Answer: Choke joint
76. What is the most likely cause of losses in waveguide system?
Answer: Improperly connected joints or damaged inner surface
77. What is the primary purpose of a directional coupler?
Answer: Sampling energy within a waveguide
78. How far apart are the two holes in a simple directional coupler?
Answer: ¼ wavelength
79. What two variables determine the primary frequency of a resonant cavity?
Answer: Size and shape of the cavity
80. Energy can be inserted or removed from a cavity by what three methods?
Answer: Probes, Loops, and Slots
81. Inductive tuning of a resonant cavity is accomplished by placing a nonmagnetic slug in
what area?
Answer: The area of maximum H lines
82. Ferrite devices are useful in microwave applications because they possess what
properties?
Answer: Magnetic properties and high resistance
83. Which of the two types of electron motion (orbital movement and electron spin) is more
important in the explanation of magnetism?
Answer: Electron spin
84. Rotating the plane of polarization of a wavefront by passing it through a ferrite device is
called what?
Answer: Faraday rotation

MICROWAVE COMPONENTS AND CIRCUITS

85. What is the primary advantage of bulk-effect devices over normal pn-junction
semiconductors?
Answer: Larger microwave power outputs
86. What happens to the electrons of a gallium-arsenide semiconductor when they move
from the normal low-energy conduction band to the high-energy conduction band?
Answer: The electrons become immobile
87. The point on the current curve of a gallium-arsenide semiconductor at which it begins to
exhibit negative resistance is called what?
Answer: Threshold
88. The domain in a gallium-arsenide semiconductor has what type of electrical field when
compared to the other regions across the body of a semiconductor?
Answer: A field of much greater intensity
89. What characteristic of a gunn oscillator is inversely proportional to the transit time of the
domain across the semiconductor?
Answer: Frequency
90. What is the junction arrangement of the original avalanche transit-time diode?
Answer: pnin
91. What causes dc bias energy to be absorbed by avalanche electrons and given up to the
microwave field applied to an avalanche transit-time diode?
Answer: the negative-resistance property
92. What is the capacitive reactance across a point-contact diode as compared to a normal
junction diode?
Answer: lower
93. What are the most important advantages of the Schottky barrier diode?
Answer: lower forward resistance and low noise
94. At frequencies above 100 MHz, the intrinsic (i) region causes a pin diode to act as
what?
Answer: variable resistance
95. The pin diode is primarily used for what purpose?
Answer: a switching device
96. The microwave tube that is a linear beam tube, in which the interaction between the
beam and the RF field is continuous, is the ___.
Answer: traveling wave tube
97. In microwave communications, what concepts may be used to analyze interference by
obstacles near the path of a radio beam?
Answer: Fresnel zone
98. The scope of radar system displays ___.
Answer: target range, but not position *
99. Blind speed solution is to
Answer: vary the pulse repetitive rate
100. The band using frequency in the band of 27-40 GHz is ____.
Answer: ka
101. The IF bandwidth of a radar receiver is inversely proportional to the ________.
Answer: pulse width
102. Carrier frequency 8 GHz and a distance 50 km. Determine FSL.
Answer: 144.48 dB

103. Calculate the effective radiated power (ERP) of a repeater with 200 W transmitting
power output, 1 dB feedline loss, 3 dB duplexer loss, 3 dB circulator loss, and feedline
antenna gain of 10 dB?
Answer: 398 W
104. Find the cutoff frequency for the TE10 mode in an air-dielectric waveguide with an
inside cross section of 2 cm by 4 cm.
Answer: 3.75 GHz

105. Find the cutoff wavelength of a waveguide with a dimension of 2 cm by 4 cm.

Answer: 8 cm
106. Find the cutoff wavelength of a circular waveguide with an internal radius of 2 cm and
a Bessel constant kr = 1.84
Answer: 0.068 m or 6.8 cm

107. Find the group velocity for the waveguide with a cutoff frequency of 3.75 GHz and
operating at 5 GHz.
Answer: 198 x 10^6 m/s

108. Find the characteristic impedance of the waveguide used with a cutoff frequency of
3.75 GHz at a frequency of 5 GHz
Answer: 570 ohms

109. Find the guide wavelength for the waveguide used with a phase velocity of 454 x 10^6
m/s at a frequency of 5 GHz
Answer: 9.08 cm
110. A microwave communication uses plane reflector as passive repeaters. The diameter
of the parabolic antenna is 18 ft., while the effective area is 310 ft^2. Determine the reflector
coupling factor.
Answer: 0.906

RADAR
111. Radar surface-angular measurements are referenced to true north and measured in
what plane?
Horizontal Plane
112. The distance from a radar set to a target measured along the line of sight is identified
by what term?
Range
113. How much time is required for electromagnetic energy to travel 1 nautical mile and
return to the source?
12.36 microseconds
114. In addition to recovery time, what determines the minimum range of a radar set?
Pulse width
115. Atmospheric interference with the travel of electromagnetic energy increases with what
rf energy characteristic?
Frequency
116. How is prt related to prf?
1/prt = prf
117. What type of radar transmitter power is measured over a period of time?
Average Power
118. What term is used to describe the product of pulse width and pulse-repetition
frequency?
Duty Cycle
119. What type of target bearing is referenced to your ship?
Relative bearing
120. What type of radar detects range, bearing, and height?
Three-dimensional
121. What characteristic/s of radiated energy is/are altered to achieve electronic scanning?
Frequency or phase
122. What term is used to describe the ability of a radar system to distinguish between
targets that are close together?
Target resolution
123. The degree of bearing resolution for a given radar system depends on what two
factors?
Beam width and range
124. What happens to the speed of electromagnetic energy traveling through air as the
altitude increases?
Speed increases
125. What term is used to describe a situation in which atmospheric temperature first
increases with altitude and then begins to decrease?
Temperature inversion
126. What radar subsystem supplies timing signals to coordinate the operation of the
complete system?
Synchronizer
127. What radar component permits the use of a single antenna for both transmitting and
receiving?
Duplexer
128. What is the simplest type of scanning?
Single lobe
129. What are the two basic methods of scanning?
Mechanical and electronic
130. Rotation of an rf-feed source to produce a conical scan pattern is identified by what
term?
Nutation
131. The Doppler effect causes a change in what aspect of rf energy that strikes a moving
object?
Frequency
132. The Doppler variation is directly proportional to what radar contact characteristic?
Velocity
133. The Doppler method of object detection is best for what type of objects?
Fast-moving targets
134. The beat frequency in a swept-frequency transmitter provides what contact
information?
Range
135. What factor determines the difference between the transmitted frequency and the
received frequency in an FM transmitter?
Travel Time
136. What type of objects are most easily detected by an FM system?
Stationary
137. What transmission method does NOT depend on relative frequency or target motion?
Pulse Modulation
138. What transmission method uses a stable CW reference oscillator, which is locked in
phase with the transmitter frequency?
Pulse-Doppler
139. What type of radar provides continuous range, bearing, and elevation data on an
object?
Track Radar
140. Radar altimeters use what type of transmission signal?
Frequency Modulated (FM)

Notes 3: Coaching Materials in Microwave Communications Part 3

141. A surface-search radar normally scans how many degrees of azimuth?
360 degrees
142. What limits the maximum range of a surface-search radar?
Radar Horizon
143. What is the shape of the beam of a surface-search radar?
Wide vertically, narrow horizontally
144. Why is the range capability of 3D radar usually less than the range of 2D radar?
Higher operating frequency
145. Fire-control tracking radar most often radiates what type of beam?
A narrow circular beam
146. Tracking radar searches a small volume of space during which phase of operation?
Acquisition
147. What width is the pulse radiated by fire-control tracking radar?
Very Narrow
148. Which beam of missile-guidance radar is very wide?
Capture Beam
149. What is the purpose of the synchronizer in a radar system?
Controls system operation and timing
150. What is the purpose of the majority of circuits in a radar system?
Timing and Control
151. A self-synchronized radar system obtains timing trigger pulses from what source?
Transmitter
152. What type of multivibrator can be used as a radar master oscillator?
Free-running
153. In an externally synchronized radar, what determines the prr of the transmitter?
The Master Oscillator
154. Which of the basic timing circuits produces sharp trigger pulses directly?
Blocking oscillators
155. What are the two basic types of transmitters?
Keyed oscillator and power-amplifier chain
156. What controls transmitter pulse width?
Modulator
157. In addition to a flat top, what characteristics must a modulator pulse have?
Steep leading and training edges
158. What type of modulator is most commonly used in modern radar systems?
Line-pulsed
159. What type of tube best meets the requirements of a modulator switching element?
Thyratron
160. What modulator element controls the rate at which the storage element charges?
Charging Impedance
161. What two forms of instability are common in magnetrons?
Mode Skipping and Mode Shifting
162. What is the effect on magnetron operation if the magnetic field strength is too high?
Magnetron will not oscillate
163. What is the typical frequency range about the center frequency of a tunable
magnetron?
± 5 percent
164. What is the primary advantage of power-amplifier transmitters over keyed-oscillator
transmitters?
Frequency Stability
165. What type of klystron is used as the final stage of a power-amplifier transmitter?
Multicavity Klystron
166. What transmitter component allows the radiation of a large number of discrete
frequencies over a wide band?
Frequency Synthesizer
167. What is the greatest limiting factor in a receiver’s detectable range?
Noise
168. What type of receiver is most often used in radar system?
Superheterodyne
169. What IF frequencies are normally used in radar receivers?
30 or 60 MHz
170. Which component of the receiver produces the signal that is mixed with the received
signal to produce the IF signal?
Local Oscillator
171. What receiver circuit actually produces the IF frequency?
Mixer
172. The IF amplifiers are connected in what amplifier configuration?
Cascade
173. Which receiver component converts the IF pulses to video pulses?
Detector
174. What type of target has a fixed phase relationship from one receiving period to the
next?
Stationary
175. What signal is used to synchronize the coherent oscillator to a fixed phase relationship
with the transmitted pulse?
Coho Lock Pulse
176. What is the phase relationship between the delayed and undelayed video?
Opposite
177. A monopulse receiver has how many separate channels?
Three
178. If a target is on the bearing axis of the radiated beam, what is the input to the bearing
IF channel?
Zero
179. What characteristic of the bearing and elevation output signals determines the
direction of antenna movement?
Phase
180. What are the three fundamental quantities involved in radar displays?
Range, Bearing, and Elevation
181. What coordinates are displayed on an rhi scope?
Range and Elevation
182. What coordinates are presented on a ppi scope?
Range and Bearing
183. What type of deflection is preferred for a crt electron beam?
Electromagnetic
184. Which of the two types of deflection coils (fixed or rotating) is used most often?
Fixed
185. What type of ranging circuit is most often used with a radar that requires extremely
accurate range data?
Range gate or range step
186. The range sweep in a range-gate generator is started at the same time as what other
pulse?
Transmitter
187. Range-marker generators produce pulses based on what radar constant?
The radar mile (12.36 microseconds)
188. What radar scope uses a range step for range measurement?
The A Scope
189. Which of the two general classes of antennas is most often used with radar?
Directional
190. The power gain of an antenna is directly related to what other antenna property?
Directivity
191. A parabolic reflector changes a spherical wavefront to what type of wavefront?
Plane
192. How many major lobes are produced by a paraboloid reflector?
One
193. What type of radiator normally drives a corner reflector?
Half-wave
194. The broadside array consists of a flat reflector and what other elements?
Two or more half-wave dipoles
195. Horn radiators serve what purpose other than being directional radiators?
Waveguide impedance matching devices
196. The spectrum of a radar transmitter describes what characteristic of the output pulse?
Frequency Distribution
197. Where should the transmitter spectrum be located with respect to the receiver
response curve?
In the center
198. The ideal radar spectrum has what relationship to the carrier frequency?
Symmetrical above and below the carrier frequency
199. The display screen of a spectrum analyzer presents a graphic plot of what two signal
characteristics?
Power and Frequency
200. The peak power of radar depends on the interrelationship of what other factors?
Average Power, Pulse Width, and prt
201. Transmitter power readings are most often referenced to what power level?
1 milliwatt
202. Receiver bandwidth is defined as those frequencies spread between what two points
of the receiver response curve?
Half-power points
203. What type of cooling is used to control ambient room temperature?
Air conditioning
204. A typical liquid-cooling system is composed of what loops?
Primary and Secondary
205. A pulsed magnetron with an average power of 1.2 kW and a peak power of 18.5 kW.
One pulse is generated every 10 ms. Find the duty cycle and the length of a pulse.
D = 6.5% ; T = 0.65 ms

206. A radar transmitter has a power of 10 kW and operates at a frequency of 9.5 GHz. Its
signal reflects from a target 15 km away with a radar cross section of 10.2 square meters.
The gain of the antenna is 20 dBi. Calculate the received signal power.
10.1 fW

207. Find the Doppler shift caused by a vehicle moving toward a radar at 60 mph, if the
radar operates at 10 GHz.
1.778 kHz

Coaching Materials in Telephony, Cellular and

Facsimile
Notes 1: Coaching Materials in Telephony, Cellular and Facsimile Part 1
1. The range of DC current that flows through a telephone is
Ans. 20 mA to 80 mA
2. The typical voltage needed to “ring” a telephone is:
Ans. 90 volts, 20 hertz AC
3. Central offices are connected by:
Ans. trunk lines
4. Call blocking:
Ans. occurs when the central office capacity is exceeded
5. The cable used for local loops is mainly:
Ans. twisted-pair copper wire
6. Loading coils were used to:
Ans. reduce the attenuation of voice signals
7. Signal loss is designed into a telephone system to:
Ans. prevent oscillation
8. The reference noise level for telephony is:
Ans. 1 pW
9. The number of voice channels in a basic FDM group is:
Ans. 12
10.Minimum quality circuit available using the PTN.
Ans. basic voice channel *
11.In telephone system FDM, voice is put on a carrier using:
Ans. SSB
12.In DS-1, bits are “robbed” in order to:
Ans. carry signaling
13.“Bit-stuffing” is more formally called:
Ans. Justification
14.Compared to ISDN, internet access using ADSL is typically:
Ans. much faster
15. The simplest and most straightforward form of telephone service is called:
Ans. Plain and Old Telephone Service (POTS)
16.The modern Touch-tone telephone is called ______
Ans. 2500-type telephone set
17.The feedback signals that helps prevent the speaker from talking too loudly
Ans. Sidetone
18.Aside from the tip and ring used in local loops the third wire when used is called _____
Ans. sleeve
19.In RJ-11, the RJ stands for
Ans. Registered Jack
20.It is a combination of passive components that are used to regulate the amplitude
frequency response of the voice signals.
Ans. Equalizer circuit
21.It is a special balanced transformer used to convert a two-wire circuit to a four-wire
circuit and vice-versa
Ans. Hybrid network
22.It is the exchange of signaling messages between switching machines.
Ans. Interoffice signaling
23.Category of signaling message that indicates a request for service, going off-hook or
ringing in the destination telephone.
Ans. Alerting
24.Signals that provide call status information, such as busy or ringing signals
Ans. Supervising
25.Signals that provide information in the form of announcements such as a number
changed to another number, a number no longer in service, and so on
Ans. Controlling
26.Signals that provide the routing information, such as calling and called numbers
Ans. Addressing
27.It is an audible signal comprised of two frequencies: 350 Hz and 440 Hz
Ans. Dial tone
28.It is a method originally used to transfer digits in the telephone to…..the local switch
Ans. Dial pulsing
29.This refers to ability of individuals to retain their existing telephone numbers and the
same quality of service when switching to a new location and service provider.
Ans. local number portability *
30.Systems that are simplex wireless communications systems designed to ….subscribers
of awaiting messages
Ans. Paging
31.Early paging system uses what modulation technique
Ans. FM
32.Modern paging system uses what modulation technique
Ans. FSK and PSK
33.These are unused sections of cables that are connected in shunt working cables…..,
such as local loop. They are used for party lines.
Ans. Bridge tap
34.It is a parameter equivalent to TLP except that it is used as a reference for a
transmission
Ans. ….. Level Point
35.Weighting technique that assumes a perfect receiver only, therefore its weighting curve
corresponds to the frequency response of the ear only
Ans. …ophometric noise weighting
36.It is the difference in circuit gain experienced at a particular frequency with respect to the
circuit gain of a reference frequency
Ans. Attenuation distortion
37.It is simply the frequency response of a transmission medium referenced 1004-Hz test
tone
Ans. Attenuation distortion, Differential gain or 1004-Hz deviation
38.It is an indirect method of evaluating the phase delay characteristics of a circuit.
Ans. Envelop Delay Distortion
39.The process used to improve a basic telephone channel is called ______.
Ans. Line conditioning
40.Special type of line conditioning that specifies the maximum limit for attenuation
distortion and envelope delay distortion
Ans. C-line conditioning
41.The time delay measured in angular units, such as degrees or radians is called _____.
Ans. Phase delay
42.The difference between the absolute delays of all frequencies.
Ans. Phase distortion
43.It is the time required to propagate a change in an AM envelope through a transmission
medium
Ans. Envelope delay
44.At the receiver, the phase difference at the different carrier frequencies is called _____.
Ans. Envelope Delay Distortion
45.The reference frequency of a typical voice-band circuit is typically around _____.
Ans. 1800 Hz
46.A special type of line conditioning that sets the minimum requirements for signal-to-noise
ratio a nonlinear distortion
Ans. D-type line conditioning
47.It is a communications term that indicates the presence of a signal power comparable to
the power of an actual message transmission
Ans. Loaded
48.It is a sudden, random change in the gain of the circuit resulting in a temporary change
in the signal level
Ans. Gain hits
49.It is the decrease in gain of more than 12 dB lasting longer than 4 ms and a
characteristics of temporary open circuit conditions and are generally caused by deep fades
on radio facilities or by switching delays
Ans. Dropouts
50.It is the sudden, random changes in the phase of the signal. They are classified as
temporary variations in the phase of the signal lasting longer than 4 ms.
Ans. Phase hits
51.It is a form of incidental phase modulation – a continuous uncontrolled variation in the
zero crossings of a signal.
Ans. Phase Jitter
52.Phase jitter occurs at what frequency?
Ans. 300 Hz or lower
53.It is used to convert two-wire circuits to four-wire circuits which is similar to hybrid coil
found in standard telephone sets.
Ans. Hybrid Circuits
54.The talker hears a returned portion of the signal as an echo, what is the round trip time
of delay for an echo to quite annoying?
Ans. 45 msec
55.It eliminates the echo by electrically subtracting it from the original signal rather than
disabling the amplifier in the return circuit.
Ans. Echo cancellers
56.A typical echo suppressor suppresses the returned echo by how much?
Ans. 60 dB
57.A type of cross talk which is a direct result of nonlinear amplification in analog
communications system
Ans. Nonlinear crosstalk
58.In telephony, functions that identify and connect subscribers to a suitable transmission
path
Ans. Switching functions
59.Circuits that are designed and configured for their use only and often referred to as
private circuits or dedicated circuits.
Ans. Leased circuits
60.The operator of the instrument
Ans. Subscriber
61.It is similar to the local loop except that it used to interconnect two telephone offices.
Ans. Trunk circuits
62.In a telephone channel, _____ is used if the total via net loss of a given trunk circuit
exceeds approximately 2.5 dB.
Ans. echo suppressor *
63.It is a central location where subscribers are interconnected, either temporarily or on a
permanent basis.
Ans. Exchanges
64.The number of dedicated lines used to interconnect 100 parties is
Ans. 4950 lines
65.A switchboard with four digits can accommodate how many telephone numbers
Ans. 10,000
66.The most versatile and popular crossbar switch was ______.
Ans. #5XB
67.The first computer-controlled central office switching system used in PSTN
Ans. No. 1 ESS
68.It is a programmable matrix that allows circuits to be connected to one another.
Ans. Circuit switch
69.A telephone call completed within a single local exchange is called _______.
Ans. Intraoffice call or Intraswitch call
70.The trunk circuits that are terminated in tandem switches are called ______.
Ans. Tandem trunks or Intermediated trunks

Notes 2: Coaching Materials in Telephony, Cellular and Facsimile Part 2

71.When subscriber initiates a long distance call, the local exchange connects the caller to
the toll office through a facility called _____,
Ans. Toll-connecting trunk or Inter-office toll trunk
72.The telephone switching plan that allows a certain degree of route selection when
establishing a phone call
Ans. Switching hierarchy
73.It is simply a path between two subscribers and is comprised of one or more switches,
two local loops or possibly one or more trunk circuits.
Ans. Route
74. A call that cannot be completed because the necessary trunk circuits or switching paths
are not available.
Ans. Blocking
75.Class of switching office which is the local exchange where the subscriber loops
terminated and received dial tone.
Ans. Class 5 End office
76.The class of switching office that provides service to small groups of class 4 offices
within a small area of state
Ans. Class 3 Primary center
77.The highest ranking office in the DDD network in terms of size of the geographical area
served and the trunk options available
Ans. Class 1 Regional center
78.It defines the procedures and protocols necessary to exchange information over the
PSTN using a separate digital signaling network to provide wireless and wireline telephone
call setup, routing and control.
Ans. Common Channel Signaling System no. 7 or SS7 or C7
79.A telephone service that uses a common 800 area code regardless of the location of the
destination
Ans. Wide Area Telephone Service (WATS)
80.A mandate that requires all telephone companies to support the porting of telephone
number.
Ans. Local Number Portability
81.It allows customers to change to a different service and still keep the same phone
number
Ans. Porting
82.In SS7, signaling points, codes that are carried in signaling messages exchanged
between signaling points to identify the source and destination of each message
Ans. Point codes
83._____ are local telephone switches equipped with SS7-compatible software and
terminating signal links.
Ans. Service Switching Points (SSP)
84.It provides functionality of communicating with the voice switch by creating the packets
or signal units necessary for transmission over the SS7 network.
Ans. Service Switching Points (SSP)
85.For a certain telephone, the DC loop voltage is 48 V on hook and 8 V off hook. If the loop
current is 40 mA, what is the DC resistance of the local loop?
Ans. 1000 ohms
86.For a certain telephone, the DC loop voltage is 48 V on hook and 8 V off hook. If the loop
current is 40 mA, what is the DC resistance of the telephone?
Ans. 200 ohms
87.Calculate the dB of VNL required for a channel with a 3 ms delay.
Ans. 1 dB
88.If a telephone voice signal has a level of 0 dBm, what is its level in dBrn?
Ans. 90 dBrn
89.A telephone test-tone has a level of 80 dBrn at a point where the level is +5dB TLP. If C-
weighting produces a 10-dB loss, what would the signal level be in dBrnc0?
Ans. 65 dBrnc TLP
90.AMPS uses the _____-MHz band.
Ans. 800
91.The number of ERP classes in AMPS is _____.
Ans. three
92.A cell phone permanently installed in a car would be ERP class _______.
Ans. I (one)
93.The maximum ERP of class III cell phones is _______.
Ans. 600 mW
94.A portable, handheld cell phone would be ERP class _____.
Ans. III (three)
95.A MAC is a mobile ________ code.
Ans. attenuation
96.A mobile switching center is also call an _________.
Ans. MTSO
97.Telephone call traffic is measured in _______.
Ans. erlangs
98.Traffic model used in telephone system that is based on the assumption, that calls not
immediately satisfied at the first attempt are held in the system until it is satisfied?
Ans. Erlang C *
99.The reduction in cell size to increase traffic is called cell _______.
Ans. splitting
100. A _____ site is a very small unit that can mount on a streetlight pole.
Ans. microcell
101. Very small cells called ______ are used for reliable indoor reception.
Ans. picocells
102. Compared with AMPS, digital cellular phones require _____ bandwidth.
Ans. less
103. What is the speed of Cellular Data Packet Data (CDPD)
Ans. 17.2 or 19.2
104. In analog CMTS, the interfering signal strength must remain approximately less than
_____ percent of the desired signal strength.
Ans. 2
105. SCM identifies the _______________.
Ans. maximum power level of a cellphone
106. The SID is used by a cell phone to
Ans. recognize that it is “roaming”
107. The CMAC is used to
Ans. set the transmit power of the cell phone
108. In an AMPS system, voice is sent using _____.
Ans. FM
109. In an AMPS system, control-channel signals are sent using _____.
Ans. FSK
110. The ERP of typical handheld AMPS cell phone is
Ans. less than 600 mW
111. The combination of the mobile cell phone and the cell site radio are called the
Ans. air interface
112. Phone traffic is measured in
Ans. erlangs
113. One way to increase the capacity of a cell phone is
Ans. increase the number of cells
114. Base stations transmitter output power of Improved Mobile Telephone Services (IMTS)
Ans. 100-W to 200-W range
115. An area divided into hexagonal shapes that fit together to form a pattern is called
______.
Ans. Cell
116. Macrocells have base stations transmit power between __________.
Ans. 1 W to 6 W
117. Microcells have base stations transmit power between __________.
Ans. 0.1W to 0.6W
118. A geographic cellular radio coverage area containing three of more group of cells
Ans. Cluster
119. Determine the number of channels per cluster and the total number of channel
capacity of a cellular telephone area comprised of 10 clusters with 7 cells in each cluster
and 10 channels in each cell
Ans. 70 channels per cluster, 700 total channels
120. What is the typical cluster size?
Ans. 3, 7 and 12
121. It is when the area of a cell, or independent component coverage areas of a cellular
system, is further divided, thus creating more cell areas.
Ans. Cell splitting
122. The point when the cell reaches maximum capacity occurs when the number of
subscribers wishing to place a call at any given time equals the number of channels in the
cell.
Ans. Maximum traffic load
123. Determine the channel capacity of a cellular telephone area comprised of seven
macrocell with 10 channels per cell
Ans. 70 channels per area
124. Determine the channel capacity if 7 macrocells with 10 channels per cell is split into 4
minicells.
Ans. 280 channels per area
125. Decreasing co-channel interference while increasing capacity by using directional
antenna is called _____.
Ans. Sectoring
126. A technique that divides the group of channels into smaller groupings or segments of
mutually exclusive frequencies; cell sites, which are within the reuse distance is assigned
their own segment of the channel group
Ans. Segmentation
127. It is a means of avoiding full-cell splitting where the entire area would otherwise need
to be segmented into smaller cells.
Ans. Dualization
128. Provides a centralized administration and maintenance point for the entire network and
interfaces with the public telephone network through the telephone wireline voice trunks and
data links.
Ans. Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO)
129. It is when a mobile unit moves from one cell to another from one company’s service
area to another company’s service area.
Ans. Roaming
130. The transfer of a mobile unit from one base station’s control to another base station’s
control
Ans. Handoff or Handover
131. An open standard that allows PCs, peripherals, cordless telephones, and other
consumer electronic devices to communicate and interoperate with one another without the
complexity and expense associated with installing new wires?
Ans. Shared Wireless Access Protocol (SWAP)
132. A connection is momentarily broken during the cell-to-cell transfer is called
Ans. Hard handoff
133. A flawless cell-to-cell transfer is called ______.
Ans. Soft handoff
134. Soft handoff normally takes _____ of time delay
Ans. 200 ms
135. In IS-41 standard, it is a process where the mobile unit notifies a serving MTSO of its
presence and location through a base station controller
Ans. Autonomous registration
136. It is a digital telephone exchange located in the MTSO that is the heart of a telephone
system
Ans. Electronic switching center
137. Component of a cellular telephone network that manages each of the radio channels at
each site
Ans. Cell-site controllers or Base station controllers
138. The actual voice channel where mobile users communicate directly with other mobile
or wireline subscriber through the base station
Ans. User channel
139. A channel used for transferring control and diagnostic information between mobile
users and a central cellular telephone switch through the base stations.
Ans. Control channel
140. What modulation technique is used by Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
Ans. Narrow band FM (NBFM)

Notes 3: Coaching Materials in Telephony, Cellular and Facsimile Part 3

141. What is the frequency deviation of AMPS?
Ans. 12 kHz
142. Transmission from mobile stations to the base stations is called _____.
Ans. Reverse link or Uplink
143. Determine the transmit and receive carrier frequencies for AMPS channel 3 and
channel 991.
Ans. 870.09 MHz and 869.04 MHz
144. It is a 34-bit binary code that represents the 10-digit telephone number.
Ans. Mobile Identification Number (MIN)
145. A 32-bit binary code permanently assigned to each of the mobile unit.
Ans. Electronic Serial Number (ESN)
146. Supervisory Audio Tones (SAT) have frequencies
Ans. 5970 Hz, 6000 Hz, and 6030 Hz
147. The bit length of System Identification (SID)
Ans. 15
148. The bit length of Station Class Mark (SCM)
Ans. 4
149. The bit length of Digital Color Code (DCC)
Ans. 2
150. It is a database in the PCS network that stores information about the user, including
home subscription information and what supplementary services the user is subscribed to.
Ans. Home Location Register (HLR)
151. A database in the PCS network that stores information about subscribers in a
particular MISO serving area.
Ans. Visitor Location Register (VLR)
152. Determine the transmit power for a CDMA mobile unit that is receiving a signal from
the base station at 100 dBm.
Ans. Pt = -76 dB – Pr; Pt =-76 dB – 100; Pt = 24 dBm
153. The North American PCS band is
Ans. 1.9 GHz
154. PCS cells are typically _______ than AMPS cells.
Ans. Smaller
155. IS-136 PCS is usually just called _______.
Ans. TDMA PCS
156. GSM is a _____ system.
Ans. TDMA
157. IS-95 PCS uses ______ technology.
Ans. CDMA
158. Current PCS systems are called ____-generation systems.
Ans. Second
159. Types of Class 4 toll center which provides human operators for both outward and
inward calling service.
Ans. Class 4C
160. The ERP of class II mobile phone used in GSM system.
Ans. 1.6
161. The ESS assigned at the factory of cellular mobile phone, consists of how many bits?
Ans. 32
162. The speech coding rate for GSM cellular mobile is _______.
Ans. 13 kbps
163. What modulation technique is used by the European Cordless Telephone?
Ans. GFSK
164. Compared to AMPS, PCS cells are _______ in size.
Ans. Smaller
165. The spread-spectrum technique used in IS-95 is ________.
Ans. CDMA (direct sequence)
166. The spread-spectrum technique used in GSM is ________.
Ans. frequency hopping
167. Unlike AMPS, CDMA such as IS-95 allows for a _______ handoff.
Ans. Soft
168. The orthogonal PN sequences used in CDMA are called a ______ code.
Ans. Walsh
169. ______ diversity is inherent in any spread-spectrum system.
Ans. Frequency
170. RF channels S/N ratios _____ than zero is typical in CDMA systems.
Ans. Less
171. CDMA uses a ______-rate vocoder.
Ans. Variable
172. A phone user typically talks less than ________ of the time during a conversation.
Ans. 50%
173. How does GSM achieve frequency diversity?
Ans. It uses limited frequency hopping.
174. Why was PCS assigned to 1.9 GHz instead of the 800-MHz band used for AMPS?
Ans. The 800 MHz band was already overcrowded.
175. The “forward” PCS channel is
Ans. from base to the mobile
176. CDMA technology was invented by
Ans. Qualcomm
177. In GSM, voice channels are called
Ans. traffic channels
178. In CDMA
Ans. all frequencies are used in all cells
179. CDMA uses a set of PN sequences that are _______.
Ans. Orthogonal
180. If a 28.8 kbps modem is being used over a cell phone, how many words of text would
be lost during a 100-msec handoff interruption assuming 10 bits per letter and 5 letters per
word?
Ans. 57.6
181. A certain cell site contains 200 cell phones. The probability that cell phone is being
used is 15%. What is the traffic in erlangs?
Ans. 30
182. WISPs offer access to the internet at speed up to _____ Mbps.
Ans. 11 *
183. The data signaling channel in a cellular system that handles the administrative
overhead is known as
Ans. Paging channel
184. The data rate of information transfer of mobile devices using “Bluetooth”
Ans. 1 Mbps
185. The access method used in 3G mobile telephony.
Ans. WCDMA
186. A 3G wireless system promise to increase its network capacity by how much percent
as compared to lower generation wireless system.
Ans. 70
187. In CMTS, the frequency separation between forward and reverse channel is
Ans. 45 MHz
188. The period for a single time slot in the GSM-TDMA slot is ______ µsec.
Ans. 577 *
189. The ratio of the separation distance between two co-channel cells and the cell radius is
known as
Ans. co-channel interference reduction
190. Bluetooth Standard
Ans. IEEE 802.15
191. Bluetooth maximum distance
Ans. 10 m
192. Bluetooth is operating at the ISM frequency range of
Ans. 2.402 – 2.480 GHz *
193. Bluetooth uses
Ans. frequency hopping
194. What is the other name of the IEEE 802.16 standard for broadband wireless
Ans. WiMAX

ACRONYMS
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Service MSC Mobile Switching Center
BSC Base Station Controller MTSO Mobile Telephone Switching
Office
CDPD Cellular Digital Packet Data NAM Number Assignment Module
CMAC Control Mobile Attenuation Code PCS Personal Communication
Systems
DCC Digital Color Code PN Pseudo random Noise
EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global RCC Radio Common Carrier
Evolution
ERP Effective Radiated Power SAT Supervisory Audio Tone
ESN Electronic Serial Number SCM Station Class Mark
ESN Electronic Serial Number SID System Identification Number
GPRS General Packet Radio Service SIM Subscriber ID
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber UPT Universal Personal
Identification Telecommunications
IMT International Mobile UWT Universal Wireless
 Telecommunications Telecommunications
MIN Mobile Identification Number WCDMA Wide CDMA
MSC Mobile Switching Center WISP Wireless Internet Service
Provider

Coaching Materials in Satellite Communications

Notes 1: Coaching Materials in Satellite Communications Part 1
1. What are the two types of communications satellite
Passive and active
2. A typical satellite communications operational link consists of a satellite and what other
two components?
Earth terminals
3. What areas of the earth are not normally covered by satellites?
Extreme polar regions
4. Satellite orientation in space is important for what two reasons?
To allow maximum solar exposure to the sun and satellite antenna exposure to earth
terminals
5. What types of antennas are generally used at earth terminals?
Large, high-gain parabolic antennas
6. Why do earth terminals require highly sensitive receivers?
To overcome satellite transmitter low power and permit extraction of the desired
information from the received signal
7. Why is satellite acquisition and tracking important?
To ensure earth terminal antennas are always pointed towards the satellite
8. What are the two limitations to an active satellite communications system?
Satellite down-link transmitter and up-link receiver sensitivity
9. If the line-of-sight distance for an optical beam is 12 km, what would is be, approximately,
for a microwave beam?
16 km
10. The power in the downlink signal from a typical communications satellite is in the range
of _____ per transponder.
10 to 250 watts
11. The power level for an earth station to transmit to a satellite is in the order of:
10^3 watts
12. Ku-band antennas can be _____ than C-band antennas.
Smaller
13. A geosynchronous orbit is about _____ km above the earth.
35,780
14. A Global Positioning System (GPS) or NAVSTAR is
MEO
15. GPS or NAVSTAR height is
9500 miles
16. An antenna’s angular direction between east and west?
Azimuth
17. An antenna’s vertical angle with respect to the earth’s surface.
Elevation
18. An antenna’s angle by which it is offset from the earth’s axis
Declination
19. In geostationary satellites, “station-keeping” means:
Adjusting the orbits
20. A reduction of TWT power for linearity is called:
Backoff
21. The frequency bands used by Ku-band satellites are:
12 GHz and 14 GHz
22. Satellite operating at 27 – 30 GHz
Ka-band
23. The law that states that a satellite will orbit a primary body following an elliptical path.
1st Law of Kepler
24. Kepler’s 2nd law is known as
Law of areas
25. Kepler’s 3rd law is also known as
Harmonic law
26. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite orbits around the earth at a height of
370 miles
27. Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellite orbits around the earth at a height approximately
_____.
6000 miles to 12,000 miles
28. Geosynchronous satellites are high-altitude earth-orbit satellites with heights about
_____.
22,300 miles or 36,000 km
29. Iridium is a LEOSAT that has a height of approximately
480 miles
30. MEO frequency band is
1.2 -1.66 GHz
31. All satellites rotate around the earth in an orbit that forms a plane that passes through
the center of gravity of earth called
Geocenter
32. The point on the surface of the earth directly below the satellite
Subsatellite point (SSP)
33. The minimum acceptance angle of elevation
5 degrees
34. The spatial separation of a satellite is between _____.
3 degrees to 6 degrees
35. Antenna used with a rotating satellite whose main beam is continuously adjusted so that
it will illuminate a given area on the earth’s surface
Despun
36. Satellite’s radiation pattern that typically target up to 20% of the Earth’s surface
Hemispherical beams
37. The radiation pattern that has a satellite’s antenna beamwidth of 17 degrees and are
capable of covering approximately 42% of the earth’s surface
Earth or global beams
38. Geostats has an earth coverage of approximately
42.5%
39. LNA stands for:
Low-noise amplifier
40. LNA in satellite transponder system commonly used
Tunnel
41. Find the velocity of a satellite in a circular orbit (a) 500 km above the earth’s surface (b)
36,000 km above the earth’s surface (approximately the height of geosynchronous satellite).
(a) 7.6 km/s (b) 3.07 km/s

42. Calculate the angle of declination for an antenna using a polar mount at latitude of 45
degrees.
6.81 degrees

43. Calculate the length of the path to a geosynchronous satellite from an earth station
where the angle of elevation is 30 degrees.
39 x 10^3 km

44. A satellite transmitter operates at a 4 GHz with a transmitter power of 7W and an

antenna gain of 40 dBi. The receiver has antenna gain of 30 dBi and the path length is
40,000 km. Calculate the signal strength at the receiver.
-88 dBm

45. A receiving antenna with a gain of 40 dBi looks at at a sky with a noise temperature of
15K. The loss between the antenna and the LNA input, due to the feedhorn, is 0.4 dB, and
the LNA has a noise temperature of 40K. Calculate G/T (Antenna gain-to-noise-
temperature).
20.6 dB

46. A receiver has a noise figure of 1.5 dB. Find its equivalent noise temperature.
119K

47. The receiving installation whose G/T was found to be 20.6 dB is used as a ground
terminal to receive a signal from a satellite at a distance of 38,000 km. the satellite has
transmitter power of 50 watts and an antenna gain of 30 dBi. Assume losses between the
satellite transmitter and its antenna is negligible. The frequency is 12 GHz. Calculate the
carrier-to-noise ratio at the receiver, for a bandwidth of 1 MHz.
30.6 dB

48. If a satellite has a total transmitter power (Pt) of 1000 W, determine the energy per bit
(Eb) for a transmission rate of 50 Mbps.
-47 dBW/bps or -47 dbJ

49. For an equivalent noise bandwidth of 10 MHz and a total noise power of 0.00276 pW,
determine the noise density and equivalent noise temperature.
276 x 10^-23 W/Hz or -205.6 dBW/Hz
50. A typical TVRO installation for use with C-band satellite (downlink at approximately 4
GHz) has a diameter of about 3 m and an efficiency of about 55%. Calculate its gain and
beamwidth.
G = 39 dB, beamwidth = 1.75 degrees

51. For an earth station transmitter with an antenna output power of 40dB (10000 W), a
back-off loss of 3dB, a total branching and feeder loss of 3dB, and a transmitter antenna
gain of 40dB, determine the EIRP
74 dBW

Notes 2: Coaching Materials in Satellite Communications Part 2

1.A circular orbit around the equator with a 24-h period is called a(n)
Ans: geostationary orbit
2. The earth area covered by a satellite radio beam.
Ans: Footprint
3. What is Keppler's first law?
Ans: planetary orbits are elliptical with sun at the focus
4. Geostationary satellites are located ______ with respect to the equator.
Ans: 0 degrees longitude
5. The complete bandwidth of a typical multi-purpose satellite is
Ans: 5 KHz
6. What circuit is responsible in activating and deactivating adjacent antenna elements in a
mobile satellite array?
Ans: Radial divider
7. Refers to the satellite orientation with respect to the earth.
Ans: Satellite altitude
8. With FDMA, transponder bandwidth is subdivided into bandwidths which are capable of
carrying one voice channel.
Ans: Smaller
9. For satellite communication, the lower limit of frequency is
Ans: 10 MHz
10. In a geosynchronous satellite orbital disturbances are caused by which of the following?

 Sun
 Earth
 Moon
 All of these (Correct Answer)

11. The physical location of a satellite is determined by its

Ans: Latitude and longitude
12. The farthest distance from earth, a satellite orbit reaches is called
Ans: Apogee
13. Which of the following is the most effective anti-jamming technique?
Ans: Spread-spectrum modulation
14. Long distance communication system via satellite uses frequency in the range of
Ans: 3 to 6 GHz
15. Before transmitting to the satellite, the wide-band satellite signal is amplified by
Ans: Traveling wave tube
16. It is the typical bandwidth of a satellite band
Ans: 500 MHz
17. Essentially a satellite ______ is a radio repeater in the sky.
Ans: Transponder
18. The energy to power electronic equipment on board in satellite is invariably supplied by
Ans: Solar cells
19. Which of the following statements is correct regarding a communication satellite?
Ans: It is a repeater between many transmitting stations and many receiving stations
20. The lifetime of a geosynchronous satellite is about
Ans: 10 years
21. The most common carrier frequencies used for satellite communications are
Ans: 6/4 and 14/12 GHz bands
22. The frequency of Ku band for satellite communications.
Ans: 14/11 GHz
23. Repeaters inside communications satellites are known as
Ans: Transponders
24. For direct reception of TV signal from a communication satellite, the type of antenna
required is
Ans: Chicken-mesh antenna
25. A satellite repeater serves which of the following purposes?
Ans: It translates the signal to new frequency band
26. The signal path from satellite to earth-based receiver
Ans: Downlink signal
27. The ______ angle measured the satellite position clockwise from the direction of true
north.
Ans: Azimuth
28. For a satellite with time period of 2 hours, the height above the surface must be
Ans: 2000 km
29. The key electronic component in a communications satellite is the
Ans: Transponder
30. The satellite communications channels in a transponder are defined by the
Ans: Bandpass filter
31. As the height of a satellite orbit gets lower, the speed of the satellite
Ans: Increases
32. What is the basic technique used to stabilized a satellite?
Ans: Spin
33. The round-trip propagation delay between two earth stations through a geosynchronous
satellite is
Ans: 500 to 600 ms
34. For satellite communication, the frequency should be ______ the critical frequency of
ionosphere.
Ans: More than
35. In this multiple access technique, each earth stations transmissions are assigned
specific uplink and downlink frequency bands allotted satellite channel bandwidth.
Ans: frequency division multiple accessing
36. Sputnik 1 was orbiting the earth in
Ans: 90 minutes
37. The distance between the two antennas of a geostationary satellite system is 22,300
miles and is operating at a downlink frequency of 12.2 GHz, what is the free space loss in
dB?
Ans: 205 dB
38. A type of satellite that simply reflects a signal back to earth.
Ans: Passive satellite
39. The main function of a communications satellite is as a/an
Ans: Repeater
40. Shannon's law relates which of the following?
Ans: Information-carrying capacity to S/N ratio
41. What is the approximate path loss from satellite-to-earth station?
Ans: 200 dB
42. _____ is the first satellite transponder.
Ans: Moon
43. What is the local oscillator (mixer) frequency of the satellite with an uplink frequency in
GHz band?
Ans: 2225 MHz
44. The ______ requires a larger receiving antenna and receivers are often only able to
receive C-band signals
Ans: C-band
45. GPS means
Ans: Global Positioning Satellite
46. The first Intelsat satellite that was launched in 1965 was named
Ans: Early Bird I
47. A satellite link can be made to carry ______ information when operating digitally than in
analog fashion.
Ans: More
48. Transponder bandwidth commonly used in satellite is
Ans: 36 MHz
49. A satellite battery that has more power but lighter.
Ans: Lithium
50. How can multiple earth stations share a satellite on the same frequencies?
Ans: Frequency reuse

Coaching Materials in Transmission Lines and

Antennas
Notes 1: Coaching Materials in Transmission Lines and Antennas Part 1 for ECE
Board Exam
1. The minimum value that a characteristic impedance of an air dielectric parallel-wire could
have is
83 ohms.*
2. Velocity factor of coaxial cables vary from
0.6 to 0.8*
3. Typical value of the velocity factor of an open-wire transmission is
0.9*
4. When the load absorbs all the power transmitted, it means that the load impedance is
equal to Zo of the line.*
5. When no power is applied to a transmission system, the VSWR is
equal to zero.*
6. The characteristic impedances commonly available are
75 ohms and 50 ohms.*
7. The 50-ohm RG-58 coaxial cable is used in
cheapernet or thin-wire Ethernet.*
8. The 50-ohm double-shielded RG-11 coaxial cable is used in
thicknet or thick-wire Ethernet.*
9. A flat conductor separated from a ground plane by an insulating dielectric material
Microstrip.
10. A flat conductor sandwich between two ground planes.
Stripline
11. What connecting link is used to transfer energy from a radio transmitter to its antenna
located on the mast of a ship?
Transmission line.
12. What term is used for the end of a transmission line that is connected to a transmitter?
Input end, generator end, transmitter end, sending end and source.
13. What term is used for the end of a transmission line that is connected to an antenna?
Output end, receiving end, load end, and sink.
14. Name two of the three uses of a two-wire open line.
Power lines, rural telephone lines, and telegraph lines.
15. What are two primary disadvantages of a two-wire open line?
High radiation losses and noise pickup.
16. What type of transmission line is often used to connect a television set to its antenna?
Twin-lead.
17. What is the primary advantage of the shielded pair?
The conductors are balanced to ground.
18. What the two types of coaxial lines in use today?
Air coaxial (rigid) and solid coaxial (flexible).
19. What is the chief advantage of the air coaxial line?
The ability to minimize radiation losses.
20. List the two common type of waveguides in use today.
Cylindrical and rectangular.
21. What are the three types of line losses associated with transmission lines?
Copper, dielectric and radiation.
22. Losses caused by skin effect and I 2 R (power) loss are classified as what types of
loss?
Copper loss.
23. What type of losses cause the dielectric material between the conductors to be heated?
Dielectric loss.
24. What is the range of characteristic impedance of lines used in actual practice?
Between 50 and 600 ohms.
25. Two types of waves are formed on a transmission line. What names are given to these
waves?
Incident waves from generator to load. Reflected waves from load to generator.
26. On an open-ended transmission line, the voltage is always zero at what distance from
each end of the line?
One-fourth the distance from each end of the line.
27. A non-resonant line is a line that has no standing waves of current and voltage on it and
is considered to be flat. Why is this true?
The load impedance of such a line is equal to Zo.
28. At what point on an open-circuited rf line do voltage peaks occur?
At ½ wavelength from the end and at every ½ wavelength along the line.
29. What is the square of the voltage standing wave ratio called?
Power standing-wave ratio (pswr)
30. What does vswr measure?
The existence of voltage variations on a line.
31. Determine the characteristic impedance for an air dielectric two-wire parallel
transmission line with a D/r ratio of 12.22?
300 ohms.

32. Determine the characteristic impedance for an RG-59A coaxial cable with the following
specifications: d=0.025 inches, D=0.15 inches, and dielectric constant of 2.23
72 ohms
33. Determine the characteristic impedance for an RG-59A coaxial cable with the following
specifications: L = 0.118 uH/ft and C = 21 pF/ft
75 ohms.

34. For a given length of RG 8A/U coaxial cable with a distributed capacitance of 96.6pF/m,
a distributed inductance of 241.56 nH/m, and a relative dielectric constant of 2.3, determine
the velocity of propagation and the velocity factor;
2.07x10^8m/s; 0.69

35. For a transmission line with an incident voltage of 5V and a reflected voltage of 3V,
determine the reflection coefficient and the SWR.
r=0.6, SWR=4

36. A pulse is transmitted down a cable that has a velocity of propagation of 0.8c. The
reflected signal is received 1us later. How far down the cable is the impairment?
120 m.
37. Using TDR, a transmission line impairment is located 3000m from the source. For
velocity of propagation of 0.9c, determine the time elapsed from the beginning of the pulse
to the reception of the echo.
22.22 us
38. Determine the impedance of λ/4 line to match 600ohm feed to 75 ohm antenna. 212
ohm
39. If a cable has a velocity factor of 0.8, what length of cable is required for a 90 degree
phase shift at 100 meters?
0.6 meters

40. The scientist who profounded the theory of electromagnetic radiation James
Maxwell*
41. Antenna radiated power is ______ of the antenna current.
proportional to the square (I^2)
42. Antenna field strength is _____ to the antenna current.
directly proportional (I)
43. Antennas assuming having similar size, has largest gain.
Parabolic*
44. Antenna whose technical equivalent is λ/4 line is open circuited.
Dipole*
45. Marconi type of antenna is a grounded _____ vertical antenna.
λ/4*
46. Antenna used in mobile communications, mounted on vehicles.
Marconi*
47. Antenna used for radiating AM broadcast band.
λ/2 vertical antenna.*
48. Electrical length of a Marconi antenna needed for AM broadcasting can be increased by
using series loading of capacitor.*
49. The SI unit of magnetic field intensity.
Ampere/meter*
50. The radio wavelength known as ______ falls within the medium frequency range
hectrometric waves*

Notes 2: Coaching Materials in Transmission Lines and Antennas Part 2

51. Antenna utilizing the ground as part of its resonant circuit.
Marconi*
52. Antenna that is complete in itself and capable of self-oscillation.
Hertz*
53. Radiation resistance is the ratio of
radiated power to the square of current*
54. Example of Marconi type antenna.
Quarter wave vertical tower.*
55. The gain in the direction of one of the major lobes of the radiation pattern.
Directivity gain*
56. Form of unwanted radiation working against the main beam caused by feeding a
parabolic reflector with an isotropic source.
Backlobe radiation*
57. Type of antenna capable of transmitting (receiving) a TEM wave polarized in any
direction.
Helical antenna*
58. A region within the influence of the induction field of an antenna.
Near field*
59. An example of parasitic array.
Yagi-uda*
60. Structure made of plastic-like composite material used to enclose the complete antenna
assembly for protection against the weather and to reduce wind or snow loading.
Radome*
61. The minimum antenna actual height:
λ/4*
62. Marconi antenna current
maximum at the base*
63. Antenna that is λ/10 long is called
elementary doublet*
64. FM uses what type of polarization?
Horizontal polarization*
65. In antenna, the area where the signal strength is very low.
Null*
66. Which frequency band omni-horizontally polarized antenna used?
VHF and UHF*
67. Discone antenna polarization is
vertical*
68. What is the advantage of Top loading?
Improved radiation efficiency*
69. What is propagation?
Propagation means spreading out.
70. How is a wave defined as it applies to wave propagation?
A wave is a disturbance which moves through a medium.
71. What is wave motion?
A means of transferring energy from one place to another.
72. What are some examples of wave motion?
Sound waves, light waves, radio waves, heat waves, water waves.
73. What type of wave motion is represented by the motion of water?
Transverse waves.
74. What are some examples of transverse waves?
Radio waves, light waves, and heat waves.
75. What example of a longitudinal wave was given in the text?
A sound wave.
76. What are the three requirements for a wave to be propagated?
A source, medium and detector(receiver).
77. What is the law of reflection?
The law of reflection states: the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
78. When a wave is reflected from a surface, energy is transferred. When is the transfer of
energy greatest?
When the incident wave is nearly parallel with the surface.
79. When is the transfer of energy minimum?
When the incident wave is perpendicular to the surface. Also a dull (or black surface)
reflects very little regardless of the angle.
80. A refracted wave occurs when a wave passes from one medium into another medium,
what determines the angle of refraction?
The density of the two mediums, and the velocity of the waves.
81. What do we call the field that is created between two rods when a voltage is applied to
them?
ELECTRIC FIELD.
82. When current flows through a conductor, a field is created around the conductor. What
do we call this field?
MAGNETIC FIELD.
83. An induction field is created around a conductor when current flows through it. What do
we call the field that detaches itself from the conductor and travels through space.
RADIATION FIELD.
84. What are two basic qualifications of antennas?
Half-wave(Hertz) and Quarter-wave (Marconi)
85. What are the three parts of a complete antenna system?
Coupling device, feeder, and antenna
86. What three factors determine the type size and shape of antenna?
Frequency of operation of the transmitter, amount of power to be radiated, and
general direction of the receiving set.
87. If a wave exactly the length of an antenna from one end to the other and back during the
period of 1 cycle, what is the length of the antenna?
One-half the wavelength.
88. What is the term used to identify the points of high-current and high voltage on an
antenna?
Current and voltage loops.
89. What is the term used to identify the points of minimum current and minimum voltage on
an antenna?
Current and voltage nodes.
90. The direction of what field is used to designate the polarization of a wave?
Electric Field.
91. If a wave’s electric lines of force rotate through 360 degrees with every cycle of RF
energy, what is the polarization of this wave?
Circular polarization.
92. What type of polarization should be used at medium and low frequencies?
Vertical polarization
93. What is an advantage of using horizontal polarization at high frequencies?
Less interference is experienced by man-made noise sources.
94. What type of polarization should be used if an antenna is mounted on a moving vehicle
at frequencies below 50 megahertz?
Vertical polarization
95. What is the radiation resistance of a half-wave antenna in free space?
73 ohms.
96. A radiating source that radiates energy stronger in one direction than another is what
type of radiator?
Anisotropic radiator
97. A radiating source that radiates energy equally in all directions is known as what type of
radiator?
Isotropic radiator
98. A flashlight is an example of what type of radiator?
Anisotropic radiator
99. What terms are often used to describe basic half-wave antennas?
Dipole, doublet and hertz.
100. If a basic half-wave antenna is mounted vertically, what type of radiation pattern will be
produced?
Non-directional

Notes 3: Coaching Materials in Transmission Lines and Antennas Part 3

101. in which plane will the half-wave antenna be operating if it is mounted horizontally?
Vertical plane.
102. Since the radiation pattern of a dipole is similar to that of a doublet, what will happen to
the pattern if the length of the doublet is increased?
The pattern would flatten.
103. What is the simplest method of feeding power to the half-wave antenna?
To connect one end through a capacitor to the final output stage of the transmitter.
104. What is the radiation pattern of a quarter-wave antenna?
A circular radiation pattern in the horizontal plane, or same as a half-wave.
105. Describe the physical arrangement of a ground screen?
It is composed of a series of conductors arranged in a radial pattern and buried 1 to 2
feet below the ground.
106. What is the difference in the amount of impedance between a three-wire dipole and a
simple-center fed dipole?
Nine times the feed-point impedance.
107. Which has a wider frequency range, a simple dipole, or a folded dipole?
Folded dipole
108. What is the purpose of antenna stubs?
To produce desired phase relationship between connected elements
109. What is the primary difference between the major and minor lobes in a radiation
pattern?
Major lobes have the greatest amount of radiation.
110. What is the maximum number of elements used in a collinear array?
Four.
111. Why is the number of elements in a collinear array limited?
As more elements are added, an unbalanced condition in the system occurs which
impairs efficiency.
112. How can the frequency range of a collinear array be increased?
By increasing the lengths of the elements of the array.
113. How is directivity of a collinear array affected when the number of elements is
increased?
Directivity increases
114. What is the primary cause of broadside arrays losing efficiency when not operating at
their designed frequency?
Lower radiation resistance
115. When more that two elements are used in a broadside array, how are the elements
arranged?
Parallel and in the same plane.
116. As the spacing between elements in a broadside array increases, what is the effect on
the major lobes?
They sharpen
117. What are some disadvantages of the end-fire array?
Extremely low radiation resistance, confined to one frequency, and affected by
atmospheric conditions
118. Where does the major lobe in the end-fire array occur?
Along the major axis
119. To maintain the required balance of phase relationships and critical feeding, how must
the end-fire array be constructed?
Symmetrically
120. What two factors determine the directivity pattern of the parasitic array?
Length of the parasitic element (tuning) and spacing between the parasitic and driven
elements.
121. What two main advantages of a parasitic array can be obtained by combining a
reflector and a director with the driven element?
Increased gain and directivity.
122. The parasitic array can be rotated to receive or transmit in different directions. What is
the name given to such an antenna?
Rotary array.
123. What are the disadvantages of the parasitic array?
Their adjustment is critical and they do not operate over a wide frequency range.
124. What is the advantage of adding parasitic elements to a Yagi array?
Increased gain.
125. The Yagi antenna is an example of what type of array?
Multi-element parasitic array
126. To radiate power efficiently, a long-wire antenna must have what minimum overall
length?
One-half wavelength.
127. What is another name for the Beverage antenna?
Wave antenna
128. What is the polarity of the currents that feed the V antenna?
Opposite
129. What is the main disadvantage of the rhombic antenna?
It requires a large antenna site.
130. What is the primary reason for the development of the turnstile antenna?
For omnidirectional vhf communications
131. Microwave antennas and low-frequency antennas are similar in what ways?
Operating principles and electrical characteristics
132. What term is used to express the efficiency of an antenna?
Power gain or power ratio.
133. What term is used to express the measurement of the degree of mismatch between a
line and its load?
Standing-wave ratio (SWR)
134. What type of antenna radiates in and receives energy from all directions at once?
Omnidirectional
135. What is the term that is used to describe narrowness in the radiated beam of an
antenna?
Antenna directivity
136. What characteristic allows the same antenna to both transmit and receive?
Reciprocity.
137. What type of reflector is most often used in directive antennas?
Parabolic.
138. Microwaves can be reflected and focused in the same way as what other type of
waves?
Light waves.
139. How many major lobes are radiated by a parabolic reflector?
One
140. A horizontally truncated parabolic antenna is used for what purpose?
Determine elevation
141. The beam from a horizontally positioned cylindrical paraboloid is narrow in what plane?
Vertical.
142. What is a purpose of a collimating lens?
Forces the radial segments of a wavefront into parallel paths
143. What type of lens decelerates a portion of a spherical wavefront?
Delay lens
144. What is a set of antenna elements called?
Antenna array
145. What type of antenna has all elements connected to the same energy source?
Driven array
146. What determines the beam elevation angle of an antenna that is electronically scanned
in elevation?
Frequency or phase of radiated energy
147. What is the polarization of the energy radiated by a vertical slot?
Horizontal
148. Calculate the length of a half-wave dipole for an operating frequency of 20MHz.

149. A dipole antenna has a radiation resistance of 67 ohms and a loss resistance of 5
ohms measured at the feedpoint. Calculate the efficiency.
93%

150. Determine the efficiency with the following: Pin = 1000w, I = 10 A, R = 8 ohm.
80%

Notes 4: Coaching Materials in Transmission Lines and Antennas Part 4

151. A dipole antenna has an efficiency of 85%. Calculate the gain in decibels.
1.43 dBi

152. The ERP of a transmitting station is 17W in a given direction. Express this as an ERP
in dBm so that it can be used with the path loss equation. Also find EIRP.
ERP = 42.3 dBm; EIRP = 44.44 dBm

153. A helical antenna with eight turns is to be constructed for a frequency of 1.2GHz (a)
calculate the optimum diameter and spacing for the antenna and find the total length of the
antenna. (b) calculate the antenna gain in dBi (c) calculate the bandwidth.
(a) 62.5 mm; (b) 14.8 dBi; (c) 36.6 degrees
154. A parabolic antenna has a diameter of 3 m, an efficiency of 60%, and operates at a
frequency of 4 GHz. Calculate the gain and beamwidth.
G = 39.8 dBi; beamwidth = 1.78 degrees.

155. A power of 100 W is supplied to an isotropic radiator. What is the power density at a
point 10 km away?
79.6 nW/square meter

156. Find the electrical field strength for a signal power of 100W at a distance of 10 km
away.
5.48 mV/m

157. A 5 kW power, produces a field intensity of 50 uV/m at the receiver, what field intensity
will be received if the power is raised to 20 kW?
100uV/m
158. A transmitter has a power output of 150 W at a carrier frequency of 325 MHz. It is
connected to an antenna with a gain of 12 dBi. The receiving antenna is 10km away and
has a gain of 5 dBi. Calculate the power delivered to the receiver, assuming free-space
propagation. Assume also that there are no losses or mismatches in the system.
404 nW

159. A taxi company uses a central dispatcher, with an antenna at the top of a 15 m tower,
to communicate with taxi cabs. The taxi antennas are on the roofs of the cars,
approximately 1.5 m above the ground. Calculate the maximum communication distance:
(a) between the dispatcher and a taxi (b) between taxis
(a) 21 km (b) 10.1 km
160. In the right-hand rule for propagation, the thumb points in the direction of the E field
and the forefinger points in the direction of the H field. In what direction does the middle
finger point?
Direction of wave propagation.
161. Which two composite fields (composed of E and H fields) are associated with every
antenna?
Induction field and radiation field
162. What composite field (composed of E and H fields) is found stored in the antenna?
Induction field.
163. What composite field (composed of E and H fields) is propagated into free space?
Radiation field
164. If a transmitting antenna is placed close to the ground, how should the antenna be
polarized to give the greatest signal strength?
Vertically polarized.
165. What is one of the major reasons for the fading of radio waves which have been
reflected from a surface?
Shifting in the phase relationships of the wave.
166. What are the three layers of the atmosphere?
Troposphere, stratosphere and ionosphere
167. Which layer of the atmosphere has relatively little effect on radio waves?
Stratosphere
168. What is the determining factor in classifying whether a radio wave is a ground wave or
a space wave?
Whether the component of the wave is travelling along the surface or over the
surface of the earth.
169. What is the best type of surface or terrain to use for radio wave transmission?
Radio horizon is about 1/3 farther.
170. What is the primary difference between the radio horizon and the natural horizon?
Seawater.
171. What three factors must be considered in the transmission of a surface wave to reduce
attenuation?
(a) electrical properties of the terrain (b) frequency (c) polarization of the antenna
172. What causes ionization to occur in the ionosphere?
High energy ultraviolet waves from the sun.
173. How are the four layers of the ionosphere designated?
D,E,F1,F2 layers.
174. What is the height of the individual layers of the ionosphere?
D layer is 30-55 miles, E layer is 55 to 90 miles, F layers are 90 to 240 miles.
175. What factor determines whether a radio wave is reflected or refracted by the
ionosphere?
Thickness of ionized layer
176. There is a maximum frequency at which vertically transmitted radio waves can be
refracted back to earth. What is this maximum frequency called?
Critical Frequency.
177. What three main factors determine the amount of refraction in the ionosphere?
(a) density of ionization of the layer (b) frequency (c) angle at which it enters the layer
178. What is the skip zone of a radio wave?
A zone of silence between the ground wave and sky wave where there is no
reception.
179. Where does the greatest amount of ionospheric absorption occur in the ionosphere?
Where ionization density is greatest
180. What is meant by the term multipath?
A term used to describe the multiple pattern a radio wave may follow.
181. When a wide band of frequencies is transmitted simultaneously, each frequency will
vary in the amount of fading. What is this variable fading called?
Selective fading
182. What are two main sources of EMI with which radio waves must compete?
Natural and man-made interference
183. Thunderstorms, snow storms, cosmic sources, the sun, etc., are a few examples of
emi sources. What type of EMI comes from these sources?
Natural
184. Motors, switches, voltage-regulators, generators, etc., are a few examples of EMI
sources, what type of EMI comes from these sources?
Man-made
185. What are the two general types of variations in the ionosphere?
Regular and irregular variations.
186. What is the main difference between these two types of variations?
Regular variations can be predicted but irregular variations are
Unpredictable
187. What are the four main classes of regular variation which affect the extent of ionization
in the ionosphere?
Daily, seasonal, 11-year, and 27-days variation.
188. What are the three more common types of irregular variations in the ionosphere?
Sporadic E, sudden disturbances, and ionospheric storms.
189. How do raindrops affect radio waves?
They can cause attenuation by scattering.
190. How does fog affect radio waves at frequencies above 2 Gigahertz?
It can cause attenuation by absorption
191. How is the term “temperature inversion” used when referring to radio waves?
It is a condition where layers of warm air are formed above layers of cool air.
192. How does temperature inversion affect radio transmission?
It can cause vhf and uhf transmission to be propagated far beyond normal line-of-
sight distances.
193. In what layer of the atmosphere does virtually all weather phenomena occur?
Troposphere
194. Which radio frequency bands use the tropospheric scattering principle for propagation
of radio waves?
VHF and above.

Communications Engineering Coaching Materials Section 1

Section 1 Modules in Communications Coaching

Notes 1: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 1 Module 1
1. GPRS – does not need packets
2. 9476 mi – average height of GPS
3. GPRS uplink – 14 kHz or 14 kbps
4. preamble – for synching Ethernet
5. 15 to 60 – gain of rhombic antenna
6. ½ to 2/3 – effective height of antenna compared to actual antenna height
7. Erlang B – traffic model used
8. Poisson’s equation - It is used, for instance, to describe the potential energy field
caused by a given charge or mass density distribution.
9. Class III Catv channel – auxiliary equipment required
10. turnstile antenna – 2 dipoles 90 degrees apart
11. REM = RBE x RAD
12. 1 RBE = 10 for alpha particles and fast neutrons
13. reb – roentgen effective bio
14. rep - roentgen effective physical
15. rem – roentgen effective man
16. GPRS – 172.2 kbps
17. Auditorium reverberation time – 1.6 to 1.8 s
18. Neodymium Laser – 1.3µs or 1.3µm light
19. plastic fiber cables – red LED used
20. A and B weighting curve – response of human ear
21. Max Bluetooth range – 10m
22. MPEG 7 – Multimedia content Description Interface
23. Beverage antenna – “wave antenna”; 2 lambda
24. 4 degrees separation = 1833 miles
25. P 300 – maintenance cost for CATV
26. 52 degrees C – damage a crystal microphone
27. IMT 2000 – 1920 to 1980 MHz
28. Low Z microphones – dynamic, carbon, ribbon
29. High Z microphones – crystal, condenser, electret
30. TWT – interaction between e beam and RF field; linear path
31. Tunnel Diode – low power microwave oscillator
32. klystron and magnetrons – high power oscillators
33. secondary payload – smaller satellite
34. BNC – (Bayonet Neill–Concelman) connector for oscillators and lab instruments
35. Bell Labs – first cellular phone in 1924
36. Doghouse – temperature controlled enclosure for equipment
37. Erbium-doped fiber – 1.53µm to 1.63µm light
38. Celotex – high absorption of sound
39. Ethernet – bus topology most common
40. Network admin – gives passwords to LAN
41. Foster-Seeley discriminator – requires limiters
42. Ratio detector – does not require limiter
43. 50Ω - typical impedance of waveguide
44. RG62 – 93Ω
45. AWG 22 - Telephones – 120 Ω/loop mile
46. pink noise – flicker noise
47. discordant interval – unpleasant intervals of sound
48. 40% - microwave maximum obstructions
49. autodyne – LO + mixer in one
50. 1 mel = 1 Hz at 40dB
51. via net loss – to reduce singing or echo
52. root note – 1st note in musical scale
53. C – root note of diatonic scale
54. 1st octave of human hearing – 20 to 40 Hz
55. telephone channel – 4 octaves
56. Xmodem – used check sum
57. microwave transmission lines:
a. stripline = coax
b. microstrip = parallel wire
58. power of CB radio – 4W
59. X.25 – packet switching
60. ATM – 1 byte = 1 octet
61. ATM – virtual circuit identifier
62. Videocom – vacuum tube picture tube
63. sound carrier cable – 41.25 MHz
64. video carrier cable – 45.75 MHz
65. MIN + ESN (electronic serial number) – for billing tracking
66. phone – number assignment mobile (NAM) – for assignment of phone number
67. Local no. Portability – returning same features when switching carriers
68. GPRS – GMSK
69. EDGE – PSK
70. Lambertian effect/scattering – part of incoming light is absorbed part is radiated
71. Intensity Modulator – analog mod used for fiber optics
72. FDDI – fiber distribution data interface
73. LMDS – local multipoint distribution service; 28 GHz; internet, for home
74. MMDS – multichannel multipoint distribution service; many people; wireless cable; 2.5 –
2.686 GHz
75. Hotline – no need for dial tone
76. dial tone delay – interval between off hook and dial tone
77. comb filter – separates Y and chroma
78. North and South poles – hard to service by geosynch satellites because of low
elevation angle
79. FCC – phase out analog TV by 2006 in US
80. 19.2 kbps – Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD); packets over voice channel
81. AMPS – supervisory audio tone
82. D-AMPS – CDVCC (Coded Digital Verification Color Code)
83. 10/13/1983 – 1st commercial telephone service by NTT
84. TACAN – 960 M to 1215 M
85. VOR – 108 to 118M
86. Smith chart – transmission line calculator
87. VDSL – 52 Mbps downstream/ 2.3 Mbps upstream
88. H21 – 32.768 Mbps
89. B channel of ISDN – email; 4.8 to 64 kbps
90. chirp – SS technique; carrier frequency is linearly moved or shifted through its BW
91. WAP - for sharing via wireless access instead of wires
92. WEP – wired equivalent privacy; 64/128/256 bit encryption
93. SEG – for special effects in TV (special effects group)
94. IVDS – Interactive Video and Data Service; 218-218.5/218.5-219 MHz
95. rad – amount of exposure
96. rbe – biological impact
97. Y video – requires 0.8µs delay
98. temporary permit of MPSCD – 3 months
99. Office Order 86-8-2004 – permit for MPSCD

Notes 2: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 1 Module 2

1. Extended superframe – 576 channels
2. Delta Modulation – slope overload is common problem
3. T1 – most common carrier line for telephones
4. 100 dB - RF and IF gain in receiver
5. 0.9 – velocity factor for open wire
6. 0.8 – velocity factor for twin lead
7. Critical frequency of F2 – 8 MHz
8. Ephemeris – location of a celestial body in space
9. troposcatter – 350 MHz to 10 GHz
10. End impedance of HW dipole – 2500Ω
11. single hop night time range of F2 – 4130 km
12. 3300 m/s – speed of sound in wood
13. GSM/TDMA – cannot execute soft handoff because cell sites use different sets of
frequencies to communicate with each other
14. 20 phons – typical loudness level of ticking watch
15. M88 – 88 mH coil; every 9000 feet
16. Hybrid Transformer – 2 wire to 4 wire converter
17. click – square wave; rounding off something
18. SDMA – Spatial Div. Multi Access; use same frequency in multiple focused beams aim
at different areas
19. IS 95 – became CDMA 2000
20. International pitch A – 435 Hz
21. Hash – 128 bits sequence in digital signature
22. Envelope Delay Distortion – caused by frequency dependent attenuation chars of
transmission lines
23. POP3 – Post Office Protocol version 3
24. Why use geosynchronous satellites? To simplify tracking requirements
25. BISYNC – not a bit oriented protocol
26. flag filed for SDLC/HDC – 7Eh
27. Bit stuffing – to prevent accidental flag fields?
28. Blank and Burst – interrupt voice feed to send control signals (cellular telephony)
29. fiber optics are preferred to satellites for long distance telephone transmission
because of less delay
30. real time of info – found in circuit switching
31. mechanical splicing
32. fusion splicing – the ends are melted together
33. 2 mV – TV video signal level
34. for CATV : (noise free picture)
a. 1 mV for 75Ω
b. 2 mV for 300Ω
35. Synchronous demodulation – process of getting the info from the chroma signal
36. CW Doppler Radar – used by police
37. CTCS – Continuous Tone Control Squelch; low frequency tones only
38. EO 196 – control of PHILCOM SAT to NTC
39. P 5000 – fine for no permit (MPDP)
40. P 5000 – per unit fine of unauthorized cellphone service
41. P 100 K – paid up capital
42. P 1200 – permit for MPD
43. P 300- license for CATV head end
44. Differential Peak Detector – has a peak detector
45. Sun Detector – orientation of sunlight
46. Blooming – trapped gas pockets in fiber cables
47. Service numbers – 3 digit number with specialized service
48. smart card – card with embedded IC
49. armature – part of dc radio gen which is grounded to reduce radio noise
50. MPEG4 - current video compression standard
51. 6 to 10 dB – noticeable change in loudness level
52. noise figure: (with equalizer)
a. 330 MHz – 9.5 dB
b. 54 MHz – 7.5 dB
53. 12 dB – visual signal level for channels that have other than 6 MHz nominal separation
54. 3 dB – visual signal level for channels that have 6MHz nominal separation
55. 13 to 17 dB – sound carrier lower than visual carrier
56. Cross Luminance – diagonal patterns
57. S unit – 6 dB
58. MPDP – apply at NTC regional office of area to service
59. 24.3 kBaud/sec – modulation rate for D-AMPS
60. 150 µV – receiver preamp input (CATV)
61. SSB – 200 Hz shift results in material degradation
62. +- 25V – max voltage to apply (data)
63. GMDSS – Global Maritime Distress and Safety System
64. AMPS – 10 kbps
65. Positive Carrier Shift – insufficient grid mod at grid modulation circuit
66. Negative Carrier Shift – insufficient grid mod at high power modulation
67. 100 milliroentgents/week exposure
68. 0.5 milliroentgents per hour from 5 cm
69. camera pickup tube – yellow green is most sensitive
70. wan topologies:
a. leased line
b. circuit switching
c. packet switching
71. <5% - interference to visual signal level
72. Measuring rad exposure – device should have area max 10cm2 max linear dimension
is 5cm
73. 3 channels – separation between geographically adjacent stations to minimize
interference
74. downtilt – limit range
75. GPS – uses CDMA for multiple access tech
76. 1800 Hz – reference frequency for envelope delay distortion measurement
77. Two tone test – SSB method in testing AM transmitter
78. Pump laser – to higher energy level
79. MPEG2 – Discrete Cosine Transform
80. IMTS – Improved Mobile Tel System; Bell Labs, 1965 or 68
81. PON – not needing to install expensive equipment at every terminal
82. Ethernet – uses 3 level Manchester code
83. CT 2 – portable payphone booth
84. SSB - assigned frequency is 1.4 kHz above carrier frequency
85. Linear amplifier – frequency instability for J3E because there’s no carrier reference
86. Horn and slot – direct connection to waveguides

Notes 3: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 1 Module 3

QUESTIONS ANSWERS

Given a 63.5µs vertical retrace line, how many complete 10

horizontal lines are scanned in a vertical flyback?

When a ferrite is subjected to a magnetic field from a permanent Precession

magnet, the electrons spins experience what phenomenon?

What are the two types of network software? Peer to peer, client
server

What do you find at the center of a star topology? A hub or a switch

What is used to fire a geosynchronous satellite to attain its final Apogee kick motor
circular geostationary orbit?

What is the flicker nose voltage of a wirewound resistor? 0.01 µV to 0.2µV

What is the flicker noise voltage of a carbon composition? 0.1µV to 2µV

What camera tube uses lead oxide for the photoconductive…? Plumbicon

What is the most common filter used in SSB? Mechanical filter

What radio transmission process where the message or video Frequency hopping
communications are sent to the radio channels that changes
frequencies in a pre-determined order?

What is the IMT-2000 maximum data rate for mobile user in a high 144 kbps
speed vehicle?

A licensed and registered ECE can apply for professional 7 years

Electronics Engineer if he registered how may years after the
effectivity of RA 9292?

What is the signal sent y the network to the calling telephone in Ringback tone
order to indicate theat the called telephone is ringing?

What is the advantage of optical fiber made up of plastic? Inexpensive and more
flexible

ICT means Information and

Communication
Technology

The maximum radiation from any electronic equipment should not 100 mr
exceed _______ mr per week?

Depending on the terrain a microwave system uses line of sight 40 km

propagation and may require repeater approximately every
______

A type of card with embedded integrated circuit with functions that Smart card
can be used in storing subscriber information in a PCS system

What is the technique employed in networks to avoid accidental Bit stuffing

flags (adding bits)?

What law created the MTRCB P.D 1986

What is another name for pink noise? Flicker noise

What is the frequency separation between the forward channel 45 MHz

and the reverse channel in a cellular communication system?

What is the tone produced by a sound source other than the Sidetone
fundamental tone?

What is the digital audio compression that substitutes MP3 audio? Dolby AC-3

In the operation and maintenance of cable TV system, you need a Duly registered ECE

What is the amount of sound attenuation offered by the wall, Transmission loss
ceiling and floor?
What is the typical range of velocity factor in a coaxial cable? 0.6 to 0.8

What devices are inserted into a telephone channel if the total net Echo suppressors
loss of the trunk circuit exceeds about 2.5 dB?

The orbits of the GPS satellites are nearly circular with inclination 55 degrees
angles of ____ degrees relative to the equator

GPS satellite separation 60 degrees

Why is geostationary satellite not stationary for region near poles The angle of inclination
of the earth? is too low for these
regions

What is the maximum bit rate for fiber optic cable? 10 Gig per sec

Which modulation is the most noise resistant? PCM (pulse code

modulation)

What is the science of measuring of light visible to human eye? Photometry

What is the center impedance of a half wave antenna? 73 ohms

What is the increase in the network capacity that can be achieved 70%
by 3G wireless system?

What is the major benefit of DSB and SSB? Higher power in the
sidebands

How much is the fine of unauthorized servicing of mobile phones? 5000 Pesos per unit

Binary pattern of ones and zeros arranged in random? Pseudorandom code

If an audio signal is lost on a high frequency, what can be added Equalizer

to it to flatten the response?

A network using microwaves for two-way transmission of Local Multipoint

telephony, television, and high-speed data Distribution System
(LMDS)

What is the speed of the geostationary satellite? 6879 statute miles per
hour

What is the technique used in MPEG 2 compression? Discrete Cosine

Transform

What refers to the ability of the FM receiver to receive the stronger Capture effect
of the two signals and ignoring the weaker one?

What is the primary advantage of microwave? Wide bandwidth

 availability

What class of mobile phone whose maximum power output level Class 2 or transportable
is specified as the ERP of 2dB watts? (1.6 Watts) phone

How many different symbols are possible outputs of a 16QAM 16

modulator?

What refers to the reflection at the interface of two optical Frenzel reflection
materials which depends on their refractive index and the angle in
which light strikes the interface

What type of message in radio control channel in cellular systems Pages

tells a particular mobile telephone that a call is to be received?

What is the modulation method used in European cordless GFSK

telephone?

What do you call the calls which cannot be completed because Blocked calls
the central office or PBX switching capacity was full at the time the
call was attempted?

What layer in the OSI is responsible for transmitting bits in the Physical layer
communications channel?

What is the ratio of the speed of light in air to the speed of light in Index of refraction
another medium?

The memory storage in cellular phones for the telephone number MPEG 1 (Motion Pictures
to be used are stored in what is known as Experts Group)

What types of microphone produce low 2 outputs? Dynamic, ribbon, carbon

What is the speech coding rate of GSM for cellular system? 13 kbps

What is the bandwidth of GSM? 200 kHz

What formula is used in determining the overall noise Friis’ formula

performance of a receiver of multiple stages of RF amplification?

What is the lowest layer in the OSI model that deals with matters Physical layer
such as voltage and current levels?

Brightness variations in color information are in what signal? Y (luminance)

What is the modulation and multiplexing technique that distribute Spread spectrum
signals and its sidebands over a very wide bandwidth

What is the operating frequency of telephone quality analog voice 300 Hz- 3 kHz
signals?
What scrambling method is used in compact disc digital audio 8 to 14 modulation
system to ensure that enough transitions between zero’s and
one’s can take easily clocking information?

What is the achievable data rate of 3G cellular system? More than 2 mbps

What is the maximum number of years of a certificate authority 15 years

issued by the NTC to the cable TV operator?

At what frequency does a magnetron in a microwave oven 2.45 GHz

operate?

What order of the NTC which provides implementing guidelines on Office Order 87-08-2004
the grant of mobile phone dealers permit? (MPDP)

What NTC memorandum circular provides additional rules and MC 08-08-2004

regulations on the purchase, sales, lease/rentals of mobile
phones?

The electronic technician, as defined by MPSCT, implementation TESDA

guidelines must be a graduate of an electronic technician course
and should have completed formal training in repairing, servicing,
and maintenance conducted by mobile phone manufacturer
and/or training center that are truly accredited ____

Helical antenna is often used as a typical satellite tracking Faraday effect

because of

What is the main disadvantage of fiber optic cable made of glass Brittleness

A comb filter is used to ________ To cancel chroma

crosstalk

In tv, which controls the phase angle of demodulated color video Tint
signal

In general typical range of frequency that troposcatter wave 350 MHz to 10 GHz
propagation is found to be effective

What modulation is used in Enhance Data rate for GSM Evolution 8PSK
(EDGE)

Where should MBSCP or MDPD file their application? NTC regional office

If public key is used to encrypt the message, what is required to Private key
decipher it?

What do you call a card that comes with an 800/888 number that Pre-paid phone card
the card owner dials to reach a network that allows him to dial
anywhere he likes

Registered electronics engineer who is not a member of an 3

accredited professional organization must register within ____
years after the effectivity of RA 9292?

What is IMT 2000 maximum data rate for pedestrian mobile users 384 kbps
and for slow moving vehicles?

What is the basic component of a satellite? Transponder

Refers to many major wireless manufacturer that have combined Wireless application
to create de facto standards in creating this content protocol

What is the frequency of the middle C 242 Hz

What is the frequency of 1 octave above middle C 542 Hz

Which of the following is not a porous absorber Membrane absorber

The time that a synthesizer remains at a frequency called Dwell time

To be a member of the board, an applicant should be in active 10 years

practice of electronics engineering in how many years before
promotion?

Notes 4: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 1 Module 4

QUESTIONS ANSWERS

What is the maximum VF tone that may be fed to a voice signal +6 dB

What is the maximum power of the Class 1 analog mobile phone 600 mW

The average voltage value of the 3.58MHz modulated chrominance The brightness of the
signal in TV receivers is___________ color

How many lines does a standard NTSC has? 525

F3 emission means carrier frequency is modulated by _______ Voice

The aeronautical radio navigation land station that provides direct Omni-directional range
bearing on that station from an aircraft is known as _____________ station

What is the frequency tolerance for aircraft station employing SSB 20 ppm
transmission?
The range of the human hearing can form how many octaves 10

What results in the luminance components interfering in the color Cross luminance
signal, it occurs whenever there is diagonal detail on that picture and
gets worse with motion

How many horizontal lines are blanked out in the frame of TV 42

receivers by V blanking

What would be the bandwidth of an AF filter for CW 500 to 1000 Hz

A superjumbo group has how many voice band channel 10800

A characteristic of the modulating signal that is proportional with the Amplitude

amount of frequency deviation from the carrier center frequency in
FM

“?” requires that the amplitude of each sample be converted into Binary number
______

In the single tube class C amplifier why is the “?” modulated envelop Because of flywheel
that made up of varying amplitude dc pulses

What is the data transmission rate of the North American AMPS 10 kbps

The split pair is used by IBM token ring network that operates at 4 or 16 Mbps
either

In acoustics, what do you call the present combination of interval Consonant interval

What is a system where cables and wires are placed within the Poke probe
ceiling and poked up in the resistance floor structured to office or the
room above

3G wireless system was introduced in what year 2001

In telephone system, what traffic model is based on the assumption Poisson

that calls are not immediately satisfied that the first attempt are held
in the system until it is satisfied

What is the maximum VF tone that may be fed in the telephone line 0 VU

What type of modulation is produced by sampling an analog signal PAM

What is the number of lines scan per frame in the raster on the 525
picture tube

What is the velocity of the geostationary satellite in orbit 6879 statute mph

Which navigation does not have global range MLS

What refers to the system where an aircraft’s navigation aid DME (Distance
measures the time interval between an interrogatory pulse and the Measuring Equipment)
reply from the radar from a radar beacon

What is the accuracy of LORAN C long range hyperbolic radio ¼ of a mile absolute &
navigation system >100ft

What is the main advantage of GPRS It doesn’t require a

connection

How many TV fields are recorded on one slant track of tape 1

What frequency sharing technique uses highly directional spot beam Spatial isolation
antennas to prevent interference between stations of the
same frequency.

What is used to produce low power microwave oscillators Tunnel diode

What is the variation of the discriminator which greatly reduces Radio detector
sensitivity to amplitude variations and causes a 50% reduction in
output voltage

Under the revised regulation governing cable TV systems in the 14 hours

Philippines regular duplicated by the network programming by one or
more station in a week during the hours of 6 to 11 PM local time to a
total of how many hours or more?

What is the minimum rejection of a CATV system 60 dB

In CATV system what is sound section isolation 40 dB

In CATV system what is the RF output terminal match 16 dB

In the NTSC regulation, how much is the fine for the MPSC Php5000
operating without valid NTC permit

What is the term for the ratio for the luminous power to the radiant Luminosity
power in the sample of light and expressed in lumens per watt of
gradient energy

What do you call a special microwave coaxial cable which is made of Hard line
hard tubing rather that wire with an insulating cover that can be used
on the lower microwave band

Which of the following are antennas made with micro strip on PCBs Patch antenna

Which coaxial connector is of more complex and expensive that do a n-type connector
better job in maintaining the electrical char of the cable through
interconnection
What is the dielectric constant of polyethylene insulator 2.27

How is tapped single button microphone cleared? Jarred

What helps protect fiber against degradation cause by moisture Cabling

For an angle of incidence = to the critical angle the light will be Along the normal
refracted

How much more feed point Z does a folded dipole have than normal 4 times
dipole

What filter may be connected between a CB transmitter and its Low pass filter
antenna

When real time communication is required the only way to address Constellation
the second fragment is to use a ____ containing more that 1 satellite

What is the common usage of single button microphones In telephones

What is the advantage of using hub over direct interconnection to all Its easy to move
the terminals computers

A broadcast station is transmitting but not modulating, what is heard Nothing

in a receiver tuned to its frequency

A network using microwave for two way transmission of telephony Local Multipoint
and in high speed data Distribution System
(LMDS)

In TV system, if the 3.58MHz C amp in the receiver does not No color

operate, the result will be __________?

What refers to the emphasizing low level signals and compressing Companding
high level signals

A system that allows user to access documents from widely WWW

separated sources of the internet using a common interface

What is the max efficiency of class C amp? 100%

What is the max recommended cable length of RS232C cable? 50 feet

What is the typical value of line turn around? 1.5 ms

Which pulse in the V blanking corresponds to 3H lines wide? V sync

What refers to the nonlinear effect that occurs at low power as low Bruilloin scattering
as 3mw in single mode fiber and takes the form of a light shifter
slightly in frequency from the original light wave
In wide area networks what routing technique requires each node to Flooding
take the incoming packet and retransmit it onto every outgoing line?

For analog dram scanners what type of modulation is used after the FM
receive light has been converted into electrical energy?

What is the most commonly used transmission line? Coax cable or line

In what 2 systems in the voice transmitter can speech processing be AF and RF

used?

What can be determined about a transformer by an ohmmeter? Winding continuity,

shorts to case
andinterwinding shorts

Why is a matched line indistinguishable from an infinitely long line as Since no energy is
seen from the source? reflected from the
match load, so for the
source it appears as if
energy is put into the
line continuous to
move down the line
forever

What type of circuit produces even order harmonics? Push-pull

What is the designation of SSB with full carrier? H3E

What is the achievable data rate of the 3G cellular system? More than 2Mbps

What is the time period for a single time slot in GSM TDMA 8
structure?

What packets switch data technique is used with the GSM systems? GPRS

What do you call the process by analog signal are transmitted by PAM
converting them into a series of pulses whose amplitude is
approximately the shape of the analog signal

In Ethernet LAN, what situation arises when two or more terminals Contention
try to transmit in the network at the same time?

What do you call the interval which it’s an integer or whole fraction Octave interval
ratio

What is defined as the ratio of frequency of two pure tones? Interval

What do you call the first note of the musical scale? Root note

In what year will the FCC face the analog broadcasting? 2006
Which of the following is or are parts of the network interface card? Both BNC and RJ49
connectors

Which of the ff wavelengths where absorption of electromagnetic 1.35cm and 1.7mm

waves becomes peak due to vibrational resonance in the water
vapor molecule

What class of mobile phone has a maximum power level specified Class III (mobile
as ERP of -2dBW or 600mW phone)

What refers to a series of tones that sounds good when used in Musical scale
combination

An MPD shop properly identifies its business and location by posting 50cm x 100cm
conspicuously at the entrance of its premises a sign board, what are
the dimensions of the sign board?

Electronic technician as defined by the MPSCP implementing TESDA

guidelines should be a graduate of an electronic technician course
and should have completed a formal training course in the repairs,
servicing and maintenance of mobile phones conducted by mobile
phone manufacturers and or training service center duly accredited
by _________

Under RA 9292, one qualification to be a member of the board is 5 years

being a citizen and resident in the Philippines for at least how many
years?

What technique is employed by the transmitter to avoid accidental Bit stuffing

flags

If two signal are in quadrature, what tie the phase relation 90 degrees

What do you call a type of communications by propagation is LOS communication

primarily by the direct or space wave which travels in straight line at
frequency above 30Mhz

What feature of SONET allows data spin with different paths to be Payload pointer
sync

What is a specialized transformer that allows telephone voice signals Hybrid coil
to travel in both directions simultaneously in a single twisted pair
loop

Cable TV companies collect signals and programs from many Head end
sources in a facility called ____________

Refers to the transmission of multiple TV signals which are Cable TV

frequency multiplexed on a single cable to be used in lieu of over the
air signal trans

What is the other name of super refraction Ducting

What is the reason why tropospheric ducting not used very much in Because it is not
practical communication systems? reliable

What is the function of a hybrid in the telephone handset Decrease mic signal in
phones

When the called telephone is ringing, the CO sends a pulse AC Ringback signal
voltage to the calling telephone. What is that signal called?

What unit refers to radiation other than x-rays which will have an Rep - roentgen
absorption equal to 1 roentgens equivalent physical

Different sources of radiation have different effect which are related Rbe – roentgen
to x-rays by a number which is referred to as the ______ biological
effectiveness

Notes 5: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 1 Module 5

QUESTIONS ANSWERS

In TV, the picture information is transmitted on a separate carrier that is 4.5MHz

located _____ lower in frequency that the sound carrier

Which of the standards given below is a terrestrial digital TV 8-VSB

transmission

What is the main accelerating element in the CRT ultor

What is the combined mixer and LO that uses 1 transistor of tube or Antodyne converter
both

Lossless compression scheme generally look for redundancies in the Run length
data for instance the string of zeroes can be replaced with a code that encoding
tells the receivers the length of the string. What do you call this
technique?

Which ground based navigation system has a center frequency of 108- VOR or DME
118MHz

All colors on the color test signal are modulated at 75% except what Gray
color?

In analog cellular system, the interfering signal strength remains 2%

approximately less than ____ of desired signal strength to assure
negligible interference

What is the approximate critical frequency of E layer? 4MHz

The 10 base T Ethernet system is restricted only to ______ 100m

What code is used in 100 days Tx Ethernet standard? 3 level Manchester

code

What is the carrier frequency of supergroup 10? 3100kHz

What frequency is used to signal handoffs to another cell and the 10kHz
termination of the cell in cellular communications

Which of the following principle musical intervals is 7:8

considered desonant?

What is essentially a cell site shelter that is mounted on flat bed tractor COW
trailer used for emergency purposes

In cellular system what defines the geographic distance that is required Distance-to-reuse
between cells used in identical frequencies in order to avoid interference ratio (D/R)
between the radio transmissions of this cells?

RA 9292 was approved by Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on what April 17, 2004
date?

Which of the following is considered the first instance of government Radio act of 1910
regulation of radio technology?

What do you call the random data send continuously by the NIC that Jabber
disrupts the whole area network?

What law regulates the operation of cable antenna system in the Phil? EO 205

Which of the following is the nearest star to the solar system? Proxima Centauri

What is the shifting of antenna pattern so that the major lobe is at an Down tilt
angle below the horizontal?

What allows one antenna to be used for reception and transmission Duplexer
without mutual interference?

What is the term used to describe an ordinary voice telephony? POTS

What do you call the call that cannot be completed because of the Block call
central office or PBX switching capacity is full at the time the call
attempted?

Why does an FM antenna ammeter not change with modulation? No power added
 with modulation

What is meant by peak white? The video signal

represents max
luminance

In color CRT, what refers to adjustment of the three electron beam so Purity
that each lens canphosper dots on the appropriate color?

In a satellite system, what do you call the focus beam of energy that Spot beam
covers a relatively small area on the earth produced by high gain
antenna on the satellite?

What radio system was developed to provide high speed packet data GPRS
access for the GSM network?

How wide are the GSM channels? 200 kHz

What type of radar is used for speed measurements such as the one CW Doppler radar
used by the police or the police radar?

With what type of emission does this tuning by 200Hz materially J3E
degrade the received signal?

Why does a high Q circuit discriminate against harmonics? Because of purer

sine wave AC

What will you change in order that gain of transistor amplifier can vary? The collector
current

What are 2 function of a buffer amplifier? Amplify and isolate

How much of the emission must be within the bandwidth of the 99%
transmitter

What type of 2nd detector is used for SSB and CW Heterodyne

In FM broadcasting, what is the lowest used modulating frequency? 26Hz

What is the emission designation for VHF FM? F3E

Why does a higher impedance line have lower copper loss than a lower Because higher
impedance line? impedance line has
lower current for a
given power level

What is considered as the simplest transmitter keyed on and off to The oscillator
produce CW Morse code?

Occasionally rockets will contain more than one satellite, what do you Initial payload
call the main satellite to be launched?

What are the 2 basic types of radar? Pulse and CW

How many orbital plans which are equally spaced around the equator in 6
GPS operational constellation?

What is the popular fiber optics cable with the glass core and plastic PCS (plastic clad
cladding called? silica)

What is a FM receiver that causes a stronger signal to dominate the Capture effect
weaker signal in the same frequency?

What is the advantage of using SSB suppressed carrier AM as the It has the least
modulation scheme for FDM telephony? bandwidth

What may cause ionic disturbance characterized by rapid cluttering Aurora borealis
sound hence voice communication is poor?

What is used to convert the scene or object nearest to view the electrical Television camera
signal which can be used to modulate the carrier?

What is the advantage of toroid inductors over air core inductors? High permeability
of the core

The mandatory 24 ship-to-shore communications from 1910-1912 was The Republic and
established by the US, Great Britain and other maritime nation as the The Titanic
direct result of the sinking of the 2 famous ships, which are?

How much is the filling fee for application of MDSCP or MPDP Php180

The frequency tolerance of FM broadcast stations is _____ above or 2000Hz

below the assigned frequency?

What layer of the OSI model handles the transmission of bites over a Physical layer
communications channel?

What is the next to higher level of the multi-level activities of Coding

communications which defines how the initial data is sent and
transformed into the symbols that represent it before being actually
transmitted with this specific signal value?

Which of the ff. coaxial cable connectors is called the UHF connector? PL 259

What satellite subsystem monitors on board conditions such as TTC

temperature and battery voltage and transmits this data back to a
ground station for analysis?

What expresses the steepness of the skirts of the skirts selectivity of a Shape factor
radio receiver?
In SSB, the transmitter output is expressed in terms of _________? Peak envelop
power

Which of the ff. is the policy guidelines to govern the operation of cable PO 436
TV in the Philippines?

What is the standard signal format of a numeric paging receiver? NEC B3 standard

What is the critical capacitance variation of most varactors used in 12 to 1

frequency modulators?

Helical antennas are often used for satellite tracking VHF because of? Faraday’s effect

What traffic model is based on the assumption that calls not immediately Erlang C
satisfied at the first attempt are held in the system until satisfied?

What does ICT mean? Information and

Communication
Technology

What is the typical noise figure of metals, semiconductors, FET or 2 dB or less

MOSFET used at microwave frequency?

What is the 3rd layer of the OSI protocol model which sets up the path to Baseband
transmit data between terminals and modulation is used?

What system specification for 3G wireless system uses as a WCDMA

wide rf channel efficient coding and multiple channels to provide for both
low speed circuit and high speed packet services?

If the antenna current increases 3.3 times how much is the field strength 3.3 times
increase?

What is the term used to describe a computer operating system allows Multi-tasking
multiple program to run simultaneously without interfering with each
other

What is the 1st type of modulation using an SB microphone called? Absorption or loop

What are used to allow fiber optics to operate at much higher data rates Polyethylene
and over longer distances with the use of range and resist abrasion?

If the satellite is lunched at the speed exceeding 25000mph, the satellite Space probe
will not go in orbit and will break away from the gravitational pull of the
earth and go out in deep space what do you call this satellite?

What is used to improve the signal to noise ratio for either PCM or delta Companding
modulation signals?

In a system, if the system to have a net gain there would be a possibility Singing
of oscillation due to feedback from this reflection, what is this called?

What is the voltage of the local loop on hook? 48 Vdc

In a propagation medium such in the glass of an optical fiber ____ is the MIE scattering
scattering of an electromagnetic wave by particles with the size about
equal or greater than the wavelength?

What is the ratio of speed of light in air to the speed of light in another Index of refraction
medium?

What LED is usual signal source for plastic fiber? Red LED

Why is pulse code modulation preferred over PAM? Because of its

superior noise
immunity

What carrier shift results with insufficient grid excitation to a grid Positive
modulated stage?

Why are printed circuit board such To create

as stripline and microstrip implemented on transmission lines? resonance circuits
and filters

In satellite communication system, _______ is the satellite component Sun sensor

that senses the time or the incidence angle of solar radiation and
provides electrical signal that may be used to compute the satellite
orientation?

A few centimeters long solid insulated hook-up wire that provides small Gimmick
capacitance to the ground that is adjusted during circuit alignment by
bending slightly in one direction or another, what do you call this wire?

What is the acronym GMDSS stand for? Global maritime

distress and safety
system

What is the main disadvantage of fiber optic cable made of glass? Brittleness

In TV system, the color level control is in the ______? BPA

The max. radiation for electronic equipment must not exceed 100
___ mr/week

What refers to any sonic, infrasonic, or ultrasonic wave which is emitted Radiation
from electronic product as a result of the operation of its electronic
circuit

What is the formula for REM? Rbe x rad

Radiation exposure rates produced by a TV receiver shall not exceed 0.5
____ milli roentgens per hour at the distance of 5cm from any point on
external surface of the receiver?

Why larger antennas are receive stronger signals than smaller antenna? Because they have
greater effective
area or greater
proportion of
radiated energy
intercepted

What is the advantage of Dougherty linear? High efficiency

What vacuum tube is used for microwave amplification and oscillation? Klystron

What is the advantage of using variable and balance T-type attenuator Maintain small
pass as gain control? constant z

What refers to the sampling of analog signal used in a sample and hold Flat top sampling
circuit such that the sample will have the same amplitude for its whole
duration

Which of the ff. identifies the maximum transmitted power level of a Station class mark
mobile phone?

Which of the ff. is not a supervisory tone? 4000 Hz

If the distance between the sound source and the listener is changing, Doppler effect
the freq. heard will defer from the freq. emitted, this phenomenon is
called?

One document required for application of MPDP is a list of stock of 6 months

spare parts and accessories sufficient enough to cover the warranty of
mobile phone units for at least how many months?

How much is the inspection fee for application of MPDP or MPCP? Php720/year

Which NTC memorandum circular provides for the additional rules and MC 08-08-2004
regulations on the purchase, sale, lease and retail of mobile phones?

What protocol is used in the check sum method of error detection? X modem

In cellular system, typically how many cells in the freq. reuse plan 7
format?

Notes 6: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 1 Module 6

1. EO 436 – governing operations of CATV
2. EO 205 – regulation of CATV
3. Office Order 87-08-2004 – mobile phone dealer’s permit
4. 07-08-2004 – Mobile phone repair
5. 08-08-2004 – Mobile phone dealer/retail/base/purchase/sale
6. Horn – most commonly used microwave antenna
7. SSB – uses mechanical filters
8. Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) filter – for RF filters (TV frequencies)
9. Plumbicon (lead oxide) – minimum lag
10. +6 VU (volume unit) – VF level to be placed on voice signals
11. +0 VU – VF level to be placed on telephone line/channel
12. Despun antenna – spins to focus on a fixed location on the earth
13. Attitude control – orientation of satellite on relationship to earth and sun
14. Apogee kick motor – rocket motor that is regularly employed on artificial satellites
destined for a geostationary orbit.
15. TTC – Telemetry and Tracking Control
16. Helical antennas – used because of Faraday effect
17. Faraday screen – minimize losses (for transmitter)
18. Analog cell phone:
Class I – 0.6W
Class II – 1.6W
Class III – 3W
19. 121.5 MHz – aeronautical distress frequency
20. 2182 kHz – maritime distress frequency
21. LORAN C/D – 100 kHz; 460m or ¼ mile absolute accuracy, 100 m relative accuracy
22. Class I – Cable TV Channel/Station-- off-the-air channels, DBS feeds
23. Class II – w/o auxiliary equipment – scrambling
24. Class IV – provides signaling path
25. Discone antenna – vertical polarization; broadband
26. Cellular phone FM (AMPS) – ±12 kHz deviation
27. 5150 m/s – speed of sound in steel at 1 atm
28. TDM – 8 μs per time slot
29. AMPS – 10 kbps per channel
30. D-AMPS – 30 kbps – combines 3 AMPS channels
31. Cable TV:
16 dB - matching (RF)
28 dB – terminal isolation
40 dB – sound carrier isolator
60 dB – spurious radiation rejection
80 dB – cross modulation
-60 dB – adjacent channel isolation
± 1 dB – audio signal level
2 dB
36 dB – video SNR for modulator
32. 3G – UMTS (universal mobile telephone system); 2001
33. IS-95 – not TDMA; Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum- Mobile and Telephone
34. IMT 2000 – 144 kbps for fast vehicles; 384 kbps for pedestrians and slow vehicles
35. PD 1986 – MTRCB
36. EO 59 – mandatory interconnection of telecommunications networks
37. 1550 nm – used because of least losses
38. RA 9292 – approved by GMA on April 17, 2004
39. EO 196 – Philippine Satellite
40. Satellite closet – offshoot of TTC (building code)
41. Doppler radar – specialized radar that makes use of the Doppler effect to produce
velocity data about objects at a distance.
42. Helmholtz resonator or Helmholtz oscillator is a container of gas (usually air) with an
open hole (or neck or port).
43. GPS – 20,200km; 60° spacing between orbital planes; 6 orbital planes; 55° inclination
44. Poke-through – in building construction (telephone installation); wires poke through
fire-resistant floor
45. Firewire – connects cameras, etc. to computer
46. H.261 – video conferencing over telephone line
47. MP3 – MPEG-2 audio layer 3
48. MPEG-1 – low-rate video used in CD- ROM
49. MPEG-4 – DivX video compression
50. PL-259 – UHF connector
51. Type N connector – coax connector; expensive but good
52. 7:8 – dissonant tone ratio
53. Consonant tones – pleasant tones; antonym of dissonant
54. 1:1.38 – max. tolerable VSWR of something
55. American concert A – 440Hz
56. One octave above middle C – 524 Hz
57. Proxima centauri – nearest star to solar system
58. Aurora borealis – rapid fluttering; ionic disturbance
59. 10 octaves – human hearing range
60. Ionosonde – measures virtual height
61. Brillouin scattering – slight frequency change; modulation of light by the thermal
energy in the material; produces phonons and photons
62. Mie scattering – caused by particles that have the size of wavelength
63. Splatter – excess sidebands
64. J3E – 1.4kHz difference between carrier and assigned frequency
65. F3 – for voice
66. Data rates:
GPRS – >170 kbps
EDGE – >384 kbps
3G – > 2 Mbps
67. 6 MHz terrestrial – 19.39 Mbps
68. 6 MHz data (cable modem) – 27 Mbps
69. CB SSB – 12W PEP
70. 3.1 m3/person – cinema volume level
71. NAVTEX – texting system for ships; maritime safety weather; narrowband direct printing
telegraphy
72. Slot antenna – used for navigation systems; aerodynamic
73. Hole – for wavelength and waveguide wavemeter coupling
74. Probe – coupling for waveguide
75. Loop – coupling for waveguide
76. 4.5 MHz + 1 MHz – intercarrier
77. 1.25 MHz + 250 kHz – from lower edge
78. 3.579545 MHz – chroma subcarrier
79. V.90 – 56 kbps for telephone line
80. Flicker noise voltages:
0.02-0.2 μV – metal film
0.05-0.3 μV – carbon film
0.1-3.0 μV – carbon composition
0.01-0.2 μV – wirewound
81. IMT2000 – not 3G
82. 02 absorption – 5 mm, 2.5 mm
83. Water vapor – 1.35 cm, 1.7 mm
84. IMSI – international mobile subscriber identification
85. MIN – mobile ID number
86. WCDMA – 1.25W
87. DWDM – dense wavelength div mux
88. COW – cellsite; emergency purposes; on flatbed of tractor or trailer
89. Stripline – 2 ground planes; “sandwich”
90. Microstrip
91. 802.3 – defacto Ethernet; CSMA/ CD LAN
92. 100 Mbps Ethernet – 100 m
93. Token ring – 4 or 16 Mbps
94. UTC – universal coordinated time
95. Why are cable channels converted to VHF from UHF? – to reduce losses in coax
cable
95. Hard line – coax with hard shield
96. Twinax
97. Slow wave structure – forces electron beam to move slowly
98. C-band transponder guard band – 4 MHz
99. IF for TV receivers – 36-46 MHz
100. Electron spin – in ferrites; due to magnetic field; precession
101. PVC – cover of coax
102. Polytetraflouroethylene – Teflon
103. Polyethylene – good for outdoor cables
104. Cross-over cable – low capacity/number of computers; will do in place of a hub
105. Electroluminescence – LED action
106. Radiometry – measuring RF spectrum
107. Photometry – technique of astronomy concerned with measuring the flux, or intensity
of an astronomical object's electromagnetic radiation.
108. Luminosity – lumens/watt
109. Aperture antenna – antenna aperture or effective area is a measure of how effective
an antenna is at receiving the power of radio waves.
110. 40 km – microwave repeater distance
111. 56 km – TV broadcast radius
112. Omega – raw system; 88-98% of earth
113. Radar – depends on:
Distance – speed of pulse
Altitude – vertical beamwidth
Direction – directivity of antenna
114. UHF channel – noise figure 9 dB or better
115. RLE – takes advantage of redundancies in bit stream
116. GFSK – modulation used in Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT)
117. GSM – 13 kbps speech coding rate
118. CATV and head-end operation – requires licensed commercial telephone operator
119. Critical frequency of E layer – 4 MHz
120. Gimmick – wire that acts as a capacitor; capacitance can be changes by bending wire
to one side or another
121. Public key – for encrypting signal
122. Private key – for decryption
123. Why analog transmission rather than digital transmission of CATV in fiber optic
medium? – easier to just modulate whole RF spectrum that having to demodulate, demux,
encode, etc.
124. On-hook loop voltage (telephone) – -48 Vdc
125. Side tone – echo from Tx side to Rx side
126. Ringback – sent to the calling station to inform that call is in progress
127. Erlang C – blocked calls delayed until served/satisfied
128. Cell site D/R ratio – distance required before reuse; R – cellsite radius; “Cochannel
Interference Reduction Factor”
129. Satellites – “spatial isolation” – frequency reuse by aiming beams at different locations
(spaced-enough)
130. Base station – $500,000 - $750,000 to put up
131. 1 dB, 2 dB – visual signal level throughout video channel BW
132. Why is it easier to analyze transmission lines at low frequency? – low L and C,
leaving only resistive component
133. Multi-mode fiber – easier to work with than single mode; wider acceptance angle
134. Why is height still important for mobile telephone transmitter antenna? – for
more direct path; less reflections
135. Soliton – any optical field that does not change during propagation because of a
balance between nonlinear and linear effects in a medium
136. SONET – brings together the North American and European digital mux hierarchies
137. Passive optical network – all-fiber access systems intended for residential
applications
138. Single-mode fiber – width = 3 (wavelength of the light carrier)
139. Cryogenic cooling – lowers the operating temperature of receivers to reduce noise
levels
140. SSB – envelope delay distortion test – 1800 Hz

Notes 7: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 1 Module 7

1. Speech power – typically ¼ to 1/3 of PEP
2. CATV channels – between channels 6 and 7 (wideband); above channel 13 (superband)
3. VCR data – FM modulation
4. Superjumbo group – 10,800 channels
5. GPS – user segment, space segment, control segment; main control – Falcon Air Base,
Colorado, USA
6. Magic T – hybrid T
7. Feed horn – horn amplifier that feeds a reflector
8. 100 dB exposure – 20 mins
9. Datawire – term for the communication channel over which data is transmitted
10. Slope detector – vulnerable to noise degradation
11. Ratio detector – more amplitude dependent but lower demodulated signal level (50%)
12. Varactor diode (for direct FM) – 12:1 ratio of capacitance
13. IF amp – most of the receiver’s selectivity/gain
14. SSB signals – more prone to frequency distortion because there’s no carrier to serve
as reference
15. Lattice modulator – most commonly used SSB modulator
16. Losses in fiber optic cable – material/absorption losses, scattering losses, dispersion
losses
17. Splice is better that connectors because there is no air gap
18. PCS – plastic-clad silica; uses silicon plastic
19. Fiber construction:
Glass – low attenuation; brittle
Plastic – high attenuation
20. Radar – 2 types: continuous wave (CW) and pulsed
21. TACS – 1G system used in England; 8 kbps data rate
22. LIDAR – optical version of radar; light direction and ranging
23. Frequencies directly above 300 GHz – millimetric waves
24. Sunlight radiation – 300 nm - 2000 nm (UV to infrared)
25. Human ear – best response – 1- 4 kHz
26. If the desired area to capture cannot fit into the camera’s field of view, use a lens with
shorter focal length
27. Ultor – main accelerating anode
28. Grid-dye meter/detector – for measuring RF current/power in antenna; for measuring
resonant frequency of RF circuits
29. Hamming code – corrects 1 bit only
30. TDD – time division duplexing – 2 way communication channels are separated in time
via time slots
31. Microwave communication is being used because of wide bandwidth
32. To protect against fading – frequency diversity; space diversity
33. Fresnel reflection – reflection of waves through 2 media; involves materials w/ different
index of refraction; also involves angle; reflection of part of incident light
34. Initial payload – main satellite in the satellite launch
35. 8-VSB – standard for digital TV
36. Why digital TV? – possibly less BW, more immunity to noise, more signal processing
37. For UHF frequencies, transmission lines are used in place of LC networks.
38. Interlacing – technique to reduce flicker of TV picture w/o increasing BW
39. No. of scanning lines (conventional TV) – 525
40. Effective no. of scanning lines – (utilization factor) (525) = resolution of picture
41. HDTV – up to 1125 lines; 5 times more video info compared to conventional TV
picture
42. Video signal w/o sync pulse – noncomposite video signal
43. Commercial (analog) telephone service – NTT, 1979
44. Problem of 1G – a phone’s code can be stole and copied – clone fraud
45. Why is it hard to transmit music using SSB? – it is difficult to produce 90° phase shift
for AF in the 5-10 kHz range
46. Modern pool – alternative to having a dedicated modem + telephone line connection
for each workstation
47. Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) – part of most aircraft/ships today
48. Republic and Titanic (1910 and 1912) – sinking led to mandatory 24-hr ship-to-shore
communications
49. Anisochronous – no relationship in the time interval (“chronous”) between Tx and Rx
data
50. Dolby AC-3 surround sound – sound with compressed data rates
51. Microphones:
Carbon – economical
Dynamic
Condenser – weak response
52. Broadband wireless access for fixed, nomadic, mobile:
In MHz:
450-470 2400-2483 5150-5350
1900-1910 2500-2700 5470-5850
1980-1990 3400-3600 10150-10650
53. SUF for 3G (per MHz, M-million):
Frequency paired unpaired
5 MHz P 5M P 3M
5th-10th 8M 6M
10th-15th 10M 8M
>15th 15M 12M
54. Ambiophony – adjusting reverberation by providing loudspeaker feedback
55. 2% of main signal – to provide minimum interference
56. Bluetooth – IEEE 802.15; 720 kbps; 1mW
57. Wimax – 802.16
58. Zigbee – 802.15.4; cost-efficient; low power; low data rate
59. Wifi – 802.11b; 11 Mbps; 54 Mbps
60. Vinton Cerf – father of internet
61. ITU-T – telecommunications standards bureau
62. William Gibson – 1984; coined “cyberspace” in “Neuromancer”
63. EO 467 – national policy on the operation and use of international satellite.
64. EO 205 – regulation of CATV
65. EO 101 – improvement of LEC service
66. EO 469 – satellite; March 17, 1998
67. 1% harmonic distortion for CATV
68. Range of CDMA – 13 miles; BW = 1.23 MHz
69. Birth of WWW – 1991
70. 1918 – superheterodyne receiver; Edwin Armstrong
71. 820 nm – 2.5 dB Rayleigh loss
72. 0.7 μm – 100 μm – IR wavelength
73. Radio Act of 1910 – first attempt at radio regulation
74. Hydrazine – fuel for jet thrusters
75. Middle C – 262 Hz
76. Cavity resonator – high Q parallel LC circuit
77. Hoghorn – parabolic cylinder plus horn antenna
78. 15 yrs – max permit length of CATV operator authentication
79. Iridium – 780 km; 66 satellites
80. 1978 – first GPS satellite launched
81. L band – used for navigation
82. 3G – “2 to 4 times” 2G
83. 2G – 3000-20,000 people per cell site
84. 1G – 1000 people, 50 radio channels
85. Cell site – 10-50W
86. П-L network/ inductive coupling – against harmonics/ greatest harmonic suppression
87. Digital microwave – PSK/QAM
88. Cable TV supplying power and signals – 30 Vac or 60 Vac
89. UWB – 20/30 ft.; 500 MHz or 20% of center frequency
90. Randall and Boot – some type of magnetron
91. Beamwidth of horn antenna – 10° - 60°
92. Thick Ethernet – 10 Base 5 (old thick Ethernet)
93. Thin Ethernet – “cheapernet”
94. Button microphone – used in telephones
95. Telemetry – 481.25 - 481.725; 486.25 - 486.725
96. CB – 26.965-27.475 MHz
97. International AM station – min 50 kW
98. P 900 – license fee for head-end licensing
99. F-type connector – commonly used for TV, etc.; cheap
100. Cyan – 90° leading color burst
101. 125 μm – cladding diameter
102. Highest sunlight power – at 500 nm
103. IS-136 – North American digital cellphone standard
104. IS-95 – CDMA
105. Gyrotron – high power; >100GHz; USSR 1971
106. Backward-wave oscillator (BWO) – TWT + slow wave structure (RF + e-beam)
107. CB antenna height – 60 ft. above ground; 20 ft. above building
108. Jabber – random data sent by NIC
109. 9 pm - 7 am - no push/broadcast messages in paid subscription for such messages
110. For 2 kW transmit power, 2860W power
111. Velocity factor – 0.9 – twin lead; 0.9 – open wire; 0.5-0.9 in general
112. Shift register – used as bit-splitter
113. Phase splitter – push-pull amplifier
114. Input of quadrature phase detector – differential amplifier

Notes 8: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 1 Module 8

Intermediate frequencies:
AM – 455 kHz
FM – 10.7 MHz
Radar – 30MHz
TV receiver – 36-46 MHz
North American sub band for CATV
T-7 5.75 - 11.75(MHz)
T-8 11.75 – 17.75
T-9 17.75 – 23.75
Until T-13 (just add 6Mhz)
GLONASS
-Russian counterpart of the USA’s GPS
-24 satellites (21 operating, 3 spare), 45 degrees separation
-3 orbital planes, 120 degrees separation
-64.8 degrees angle of inclination
-19100 km altitude
-11 hours and 15 minutes approximate orbit time
Universal Product Code (BARCODE) consists of:
-flag, for indicating the country, 2-3digits
-maker code, 5-7 digits
-item code, 5 or 3 digits
-Check digit, for preventing from errors, 1 digit
Group of faxes:
· Group 1 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendation T.2. Group 1 faxes take 6
minutes to transmit a single pace, with vertical resolution of 98 scan lines per inch. Group 1
fax machines are obsolete and no longer manufactured.
· Group 2 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendation T.30 and T.3. Group 2 faxes take 3
minutes to transmit a single page, with a vertical resolution of 100 scan lines per inch.
Group 2 fax machines are almost obsolete and no longer manufactured. Group 2 fax
machines can interoperate with Group 3 fax machines.
· Group 3 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendation T.30 and T.4. Group 3 fax
machines take between 6 and 15 seconds to transmit a single pace (not including the initial
time for the fax machines to handshake and synchronize). The horizontal and vertical
resolutions are allowed by the T.4 standard to vary among a set of fixed resolutions:

 Horizontal: 100 scan lines per inch; Vertical 100 scan lines per inch
 H: 200 or 204 SL/inch; V: 100 or 98 SL/inch (‘standard’); V: 200 or 196 SL/inch
(‘fine’); V: 400 or 391 SL/inch (‘super fine’)
 H: 300 SL/inch; V: 300 SL/inch
 H: 400 or 408 SL/inch; V: 400 or 391 SL/inch

· Group 4 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendations T.563, T.503, T.521, T.62, T.70,
T.72, T.411 to T.417. They are designed to operate over 64kbit/s digital ISDN circuits. Their
resolution is determined by the T.6 recommendation, which is a superset of the T.4
recommendation.
RF-ID
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification Systems) are intended to carry data in suitable
transponders, generally known as tags, and to retrieve data, by hand- or machine- means,
at a suitable time and place to satisfy particular application needs.
RFID (radio Frequency Identity) systems employ tiny chips and wireless antennas that can
be imbedded into products and used for unique identification purposes. It is a contact-less
solution that works with proximity readers and RFID tags.
Proximity readers – a device which transmits and interrogating/querying signal to an RFID
tag and received unique information from the tag.
a) low power with ERP not exceeding 500mW
b) high power with ERP not exceeding 2W or 4W EIRP
RFID tag – a microchip attached to an antenna than picks up signals from and sends
signals to a reader. A tag contains a unique number, but may have other information as
customers’ account number
RFID tags maybe classified as:
a) active tag – used for long distance purposes such as in toll highways, parking areas, gas
stations. This tag uses small batteries which enable it to send signals at a longer distance
b) passive tags – used very near or in close proximity to a reader and does not use any
internal battery
The use and operation of RFIDs shall be allowed in the following frequency bands:
13.553 – 13.567 Mhz
918 – 920 Mhz
2446 – 2454 Mhz
Proximity readers shall be covered by a certificate of registration to be issued upon one-
time payment of the following fees:
a. low power readers, PHP 100.00
b. high power readers, PHP 300.00
Imported RFID tags shall be covered by Permit to Import to be issued upon payment of
Permit fee of PHP 100.00 per 1,000 units.
Sale of unregistered RFID proximity reader, PHP 5,000.00 per unit or with forfeiture of
equipment
Selling of RFID tags not covered by Permit Fee, PHP 2,500.00 for the 1st offense, PHP
5,000.00 for the 2nd offense, PHP 7,500.00 for the 3rd and so on.
Illegal acquisition of RFID reader, PHP 5,000.00 per unit and/or with forfeiture of equipment.
Sale of illegally acquired RFID reader, PHP 5,000.00 per unit or with forfeiture of
equipment.
Non-registration of imported RFID readers within five (5) days from release from the Bureau
of Customs, PHP 1,000.00 per unit
Selling of RFID proximity readers by non-NTC accredited radio dealers/manufacturers, PHP
5,000.00 per reader, PHP 1,000.00 per 1,000 tags.
Operating RFID proximity reader without valid registration, PHP 5,000 per reader
Specifications Cable Type Max Length (m)
10BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair 100
10Base2 Thin Coax Cable 180
10Base5 Thick Coax Cable 500
10BaseF Fiber optic cable 2000
100BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair 100
100BaseTX Unshielded Twisted Pair 220
WI-FI
peak operating speed of around 54 Mbps

 802.11a – wireless network bearer operating in the 5Ghz ISM band with data rate up
to 54 Mbps (orthogonal frequency division multiplex)
  802.11b – wireless network bearer operating in the 2.4Ghz ISM band with data rate
up to 11Mbps (direct sequence spread spectrum)
 802.11e – quality of service and prioritization
 802.11f – handover
 802.11g – wireless network bearer operating in the 2.4 Ghz ISM band with data
rates up to 54Mbps
 802.11h – power control
 802.11i – authentication and encryption
 802.11j – internetworking
 802.11k – measurement reporting
 802.11n – stream multiplexing
 802.11s – mesh networking

Of these standards, the most widely known are the network bearer standards, 802.11a,
802.11b, and 802.11g
The range of WIFI is limited to around 50 meters.
BLUETOOTH
-721kbps, 3 channels
-communications to be established between devices up to a max distance of 100 meters
-running in the 2.4Ghz ISM band, Bluetooth employs frequency hopping techniques with the
carrier modulated using Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK)
-The standard uses a hopping rate of 1600 hops per second. These are spread over 79
fixed frequencies and they are chosen in a pseudo-random sequence. The fixed
frequencies occur at 2400 + n MHz where the value of n varies from 1 to 79. These gives
frequencies of 2402, 2404… 2480 MHz. In some countries, the ISM band allocation does
not allow the full range of frequencies to be used. In France, Japan and Spain, the hop
sequences has to be restricted to only 23 frequencies because of the ISM band allocation is
smaller.
-For correct operation, the level of BT is set to 0.5 and the modulation index must be
between 0.28 and 0.35.
-Power class 1 is designed for long range communications up to about 100m devices, and
this has a maximum output power of 20dBm, next is Power Class 2 which is used for what
are termed for ordinary range devices with a range up to about 10, with a max output power
of 4dBm. Finally, there is Power Class 3 for short range devices. This support
communication only to about 10 cm and it has a max output power of 0dBm.
-The transmitted initial center frequency must be within ±75Khz from the receiver center
frequency.
-There are two ways in which data is transferred. The first is by using what is termed as
Asynchronous Connectionless Communications Link (ACL) 732.2 bits/sec asymmetric
mode. When a symmetrical mode is needed with data transferred at the same rate in both
directions, the data transfer rate falls to 433.9 kbits/sec. This is used for file and data
transfers. A second method is termed a Synchronous Connection-orientated
Communications Link (SCL) 64 kbits/sec. This is used for applications such as digital audio.
WIMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)
-IEEE 802.16 standard
-point to multi-point broadband technology
-75 Mbps uplink/downlink
-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM). It is the fact that WiMax uses OFDM that
enables it to occupy a wide bandwidth and carry the very high data rates. OFDM uses a
large number of close spaced carriers, each modulated with a fraction of the data payload.
The carriers are orthogonal to each other and in this way they do not interfere with each
other.
-uses frequencies in the range 10to 66GHz (LOS)
-max ranges up to 31 miles
-WiMax can transmit data up to a distance of 48km
UWB (ultra wideband)
-FCC has mandated that the UWB transmission can legally operate in the range 3.1Ghz up
to 10.6Ghz at a limited power of -41dBm/Mhz
-bandwidth of at least 500MHz, as well as having a bandwidth of at least 20% of the center
frequency
NFC (near field communications)
-NFC technology operated by using magnetic field induction. It also operates within the
globally available and unregulated 13.56 Mhz frequency band. However, with a maximum
operating distance of around 10 cm it is unlikely to cause interference to other uses.
-The data transfer rate may either be 106, 212 or 424 kbps and there is probability of higher
data rather later.
-There are also two modes of operation, namely one way (passive) or two way (active).
DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication)
-developed by members of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in
1992
-operates in the band 1880 - 1900Mhz
-The basic frequency plan provides for ten channels within this band.
-GFSK
-BT of 0.5
-The system uses dynamic channel allocation and is thereby able to reduce the levels of
interference.
-The DECT radio interface employs a number of techniques in its access methodology. The
scheme uses Multi-carrier, Time Division Multiple Access, Time Division Duplex
(MC/TDMA/TDD).
-The basic DECT system has a total of 10 possible carrier frequencies between 1880 and
1900 Mhz, i.e. it is a multi-carrier (MC) system.
-In addition to this the time dimensions for each carrier is divided to provide timeframes
repeating every 10ms. Each frame consists of 24 timeslots, each of which is individually
accessibly and may be sued for either transmission or reception. For the basic DECT
speech service 2 timeslots – with 5 ms separation – are paired to provide bearer capacity
for typically 32kbps (ADPCM G.726 coded speech) full duplex connection.
-The DECT TDMA structure enables up to 12 simultaneous basic voice connections per
transceiver.
-DECT standard defines a maximum data rate of 552 kbps with full security.
Parameter Specification:
Frequency Band – 1880 to 1900 MHz
Access technique – MC/TDMA/TDD Symbol rate 1152 k symbols/s
Carrier spacing – 1728 KHz
Frame duration – 10ms
Access channels/RF carrier – 12 duplex 32 kbits/channel
Traffic channels/single radio – TRX 12
Traffic Channel assignment – instant dynamic
Control carriers – not required
Modulation – GFSK (BT=0.5) and optional higher level modulation schemes possible
LO Stability – 25 ppm
Portable average RF power – 10mW
Portable peak RF power – 240mW 24dBm
Speech codec – 32 kbits/s ADPCM
Base station sensitivity at 0.1% BER - -86dBm(for GAP) (typically -90dBm to -94dBm)
Basic link budget – 110 dBm (typ. 114 dBm to 118 dBm)
Protected 64kbits/s bearer service – yes
Base station antenna – diversity switched, post detection selection - optional
Dual antennas in handset- optional
Tolerance to time dispersion with selection antenna diversity – 200ns (500ns possible with
low-cost non-coherent equalizer)
 Notes 9: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 1 Module 9
1. 3 dB – signal level that must be kept within 6 MHz
2. 12 dB – other than 6 MHz
3. 12 dB – within the next 24 hours
4. 46 dB – visual signal level over RMS interference
5. 28 dB – minimum terminal match
6. 18 dB – front-back ratio
7. 16 dB – RF output terminal match
8. 13 - 17 dB – level of attenuation of aural signal with respect to the video signal
9. 80 dB – In CATV, cross modulation of trunk amplifiers
10. 60 dB – In CATV, spurious signal rejection
11. 40 dB – In CATV, sound section isolation
12. Positive – carrier shift due to insufficient grid excitation; grid modulation
13. Negative – carrier shift due to insufficient grid excitation; high level
14. Trailing wire – submarine wire
15. 1.35 cm to 1.7 mm – wavelengths where water vapor molecule absorption peaks
16. 5 mm to 2.5 mm – wavelengths where oxygen molecule absorption peaks
17. 1520 m/s – speed of sound in water at 25oC
18. Intelsat – 21 satellites
19. Buncher – velocity modulates the beam
20. Antonio Meucci – “first inventor” of telephone
21. 1.5 ms – line turn around
22. 300 – 2000 nm – sunlight wavelength
23. 500 nm – peak sunlight wavelength
24. Patch antenna – antenna that uses microstrips
25. 19.39 Mbps – data rate of a 6MHz terrestrial TV
26. 27 Mbps – data rate of a 6MHz CaTV
27. Acoustician – practitioner of acoustics
28. ¼ mile absolute and 100 feet relative – precision Loran C/D
29. 460 m – accuracy of LORAN C
30. MLS – no global coverage
31. Between Channels 6 and 7 and above Channel 13 – used in CATV
32. Video Preamplifier – not tuned to the 3.58MHz signal
33. Noncomposite signal – video signal without sync signal
34. 1:1.38 – minimum VSWR for CATV
35. 42H – blanked during vertical retrace
36. Hash – short bit sequence sent typically 128bits in digital signatures
37. Public key encryption – encryption of data is most commonly achieved through
38. Private key encryption – enables decryption of Public key encrypted data
39. 8 kbps – Speech coding rate of D-AMPS
40. 7:8 – principal musical interval considered as dissonant
41. LEO satellites – 200 satellites
42. 100 Base Tx – Ethernet Standard 3-Level Manchester
43. 20 mins – maximum daily exposure in minutes for a loudness level between 100 –110
dB
44. 10 milliroentgens – 30 cm
45. 0.5 milliroentgens – 5 cm
46. 10 cm – area with no dimensions rather than 5cm
47. 1.6 s - 1.8 s – reverberation time for an auditorium
48. 1.4 -3.4 s - reverberation time for a church
49. 120 dB – threshold of pain
50. 4 MHz – approximate critical frequency of E layer
51. 8 MHz – approximate critical frequency of F2 layer
52. 20 phons – typical loudness level of watch ticking
53. 3100 kHz – carrier frequency of supergroup 10
54. 3300 m/s – velocity of sound in wood
55. NTC Commissioner – Gamaliel Ala lang. Cordoba
56. V.32 – full-duplex transmission over two-wire at 9,600bps
57. V.90 – 56,000 bps
58. Physical dimensions – affects resonant frequency of a Gunn diode
59. 150 uV – minimum input to a preamplifier
60. 5150 m/s – speed of sound in steel
61. 10-12 W/m2 – threshold of audibility
62. 6 months - average lead time to install a new base station is approximately ____ to a
year.
63. Distance-to-reuse ratio – geographic distance required between calls using identical
frequencies in order to avoid interference
64. Cochannel Interference Reduction Factor (CIRF) – ratio of the separation distance
between cochannel cell to the cell radius
65. 4130 km – single-hop nighttime range for F2 layer
66. ±12 kHz – maximum frequency deviation for cellular radio
67. Transmission loss – amount of sound reduction provided by a barrier - wall, floor or
ceiling
68. 6 to 10 dB – sound level most commonly perceived by people
69. 4 – number of octaves of a basic voice band
70. 10 – number of octaves of human hearing
71. Rhythm – sonic time pattern
72. RG-62A/U – impedance of 93Ω
73. Twin-lead – velocity factor of about 0.8
74. 0.9 – velocity factor of open-wire line
75. 100 m – Ethernet system 10 Base T restriction
76. Cognitive – information related to mental processes of knowledge, reasoning,
judgment, and perception
77. Delay line – transmission line used specifically for the purpose of achieving delay
78. Ephemeris – location of a celestial body in space
79. TTC – monitors onboard conditions such as temperature and battery voltage
80. 4 MHz – guardband between transponder channels
81. Helmholtz resonator – efficient absorption is only possible over a very narrow band
approaching 1.0
82. Erlang B – calls not immediately satisfied at first attempt are cleared and do not
reappear during the testing period
83. Erlang C – held in the system until satisfied
84. Poisson – held in the system until satisfied or abandoned
85. EO 196 – use of Philippine Communications Satellite
86. EO 467 – operation and use of international satellite communications
87. EO 109 – improve the provision of local exchange carrier service
88. EO 59 – compulsory interconnection of authorized public communications carrier
89. Glass – fiber optic with the least loss
90. 2860 W – input to a 2 kW transmitter

Notes 10: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 1 Module 10

ITEM QUESTIONS ANSWERS

1 Human hearing range in octaves 10

2 GPS satellite orbit period 12 hrs

3 GPS constellation radius 20,200 km

4 Advantage of discone Broadband

5 The trouble when the color oscillator does not oscillate No color

6 Term for ordinary telephone POTS (plain old

telephone system)

7 The beat frequency between the 3.58 MHz subcarrier and 0.92 MHz
the 4.5 MHz sound signal

8 Final amplifier stage Power amplifier

9 Threshold pain of acoustic shock 120 dB

10 EDGE enhanced GSM 358

11 Standard terrestrial TV transmission 8VSB

12 A call that cannot be completed Blocked call

13 A vacuum tube used for microwave amplification and Klystron

oscillation

14 CATV level for sound interruption 40 dB

15 CATV is an ex. of Metropolitan area (?) network

16 Radio system use to provide high speed data packet GPRS

17 The law tat created the MTRCB PD 1986

18 Vertical blanking considered as 3 horizontal lines wide Vertical sync

19 System that does not use TDMA IS 95

20 Accessory referred to as magic T Hybrid T

21 For TV system, the horizontal flyback is 10% 6.4 micro seconds

22 Typical speech power of the human ear 10 to 1000 micro watts

23 When was the first mobile phone introduced Oct 13, 1983

24 Number of HDTV horizontal lines 1125

25 Number of NTSC horizontal lines 525

26 Analog sampling rate (?) PAM

27 Modulation technique that is noise resistant PCM

28 Same as Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon

29 Coaxial cable insulator PCV

30 Device located at the middle of a star topography Hub

31 3 segments of GPS Space segment, user

segment, call(?)

32 WAN physical topography Packet switching,

leased line, circuit
switching

33 In fiber optics, when electromagnetic waves scatter and are MIE scattering
about equal or more than its wavelength

34 Most significant part or stage of a launched satellite Initial payload

35 What is a launched satellite that does not stay in the gravity Space probe
of the earth and wanders in space

36 Also acts as a high pass filter Waveguide

37 Why is FM more efficient than AM? Because FM uses

class C amplifiers

38 What can achieve a maximum of 100% efficiency Class C amplifier

39 What can achieve a maximum of 50% efficiency Class B amplifier

40 Measures the entire electromagnetic wave spectrum Radiometry

41 Divx (component? Similar format?) MPEG4

42 When you get the code of a mobile & illegally use it in Clone fraud
another mobile to make calls
43 Why is sidetone necessary? For the user to know if
the telephone is
working

44 Two data transmitted in different directions in different time Time division

intervals duplexing

45 Max power of class 3 analog mobile phones 3 Watts

46 Max power of class 2 analog mobile phones 600 milli watts

47 Presidential decree (?) PD 2004

48 3G (?) 2001

49 When a mobile is simultaneously in the area of Soft handoff

coverage/territory of to base stations

50 Cost of building a base station $500,000-$750,000

51 Exact frequency of color subcarrier signal (choose 1) 3.579545 MHz or

(sadly) 3.579454 MHz

52 Uses lead oxide and has minimum lag Plumbicon

53 In CATV internet, a 6MHz channel has a data rate of 27 MHz

54 Data rate of fiber optics 20 Gbps

55 AKA grounded antenna Marconi antenna

56 Radiation pattern of the dipole antenna Figure 8

57 Smallest block f data transmitted in a network Packet

58 Time in a day that the human can be exposed to 110-120 dB 20 mins

59 Deafening level of sound for humans 120 dB

60 Navigation system used in ships, submarines, airplanes Inertial Navigation

similar to radar System (INS)

61 A kind of INS where in the sensor is mounted on the face of Strap-down transducer
the ship for direction

62 Multiple programs application run simultaneously without Multitasking

interference

Multiple programs run without interference

63 2 ships that sank leading to the creation of (INS?) Republic and Titanic
 64 Computer network Server-client, Peer-to-
peer

65 Combination of 2 pts whose magnitudes are equal and Electronics doublet

opposite in polarity separated by a small space with that of
which the filed of dipole that it determines

66 In a client-server network ,what LAN software makes sure Record Locking

that data on the server is being changed by one station and
is not simultaneously read by another

67 What do you think is the main disadvantage of grid-over plate Lower power
modulation efficiency, difficult to
adjust

68 What is another term for pink noise Flicker noise

69 What refers to a telephone that rings another phone without Hot line
dialing

70 Damage to cells other than reproductive cells due to Somatic

exposure to intense RF radiation is what

71 What do you call the range over… the reference frequency Capture range
can be… and still achieve phase lock?

72 What deice are to be inserted in a telephone channel if the Echo Suppressors

total via net loss of a given trunk circuit exceeds about
2.5db?

73 What is the main advantage of fiber optic cables made of Inexpensive and more
plastic? flexible

74 What LAN topology is used by the classical Ethernet system BUS topology

75 If a broadcast station is transmitting but not modulating, what Nothing

is heard in a receiver tuned to its frequency?

Notes 11: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 1 Module 11

ITEM QUESTIONS ANSWERS

76 What technique is employed by the transmitter to avoid Bit Stuffing

accidental flags?

77 What refers to the emphasizing of low level signals and Companding

compressing of high level signals?

78 Why “downtilt” is used in cellular base stations? Because it can be used

 to reduce the range of
a base station to
reduce interference

79 In TV system, if the 3.58 MHz C amplifier in the receiver No color

does not operate the result will be____

80 What filter may be connected between CB transmitter and its Low Pass Filter
antenna?

81 How is fiber grating produced? By illuminating the

fiver with ultraviolet
light

82 What types of microphone have high Z output? Crystal, electret and

condenser

83 How is a packaged single button microphone cleared Jarred

84 What are pulses that retain their shapes as they pass Solitons
through optical fibers?

85 What is the measure of the sensitivity o the detector to light? Responsitivity

86 What refers to the series of tones that sound good when Musical scale
used

87 A TV receiver design that uses mixing between the picture Intercarrier sound
and sound carriers to generate the sound IF. What do you
call this sound?

88 What microphones are predominantly used in Aviation Dynamic microphones

services

89 In TV, what is the hue of a 90 degree leading sync burst Cyan

90 A 100 Mbps LAN signaling standard intended for use in fiber Fiber Distribution Data
optics but also used with coaxial cables Interference (FDDI)

91 In IMT 2000, what does 2000 refer to? Both the implementing
date (year 2000) and
operating frequency
(2000 MHz)

92 A system that allows users to access documents from widely World Wide Web
separated sources on the internet using a common interface

93 What do you call the perceptible sound repetition? Echo

94 What is the reason why point contact and Schottky or hot They have low
 carrier diodes are widely used as mixers in microwave capacitance and
equipment inductance

95 What do you call the area that lies between the outer limit of Skip Zone
the ground wave range and the inner edge of energy
returned form the ionosphere?

96 What principle is employed in cellular telephony to allow Frequency duplex

simultaneous transmission and reception without the need to
push to talk?

97 What harmonics are in a square wave Odd harmonics

98 Which of the following is not a bit oriented protocol? BISYNC

99 The rbe dose is expressed in __________? Rems (roentgen

equivalent man) or
rebs (roentgen
equivalent biological)

100 In TV, special effects and production switching are done by Special Effects Groups
the (SEG)

101 What is the primary application of fiber optic Long-distance

communication? telephone system

102 A point on a line between the earth’s center and an observer Nadir
located farther from the earth’s center than the point is called

103 What is the noise reduction effect that occurs with strong FM Threshold effect
signals

104 What junction device can operate as an oscillator or IMPATT diode

amplifier by means of avalanche breakdown?

105 Which of the following is not an acoustical signal defect to be Reverberation

avoided in acoustical signals?

106 What waveguide-like device that acts like a high Q parallel Cavity resonator
resonant circuit?

107 What modulation method is used by GPRS system GMSK

108 What helps protect fivers against degradation caused by Cabling

moisture

109 For an angle of incidence equal to the critical angle, the light Along the normal
will be refracted

110 If a rocket contains more than one satellite, the smaller Secondary payload
 satellite that will be launched after the main satellite is called

111 What do you call an interval which … integer ratio or a whole Octave interval
fraction ratio?

112 What is the hue color sync phase? Yellow green

113 What is any tone produced by a sound source in addition to Overtone

the fundamental tone

114 In communications system, the total system noise in the Background noise
absence of information transmission is called

115 The average voltage value of the 3.58 MHz modulated The brightness of the
chrominance signal in TV receiver is___ color

116 In TV system, which signal has information for 1.3 MHZ I signal
bandwidth?

117 A lens has an 8-cm focal length and a 4-cm diameter. What 2
is its F rating?

118 How much more feed point impedance does a folded dipole 4 times
have than a normal dipole?

119 The electronic serial number (ESN) assigned to the mobile 32 bits
phone at the factory consists of _____

120 How many scanning lines does a standard NTSC have? 525 lines

121 Solid state neodymium can generate high power at 1.3 micro seconds

122 A radar mile is the time required for a radar pulse to travel 1 12.4 micro seconds
mile to an object and return to the receiver. 1 radar nautical
mile is equivalent to ____ microseconds

123 How long does a repeater transmit a mobile signal drop out? 1-5 seconds

124 What is the orbital period of each GPS constellation? 12 hours

125 What loudness level in which permanent damage to hearing 150 dB

is possible?

126 What is the minimum ratio of visual signal level to system 36 dB

noise, and of visual level to any undesired co-channel TV
signal operating on proper offset performance?

127 In CATV, what is the noise figure for mid, high and super 6 dB or better
band channels?
128 In CATV system, what is the noise figure for sub and 10- 5 dB or better
band channels?

129 What is the maximum height above average terrain for a 500 ft
class B FM station?

130 What is the maximum recommended cable length for an RS 50 ft

232C cable

131 LEO satellites orbit the earth at an altitude less than how 1500 km
many kilometers?

132 What is the end impedance of a half wave dipole 2500 ohms

133 What is the typical loudness level of a watch ticking 120 Phons

134 In FM broadcasting, what is the highest required modulating 16 kHz

frequency?

135 What is the maximum deviation of cellular radios that use ±12 kHz
FM?

136 What is the frequency used to signal handoffs to another cell 10 kHz
and the termination of the cell in cellular communications?

137 At what frequency does magnetron microwave oven 2.45 GHz

operates?

138 How wide are GSM channels 200 kHz

139 What is the frequency of middle C? 262 Hz

140 In general, what frequency range does a troposcatter wave 350 MHz to 10 GHz
propagation will be effective?

141 What would be the bandwidth of … filter for voice and SSB 3 kHz

142 What is the conduction angle of Class C amplifier? Less than 180 degrees

143 What is the letter number designation of AM voice or music A3

emission?

144 What protocol is very poplar system for defining and x.25
switching data packets on computer networks?

145 When was the first commercial system operated? October 13, 1983

146 What class of mobile phone has a maximum power level Class 3 (portable
specified as effective radiated power (ERP) of -2 dBW (600 phone)
mW)
147 What class of mobile phone has a maximum power level Class 2
specified as effective radiated power (ERP) of 1.68W

148 What class of mobile phone has a maximum power level Class 1
specified as effective radiated power (ERP) of 3W

Notes 12: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 1 Module 12

QUESTIONS ANSWERS

Programming of a continuous-path robot is normally carried out by a walk

method called ___ through

What is the carrier frequency of the supergroup 10? 3100 kHz

A satellite was launched with a speed of 25000 miles per hour and… Space probe
breaks away with the gravitational pull of the earth and not in
orbit…deep space?

What to consider in choosing a primary cell cost, life, ease of

replacement, voltage
and current needs

What is the minimum modulating frequency of FM? 20 Hz

What is the voltage for the local-loop on-hook? -48Vdc

What is another term for thermoelectric effect? Seebeck effect

Class of amplifier usually employed in driver stage? Class A

What is the process of interaction or interconversion between electric Electrochemistry

and chemical formula?

The mandatory 1910 to 1912 ship-to-shore communication were Republic and Titanic
established by US, Great Britain… as a result of the sinking of two
famous ships, What are these two ships?

Cable used in 100Mbps Ethernet UTP category 5

No. of subscribers that can be served by cellular telephone with 5 100

radio channel

Carrier frequency for CATV above the lower frequency limit 1.25Mhz + 25kHz

Permit fee in establishing CATV head end 900

Subatomic particle that has no rest mass and travels in speed of light neutrino

What is the reason why splices are better than connectors because splices have
 no air gaps

leading p.f. the armature flux in an alternator ___ the rotor flux aids

What is the operating temperature of a Class B motor 130 degree celsius

What is the operating temperature of a Class H motor 180 degree celsius

What is the operating temperature of a Class A motor 105 degree celsius

What is the operating temperature of a Class F motor 155 degree celsius

__ milliroentgen per hour is the allowable exposure to radiation 0.5

Maximun power of class III analog cellular phone 3W

ITU standard for video conferencing in telephone line H.261

who propose the idea subatomic to atom manipulation Richard Feynman

type of convergence adjust at the back of TV magnetic ring static convergence

one diode rectifier is connected with a voltage doubler voltage tripler

The secret code w/c secures and defends sensitive information that electronic key
crosses over public channels…

height of the GPS satellite orbit in nautical mile 10898

what is meant by GMDSS Global Maritime

Distress and Safety
System

What is the disadvantage of conventional full wave rectifier…? peak voltage is half of
that half wave rectifier

…discovered transistor in… Bardeen and Brattain

…op-amps with negative feedback, reduced voltage works as a ___ linear amplifier

…hot wire ammeter measures____ of current output of a full wave 0.707

rectifier

…decrease in thermal noise power… decrease in BW and

temperature in circuits

what part of the visible radio spectrum does camera tube has greater yellow green
output?

instrument used in measuring large energy radiation posimeter

loudness level that can cause hearing damage 150dB

a point in line between center of the earth and the observer farther Nadir
from the earths center

what is required in small network in connecting computer directly crossover cable

through terminals not by hub

method in manufacturing IC in which the element penetrates the diffusion method

substrate

hold atoms in a crystal covalent bond

mechanical power output of dc motor is equal to __ back emf x armature

current

common use of anthropomorphic type of robot arm spray paint

pair of metals used as good electrodes in wet cell battery zinc and copper

instrument w/c uses magnetic field from fixed and moving coils to electrodynamometer
measure voltage, current and power

bytes w/c computer will calculate in 2050 according to Moore's law 500 Trillion

no. of protons in oxygen atom 8

standard cell w/c is 0.005% less accurate Welton unsaturated

cell

in class C amplifier, the power output increases _____ if conduction angle

increases

process used to prevent the meter needle to overshoot the current damping
reading

simplest type of motor controller toggle switch

generate triangular waves, square waves nonsinusoidal wave

generator

what is another term for magnetic amplifier low frequency

amplifier

…meter pointer of PMMC instrument uniform… because it is spring

controlled

used to locate conductor cable in cross connection type varley loop

generating static electricity electrophorous

metal semiconductor junction made of aluminum and n-type silicon schottky diode
purpose of adding inductor to the amplifier high frequency
compensation

standard programming language of US Defense Dept. similar to ADA

Pascal

irregular termination of call to the total number of call drop call rate

velocity factor of coax cable 0.6 to 0.8

time of orbiting in GPS constellation 12H

minimum number of segments used to display any number 7

similar to the operation of control of water in the hose JFET

user guide to open www pages browser

reciprocal of wavelength wave number

difference in the primaries of ac and dc primary excitation

Opamps characteristic short circuit

protection, no latch
up, input-offset nulling

electric shock and electric therapy will pass current to what part of brain
the body

the reciprocal of the atomic mass units in gram avogadro's number

What determines the identity of the element? atomic number

What is usually the range of value in choosing choke? from 1 to 20 Henrys

in CATV, what terminal isolation is provided to each subscriber 28dB

Time Division Duplexing (TDD) is the transmission signal format be portable payphone
cordless telephone-2 (CT) dubbed as ___ booth

The transformer connected in a special way, to connect balance and balun

unbalanced or vice versa, and provide impedance matching….

what is a popular fiber optic cable, with glass core and plastic Plastic Clad Silica
cladding (PCS)

the disadvantage of plastic core in fiber optic high attenuation

the disadvantage of glass core in fiber optic brittle

what are four basic types of secondary cell lead-acid, nickel

cadmium, silver-zinc,
 silver-cadmium

What element is MOSFET isolated from the channel material? gate terminal

An industrial robot is… multi-functional,

servo-controlled,
programmable

What is an electronic oscillator? it is an amplifier with

feedback

What is commonly used in heart pacemaker? lithium cell

What interface standard is used in connecting a printer to a centronics interface

computer?

general purpose op-amp LM101A

What E.O. … vesting jurisdiction…for the Philippine Communication E.O. 196

Satellite?

used to measure the permeability of a ferromagnetic material permeameter

what circuit can be active or passive (w/ capacitor, resistor, and balanced circuit
inductor)

serve as a rectifier in motors commutator

motor connected in parallel will share the load according to ___ motor rating

speed of AC motor depends in its___ load

data transfer of GPRS above 170kbps

What instrument uses lux as its unit? light meter

typical output power of reflex klystron 100mW

charge of alpha particles 2x1.06x10 -19

coulombs

electron is a subatomic particle belongs to the lepton family has a 9.1066x10 -28 grams
rest mass of ___

What is the characteristic of thermoplastic? it soften when heated

180 degrees out of phase with red cyan

Replacement to LC tuned circuit… in UHF… transmission lines

Damage to the reproductive tissue caused by UV.. Genetics

damage to tissue not only to reproductive tissue somatic

earliest form of micro module cordwood module

silicon transducer temperature 100 to 200 degrees

celsius

transferring of information to active computer to computer back talk

several disk comprises of disk or hard drive platters

coating thickness of 0.0001 cm thick film

how thick film is developed by screening

frequency that has the highest noise factor in transistor DC

in CATV, the sound signal attenuation 13-17dB

After the effectivity of RA9292, for registered ECE may apply for 7
PECE at least how many years?

not using TDMA multiplexing IS-95

for the development of voltage control acquisition phase lock

internet access, 6MHz TV bandwidth data rates 27Mbps

antenna which is direct connecting to waveguide horn and slot antenna

maximum sound pressure level that can be allowed to be heard 120dB

measurement of the virtual height of the ionosphere ionosonde

CATV noise figure 6dB or better

inspection fee for CATV head-end station 300

IMT-2000 maximum rate for mobile services 144kbps

selective signalling where low frequency trigger the squelch circuit continuous tone
control

science that measure the entire electromagnetic spectrum radiometry

height of antenna for CB radio 60ft above ground or

20 ft. above bldg.

instrument used to measure oxygen in blood oxymeter

also known as geographical north true north

alkaline battery 1.5V

chairman of NTC Ronald Olivar Solis

low data rate compression used in Cd ROMs MPEG-1

threshold of audibility 10 -12 W/m2

science of mechanical and electronics mechatronics

process of firing a rocket by underground control to maintain and station keeping

adjust the orbit

permit fee for the import of cable TV equipment 100

commonly used gas for jet thrusters hydrazine

used when VNL exceeds 2.5dB echo suppressor

having one modem per computer and individual phone lines for each modem pool

Communications Engineering Coaching Materials Section 2

Section 2 Modules in Communications Coaching

Notes 1: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 2 Module 1
1. It is the scientist who is engaged in the study in the field of acoustics
ANSWER: Acoustician
2. Who coined the term "cyberspace?"
ANSWER: William Gibson
3. For educational purposes, who is the person who first discovered/ invented the
telephone?
ANSWER: Antonio Meucci
4. What is the frequency of the middle C?
ANSWER: 262 Hz
5. What is the frequency of the upper side/ above middle C?
ANSWER: 524 Hz
6. It is the loudness level (in PHON) of a watch ticking.
ANSWER: 20 PHON
7. What is the maximum limit time of exposure on sound levels between 100 dB and 110
dB?
ANSWER: 20 minutes
8. What is the colloquial name for the term "Thin Ethernet"?
ANSWER: Cheapernet
9. Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) operates at what frequency range?
ANSWER: 27 - 31 GHz
10. A video signal that has no sync signal is what you called
ANSWER: Non-composite Video Signal
11. It is the gas that is used in jet engines.
ANSWER: Hydrazine
12. A satellite is put into final geosynchronous orbit from its transfer orbit by firing the
__________.
ANSWER: apogee kick motor
13. A terrestrial communications channel linking an earth station to a local switching
network or population center
ANSWER: Backhaul
14. Polytetrafluoroethylene is also known as
ANSWER: Teflon
15. For SSB transmitter, the average power is typically __________ of the peak envelope
power, with a typical human speech
ANSWER: ¼ to 1/3
16. It is often called text messaging, is a means of sending short messages to and from
mobile phones.
ANSWER: The Short Message Service (SMS)
17. North American type of sound file as a substitute for MP3
ANSWER: AC-3 Dolby
18. A table showing the pre-calculated position of satellite at any given time
ANSWER: Ephemeris
19. How many Horizontal scanning lines are there in HDTV?
ANSWER: 1125
20. How long that a GPS satellite completes its orbit?
ANSWER: 12 hrs
21. What is the other term for parity check?
ANSWER: Vertical Redundancy Check
22. What is the other name for single button microphone?
ANSWER: Carbon Button
23. Instrument that is used in measuring the virtual height of ionosphere
ANSWER: Ionosonde
24. An instrument used to measure relative height, layers in the ionosphere regarding wave
propagation?
ANSWER: Ionosonde
25. In a trapezoid modulation, 100% modulation will result to what waveform?
ANSWER: triangular waveform
26. It is the type of navigation that is based in Newton's Law of motion
ANSWER: Inertial Navigation
27. What type of navigation system that currently used in aircraft, submarines, spacecraft
and guided missiles.
ANSWER: Inertial Navigation System
28. What is the successor of Bluetooth?
ANSWER: Lisbon
29. What is the successor of Bluetooth after Lisbon?
ANSWER: Seattle
30. Carrier freq is also known as
ANSWER: rest freq
31. Who developed the superheterodyne receiver
ANSWER: Edwin Armstrong
32. When the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of refraction, the light in the fiber
optics is in what direction
ANSWER: along the normal path
33. What refers to the sampling of analog signal using a sample and hold circuit, such that
the sample has the same amplitude for its whole duration
ANSWER: flat top sample
34. What is the antenna height of a CB (Citizen Band) radio?
ANSWER: 60 ft above the ground and 20 above the building
35. What is the nearest star in the solar system
ANSWER: proxima centauri
36. A rocket has two satellites, the smaller will continue to propel in the space after the
bigger satellite has been launched. What do you call this bigger satellite
ANSWER: initial payload
37. What antenna is used in radar?
ANSWER: horn with parabolic reflector which rotates 360 degree
38. What is the distance which needs a repeater in the microwave communication
ANSWER: 40 km
39. Terrestrial microwave antennas has an input and output impedance of ________ ohms.
ANSWER: 50
40. Radio format that uses Mpeg 4 video compression
ANSWER: Divx
41. What is the typical value of velocity factor of an open wire transmission line?
ANSWER: 0.9
42. Type of resistor use to reduced flicker noise voltage (0.02 to 0.2 mV)
ANSWER: metal film
43. In 2002, a standard for (BWA) Broadband Wireless Access was introduced and in the
IEEE standard it is more commonly known as 802.16. This also refers to
ANSWER: WiMax
44. The current digital video specification that used video compression
ANSWER: MPEG 4
45. 802.15.4 also known as
ANSWER: Zigbee
46. In radio communication, what is the point on a line between the earth’s center and an
observer, located further from the earth’s center on a point?
ANSWER: Nadir
47. A camera tube that is formed from lead oxide (PbO)
ANSWER: Plumbicon
48. What part of visible spectrum where camera pick up that has the greatest output?
ANSWER: Yellow Green
49. In a telephone channel, if the total via net loss of a given trunk circuits exceeds
approximately 2.5 dB, a device known as ___________ is inserted.
ANSWER: Echo Suppressor
50. In CMTS, the frequency separation between forward and reverse channel is
ANSWER: 45 MHz
51. Helical antennas are often used for satellite tracking at VHF because of the
ANSWER: Faraday effect
52. What formula is used to calculate the overall noise performance if receiver or of multiple
state of RF amplification?
ANSWER: Friis Formula
53. What is IEEE standard for WiFi?
ANSWER: 802.11b
54. High definition TV picture contains about 5 times as much info as the present NTSC
TV.
55. Communication antenna used with rotating satellite which the antenna is continuously
adjusted with respect to the satellite so that the antenna illuminates a certain part of the
earth surface.
ANSWER: Despun antenna
56. An acoustic scale whose intervals are exactly consonant
ANSWER: diatonic
57. What is the typical value of velocity factor of a twin lead transmission line?
ANSWER: 0.8
58. What is the typical value of velocity factor of a open wire transmission line?
ANSWER: 0.9
59. Radio blackout on the entire sunlit side of the Earth lasting for a number of hours
ANSWER: R5
60. Severe HF radio communications blackout occurs mostly on the sunlit side of Earth for
one to two hours
ANSWER: R4

Notes 2: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 2 Module 2

61. A wide area blackout of HF radio communication as well as loss of radio contact for
about an hour on the sunlit side of Earth.
ANSWER: R3
62. Moderate limited blackout of HF radio communications on sunlit side occur , loss of
radio contact for tens of minutes
ANSWER: R2
63. Limited blackout of HF radio communications on sunlit side occur, loss of radio contact
in an occasion.
ANSWER: R1
64. What is the orbital time of MEO satellite?
ANSWER: 5 to 12 hrs
65. Is the process by which a permanent, low-loss, high strength, welded joint is formed
between two optical fibers?
ANSWER: fusion splicing
66. Involves many different approaches for bringing the two ends of the fibers into alignment
and then clamping them within a jointing structure or gluing them together__________
ANSWER: mechanical splicing
67. With this method, the signal modulates a carrier that is linearly swept over the band
being used
ANSWER: chirp
68. One bit time for the pseudorandom code is called a
ANSWER: chip
69. What is the last amplifier stage of ______________ amplifier?
ANSWER: power amplifier
70. A submarine at greater depth can deploy a ______________ about 2.000 feet long, but
200 feet of it must float on the surface for proper reception
ANSWER: trailing wire antenna
Here is a listing of typical excess noise for various resistor types, given as RMS
microvolts per volt applied across the resistor, measured over one decade of
frequency:
71. The typical excess noise (flicker noise) for carbon resistor?
ANSWER: 0.1μV to 3.0 μV
72. The typical excess noise (flicker noise) for carbon film resistor?
ANSWER: 0.05 μV to 0.3 μV
73. The typical excess noise (flicker noise) for metal film resistor?
ANSWER: 0.02 μV to 0.2 μV
74. The typical excess noise (flicker noise) for wire-wound resistor?
ANSWER: 0.01 μV to 0.2μV
75. EDGE produces a 3-bit word for every change in carrier phase
76. Bit stuffing in the HDLC protocol works by transmitting on the sending side five
consecutive 1's from the body of the message and by inserting 0 before transmitting the
next bit.
77. Magic T is also known as
ANSWER: hybrid T
78. It is the satellite component that senses the time or the incidence angle of solar
radiation and provides electrical signal that may be used to compute the satellite
orientation?
ANSWER: sun sensor
79. A few centimeters long solid insulated hook up wire that provides small capacitance to
the ground that is adjusted during circuit alignment by bending slightly in one direction or
another.
ANSWER: gimmick
80. The maximum radiation for electronic equipment must not exceed ____________
mr/week
ANSWER: 100
81. Radiation exposure rates produced by a TV receiver shall exceed ______________ milli
roentgens per hour at a distance of 5 cm from any point on external surface of the receiver
ANSWER: 0.5
82. What expresses the steepness of the skirts or the skirts selectivity of a radio receiver?
ANSWER: shape factor
83. Standard signal format of a numeric paging receiver
ANSWER: NEC D3 standard
84. The critical capacitance variation of most varactors used in frequency modulators
ANSWER: 12 to 1
85. If the satellite is launched at the speed of exceeding 25000 mph the satellite will not go
in orbit and will break away from the gravitational pull of the earth and go out in deep space
ANSWER: space probe
86. What is the voltage of the local loop on hook?
ANSWER: -48 Vdc
87. In a propagation medium such in the glass of an optical fiber __________ is the
scattering of the electromagnetic wave by particles with the size about equal or greater than
the wavelength
ANSWER: MIE scattering
88. What LED is usual signal source for plastic fiber?
ANSWER: red LED
89. In color CRT, what refers to adjustment of the three electron beam so that each lens
can phosphor dots on the appropriate color?
ANSWER: purity
90. What is considered as the simplest transmitter keyed on and off to produce CW Morse
code?
ANSWER: oscillator
91. How many orbital planes which are equally spaced around the equator in GPS
operational constellation?
ANSWER: 6
92. What may cause ionic disturbance characterized by rapid cluttering sound hence voice
communication is poor?
ANSWER: Aurora borealis
93. The mandatory 24 ship-to-shore communications from 1910 to 1912 was the
establishment by the US Great Britain and other maritime nation as the direct result of the
sinking of the 2 famous ships
ANSWER: The Republic and Titanic
94. When the called telephone is ringing , the Central Office sends a pulse AC voltage to
the calling telephone. What is the signal called?
ANSWER: Ringback signal
95. What is the main accelerating element in CRT?
ANSWER: Ultor
96. IN analog cellular system, the interfering signal strength remains approximately less
than __ of desired signal strength to assure negligible interference
ANSWER: 2%
97. What is the approximate critical frequency of E layer?
ANSWER: 4 MHz
98. What is the approximate critical frequency of F 2layer?
ANSWER: 8 Mhz
99. The 10 base T Ethernet system is restricted only to __________.
ANSWER: 100m
100. What is the code used in 100 Mbps Tx Ethernet standard?
ANSWER: 3 level Manchester code
101. Principal musical intervals is considered dissonant
ANSWER: 7:8
102. Cell site center that is mounted on a flat bed tractor used for emergency purposes
ANSWER: COW
103. Geographic distance that is required between cells used in identical frequencies in
order to avoid interference between the radio transmission of these cells
ANSWER: Distance to reuse ration D/R
104. Random data sent continuously by the NIC that disrupts the whole area network
ANSWER: Jabber
105. Shifting of antenna pattern so that the major lobe is at angle below the horizontal
ANSWER: down tilt
106. Term used to describe ordinary voice telephony
ANSWER: Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)
107. Time period for a single time slot in the GSM TDMA structure
ANSWER: 8
108. The first note of the musical scale
ANSWER: Root note
109. In CATV system, what is the output RF terminal match?
ANSWER: 16 dB
110. Dielectric constant of polyethylene insulator
ANSWER: 2.27
111. How much more feedpoint Z does a folded dipole have than a normal dipole?
ANSWER: 4 times
112. In TV system, if the 3.58 Mhz C amplifier in the receiver does not operate, the result
will be __________.
ANSWER: No color
113. Allows users to access documents from widely separated sources of the internet using
a common source
ANSWER: World Wide Web
114. What is the typical value of line turn around?
ANSWER: 1.5 ms
115. Which pulse in the V blanking corresponds to 3H lines wide?
ANSWER: V sync
116. F3 emission means carrier is frequency modulated by ____________.
ANSWER: voice
117. How many horizontal lines are blanked out in the frame of TV receivers by V blanking
ANSWER: 42
118. Which one is a non-continuous noise?
ANSWER: Impulse noise
119. What is the refresh rate in PAL
ANSWER: 50 Hz
120. BISYNC is found on what layer?
ANSWER: Data link layer

Notes 3: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 2 Module 3

121. In Precise Positioning Service (PPS) of a GPS positioning service, What is the
horizontal PPS Predictable Accuracy?
ANSWER: 22 meters
122. In Precise Positioning Service (PPS) of a GPS positioning service, What is the vertical
PPS Predictable Accuracy?
ANSWER: 27.7 meters
123. In Precise Positioning Service (PPS) of a GPS positioning service, What is the time
(UTS) PPS Predictable Accuracy?
ANSWER: 200 nanoseconds
124. In Standard Positioning Service (SPS) of a GPS positioning service, What is the
horizontal SPS Predictable Accuracy?
ANSWER: 100 meters
125. In Standard Positioning Service (SPS) of a GPS positioning service, What is the
vertical SPS Predictable Accuracy?
ANSWER: 156 meters
126. In Standard Positioning Service (SPS) of a GPS positioning service, What is the time
(UTS) SPS Predictable Accuracy?
ANSWER: 340 nanoseconds
127. A three-minute music file that is compressed into MP3 format will have a file size of
ANSWER: 3 Mb
128. A three-minute music file that is compressed into WAV format will have a file size of
ANSWER: 30 Mb
129. In the IMT 2000 system standard, what does "2000" mean?
ANSWER: both means the year that the system is implemented and its approximate
frequency assignment
130. It is a table showing the pre-calculated position of satellite at any given time
ANSWER: Ephemeris
131. What is the currently used internet protocol?
ANSWER: IPv4
132. This internet protocol has much larger address space that allows greater flexibility in
assigning addresses and is able to support 128 bit of addresses.
ANSWER: IPv6
133. What helps protect fiber against degradation caused by moisture?
ANSWER: Cabling
134. In cellular system, typically how many cells in the frequency reuse plan format?
ANSWER: 7
135. What is the typical beam width of horn antenna?
ANSWER: 10 degrees to 60 degrees
136. In acoustics, what is the pleasant combination of sound intervals?
ANSWER: Consonant Interval
137. In acoustics, what is the unpleasant combination of sound intervals?
ANSWER: Discordant Interval
138. Refers to any sonic, infrasonic or ultrasonic wave which is emitted form electronic
product as a result of the operation of an electronic circuit in such product
ANSWER: Radiation
139. What is the science of measuring light that is visible to the human eye?
ANSWER: Photometry
140. What is the typical range of vidicon dark current?
ANSWER: 0.2 microampere
141. What might be the typical range of mobile-to-mobile?
ANSWER: 1 to 10 miles
142. What is the typical noise figure of FET and MESFET used at microwave frequency?
ANSWER: 2 dB or less
143. Why does a high Q circuit discriminate against harmonics?
ANSWER: because of purer sine wave ac
144. What do you call the portion of the horizontal blanking pulse before the sync pulse?
ANSWER: Front Porch
145. What is the typical bandwidth of single mode step index fiber
ANSWER: 50 to 100 Ghz/km
146. RF radiation damage to cells of reproductive tissues
ANSWER: Genetic
147. RF radiation dmage to other than the cells of reproductive tissues
ANSWER: Somatic
148. HDTV is in rectangular form and contains ___________ times more information than
the current TV.
ANSWER: 5
149. In radio communication, what do you call a point on a line, between the earth's center
and an observer, located farther from the earth center than point?
ANSWER: Nadir
150. The velocity of geostationary orbit satellite is
ANSWER: 6879 statute miles per hour
151. Cable TV companies collect signals and programs from many sources in a facility
called __________.
ANSWER: Head End
152. What is the maximum power rating of CB (Citizens Band) J3E transmitter?
ANSWER: 4W
153. What is the maximum power rating of CB (Citizens Band) A3E transmitter?
ANSWER: 12W PEP
154. If mobile phone loses its signal, the transmitter will retransmit after
ANSWER: 1 to 5 seconds
155. How far must the distance between the microphone and the mouth of the user?
ANSWER: 2 inches
156. It is a device used to measure an individual's exposure to a hazardous environment
ANSWER: Dosimeter
157. A system where cables and wires are placed within the ceiling space and poked up
through the fire resistant floor structure to the office or room above
ANSWER: Poke Through
158. The typical transmit power for cell site is
ANSWER: 10 W to 50 W
159. What is the effective height of the antenna?
ANSWER: 1/2 to 2/3 of the actual height of the antenna
160. A signaling path provided by a cable television system to relay to subscriber terminals
television broadcast programs that are received off-the-air or are obtained by microwave or
by direct connection to a television broadcast station.
ANSWER: Class I Cable Television Channel
161. A signaling path provided by a cable television system to deliver to subscriber
terminals television signals that are intended for reception by a television broadcast receiver
without the use of an auxiliary decoding device and which signals are not involved in
broadcast transmission path.
ANSWER: Class II Cable Television Channel
162. A signaling path provided by a cable television system to deliver to subscriber terminal
signals that are intended for reception by equipment other than a television broadcast
receiver only when used with auxiliary equipment.
ANSWER: Class III Cable Television Channel
163. A signaling path provided by a cable television system to transmit signals of any type
from a subscriber terminal to another point in the cable television system.
ANSWER: Class IV Cable Television Channel
164. Which of the following identifies the maximum transmitted power level of a mobile
phone?
ANSWER: Station Class Mark (SCM)
165. Why tropospheric ducting is not used very much in practical communication system
ANSWER: because it is not reliable
166. Which of the following is the last stage of the AM transmitter?
ANSWER: PA (Power Amplifier)
167. What is the efficiency of the parabolic antenna?
ANSWER: 55%
168. What is the total noise in the absence of the information (intelligent signal)
ANSWER: Background noise
169. What is the data rate of enhanced Bluetooth (2.0)?
ANSWER: 2.1 MHz
170. What is the typical power rating of most Bluetooth devices?
ANSWER: 1mW
171. In the generator, which one is grounded in order to reduce the radio frequency noise?
ANSWER: armature
172. What is the maximum VF tone that may be fed to a voice signal?
ANSWER: +6 VU
173. In one atmospheric pressure, what is the velocity of sound in steel?
ANSWER: 5150 m/s
174. The electronic serial number (ESN) assigned at the factory of cellular mobile phone
consists of __________ bits.
ANSWER: 32
175. The average voltage of a 3.58 MHz modulated chrominance signal in TV receivers is
__________.
ANSWER: the brightness of the color
176. Antennas with microstrip in PCBs
ANSWER: Patch antenna
177. What is the wavelength range of sunlight?
ANSWER: 300 nm to 2000 nm
178. What is the peak wavelength of sunlight?
ANSWER: 500 nm
179. Radio system that was developed to provide ng high speed packet data access for
GSM network
ANSWER: GPRS
180. A 3G wireless system can increase its network capacity by ___________ percent as
compared to lower generation wireless system.
ANSWER: 70%

Notes 4: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 2 Module 4

181. Sound provides all sorts of information, what information is related to mental processes
of knowledge, reasoning, memory, judgement and perception?
ANSWER: cognitive
182. What increase in sound level is commonly perceived by most people?
ANSWER: 6 to 10 dB
183. At what loudness level do pitch (in mels) and frequency (in hz) are numerically equal?
ANSWER: 40 dB
184. A __________ is essentially a cell site (shelter) that is mounted on a flatbed tractor-
trailer used for emergency purposes
ANSWER: COW
185. This fix tuner is designed to provide just the exact selectivity required to pass both the
IF signals?
ANSWER: SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave)
186. Single pulses that can travel through a medium with no dispersion.
ANSWER: Solitons
187. It is a unique address for a pager
ANSWER: Capcode
188. Transmission of brief text message, such as pages or email, by cellular radio or PCS.
ANSWER: Short messaging service
189. In cellular or PCS system, connecting a mobile to two or more base stations
simultaneously is called
ANSWER: Soft hand-off
190. It is a number that identifies a mobile phone in a cellular system; the mobile telephone
number.
ANSWER: Mobile identification number (MIN)
191. In cellular phone, a memory location that stores the telephone number(s) to be used
on the system.
ANSWER: Number assignment module (NAM)
192. In the AMPS system, a number transmitted by the base station to identify the system
operator.
ANSWER: SID (system identification number)
193. Code which describes the maximum power output of a cellular phone
ANSWER: Station Class Mark (SCM)
194. In a Medium earth orbit (MEO) satellite, A satellite in orbit at a distance above the
earth’s surface of approximately
ANSWER: 8,000 to 20,000 km
195. It is the change in direction of polarization of signals passing through the ionosphere.
ANSWER: Faraday rotation
196. A metal object threaded into a waveguide to add capacitance or inductance.
ANSWER: Tuning screw
197. In a microwave tube, any device that cause a wave to propagate at less than the
speed of light, so that the electron beam and the wave move at approximately the same
speed
ANSWER: Slow-wave structure
198. It is the method of providing high-speed data transmission on twisted-pair telephone
lopps by using high frequency carriers.
ANSWER: Asymmetrical digital subscriber line (ADSL).
199. In a klystron, it is a cavity that velocity-modulates the electron beam.
ANSWER: Buncher
200. It is a circuit for digitizing voice at a low data rate by using knowledge of the way in
which voice sound are produced.
ANSWER: Vocoder
201. It is an oscillator whose frequency is controlled by a binary number written to an
internal register.
ANSWER: Numerically controlled oscillator
202. It is a colloquial term used to describe additional side frequency produced by
overmodulation or distortion in an AM system
ANSWER: Splatter
203. A signal consisting of two audio frequencies not harmonically related, used to test
single sideband transmitters
ANSWER: Two tone test
204. These are now being used to “sign” important documents that are sent electronically
ANSWER: Digital signature
205. Cable-television systems reduce losses by moving UHF signals to the VHF range.
They use frequencies
ANSWER: between channel 6 and 7 and above channel 13
206. It is a low-level signal in a telephone receiver deriving from the transmitter in the same
instrument. It assures the user that the system is working
ANSWER: sidetone
207. Why is a Smith chart circular?
ANSWER: Because it is a convenient way to represent the fact that impedances on a
transmission line repeat every one-half wavelength
208. What characteristic of solitons makes them interesting for long-distance fiber optic
transmission?
ANSWER: Solitons can propagate for very long distance without dispersion
209. What would be the most important advantage of converting the entire telephone
system, including local loop, to the fiber optics?
ANSWER: Fiber would allow almost unlimited bandwidth, enabling one cable to carry
all needed information services to the home
210. What feature of SONET allows data stream with different clock to be synchronized?
ANSWER: The payload pointer allows synchronization by indicating the start of a
data frame
211. The use of Solitons and heterodyne reception may allow fiber optics to operate with
much higher data rates and over longer distances without repeaters than any other system
now in use.
212. Why can AM radio stations often be received at distances beyond the horizon?
ANSWER: Ground waves follow the curvature of the earth and ground wave can
propagation is possible at AM broadcasting frequencies.
213. Why is antenna height important for line-of-sight propagation?
ANSWER: Greater antenna height increases the distance to the radio horizon
214. What is the main advantage of fiber optics in LANs compared to twisted pair wiring?
ANSWER: Fiber allows for much longer distances between nodes that can be used
with twisted pairs.
215. What is downtilt and why is it often used for cellular base stations?
ANSWER: Downtilt involves shifting an antenna pattern so that the major lobe is at
an angle below the horizontal. It can be used to reduce the range of a base station to
reduce interference.
216. What radio system was developed to provide high speed packet data access for the
GSM channels
ANSWER: GPRS
217. The most ambitious of the proposed LEO systems.
ANSWER: Teledesic System
218. Why are soft hand-offs not possible with the GSM and TDMA systems?
ANSWER: Because these systems use different frequency channels in adjacent cells
so it is not possible to communicate through more than one call site at a time
219. Why are geostationary satellites unsatisfactory for communication from regions near
the poles of the earth?
ANSWER: The angle of elevation to the satellite is too low to be practical in these
regions.
220. It is a receiver in which that signal is amplified at its original frequency before
demodulation
ANSWER: TRF (Tuned-radio-receiver)
221. The pulses in the vertical blanking interval of a video that create interlaced scan.
ANSWER: Equalizing pulses
222. What connector is popular in attaching test instruments like oscilloscopes, frequency
counters, spectrum analyzers, etc?
ANSWER: BNC
223. In a klystron, it is a cavity that removes some of the energy from the electron beam
and transfers it in the form of microwave energy output.
ANSWER: Catcher
224. What connector is popular in attaching test instruments like oscilloscopes, frequency
counters, spectrum analyzers, etc?
ANSWER: BNC
225. It is the velocity modulation of a electron beam
ANSWER: Bunching
226. What is IMT2000 Stands for?
ANSWER: IMT stands for International Mobile Telecommunications, and 2000 refers
both to the approximate implementation date and to the fact that the proposed
system will operate at about 2000 MHz
227. IMT2000 Maximum data rate for mobile user in high speed vehicles is
ANSWER: 144kb/s
228. IMT2000 Maximum data rate for mobile user in for pedestrian or perhaps slow moving
vehicles is
ANSWER: 384kbps
229. IMT2000 Maximum data rate for stationary user is
ANSWER: 2Mbps
230. It is the only way to achieved a wider aspect ratio with the current systems is to use
fewer active scan lines
ANSWER: Letterboxing
231. MPEG-2 compression begins by reducing the number of bits required to transmit a
reference frame. This is done using an algorithm called
ANSWER: Discrete cosine transformation (DCT)
232. What video standard deals with low data rate video such as are often found in CD-
ROMs, and on the internet?
ANSWER: MPEG1
233. The standard for terrestrial digital television transmission is called:
ANSWER: 8-VSB
234. It is a special cable that consist of two parallel wires with a grounded shield around
them. It is sometimes used for gigabit Ethernet.
ANSWER: Twinax cable
235. Ethernet system that uses a special “thick Ethernet”.
ANSWER: A standard classical
236. Another problem with Baudot is that an error that is interpreted as a FIGS character
can cause all the following information to be interpreted as numerical until the next LTRS
character occurs. To reduce this problem, most modern system use technique called
ANSWER: unshift-on-space (USOS)
237. Each block of data is preceded by an eight-bit pattern called a flag, which signals the
start of a frame. In SDLC and HDLC the flag consists of the bit sequence
ANSWER: 01111110
238. The IBM token-ring network uses twisted-pair wiring and can operate at either
__________.
ANSWER: 4 Mb/s or 16 MB/s.
239. The IBM token-ring network could support how many nodes with special data grade
shielded twisted-pair wiring?
ANSWER: 260 nodes or 72 nodes using telephone twisted-pair wiring
240. Method of data compression by encoding the length of string of ones or zeros instead
of transmitting all the one or zero bits individually.
ANSWER: Run-length coding

Notes 5: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 2 Module 5

241. A data compression scheme that replaces repeated characters or bit patterns with a
code indicating character or pattern and the number repetitions
ANSWER: Run-length coding
242. Lossless compression scheme generally looks for redundancies in the data for
instance the string of zeros can be replaced with a code that tells the receivers the length of
the string. What do you call this technique?
ANSWER: Run-length coding
243. Encryption of data is important to ensure its privacy. It is most commonly achieved by
using a public-key encryption to transfer a key to be used in __________.
ANSWER: a symmetrical private key
244. It is the deviation of a wave as it passes an obstacle that passes through a small
aperture
ANSWER: Diffraction
245. It is a television receiver design that uses mixing between the picture and sound
carriers to generate the sound intermediate frequency.
ANSWER: Intercarrier sound
246. A spurious pattern or other distortion in a facsimile record copy caused by unwanted
modulation products arising from the transmission of a carrier signal, and appearing in the
form of a rectified baseband that interferes with the lower sideband of the carrier.
ANSWER: Kendall effect
Note: The Kendall effect occurs principally when the single-sideband width is greater than
half of the facsimile carrier frequency.
247. It is the interchanging of the frequencies of carrier channels to accomplish specific
purposes, such as to prevent feedback and oscillation, to reduce crosstalk, and to correct
for a high frequency-response slope in the transmission line.
ANSWER: Frequency Frogging
248. About the Low earth orbit (LEO) satellite, the first problem is less important then it
might seem. Shorter range results in much less propagation loss and removes the
requirement for highly directional antenna. This makes antenna tracking less critical. In any
case, if the antenna is mounted on a moving vehicle or person the direction to the satellite is
constantly changing. Even with geostationary satellite. When real time communication is
required, the only way to address the second problem is to use a __________ containing
more than one satellite.
ANSWER: Constellation
249. It is the cheapest LAN configuration, and if one station fails the whole system fails.
ANSWER: Ring topology
250. A network station which all station attach to a common cable and the fastest LAN
configuration.
ANSWER: Bus topology
251. Cellular radios that use FM has a maximum deviation of ___________.
ANSWER: +-12kHz
252. In the GSM system, a telephone number that us unique to a given user, worldwide
ANSWER: International Mobile Subscriber Identification (IMSI)
253. A frequency multiplier can be created by tuning the output circuit of a class C amplifier
to a
ANSWER: multiple of the input frequency
254. The __________ is a variation on the discriminator. It greatly reduces sensitivity to
amplitude variations, at the cost of a 50% reduction in output voltage.
ANSWER: radio detector
255. It is the time between the instant of going off-hook and the instant of receiving a dial
tone.
ANSWER: dial-tone delay
256. The interfering beat frequency of 920 KHZ is between 3.58 MHz color sub carrier and
___________.
ANSWER: 4.5 MHz inter carrier sound
257. What does aspect ratio means?
ANSWER: ratio of screen width to its height
258. What happens in balance modulation if it is not properly balanced?
ANSWER: the carrier is transmitted
259. What is the sound characteristics related to a sonic time pattern?
ANSWER: Rhythm
260. In telephony, M88 loading coil (88mH loading coil) is placed at an interval of
___________ feet.
ANSWER: 9000
261. In telephony, the cable used for costumer loop in telephone exchanges, which has a
round trip loop resistance of 170 ohm / 100 miles is __________.
ANSWER: AWG No. 22
262. Wireless internet service provider (WISPs) use WiFi technology to provide internet
access to airports, hotels, convention centers, coffee shops, and other public places. When
users are within the range of an antenna, WISPs offer access to the internet at speed up to
__________Mbps.
ANSWER: 11
263. What service is provided by broadcast ISDN (B-ISDN) providers that offer a means of
bidirectional end-to-end data transmission, in real time, between two subscribers or
between a subscriber and the service provider called?
ANSWER: Conversational service
264. What is the data rate of WiMax?
ANSWER: 11 Mbps
265. What is the bit rate of GPRS?
ANSWER: 172.2 kbps
266. What is the other name of MPEG 7?
ANSWER: Multimedia Content Description Interface
267. Among the following materials used by the acoustic engineers, which has the highest
absorption coefficient for sound wave?
ANSWER: Celotex
268. Which camera tube that has minimum lag?
ANSWER: Plumbicon
269. It reduces reverberation in studios by means of loudspeaker feedback system.
ANSWER: Ambiophony
270. If a broadcasting station is transmitting, but not modulating, what will be heard in the
receiver of that tuned frequency?
ANSWER: Nothing
271. a closet which is terminating facilities which consists of key telephone system services,
central offices, stations, and PBX, but there is no key telephone circuitry present
ANSWER: Satellite Closet
272. April 2002, the IEEE standard 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) is
__________.
ANSWER: WiMax
273. What is the GPRS uplink data rate?
ANSWER: 14 Kbps
274. What is the gamma of the picture tube of a TV
ANSWER: 2.2
275. A microwave tube that is a linear wave tube in which the interaction between the beam
and the RF field is continuous is called
ANSWER: traveling wave tube
276. What is the optimum volume per person in churches?
ANSWER: 7.1 - 9.9
277. What is the optimum volume per person in cinemas?
ANSWER: 3.1
278. What is the South Korean version of WiMAx?
ANSWER: WiBRO
279. What is the other name for 3G?
ANSWER: UMTS
280. In GPS navigation system, how many satellites are there in one orbital plane?
ANSWER: 4 Satellites
281. What is the velocity factor of a coaxial cable wire?
ANSWER: 0.6 to 0.8
282. What is the typical range of velocity factor in transmission lines?
ANSWER: 0.5 to 0.9
283. Ribbon microphone is what type of microphone?
ANSWER: Pressure-gradient microphone
284. What is the exact frequency of the color burst signal?
ANSWER: 3.579545 MHz
285. What is the velocity of sound in wood?
ANSWER: 3300 m/s
286. In cellular radio, one base station cost approximately
ANSWER: $500,000 to $750,000
287. What is the disadvantage of using a fiber optic cable that is made of glass?
ANSWER: Brittleness
288. What is the advantage of using a fiber optic cable that is made of glass?
ANSWER: Less attenuation/ losses
289. GPS is a satellite navigation system consisting of 24 satellites. When was the first
satellite was launched?
ANSWER: 1978
290. What are the microphones that has high Z output?
ANSWER: crystal, electret, condenser
291. What are the microphones that has low Z output?
ANSWER: dynamic, ribbon, carbon
292. What is the diagonal screen size of picture tube of 19CP4
ANSWER: 19 inches
293. It is one of the PCB techniques used to create special microwave transmission lines in
which a flat conductor sandwiched between two ground planes
ANSWER: Stripline
294. What is the oldest semiconductor device used in microwave transmissions?
ANSWER: Point Contact
295. Antenna beam on a Geostationary Satellite that is adjusted to cover the whole earth.
ANSWER: Hemispheric Beam
296. In what year does the first satellite SPUTNIK I was launched?
ANSWER: 1957
297. All colors on the color test signal are modulated 75% except
ANSWER: gray
298. Satellite subsystem that monitors on board temperature and battery voltage ,then
transmits this data back to ground station
ANSWER: TTC
299. Which of the following coaxial cable connectors is called the UHF connector?
ANSWER: PL 259
300. Which coaxial cable connector is least expensive and is widely used for TV sets, VCRs
and Cable TV?
ANSWER: F type connector

Notes 6: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 2 Module 6

301. Which coaxial connector is a more complex and expensive but do a better job in
maintaining the electrical characteristics of the cable through the interconnections
ANSWER: N type connector
302. What type of digital circuit is used as a bit splitter?
ANSWER: shift register
303. What sound characteristics relates to a sonic time pattern?
ANSWER: rhythm
304. What is considered the most obvious conveyor of information?
ANSWER: speech
305. What is the amount of sound reduction provided by a barrier - wall, floor or ceiling
called?
ANSWER: transmission loss
306. In cellular system, the average lead time to install a new base station is approximately
________ months to a year
ANSWER: 6
307. What is considered the threshold of audibility at 3000 Hz?
ANSWER: 10^ -12 W/ m^2
308. Which of the following is NOT a porous absorber?
ANSWER: membrane absorber
309. The American concert pitch A is equivalent to which of the following frequencies?
ANSWER: 440 Hz
310. The international pitch A is equivalent to __________ Hz.
ANSWER: 435
311. What does CPE stands for
ANSWER: Customer Premise Equipment
312. Around the neck of the picture is a structure of a magnetic coil called __________
ANSWER: deflection yoke
313. What is the counterpart of Zigbee?
ANSWER: nanoNET
314. The term Bluetooth is named after the king?
ANSWER: Danish king Harald Blattand
315. When was world wide web introduced?
ANSWER: 1991
316. A device that connects two dissimilar networks and performs the protocol conversion
ANSWER: gateway
317. Comb filter is used to __________
ANSWER: cancel chroma crosstalk
318. A laser used as an energy source to excite electrons into a higher energy state.
ANSWER: Pump laser
319. In the Amps systems, a sine wave above the voice frequency range, transmitted on the
voice channel along with the voice, used by the base station to detect loss signal.
ANSWER: Supervisory Audio tone (SAT)
320. A mobile telephone service, now obsolescent, using trunked channels but not cellular
in nature.
ANSWER: Improved mobile telephone service (IMTS).
321. In cellular communication, it is the interrupting the voice channel to send control
information.
ANSWER: Blank-and-burst signaling
322. The process of adjusting the orbit of a geostationary satellite so that it appears to
remain stationary above a point on earth.
ANSWER: Station keeping
323. In Satellite communication, continuously adjusting the position of a directional antenna
on the ground, so that it always point at the satellite.
ANSWER: Tracking
324. The video signal level representing maximum luminance
ANSWER: peak white
325. The frequency at which a VCO operates when its control voltage is zero
ANSWER: Free running frequency
326. The portion of scanning lines in a video system that, on average, can be used in
determining vertical resolution
ANSWER: Utilization factor
327. It is a form of spread-spectrum communication in which the RF carrier continually
moves from one frequency to another according to a prearranged pseudo-random pattern
ANSWER: Frequency hopping
328. A microwave transmission line that consists of a circuit board, working against two
ground planes, one on the top and one on the bottom of the board.
ANSWER: Stripline
329. An error-correcting system in which errors are connected at the receiver using
redundant transmitted data without using retransmission request.
ANSWER: Forward Error correction (FEC)
330. It is a switching network that does not use a hierarchical structure but instead relies on
a computer to find the most direct route between two points
ANSWER: Flat network
331. A representation of a signal’s power or amplitude as a function of frequency.
ANSWER: Frequency domain
332. It is a detector for suppressed-carrier AM signals that works by multiplying the signal
with the regenerated signal.
ANSWER: Product detector
333. Most communication satellites are geostationary to simplify tracking requirements, but
low-earth-orbit satellites are coming into increasing use especially for mobile
communications, because shorter distance to the satellite results in stronger signals.
334. What feature of SONET allows data spin with different paths to be synchronized?
ANSWER: Payload Pointer
335. Why do splices have lower loss than connector pairs?
ANSWER: Splices don not have the air gap that most connector have.
336. Why a matched line is indistinguishable from infinitely long line as seen from the
source?
ANSWER: No energy is reflected from matched load, so from the source it appears as
if energy put into the line continues to move down the line forever
337. Why does a higher impedance line have lower copper loss than a lower impedance
line, all other things being equal?
ANSWER: A high impedance line has a lower current for a given power level than
does a line lower characteristic impedance.
338. All else being equal, larger receiving antennas receiver a stronger signal than smaller
antennas. Why is this?
ANSWER: They have a greater effective area so they intercept a greater proportion of
the radiated energy
339. What is the effect on the resonant frequency of a monopole antenna of inserting a coil
at its base?
ANSWER: Adding inductance to an antenna lowers its resonant frequency
340. Which of the antennas are suitable for direct connection to a waveguide?
ANSWER: Horn and slot antennas are suitable for direct connection to the
waveguides
341. How can the polarization of a simple antenna be determined?
ANSWER: The polarization for most simple antennas is the same as the axis of the
radiating element
342. How does stacking omnidirectional antennas or arrays vertically results in an increase
in gain while keeping the horizontal radiation pattern omnidirectional?
ANSWER: Stacking these antennas reduces the radiation in the vertical plane,
increasing gain in the horizontal plane.
343. Why is frequency reuse important in cellular systems?
ANSWER: Cellular systems increase their traffic capacity by reusing frequencies at
relatively small distances.
344. Which of the following applies for a monochrome picture?
ANSWER: chroma amplifier off
345. Why is multimode fiber easier to work with than single mode fiber
ANSWER: Mutlimode fiber has a much larger core diameter, and also a larger
numerical aperture, than single mode fiber
346. The noise-reduction effect that occurs with strong FM signals.
ANSWER: Threshold effect
347. What is the main difference between a wireless hub and a wireless bridge?
ANSWER: The bridge needs to have much more powerful transmitter because it
needs to have greater range
348. Why is antenna height in mobile communications, even when the distance involved are
much less than the distance to the horizon?
ANSWER: Greater antenna height results in reduced multipath interference and fewer
obstruction in direct path
349. Why does modern long distance fiber communications system use wavelength on the
order of 1550nm?
ANSWER: The loss in glass fiber is lowest at a wavelength of approximately 1550nm
350. The maximum distance that can be used with a fiber link can be limited by either loss
or dispersion Limitation due to losses are expressed in a loss budget.
While dispersion is expressed in terms of either bandwidth-distance product or rise
time.
351. Why is low dispersion more important than low loss in modern fiber communication
systems?
ANSWER: Losses can be made up by the use of optical amplifiers, but dispersion
can only be corrected by using regenerative repeaters, which are more complex and
expensive.
352. Why is loose-tube construction preferred when cables must be pulled through ducts?
ANSWER: Loose-tube construction reduces the pulling stress on the fiber.
353. According to NTC, what is the Spectrum User Fee (SUF) for the allocated and
assigned for Paired 3G radio frequency bands for the first 5 MHz?
Answer: P5, 000,000.00 per MHz
354. According to NTC, what is the Spectrum User Fee (SUF) for the allocated and
assigned for Paired 3G radio frequency bands for each additional 1MHz or fraction thereof
in excess of the first 5 MHz but not exceeding 10 MHz?
Answer: P8, 000,000.00 per MHz
355. According to NTC, what is the Spectrum User Fee (SUF) for the allocated and
assigned for Paired 3G radio frequency bands for each additional 1MHz or fraction thereof
in excess of the first 10 MHz but not exceeding 15 MHz?
Answer: P10, 000,000.00 per MHz
356. According to NTC, what is the Spectrum User Fee (SUF) for the allocated and
assigned for Paired 3G radio frequency bands for each additional 1MHz or fraction thereof
in excess of the first 15 MHz?
Answer: P15, 000,000.00 per MHz
357. According to NTC, what is the Spectrum User Fee (SUF) for the allocated and
assigned for Unpaired 3G radio frequency bands for the first 5 MHz?
Answer: P3, 000,000.00 per MHz
358. According to NTC, what is the Spectrum User Fee (SUF) for the allocated and
assigned for Unpaired 3G radio frequency bands for each additional 1MHz or fraction
thereof in excess of the first 5 MHz but not exceeding 10 MHz?
Answer: P6, 000,000.00 per MHz
359. According to NTC, what is the Spectrum User Fee (SUF) for the a allocated and
assigned for Unpaired 3G radio frequency bands for each additional 1MHz or fraction
thereof in excess of the first 10 MHz but not exceeding 15 MHz?
Answer: P8, 000,000.00 per MHz
360. According to NTC, what is the Spectrum User Fee (SUF) for the a allocated and
assigned for Unpaired 3G radio frequency bands for each additional 1MHz or fraction
thereof in excess of the first 15 MHz?
Answer: P12, 000,000.00 per MHz

Notes 7: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 2 Module 7

361. Where is the location of the Global Positioning System (GPS) Master Control Station
and GPS Operations Center and the US Naval Observatory Alternate Master Clock used to
synchronize GPS satellite time?
ANSWER: Schriever Air Force Base (formerly Falcon Air Force Base) in Springfield,
Colorado
362. It was established by Ericsson, Sony Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba, and Nokia, and
later joined by many other companies.
ANSWER: IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth)
363. When was Bluetooth implemented/ introduced?
ANSWER: 1998
364. It is an adjustment of two or more tuned circuits so that they can be tuned
simultaneously with one adjustment.
ANSWER: Tracking
365. Who is known as the father of WiFi?
ANSWER: Vic Hayes
366. What is the formula for rems?
ANSWER: rems = rbe x rad
367. It defines physical specifications communications protocol standards for the short-
range exchange of data over infrared light, for uses such as personal area networks
(PANs).
ANSWER: IrDA
368. In TV system, the color level control is in the __
ANSWER: BPA
369. What is the advantage of Doherty linear?
ANSWER: high efficiency
370. What carrier shift results with insufficient grid excitation to a grid modulated stage?
ANSWER: positive
371. What is the third layer of the OSI protocol model which set up the path to transmit data
between terminals and arranges data into packets?
ANSWER: network layer
372. What is the popular fiber optics cable with glass core and plastic cladding called?
ANSWER: plastic clad silica (PCS)
373. What are the two functions of a buffer amplifier?
ANSWER: amplify and isolate
374. What is the combine mixer and LO that uses 1 transistor or tube or both?
ANSWER: autodyne converter
375. What is the function of a hybrid in the telephone handset?
ANSWER: decrease in microphone signal in phones
376. Which of the following are parts of the network interface card?
ANSWER: Both BND connector and RJ 45 connector
377. In what two systems in the voice transmitter can speech processing be used?
ANSWER: AF and RF
378. What is the maximum recommended length of RS232 cable?
ANSWER: 50 ft
379. What is the advantage of using hub over direct interconnection?
ANSWER: it's easy to move computers
380. What is the main advantage of GPRS?
ANSWER: it does not require a connection
381. 3G wireless system was introduced in what year?
ANSWER: 2001
382. What is the accuracy of LORAN C long range navigation hyperbolic radio navigation
system?
ANSWER: 1/4 of mile absolute and less than 100 ft relative
383. The range of human hearing can form how many octaves
ANSWER: 10
384. In delta modulation, what normally causes error in the received signal
ANSWER: slope overload
385. It is a ferrite which is the inductive element of this tuned circuit is actually the receiving
antenna.
ANSWER: Loopstick
386. It is a Modulation technique used for North American TDMA cell phone and PCS
systems.
ANSWER: Pi/4 DQPSK
387. The phase detector will generate a control voltage, which will cause the VCO
frequency to change until it is exactly that of the external input signal.
ANSWER: Acquisition of phase lock
388. To avoid error and confusion, LAN software make sure that data on the server that is
being changed by one station is not simultaneously read by another.
ANSWER: Record locking
389. 10BaseT (T for twisted) system is restricted to a length of __________
ANSWER: 100 m
390. The inductive element of the tuned circuit is actually the antenna which is called
__________.
ANSWER: ferrite loopstick
391. Power could be coupled into and out of the waveguides using ___________ in the
guide.
ANSWER: Probes, loops, or holes
392. Waveguide are a very practical means of transmitting electrical energy at microwave
frequencies, as they have much lower losses than coaxial cables. They are not very useful
at lower frequencies
ANSWER: because they must be too large in cross section.
393. In a very small network using only two terminals, It is possible to connect the
computers to each other directly without a hub. This requires a special cable called a
ANSWER: crossover cable
394. It is a transmitter power amplifier stage immediately before the output stage.
ANSWER: Intermediate power amplifier (IPA)
395. It is a filter that can pass (or reject) a fundamental frequency and its harmonics.
ANSWER: Comb filter
The interleaving of luminance and color signals conserves bandwidth but causes
interference between two signals.
396. It results from the luminance component interfering with the color signal. It occurs
whenever there is diagonal detail in the picture, and get worse with motion. It is visible as
spurious color in the picture.
ANSWER: Cross luminance
397. It is caused by color information being interpreted as luminance, causing structure of
fine dots
ANSWER: Cross color
398. The disadvantage of a client-server approach is that it ties up one computer as the
network file server.
399. It can amplify an optical signal without converting in into electrical form.
ANSWER: Optical amplifiers
400. Fiber optics has greatly increased both capacity and reliability of submarine cables.
401. The stability of a superheterodyne receiver depends directly on that of a __________.
ANSWER: local oscillator
402. Contention
Definitions (1)
It is a condition that arises when two or more data stations attempt to transmit at the same
time over a shared channel, or when two data stations attempt to transmit at the same time
in two-way alternate communication. Note: A contention can occur in data communications
when no station is designated a master station. In contention, each station must monitor the
signals and wait for a quiescent condition before initiating a bid for master status.
Definitions (2)
It is a competition by users of a system for use of the same facility at the same
time. Synonym: access contention.
403. It is a standardized, if relatively lossy, file format for transporting, storing, and/or
displaying data representing still images and graphical data
ANSWER: J-PEG or JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts group)
404. Three point tracking is achieved with ___________.
ANSWER: padder capacitor
405. In a ferrite, rotation of axis of rotation of the electron.
ANSWER: Precession
406. The operating frequency of klystrons and magnetrons is determined by
ANSWER: cavity resonators
407. Coax is not used beyond frequencies of about __________ GHz.
ANSWER: 6
408. The beamwidth of a helical antenna is usually in the range of __________.
12 to 45 degrees
409. Analog telephone signals are frequency-division multiplexed using SSBSC AM, with
approximately ANSWER: 4 KHz of bandwidth allocated to each voice channels.
410. Digital telephone signal are time-division multiplexed with a data rate of
ANSWER: 64 kb/s per voice channels
411. Parametric amplifier (Paramp):
It is an amplifier that
(a) Has a very low noise level.
(b) Has a main oscillator that is tuned to the received frequency.
(c) Has another pumping oscillator of a different frequency that periodically varies the
parameters, i.e., the capacitance or inductance, of the main oscillator circuit, and
(d) Enables amplification of the applied signal by making use of the energy from the
pumping action.

Note: Paramps with a variable-capacitance main-oscillator semiconductor diode

are used in radar tracking and communications Earth stations, Earth satellite
stations, and deep-space stations. The noise temperature of paramps cooled to
the temperature of liquid helium, about 5 K, is in the range of 20 to 30 K. Paramp
gains are about 40 dB.

Communications Engineering Coaching Materials Section 3

Section 3 Modules in Communications Coaching
Notes 1: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 3 Module 1
ISDN basic rate
Ans: 2B + 2D
· Access B data rate
Ans: 64 kbps
· Maximum diameter of fiber
Ans: rmax = 0.383λ/NA
· V number
Ans: V = πdNA/λo
· Neutralization is
Ans: Elimination of RF signals
· An IC of differential amplifier and on-chip
Ans: NE602
· Distance of microwave repeater of fiber optic
Ans: 6.215 – 18.65 mi
· IF up and down converter
Ans: 70 MHz
· Height of GLONASS
Ans: 19100 km
· Accuracy of GPS
Ans: 2 nautical miles
· Phase shift
Ans: β = √(ωδu/2)
· Negative transmission, medium gray
Ans: 40%
· Negative transmission, tip of sync
Ans: 100%
· Negative transmission, blanking level
Ans: 75%
· Negative transmission, black
Ans: 67.5%
· Negative transmission, maximum white
Ans: 12.5%
· Time for horizontal retrace
Ans: 10.2 us
· Path of telephone line crossing a private property and entering a building
Ans: Service entrance
· Cable within a building of series of buildings
Ans: Building cable
· Circular passage of cable
Ans: Pipe sleeve
· Marine radar communications
Ans: X-band
· Civil aircraft
Ans: 30-100 MHz
· Aircraft long range communications
Ans: 2 – 30 MHz
· Wireless telegraph
Ans: 1895
· Telegraph
Ans: 1844
· Telephone
Ans: 1876
· Radio
Ans: 1887
· Average splice of fiber optic
Ans: 0.15 dB
· Pilot subcarrier frequency
Ans: 19 kHz
· A subcarrier set by music
Ans: 67 kHz
· Travelling wave antenna
Ans: Rhombic antenna
· Brightness or illumination
Ans: contrast
· Amplitude of the signal
Ans: Contrast
· Out of control
Ans: Singing
· Frequency above 300 GHz
Ans: millimeter waves
· Micrwave operates
Ans: above 1 GHz
· Emits heat energy
Ans: Infrared
· A regulatory body whose sole purpose is allocating spectrum space, issuing licenses,
setting standards and policing the airwaves.
Ans: FCC
· Government and military communications are coordinated by ___
Ans: NTIA
· The electromagnetic spectrum is managed by
Ans: ITU
· Characteristic impedance of coaxial cable
Ans: 75 Ω
· TDM used
Ans: PCM
· Telemetry data
Ans: PCM
· Frequency difference of color subcarrier and sound
Ans: 0.92 MHz
· Chroma signal
Ans: 3.58 MHz
· LORAN C frequency
Ans: 100 kHz
· Which cannot be used for range and bearing?
Ans: LORAN C
· Ceramic resonator at frequency of 200 – 500 kHz
Ans: Ceramic filter
· Multiple resonant disk
Ans: Mechanical bandpass filter
· Doubley balanced modulators and GaAs filters are best mixers for
Ans: VHF, UHF and microwave
· Layer of ionosphere for nighttime communications
Ans: F layer
· Which of the following is true?
Ans: Negative polarity has an amplitude decreases when white.
· Third letter
Ans: Type of information to be transmitted
· Lock range
Ans: PLL
· Critical part of FM receiver
Ans: Front end
· Advantage of superheterodyne receiver
Ans: excellent sensitivity and stability
· Disadvantage of TRF
Ans: Tuning and selectivity
· Ch.4 downlink frequency
Ans: 3.84 MHz
· λ/4 vertical λ/4 spaced and 90 degrees out of phase
Ans: Unidirectional Cardioid
· Discone antenna uses
Ans: Vertical polarization
· No gain antenna
Ans: Isotropic
· Token passing
Ans: IEEE 804.2
· PLL consists of
Ans: FM synthesizer and FM demodulator
· Simplest AM receiver
Ans: TRF
· MF range
Ans: 300 kHz- 3 MHz
· 1 pixel
Ans: 0.125 us
· Folded dipole is ____ the feedpoint of a dipole.
Ans: 4
· Resonant frequency tuned to the resonant circuit tuned to the multiple input of the signal
Ans: Frequency multiplier
· Time constant for pre-emphasis and de-emphasis network
Ans: 75 us
· To compress voice signal dynamic range
Ans: Companding
· Amplifier for PCM
Ans: Sample and Hold circuit
· Cut off
Ans: Class B
· 90 degrees to 150 degrees
Ans: Class C
· Benefits of multiplexing
Ans: Economy
· TV picture tube
Ans: kinescope
· Phase angle in TV
Ans: hue
· Linear amplifier
Ans: Class A
· Transmission range
Ans: TR = (2h)/(tan β)
· Frequency of reverberation chamber
Ans: f = 125 3√(180/V)
· Advantage of FM over AM
Ans: Noise immunity
· Disadvantage of FM
Ans: Wider bandwidth
· Floor area within a building that is usable and rentable
Ans: Rentable Floor Area
· Code for touch tone dialing
Ans: two-to-seven
· Increasing the amplitude level of higher frequency on modulating frequency
Ans: Pre-emphasis network
· Cable that is entering the building
Ans: Entrance Cable
· Comprises of telephone equipment; transmitter/receiver, etc.
Ans: Station.
· A telephone line that do not serve exchange
Ans: Private Line
· It is used to connect private branch exchange and central office
Ans: Trunk Line
· Most widely used fiber optic cable
Ans: Single mode step index.
· Most widely used RF transformer
Ans: Toroid
· Advantages of toroidal core
Ans: Fewer turns, Higher Q, and no shielding
· Refers to the general (whole) telephone company that serves communications
Ans: Plant
· It is used to increase the power level of AM and other sidebands
Ans: Class A or B
· It does not affect by the RF carrier
Ans: Phase modulated emission
· Time required for the horizontal scanning line
Ans: 63.6 us
· It must be on during horizontal flyback time
Ans: Burst separator
· Controls the phase angle of modulated color signal in TV
Ans: Tint
· Non-resonant antenna
Ans: V-antenna
· Information on altitude, etc. of an aircraft
Ans: Air data
· End line of communication
Ans: Station wiring
· Holds wires, they are conduits
Ans: Raceway
· It contains PBX
Ans: Equipment room
· Line of sight frequency
Ans: VHF and UHF
· An antenna used for VHF and higher frequency
Ans: Omnidirectional antenna
· Frequency conversion and translation
Ans: Heterodyning
· Cable connected to a cross connect terminal and not directly connected to the local
exchange
Ans: Home cable
· Maximum propagation delay of GEO
Ans: 278 us
· Velocity factor of open-wire line
Ans: 0.9
· Velecoity factor of coaxial line
Ans: 0.8
· Most widely used modulator
Ans: Balanced modulator
· Multielement system for control
Ans: Key system
· Narrowband still picture
Ans: Slow scan TV
· Average power emitted by laser
Ans: pulse energy x repetition rate
· PCM system used in telephone network and uses TDM technique
Ans: Bell T1
· Sampling interval of T1 system
Ans: 25 us
· Widely used TV modulator
Ans: Quadrature detector
· Cut-off audio output to prevent annoying noise
Ans: Squelch
· Permits selective signaling
Ans: CTCS – continuous tone control squelch
· Cut-off frequency of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis network
Ans: 2122 Hz
· Feedback system used to correct the frequency drift of VHF, UHF and microwave
frequency receivers
Ans: AFC (automatic frequency control)
· Produces excellent deviation FM for frequencies below 1 MHz
Ans: IC VCO
· Period of visible H
Ans: 12.5 us
· Period of equalizing pulse
Ans: 2.29 us
· Delay of geosynchronous satellite
Ans: 278 us
· A VCO in which frequency is varied in proportion to the amplitude of modulating DC or AC
signal
Ans: Subcarrier oscillator
· All plants which are “out of doors” not inside the building
Ans: Outside plant
· All plants located inside the telephone public exchange building
Ans: Inside plant
· Used to terminate telephone wire cable
Ans: Distrubution frame
· It is used to terminate floor distribution cable
Ans: Floor Distribution Terminal
· Portion of a floor service by the floor distribution terminal
Ans: Floor terminal distribution area
· Branch cable of various floor used to connect floor distribution terminal to the riser cable
Ans: Floor distribution cable
· Upstream signal frequency of two wire cable
Ans: 5- 30 MHz
· It is found at the BPA of the TV
Ans: color level control
· 2 main barrier of communications
Ans: language and distance
· Raceway of rectangular cross section
Ans: header or feeder duct
· Terminate cables of telephone services
Ans: Satellite closet
· Station to private exchange
Ans: Local station
· Amplitude demodulator
Ans: Diode detector
· Maximum FM deviation audio modulation for TV
Ans: 25 kHz

Notes 2: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 3 Module 2

· Regulates the use of frequency spectrum and electronic communication in the Philippines
Ans: NTC
· Largest category of electronics
Ans: Computer
· 2nd largest category of electronics
Ans: Communications
· 3rd largest category of electronics
Ans: Control
· Graphical transmission other than TV
Ans: videotext, teletex, facsimile
· Difference of audio and sound for negative transmission
Ans: 4.5 MHz
· VSWR when terminated at Zo
Ans: 1
· Wires that are in a fire proof ceiling
Ans: Poke through
· Oldest form of modulation
Ans: AM
· Simplest detector
Ans: Diode detector
· Most common cause of internal noise
Ans: Thermal agitation
· Vary the DC voltage to vary the gain
Ans: Dual gate MOSFET
· vary the collector current to vary the gain
Ans: BJT
· Ceiling and visible area of VFO operating zone
Ans: 3048 – 4827 mi
· A feedback that is used to eliminate drift frequency
Ans: frequency control oscillator
· Rectangular hole on the floor
Ans: Slot
· Increase gain
Ans: decrease beamwidth
· F connector
Ans: RG58U
· It is used as mixer (simplest)
Ans: Resistor
· Insertion loss of fiber optics
Ans: 0.38 dB
· A tap used in subscriber drop line
Ans: high tap loss
· Cladding of graded index multimode fiber
Ans: 0.05 nm
· No cladding
Ans: Laser
· Wide beam of missile guidance radar
Ans: Wide beam
· SSB generation
Ans: filter method
· It is used in filter method
Ans: Quartz crystal
· Suppressed carrier
Ans: balanced modulator
· Cheap filter method
Ans: Ceramic filter
· Highest Sound absorption
Ans: Celotex
· PBX
Ans: Star topology
· Hierarchal topology
Ans: SNA
· Generator code of CDMA
Ans: PSN generator
· Open ended slot antenna
Ans: Notch antenna
· 1544 kbps and 24 VB ch
Ans: u-law
· Decay of TV receiver
Ans: 5 ms
· Most positive TV
Ans: 2nd anode
· Common dispersion in fiber optic
Ans: Absorption and Rayleigh scattering
· Popcorn noise
Ans: Burst noise
· Theoretical distance of WiMax
Ans: 50 km
· Practical distance of WiMax
Ans: 3 – 5 mi
· Bit rate of Bluetooth
Ans: 2.402 – 2.480 Mbps
· CDPD
Ans: Cellular Digital Packet Data
· Data rate of CDPD
Ans: 19.2 Mbps
· Modulation technique of CDPD
Ans: GMSK
· MPEG7
Ans: Multimedia Content Description Interface
· MPEG3
Ans: Motion Pictures Experts Group 1, Audio Layer 3
· Ribbon microphone is ___ microphone
Ans: Pressure-gradient
· Time for V scan line
Ans: 1333 us
· Under water pressure level sensor
Ans: Hydrophone
· Used for error detection
Ans: XMODEM
· Discriminator on secondary detector
Ans: Doppler radar
· Father of internet
Ans: Vinton Cerf
· Weak RGB
Ans: Gray
· Strongest signal color
Ans: Yellow-green
· I signal phase
Ans: 57°
· GPS
Ans: 1978
· Angle of trust wind parabolic antenna
Ans: 56°
· GPS inclination angle
Ans: 55°
· H scan line
Ans: 10.2 us
· Fiber optic frequency near ___
Ans: 800 THz
· Demodulate PCM use
Ans: low pass filter
· Diode detector uses
Ans: Rectification and filtering
· Bandpass filter
Ans: IF amplifier
· Turnstile antenna to feed 2 signals in 1 antenna
Ans: Circulator
· Code 39
Ans: Discrete Code
· Types of Discriminator
Ans: PLL, Foster Seeley, Quadrature
· Not primary superheterodyne receiver
Ans: RF amplifier
· 2 oscillator
Ans: Black and White
· Shadow mask
Ans: 300,000 holes
· CRT capacitance
Ans: 2000 pF
· Noise margin of Optical fiber
Ans: 5 to 10 dB
· Margin of safety
Ans: Power margin
· Bluetooth standard
Ans: IEEE 802.15
· IEEE 802.15.4
Ans: Zigbee
· Data rate of WiMax
Ans: 11-54 Mbps
· Under the influence of inductance field
Ans: near field
· Most dense at night
Ans: F layer
· Sound corresponds to color of light
Ans: Pitch
· All waves absorbed and reflected
Ans: Labertian reflection
· Reflects one color and rejects other
Ans: dichroic
· Matrix
Ans: Combination circuit TV
· FM luminance frequency for VCR recording
Ans: 3.5 MHz
· Control frequency of VCR1
Ans: 30 Hz
· Lowest layer for HF propagation
Ans: C layer
· λ/2 150 MHZ at ___
Ans: 1 meter
· UHF connector to coax
Ans: PL259
· RS232C has
Ans: 25 pins
· 3G slow
Ans: 384 kbps
· 3G fast
Ans: 144 kbps
· 3G stationary
Ans: 2 Mbps
· ILD disadvantage
Ans: temperature dependent
· Reference noise temperature
Ans: 290 K
· 10BASET cable, T means
Ans: type of cable used
· Convolution
Ans: Trellis coding
· MPEG 2 uses
Ans: Cosine transform
· Disadvantage of fiber optic cable
Ans: Cable splicing and simplicity
· Flutter echo
Ans: Successive echo
· Telegraph consists of ___ characters plus word space
Ans: 7 ½
· Above 10 Hz jitter
Ans: wander
· Telephone wire
Ans: AWG 19
· Interhost
Ans: Session layer
· Measurement of height of ionosphere
Ans: Ionosonde
· PEP
Ans: 1/3 to ¼
· IF Sound carrier cable
Ans: 45.75 MHz
· Connector TV at VCR lowest cost
Ans: F-7 connector
· Elliptical
Ans: Gregorian fed
· Resonant antenna
Ans: Marconi
· When the main lobe of the array pattern is perpendicular to the array axis, the uniform
linear array elements is known as
Ans: Broadside array
· When the main lobe of the array pattern lies along the array axis, the uniform linear array
elements is known as
Ans: end-fire array
· What is non-continuous noise of irregular pulses or spikes of short duration with high
amplitudes?
Ans: Jitter
· Strowger switch
Ans: 1897
· Cause of attenuation
Ans: Walls of waveguide
· 480 pixel progressive format
Ans: 640 x 480
· HDTV has ___ more information
Ans: 5
· Video specification used for video compression
Ans: MPEG4
· Formula for S/N above 240 channels
Ans: S/N = 4.47 d (( -15 + 10 log N )/20)
Where: d = 200 kHz
· Formula for S/N below 240 channels
Ans: S/N = 4.47 d (( -1 + 4 log N )/20)
Where: d = 35 kHz
· pWp
Ans: pWp = 0.56 log-1 ((90 – S/N)/( 10 ))
· Flat pWp
Ans: pWp = log-1 ((90 – S/N)/( 10 ))
· Kr TE10
Ans: kr = 3.83
· Kr TE11
Ans: kr = 1.84
· Klystron factor
Ans: k = fo/(2(n+1)(1+2Vo))
· Mode
Ans: mode = n +(3/4)
· Formula
Ans: 10 log (ng+ni)2/(ng-ni)
· Relative permittivity of PVC
Ans: 3.3
· Relative permittivity of polyethylene
Ans: 2.27
· NTSC
Ans: 0.7 NL
· PAL
Ans: 0.8NL
· Effective noise bandwidth
Ans: BWeff = (π/2)(BW3dB)
· Parabolic antenna gain with respect to beamwidth
Ans: G (dB) = 10 log (203/φ)2
· Beamwidth
Ans: φ = 203/(√10)G(dB)/10
· Five wire line
Ans: Zo = 173 /√ξr log D/0.933 d
· Balanced line between grounded parallel planes
Ans: Zo = 173/√ξr log ( 4h tanh (πD/2h)/ πd )
· Number of modes fiber optic
Ans: M = 0.5 (πD NA/λ)2
· Q of SSB
Ans: Q = fo (log -1 dB/20)1/2 /4Δfi
· Reliability based on propagation
Ans: Undp = abfGHz1.5 dmi3 (1.25 x 10-6)10-FM/10
R = (1- Undp) x 100%
· Reliability based on equipment failures
Ans: U = Outage time in hours/year / 8760 hours
· Earth’s curvature
Ans: EC = d1d2 / 1.5k

Notes 3: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 3 Module 3

Absorption coefficient
Ans: α = δa/S
δa = (55.3 V/v)(1/t1 – 1/t2)
· Effective noise BW parallel tuned circuit
Ans: BWeff = 1/(4RpC)
· Reject a single color and allow other colors
Ans: Dichroic
· Hertz antenna used above
Ans: 2MHz
· Elliptical reflector
Ans: Gregorian Fed
· Used in LOS transmission
Ans: VHF
· Used in submarine applications
Ans: ELF
· Used in marine and aeronautical communications
Ans: L-band
· Lowest attenuation fiber optic length
Ans: 1000 ft
· Longest wavelength
Ans: Orange
· Results from the combination of weak blue, red and green
Ans: Gray
· Electron gun goes straight to the picture tube
Ans: Green
· Protocol which uses checksum as error detection scheme
Ans: XMODEM
· Video specification used for video compression
Ans: MPEG4
· Used in European Cordless Telephone
Ans: GFSK
· Microwave telephone via satellite
Ans: Arthur Clarke
· Foundation of acoustic theory in buildings
Ans: Wallace Sabine
· Father of Internet
Ans: Vinton Cerf
· Chrome type cassette tape
Ans: Type 2
· Protection from snow and wind
Ans: Radome
· Daytime ; reflect low frequencies, absorb medium frequencies
Ans: Layer
· Most dense
Ans: F2 layer
· transequatorial propagation
Ans: best in afternoon and early evening
· Aspect ratio of HDTV
Ans: 16:9
· Without bottle necks
Ans: Mesh
· 480 pixel format
Ans: 640 x 480 pixel progressive
· Lifetime of LED
Ans: 200,000 hrs
· Number of holes in shadow mask
Ans: 300,000
· Lead oxide camera tube
Ans: Plumbicon
· Acts as an antenna at high frequencies
Ans: Transmission line
· Reference in dba
Ans: -85 dBm
· Reference temp in noise analysis
Ans: 290 K
· Audible frequency range
Ans: 16 Hz – 16 kHz
· RG62 to avoid reflection use
Ans: 93 Ω
· Used in thick Ethernet
Ans: RG11
· RS232C
Ans: has 25 pins / 20 kbps
· 1 supergroup
Ans: 75 groups
· Heating voltage of TV picture tube
Ans: 6.3 V
· Wi-Fi
Ans: 11-54 Mbps
· WiMax theoretical range
Ans: 50 km
· WiMax practical range
Ans: 3 to 5 miles
· 1 jumbogroup
Ans: 3600 VC
· Bluetooth
Ans: IEEE 802.15
· WiMax
Ans: IEEE 802.16
· Zigbee
Ans: IEEE 802.15.4
· Angular separation between half-power points
Ans: Beamwidth
· Prevent FM from entering
Ans: Diplexer
· Not temperature dependent
Ans: ILD
· Color subcarrier
Ans: 3.58 MHz
· Highest absorbent coefficient material
Ans: Celotex
· Glass
Ans: highest optical characteristics ; lowest attenuation
· PCS fiber optic
Ans: glass core
· Glass
Ans: lower velocity than air
· Glass
Ans: has lower index of refraction than water
· Sound is absorb on walls
Ans: Anechoic
· Cause of attenuation
Ans: Walls of waveguide
· Bending of light from high density to low density
Ans: Refraction
· Adjustment used by means of loudspeaker feedback system
Ans: Ambiophony
· Uses convolutional coding
Ans: Trellis Coding
· Inverter CMOS
Ans: has two transistors
· SSB
Ans: AM
· Uses CSMA/CD ; 10 Mbps
Ans: Ethernet
· Structure which supports cables
Ans: Cable Tray
· GPRS uplink rate
Ans: 14 kbps
· Tunes to a radio frequency
Ans: Local oscillator
· Two PBX
Ans: Tie Trunk
· Hierarchical topology
Ans: SNA
· Types of demodulator :
Ans: PLL, Quadrature and Foster – Selley
· Violet ray
Ans: 4000 Angstrom = 0.4 micron
· Popcorn
Ans: Burst noise
· Used to view the envelop of a modulated signal
Ans: Oscilloscope
· Power output of sideband envelope
Ans: Peak Envelop power
· Disadvantage in using FOC
Ans: Splicing
· Causes distortion on the demodulated signal (delta modulation)
Ans: Slope overload
· Spread spectrum
Ans: DSSS
· Mostly used in satellite communications
Ans: TDMA
· High internal resistance
Ans: Nickel Iron
· Protection against snow and wind loading
Ans: Radome
· Fiber optic performance
Ans: bit rate
· Attenuation expressed in
Ans: dB/um
· UHF connector
Ans: PL259
· CDMA
Ans: no limitation in BW
· Interface reduction
Ans: co-channel
· 2 diff amplitudes, 2-phase
Ans: QAM
· Figure of merit with FSK
Ans: h factor
· OSI layer – buildings
Ans: Novell Network
· Fluctuations
Ans: Fading
· Most common light generator
Ans: ILD
· Lifetime of LCD
Ans: 200,000 years
· BFO of SSB
Ans: Carrier oscillator
· Frequency hopping, assign diff carrier frequency
Ans: CDMA
· Antenna complete in itself and self-oscillating
Ans: Hertz Antenna
· Unique binary code for CDMA satellite
Ans: Chip code
· Output of magnetic microphone
Ans: 1 mV
· 350-440 Hz
Ans: call-waiting tone
· Connect telephone
Ans: Induction coil
· Conduit, reduce abreaction
Ans: Bashing
· Most reliable for error detection
Ans: CRC
· Use 2 mixers, filter & phase-shift
Ans: Balanced modulator
· 1% left in the TV
Ans: Screen persistence
· Unconscious level heard by human ear
Ans: 6-10 dB
· Microwave range of frequency
Ans: Window
· Marginal safety for microwave
Ans: 5 – 10 dB
· Luminance FM for VCR
Ans: 2.5 MHz
· Non-directional horizontally polarized
Ans: VHF & UHF
· Stereo pilot carrier
Ans: 19 kHz
· Dipole resistance
Ans: 73 ohms
· RG-65
Ans: 93 Ω
· Complex pressure amplitude over complex amplitude volume
Ans: Acoustic impedance
· Optical density
Ans: Radiant flux
· HDTV
Ans: 16:9
· Calls not satisfied
Ans: Erlang C
· PBX
Ans: Star topology
· Blanking pulse of negative
Ans: 75%
· Beginning & end of the char code
Ans: Character Synchronization
· Improve AM broadcast timer
Ans: Counterpoise
· Visible signal
Ans: Infrared
· Variations in signal strength by atmospheric conditions
Ans: Fading
· For abrasion
Ans: Abrasion
· Known for power amplification
Ans: Class A
· Injection laser diode
Ans: APD
· 1st radio receiver
Ans: Crystal
· Communication for vehicle, ground
Ans: Marconi
· Visible wavelength
Ans: 0.4 to 0.8 micron
· Radiation direction
Ans: End fire array
· IMPATT
Ans: 30 GHz
· Logic network in form of an array
Ans: Matrix
· Across resistor
Ans: Shot noise
· Information capacity
Ans: Shannon Hartley theorem
· Divide digital data
Ans: Converter
· Sum of minterm & product of maxterm
Ans: Canonical
· Handset local loop
Ans: Induction coil
· Figure of merit in light
Ans: Numerical aperture
· All constant
Ans: Diatonic
· Purity of color
Ans: Q & I amplitude
· Maximum brightness
Ans: 50% Red 59% Green and 11% Blue
· Handshaking principle
Ans: Delta modulation
· Handshaking principle
Ans: Synchronous
· Error correction at high frequency
Ans: ARQ
· Unicode
Ans: 16 bit long
· High frequency AM
Ans: PIN diode

Notes 4: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 3 Module 4

· Modem
Ans: PSK
· Absorption of impedance Tube
Ans: α = 4A1A2 / (A1+A2)2
· Impedance acoustics
Ans: Newton seconds per cubic meter
· WiMax data rate
Ans: 500 kbps – 8 Mbps
· Formula
Ans: ft = fo + kfoΔT
· Blind velocity
Ans: Vb = PRF(nλ/2)
· Spacing of transmission line
Ans: S = λL/360
· Transfer of one adjacent walls to another
Ans: Flanking transmission
· Range that accepts signal interference
Ans: Blocking range
· Sound deduction index
Ans: Transmission loss
· Internet cable 6 MHz
Ans: 27 Mbps
· Not terrestrial TV
Ans: 8-V.58
· Lowest attenuation UHF
Ans: N-type
· HF
Ans: affected by the solar cycle
· Pag tinanong linear bit PCM code
Ans: n-1
· Photon
Ans: E = hf/c h=6.634 x 10-34
· SSB
Ans: HF
· High Z
Ans: Crystal
· U600 bandwidth
Ans: 2520 MHz
· Standard VB
Ans: 300 – 3400 Hz
· Voice grade
Ans: 0 – 4 kHz
· 170 Ω/km Customer loop
Ans: AWG22
· Determine attenuation to troposcatter
Ans: Scatter angle
· Compression
Ans: SSB = 20 log cot(φ/2)
· Klystron
Ans: n +3/4
· Time
Ans: TD = 1.016 √ξr (length) ns/ft
0 = 360 TD / T
· One tenth of the wavelength
Ans: Elementary doublet
· FOC data rate
Ans: data rate = 1/5Dd
· Minimum height
Ans: λ/4
· Theoretical height
Ans: λ/2 vertical antenna
· LORAN C/D accuracy
Ans: 460 m
· COR/DME ground navigation
Ans: 108 – 118 MHz
· Repeater fiber optic cable
Ans: 10 – 30 km
· dBa
Ans: 1 uV/m
· Bridge
Ans: Physical and data link
· Transmission and reception of information
Ans: Session
· Transmission of bits
Ans: Physical
· Start bit
Ans: 0
· Stop bit
Ans: 1
· Noise temperature
Ans: 17°C
· AC cable
Ans: All of the above
· Not specification of 3G
Ans: IMT2000
· BW efficiency
Ans: Information density
· Resolution
Ans: Resolution = Vmax / DR
· Quantization error
Ans: Q = (1/2)Res
· Isolation CATV
Ans: 28 dB
· Output terminal match CATV
Ans: 16 dB
· Disadvantage of plastic over glass
Ans: High attenuation
· Mnimum illumination for reading
Ans: 8000 Ix
· Impedance at open end of half wave antenna
Ans: 2500 ohms
· Max data rate of fiber optic system
Ans: 10 Gbps
· Data rate of TDMA
Ans: 8 kbps
· WiMax
Ans: 500 kbps to 8 Mbps
· H21 broadband ISDN
Ans: 32.786 Mbps
· Data rate of terrestrial digital TV
Ans: 32.28 Mbps
· V.34
Ans: 33.6 kbps
· GPRS
Ans: 172.2 kbps
· Bluetooth
Ans: 72 kbps
· V.22
Ans: 1200 kbps
· V.90
Ans: 56 kbps
· V.32
Ans: 9.6 kbps
· Speed of IS-95 CDMA
Ans: 1.23 Mbps
· WiFi / wireless internet service provider
Ans: 11 Mbps
· WiFi spec
Ans: IEEE 802.11b
· Spacing between M88 loading coils
Ans: 9000 ft
· Area above the vertical antenna
Ans: curve of silence
· under the influence of the induction field
Ans: near field
· FM luminance frequency for VCR recording
Ans: 3.5 MHz
· Measure of comparison of sound intensity with another
Ans: decibel
· Used in optical system and satellite telemetry links
Ans: biphase codes
· Divide into 4 by ITU
Ans: Facsimile groups
· Code transparency with frequency
Ans: bit oriented protocol
· ERP of class 2 cellular mobile
Ans: 1.6 W
· Max power for class I analog mobile
Ans: 600 mV
· Appears at night
Ans: F2 layer
· High frequency daytime propagation
Ans: E layer
· MF range wavelength
Ans: Hectometric waves
· Protocol for packet switching networks
Ans: X.75
· Electronic serial number
Ans: 32 bits
· Most luminance
Ans: Yellow
· Used by Marconi antenna
Ans: below 2 MHz
· Mogul-Dellinger fadeout
Ans: sudden ionospheric disturbance frequency
· Most commonly used characters are represented in fewer bits
Ans: Huffman encoding
· On time of FETs
Ans: Acquisition time
· Term for byte in ATM
Ans: Octet
· Used in 10/100 Mbps Ethernet
Ans: ISTP cable
· Not used in TV
Ans: 108 MHz – 114 MHz
· Does not use error checking
Ans: Physical layer
· Demodulates audio signal in TV
Ans: Discriminator
· Together with mixer
Ans: local oscillator
· Not used in mobile tel.
Ans: balanced detector
· Guardband of C-band satellite comm.
Ans: 4 MHz
· Minimum quality circuit available in PTN
Ans: basic voice grade
· Multichannel network
Ans: broadband
· Standard test tone
Ans: 1000 Hz
· Average human absorption
Ans: 4.7 units or sabines
· Max. critical angle
Ans: Acceptance angle
· Software used in preparing packets
Ans: internet protocol
· No modulation
Ans: Rest frequency
· CMTS(AMPS)
Ans: Less than 2%
· Speed of longitudinal waves
Ans: is proportional to the compressibility of the medium
· EIRP Class II Cellular
Ans: 1.6 watts
· Pulse dialing
Ans: 10 pulses/sec or 600 pulses/minutes
· Single-sideband full-carrier
Ans: H3E
· Retain local number to access (migration)
Ans: Local number portability
· ‘raceway’
Ans: Header
· Fastest multimedia peripherals
Ans: Firewire
· Output Class I mobile output minimum
Ans: 600 mV
· Smallest unit data for network
Ans: Packet
· UTC
Ans: UTA
· Mod used for IS-95
Ans: QPSK (DSSS)
· Propagation delay for TDM period
Ans: 577 us
· Difference freq for forward and backward transmission
Ans: 45 MHz
· Gain at the direction of the major lobe
Ans: Directivity Gain
· Code transparency
Ans: Bit-oriented protocol
· AM broadcast antenna height
Ans: λ/2 vertical antenna
· Synchronization 1 V
Ans: Scanning line
· Can be eliminated using helical antenna
Ans: Faraday rotation
· Companding
Ans: protect small signals from quantizing distortion
· Current Maximum for ¼ wavelength Marconi Antenna
Ans: at the base
· Synchronous data transfer
Ans: CMT
· Electrical signals converted for microphone
Ans: 25 – 8000 Hz
· Reference sound level
Ans: 0 dBm
· Bessel 1.0 modulation index
Ans: 3 pairs of sidebands
· Common coaxial characteristic impedance
Ans: 50Ω and 75Ω
· Dead space
Ans: due to shading of hills and trees
 Notes 5: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 3 Module 5
· Local Oscillator
Ans: Frequency Synthesizer
· Middle C frequency:
Ans: 262 Hz
· Above one octave middle C
Ans: 524 Hz
· Inside the hut
Ans: Dog House
· Peak white
Ans: Maximum luminance
· First note
Ans: Root note
· Wavelength of sunlight
Ans: 300 to 2000 nm
· Peak wavelength of sunlight
Ans: 500 nm
· Interval of dissonant frequency
Ans: 7:8
· Density modulation and output of Klystron
Ans: Catcher
· Velocity modulation and input of Klystron
Ans: Buncher
· Critical frequency of F2 layer
Ans: 8 GHz
· Critical frequency of E layer
Ans: 4 MHz
· 2 ships 1910 to 1912
Ans: Republic and Titanic
· Most ambitious LEO
Ans: Teledesic satellite
· Before H sync
Ans: Front porch
· GPRS data rate
Ans: 384 kbps
· Uplink GPRS
Ans: 14 kbps
· 19Pc4 has a size of
Ans: 19 inches
· Aspect ratio is
Ans: ratio the height and width of the TV picture
· Radio Radar depends on
Ans: height of transmitter and height of receiving antenna
· Bluetooth 2.0
Ans: 2.1 Mbps
· Time slot of TDM frame
Ans: 8
· Exposure of person by humans in one day of 110 – 120 dB
Ans: 20 minutes
· Bluetooth is also known as
Ans: IEEE 802.15.1
· PEP unit of SSB transmission
Ans: ¼ to 1/3
· SB and CW
Ans: Beat frequency oscillator
· Nearest star in solar system
Ans: Proxima Centauri
· Reduced reverberation
Ans: Ambiophony
· Component that changes the response of waveguide of capacitive or inductive.
Ans: Tuning screw
· International Distress telephony
Ans: 121.5 MHz
· Turn around
Ans: 1.5 ms
· Singing frequency
Ans: Frequency frogging
· 600 Hz
Ans: multiples of 600, 300, 150 etc.
· In educational programs, the first telephone was invented by
Ans: Antonio Meucci
· Number of bit correction in Hamming bits
Ans: 1
· Newton’s Law of Motion
Ans: Inertial Navigation
· Used for damage
Ans: Strapdown system
· Dosage
Ans: rad
· Mixing of RF and picture
Ans: Intercarrier
· It is used to reduce even harmonics
Ans: Push pull amplifier
· Bit synchronization Ethernet
Ans: Preamble
· 10BASET is limited to
Ans: 100 m
· 10BASE5 is also called
Ans: Cheapernet
· Portable payphone booth
Ans: PDD
· These are containers with a small open neck and they work by resonance of the air within
the cavity.
Ans: Helmoltz resonator
· 888/800
Ans: Prepaid card
· 991 police
Ans: Service code
· Ringing without dialing
Ans: Hotline
· Carbon button
Ans: Microphone
· Messages that you did not subscribe
Ans: Push messaging
· Above 52°C
Ans: Crystal
· Submarine antenna
Ans: Trailing end antenna
· Brief message
Ans: SMS
· WiMAX means
Ans: Wireless Interoperability for Microwave Access
· Unique paging access
Ans: Capcode
· It is essentially a cell site that is mounted on a flatbed tractor-trailer used for emergency
purposes.
Ans: COW
· The speech coding rate in D-AMPS
Ans: 8 kbps
· What do you call a short bit sequence typically 128 bits in digital signatures?
Ans: Hash
· In GSM, the speech coding rate is
Ans: 13 kbps
· International Pitch A
Ans: 435 Hz
· American Concert Pitch A
Ans: 440 Hz
· A frequency that reduces problems
Ans: Optimum Working frequency
· What is the typical gain of a rhombic antenna?
Ans: Between 15 to 60
· Arrangement of transmitter
Ans: Oscillator, Drive and PA
· What increase in sound level is commonly perceived by most people?
Ans: 6 to 10 dB
· TV color decrease from left to right
Ans: Staircase signal
· Least expensive topology
Ans: Ring
· Disadvantage of Two way to one way paging
Ans: Two way is most expensive
· Capacity of 2G
Ans: 70%
· Dependent Horn feed
Ans: Aperture Antenna
· Unique telephone number assignment
Ans: NAM
· Unique mobile assignment
Ans: MIN
· Fastest topology
Ans: Bus
· Gigabit Ethernt
Ans: Twinax
· Transmission at the same time
Ans: Contention
· Number of users accessing through the Internet
Ans: WWW
· Polytetrafluoroethylene
Ans: Teflon
· Replaced LC circuit λ/2 less than 100 feet
Ans: Transmission line
· Spin satellite
Ans: Despun
· Poked up
Ans: Poke through
· Radar antenna
Ans: Horn antenna 360 degrees
· GPS inclination
Ans: 55°
· Efficiency of parabolic antenna
Ans: 55%
· What is the amount of sound reduction provided by a barrier – wall, floor or ceiling is
called?
Ans: Transmission loss
· Sound provides all sorts of information. What information is related to knowledge,
reasoning, memory, judgment, and perception?
Ans: Cognitive
· What sound relates to a sonic time pattern?
Ans: Rhythm
· Which of the following coaxial cable connectors is called the UHF connector?
Ans: PL-259
· What connector is popular in attaching test instruments like oscilloscopes, frequency
counters, spectrum analyzers, etc?
Ans: BNC
· Which coaxial cable connector is least expensive and is widely used for TV sets, VCRs
and cable TV?
Ans: F-type connector
· Velocity factor in transmission lines vary from
Ans: 0.5 to 0.9
· What is the typical velocity factor of coaxial cables?
Ans: 0.6 to 0.8
· It helps achieve synchronous, full-duplex transmission over two-wire switched circuits at
9.6 kbps
Ans: V.32
· A modem modulation standard providing full duplex, 32,000 bps data transfer over a
standard one-pair dial up telephone line.
Ans: V.34bis
· Video compression standard
Ans: H.261
· Cochannel cells
Ans: Cochannel interference reuse ratio
· Distance that should not be interfered
Ans: Distance to reuse (D/R) ratio
· Typical frequency reuse factor
Ans: 7
· LMDS data rate
Ans: 27 to 31 Mbps
· Losses that are comparable to size of the wavelength
Ans: Mie Scattering
· Losses by the thermal energy in the material.
Ans: Brilloun Scattering
· Nonlinear interaction produces a high frequency phonon
Ans: Raman Scattering
· The orientation of the satellite in relationship to the earth and the sun.
Ans: Attitude control
· Reproductive system only
Ans: Somatic
· TV surface acoustic wave
Ans: SAW filter
· Network satellite ships navigation and aviation
Ans: Intelsat
· 128 bits
Ans: IPv6
· CAT5 data rate
Ans: 100 Mbps
· Troposcatter is not used because
Ans: They are not reliable
· Coverage of CDMA
Ans: 30 miles
· Repeaters microwave
Ans: 40 km
· Class III transmitter power
Ans: 3 W
· Effective antenna height should be
Ans: ½ to 2/3
· A3E power
Ans: 4 W
· J3E power
Ans: 3 W
· F3 transmits
Ans: voice
· Beamwidth of parabolic antenna
Ans: 10 – 60 degrees
· Splicing of fiber uses glue
Ans: Mechanical splicing
· Splicing of fiber to melt
Ans: Fusion splicing
· Rule of thumb by microwave
Ans: 40%
· Watch ticking
Ans: 20 phons
· Reverberation time of auditorium
Ans: 1.6 to 1.8 s
· LED plastic FOC
Ans: Red LED
· Greatest output
Ans: Yellow green
· Vidicon dark current
Ans: 0.2 uA
· Most TV signals
Ans: 36 and 46 MHz
· Orbitals of GPS
Ans: 6
· Period of GPS
Ans: 12 hrs
· +/- 25 kHz
Ans: 1 %
· last mile
Ans: WiMax
· Harmonics
Ans: Pi-network
· Gamma of picture tube
Ans: 2.2
· Exact value of chroma
Ans: 3.579545 MHz
· Formula for rems
Ans: rems= reb x rad
· CPE
Ans: Customer Premises Equipment
· Wave antenna
Ans: Beverage antenna
· Beamwidth of Rhombic
Ans: 10 to 60 degrees
· GSM
Ans: Oct. 13, 1983
· GPS
Ans: 1978
· WWW
Ans: 1991
· 3G
Ans: 2001

Notes 6: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 3 Module 6

· National Frequency IMT2000
Ans: 1920 – 1980 MHz
· Group 3 fax
Ans: between 6 and 15 sec
· Minimum lag
Ans: Plumbicon
· Not needed limiter
Ans: Ratio detector
· Needed limiter
Ans: Foster-Seeley discriminator
· Diameter of single mode of core
Ans: 3 times the wavelength
· 3.58 MHz class C
Ans: no color
· AM frequency
Ans: MF
· Requirements for modems for parallel data transmission using signal frequencies relevant
to telephone networks
Ans: V.19
· Specifies full duplex transmission at 14.4 kbps over dial-up connections.
Ans: V.32bis
· Not TDMA
Ans: IS-95
· CDMA
Ans: IS-95
· Apparent loudness of 30 dB
Ans: Moderate
· Hearing range
Ans: 1 to 4 kHz
· At 6 MHz bandwidth
Ans: 3 dB
· Voltage of Ultor
Ans: 30 kV
· Reverberation time of churches
Ans: 7.1
· SSB common filter
Ans: Mechanical filter
· D-AMPS modulation technique
Ans: pi/4 DPQSK modulation
· Least impedance
Ans: Twin lead
· Laser that excites electron
Ans: Pump laser
· 1st tube USSR 1 mW output
Ans: Gyrotron
· Doherty amplifier
Ans: high efficiency
· CDPD data rate
Ans: 19.2 kbps
· Maximum CATV distribution amplifier
Ans: 4
· T1 modulation technique
Ans: PCM and TDM
· Bar code
Ans: 113 lines maximum
· Wireless Internet
Ans: Wi-Fi
· Father of Wi-Fi
Ans: Vic Hayes
· South Korean Wi-Fi
Ans: WiBro
· Bluetooth originates from
Ans: King Harold Blatand
· Glass fiber disadvantage
Ans: Brittleness
· Glass fiber advantage
Ans: Lowest loss
· Core of Plastic Clad Silica
Ans: Silicone Plastic
· Most popular fiber for plastic and glass
Ans: Plastic Clad Silica
· Transmitter on telephone
Ans: Carbon
· 1.6 W
Ans: Class 2
· Analog Microwave
Ans: FM and SSB
· Counterpart of Zigbee
Ans: Nanonet
· Citizen’s Band frequency
Ans: 26.965 – 27.405 MHz
· Inventor of magnetron
Ans: Randall and Boot
· Computer to computer without hub
Ans: crossover hub
· Device in network layer
Ans: Router
· 1 radar nautical
Ans: 12.4 us
· NIC consists of
Ans: BNC and RJ-49
· Chepest connector
Ans: F-connector
· Unsubscribe of service
Ans: opt-out
· Subscribe of service
Ans: opt-in
· Gas inside the tube
Ans: Blue Haze
· Combination of mixer and LO
Ans: Autodyne receiver
· Protects the personnel
Ans: Interlock
· Y signal time delay
Ans: 0.8 us
· Billing avoid fraud
Ans: MIN and ESN
· Nokia, IBM for Bluetooth Standards
Ans: 1998
· FDM telephone
Ans: Single sideband suppressed carrier AM
· Bipolar violation 2 successive 1’s with same magnitude
· … into electrical signal
Ans: FM
· Fiber optic modulation
Ans: Intensity modulation
· Oldest microwave diode
Ans: Point-contact diode
· Longest coverage of earth
Ans: Hemispheric beam
· Circuits family that cannot be interchanged
Ans: V.24
· Bit oriented protocol
Ans: SDLC
· Slope noise
Ans: Delta modulation
· GPS segment
Ans: User, control, and space segment
· Frequency with radar
Ans: Christian Hulsmeyer
· Change password for each user
Ans: Network Administrator
· Improve radials grounded
Ans: Counterpoise
· Losses of FOC
Ans: Scattering, Dispersion and Absorption
· Splicing is better than connector because
Ans: Splicing has no air gap
· Time constant of pre-emphasis network
Ans: 75 us
· Maximum modulating frequency of FM
Ans: 50 Hz
· Cellular phone deviation
Ans: ± 12 kHz
· Orientation of EM wave
Ans: Polarization
· Send end office to telephone when ringing
Ans: Ringback signal
· No synchronization
Ans: BISYNC
· 75% demodulated
Ans: Gray
· 3G standard
Ans: UMTS
· D-AMPS standard
Ans: IS-135
· Base to mobile frequency
Ans: 935 – 960 MHz
· First analogue cellular invented
Ans: NTT
· Rainfall attenuation
Ans: 10 GHz
· TWT frequency
Ans: 8 GHz
· Patent of transmission H scanning lines fiber optics
Ans: J. L. Baird
· Scintillation
Ans: 4 and 6 GHz
· Class B-1
Ans: 5 kW 200 ft.
· Class B
Ans: 30 kW 500 ft.
· Stripping effect fiber optic
Ans: Leaky mode
· Maximum spacing of FM
Ans: 800 kHz
· RF combines with superheterodyne
Ans: Better rejection Ratio
· Noise digital filter
Ans: Zipper noise
· Balun impedance ratio
Ans: 4:1
· Transequatorial propagation
Ans: Afternoon or early evening
· Length of coaxial
Ans: 1.5 km
· Submarine
Ans: Sonobuoy
· Klystron frequency
Ans: 3 – 30 GHz
· Floating
Ans: Buoy antenna
· Analog demodulation of submarine
Ans: TASI
· Area not accepting primary service
Ans: white area
· Field intensity for primary service area
Ans: 1mV/m
· Medium communication military aircraft
Ans: 250 – 400 MHz
· GPS accuracy for civil aircraft
Ans: 100 m
· GPS accuracy for military aircraft
Ans: 16 m
· Short range commercial air navigation
Ans: 30-100 MHz
· Satellite rocket
Ans: Ion propulsion
· Radar range
Ans: Bearing and distance
· Long range civil aircraft
Ans: 2 – 30 MHz
· Camera tube in live TV broadcast
Ans: Image orthicon
· Code Spread Spectrum
Ans: Gold code
· Camera tube shooting still pictures
Ans: Flying spot
· Aluminum screen
Ans: Brighter picture
· Electrical equipment data altitude
Ans: Sun sensor
· GPS altitude
Ans: 20,183 km
· Aeronautical Distress Signal
Ans: 121.5 MHz
· Radiotelegraphy International Distress
Ans: 500 kHz
· ECE Board Resolution number
Ans: 2
· Radio amateur
Ans: Log periodic
· Surface of vehicle airplane
Ans: Skin antenna
· Minimum power hearing
Ans: 0 dB
· Speech power
Ans: 10 – 1000 uW
· Psophometric
Ans: 800 Hz
· FDM-FM
Ans: 1000 mW
· Television education
Ans: ITFS
· Antenna loading, TLC coupling
Ans: Helix House
· Loran A 2H4
Ans: The specific PRR
· Bad language
Ans: Bad filter
· Solar cycle
Ans: 11 years
· Solar noise at 1 GHz
Ans: 280,000 K
· Not bearing and distance
Ans: LORAN C
· Treble below
Ans: 3 kHz
· Bass below
Ans: 300 Hz
· Telephone subscriber loop
Ans: AWG 19
· Day time propagation
Ans: E layer
· Fiber optic frequency range
Ans: 1014 – 1015 Hz
· Packet data, ATM
Ans: PSDN
· Problem of AGC
Ans: Electrolytic deterioration capacitor
· Adjust metallic surface of waveguide
Ans: Piston
· TFTS (Terrestrial Flight Telephone System)
Ans: 1.6 – 1.8 GHz
· Open ended slot antenna
Ans: Notch antenna
· Full wavelength antenna
Ans: Long wire antenna
· Eliminate Standing wave
Ans: Quarter wave Transformer
· Increase effective height
Ans: Adding L in series
· Purely reactive
Ans: SWR is infinite
· Serration
Ans: Horizontal Synchronization
· Monochrome effect cancel effect of signal
Ans: Color killer
· STL (Studio to Transmitter Link)
Ans: 15 W
· Back-up
Ans: 35 W
· Helicopter navigation
Ans: Doppler reference
· Characteristic of aircraft
Ans: Air Data System
· Common Dead Reckoning
Ans: Inertial Navigation

Notes 7: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 3 Module 7

· Sound energy steam packets
Ans: Phonon
· Unsolicited messages
Ans: Flooding
· Table of GPS satellites
Ans: Ephemeris
· Broadcasting and MMS violated send time
Ans: 9:00 AM to 7:00 PM
· Programmable antenna
Ans: Smart antenna
· Waveguide frequency
Ans: 3000 MHz and above
· Equivalent Cassegrain
Ans: Hoghorn antenna
· Rhombic antenna over others
Ans: Cheaper
· Changing refractive index due to acoustic energy
Ans: Acousto-optic effect
· Vertical loop antenna
Ans: Bidirectional in the Horizontal plane
· Lens used to reduce excess weight
Ans: Zoned lens
· Increase frequency with constant power
Ans: Increase the skip distance
· First avionic to be installed
Ans: Radio transmitter and receiver equipment
· Coupler split
Ans: Beam splitting coupler
· Cut off IF amplifier
Ans: no video but sound is normal
· Amplifier on the output of TV transmitter
Ans: Grid Modulated Class C
· SSB deviation voice communication
Ans: 250 Hz
· SILO
Ans: Signal Intercept for Low Orbit
· Advantage of orbital over synchronous
Ans: No jet propulsion
· Cannot be corrected
Ans: Adjusting the length of the transmission line
· Wavelength of Fiber Optic
Ans: 7000 to 12000 A
· Diameter of coasting of Fiber Optic
Ans: 250 um to 750 um
· Satellite and the sun
Ans: Satellite Sun Conjunction
· Battery of the satellite during eclipse period
Ans: NiCad
· Perpendicular to the misalignment
Ans: Microbend
· Most common AM demodulator
Ans: Envelope detector
· Diode detectors is diodes acts like
Ans: Switches
· Added electric field
Ans: Transverse Magnetic
· Most modulating LASER
Ans: Semiconductor
· SDLC transparency scheme
Ans: Zero Bit Insertion
· VoIP service provider
Ans: P5M
· VoIP reseller
Ans: P1M
· Nighttime
Ans: 1000-2200 UTC
· Daytime
Ans: 2200-1000 UTC
· Delay of satellite
Ans: 270 ms
· Troposcatter hopping range
Ans: 800 km
· Frequency frogging
Ans: Reduce crosstalk
· Clear color TV or more vivid TV
Ans: Comb filter
· POTS
Ans: Plain Old Telephone System
· Video conferencing on telephone lines
Ans: H.261
· Increases height to set in the final orbit
Ans: Apogee Kick motor
· Second satellite
Ans: Secondary Payload
· Location of celestial bodies
Ans: Ephemeris
· Ionic disturbance
Ans: Aurora Borealis
· Coined the word cyberspace
Ans: William Gibson
· Critical frequency for F2 layer
Ans: 8 MHz
· Critical frequency for E layer
Ans: 4 MHz
· MEO distance
Ans: 8000 – 20000 km
· Not to be used at temp more than 52 degrees Celsius
Ans: Crystal microphone
· Used in aviation
Ans: Dynamic microphone
· Varying refraction index
Ans: Fiber grating
· Keyed on/off switching
Ans: Oscillator
· Collects CATV signal
Ans: Head end
· Ultra wideband
Ans: 500 MHz
· PCS narrowband
Ans: 900 MHz
· Uplink rate of GPRS
Ans: 14 kbps
· Vary permanent magnet
Ans: Static convergence
· Vary current (coil)
Ans: Dynamic convergence
· MP3 equivalent in North America
Ans: Dolby AC-3
· Main accelerating element in TV
Ans: Ultor
· Higher Q in smaller dimensions at higher frequencies
Ans: Cavity Resonator
· Light measurement
Ans: Photometry
· X-ray radiation measurement
Ans: Dosimeter
· Mels equivalent to frequency (Hz)
Ans: 40 dB
· Ticking of watch
Ans: 20 phons
· 1/106 Hz
Ans: ppm
· Sample and hold
Ans: Flat top sampling
· TV radiation
Ans: 0.5 milliroentgen
· Equivalent to RADAR
Ans: Light Detection and Ranging
· Light to sound
Ans: Optoacoustic transducer
· Wide aperture area, narrow
Ans: Letter Boxign
· Direct connection through microwave link
Ans: Class I cable TV
· Auxiliary equipment
Ans: Class III cable TC
· Decrease range / decrease interference
Ans: Down tilting
· Low data rate
Ans: Vocoder
· rest frequency
Ans: Carrier frequency
· Eliminate noise
Ans: Cryogenics
· High speed aircraft
Ans: Slot antenna
· Used in gigabit Ethernet
Ans: 4 pair of wire
· Bluetooth power
Ans: 1 mW
· Next technology for Bluetooth
Ans: Lisbon
· Next technology after Lisbon
Ans: Seattle
· Current addressing
Ans: IPv4
· 128 bits
Ans: IPv6
· OMEGA accuracy
Ans: 88% and 98 %
· IMT 2000
Ans: year 2000, 2000 Mhz
· GSM data rate
Ans: 13 kbps
· parity check
Ans: VRC
· Remodulate
Ans: Regenerative repeater
· Uses LC for direct FM transmission
Ans: Reactance modulator
· Speed of sound in steel
Ans: 5150 m/s
· HDTV ___ times information content than NTSC
Ans: 5
· PAL vertical
Ans: 50 Hz
· SEG
Ans: special effects generator
· Before sync pulses
Ans: Front porch
· Metal film resistor flicker noise
Ans: 0.02 to 0.2 uV
· Carbon-composition flicker noise
Ans: 0.1 – 2 uV
· Wire wound flicker noise
Ans: 0.01 – 0.2 uV
· Carbon film flicker noise
Ans: 0.05 to 3 uV
· BER satellite
Ans: 1 part per I billion send
· LMDS frequency range
Ans: 27 – 31 GHz
· WAV format
Ans: 3 minutes ; 30 MB
· MP3 –
Ans: 3 minutes ; 3 MB
· 9600 kbps
Ans: V.32
· Standard for terrestrial TV
Ans: 8-VSB
· GPRS modulation technique
Ans: 3 level Manchester code
· AMI succeeding one’s
Ans: Bipolar violation
· Flagbits HDLC
Ans: 01111110
· Interchanging frequency
Ans: Frequency frogging
· Stereo pilot subcarrier
Ans: 38 kHz
· Lowest note
Ans: Root note
· Printed circuit board – LAN
Ans: NIC
· 120 dB
Ans: Threshold of pain
· Radiation of cordless phone
Ans: 5 mW
· EDGE
Ans: 384 kbps
· Filter selectivity in TV
Ans: surface acoustic wave (SAW)
· SPS (vertical)
Ans: 156 m
· SPS (horizontal)
Ans: 100 m
· SPS (time)
Ans: 340 ns
· PPS (vertical)
Ans: 27.7 m
· PPS (horizontal)
Ans: 22 m
· PPS (time)
Ans: 200 ns
· smith chart (circle)
Ans: impedance repeats every half wavelength
· BISYNC protocol
Ans: Data Link layer
· Waveguide magic T
Ans: hybrid T
· Trapped gas
Ans: Blooming
· Transmit simultaneously
Ans: Contention
· Jet thrusters
Ans: Hydrazine
· GPS orbitals
Ans: 6
· GPS satellite per orbit
Ans: 4
· Ultrasound
Ans: U- weighting
· Pink noise
Ans: Flicker noise
· Exponential decaying
Ans: Maxwell equation
· Color change signal
Ans: Staircase
· Wired equivalent privacy
Ans: WiFi secure link
· Transmitter and receiver
Ans: Anisochronous
· Crystal lattice
Ans: Raman Scattering
· Superheterodyne receiver
Ans: Edwin Armstrong
· Can dial anywhere
Ans: Prepaid Phone card
· Embedded IC on a card
Ans: Smart Card
· 161, for services / emergency
Ans: Service Code
· Thin Ethernet
Ans: Chepernet
· 10 Base 5
Ans: thick Ethernet (standard classical)
· Power of class III mobile phone
Ans: 3 W
· CB
Ans: 40 channels ; 8 km distance
· Portable payphone booth
Ans: TDD

Notes 8: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 3 Module 8

· Octet Rule
Ans: ATM
· Replace LO
Ans: Frequency Synthesizer
· Trunk circuit; if VNL exceeds 2.5 dB
Ans: Echo suppressor
· Unsolicited messages
Ans: Push messages
· Brief messages
Ans: SMS
· EDGE modulation technique
Ans: 8-PSK
· DWDM
Ans: Dense wave division multiplexing
· Launched at a speed more than 25000 m/s
Ans: Space probe
· Must not have interference
Ans: First zone
· Electro-optical modulation
Ans: Electro-optical effect
· Radius of earth, point of observer
Ans: Nadir
· Tuning
Ans: Oscillator, Driver and PA
· Threaded metal in absence of Transmission line
Ans: Tuning screw
· Attractive
Ans: Modem pool
· Distance between microphone and lips
Ans: 2 inches
· Chip – Bit
Ans: pseudorandom code
· Shape of 100% modulation of trapezoid
Ans: Triangular
· Unique paging address
Ans: Capcode
· IBM token ring
Ans: 260 nodes
· Token ring
Ans: 4 to 16 Mbps
· Pulses in optical fiber does not disperse
Ans: Soliton
· Hard tubing used in low microwave frequencies
Ans: Hard wire
· Dielectric constant of 2.27 , used in cables for insulation
Ans: Polyethylene
· Increase by 3G capacity
Ans: 70%
· For a specific area
Ans: Despun
· Encryption
Ans: Public Key
· Decipher
Ans: Private Key
· Number on mobile phone
Ans: Numeric Assignment Module NAM
· Antenna / tower height
Ans: 60 ft above the ground / 20 ft above the building
· RF
Ans: Howl
· GEO satellite
Ans: 6879 statute mile/hr
· Forward and reverse frequency diff
Ans: 45 MHz
· Using other mobile serial number to make calls
Ans: Clone Fraud
· Interconnection between MSC and PSTN
Ans: Back Haul
· Tonal ratio octave
Ans: 2:1
· Radio blackout occasional
Ans: R1
· Radio blackout for tens of minutes
Ans: R2
· Radio blackout for one hour
Ans: R3
· Radio blackout for one to two hours
Ans: R4
· Radio blackout for a number of hours
Ans: R5
· Largest network of satellite for ships, aviation, etc – 21 satellites
Ans: Intelsat
· Angle of reflection
Ans: critical angle along the normal
· Horizontal scanning lines for HDTV
Ans: 1125 lines
· Changes made on a client server cannot be known to other users
Ans: Record locking
· Purity
Ans: Q, I
· Continuous squelch
Ans: Squelch circuit
· Advantage of using FOC
Ans: Unlimited Bandiwdth
· High Z
Ans: Electret, condenser, crystal
· Low Z
Ans: Ribbon, dynamic, carbon
· Unsolicited messages
Ans: Spam
· Unsubscribe
Ans: Opt out
· In the list
Ans: Opt in
· 80% humidity
Ans: 16.4x10-3
· 2 line to 4 wire
Ans: Hybrid Transformer
· Remove spurious
Ans: Spectral purity
· Need high superbands
Ans: 6 dB or better
· Sub & 10 bands
Ans: 5 dB or better
· Evolution of coax
Ans: Strip line
· Top strip
Ans: Microstrip
· 33.6 facsimile
Ans: V.32 bis
· circuits family that cannot be interchanged
Ans: V.24
· RS232C
Ans: 50 ft
· 10BaseT
Ans: 100m
· D-AMPS
Ans: IS-136
· CDMA
Ans: IS-95
· Disadvantages of grid to plate
Ans: low efficiency, hard to adjust
· Advantage of grid to plate
Ans: Low AF
· Speech coding D-AMPS
Ans: VSLEP
· Speech coding GSM
Ans: RPE-LPc
· Random 1 & 0
Ans: Pseudorandom code
· Bipolar violation
Ans: 2 consecutive logic 1 with same polarity
· 1st fax sold, Giovanni Caselli
Ans: Pantelegraph
· GASFET
Ans: PARAMP
· not peer to peer
Ans: MS Office 2000
· Least expensive
Ans: F type connector
· Most expensive
Ans: N type connector
· Millimeter waves
Ans: Above 300 GHz
· Fraudulent
Ans: MIN and ESN
· Protect the personnel
Ans: Interlock
· Real time
Ans: Circuit switch
· Real time
Ans: Frequency and space
· Freq hopping
Ans: interchanging frequency
· Chroma crosstalk
Ans: Comb filter
· Gas in a tube
Ans: Blue haze
· Contrast
Ans: Y video
· Phase angle
Ans: Tint
· Crosstalk of KTS, PBX
Ans: the same
· Thickness
Ans: gunn diode
· Keyspeed – BW
Ans: proportional
· Submarine
Ans: fiber optic
· multimode
Ans: greater numerical aperture, greater core diameter
· Base station
Ans: $ 0.5 M – 0.75 M
· Improved CDMA
Ans: CDMA2000
· Higher antenna height
Ans: less refractive index
· Coax
Ans: 0.5 – 0.9
· Connect directly computers
Ans: Crossover
· Transmission of many channel
Ans: Cross color
· Affected when loss of picture
Ans: Loss of sound
· LEO advantage
Ans: shorter distance
· Glonass inclination
Ans: 64.8°
· GPS separation
Ans: 60°
· Isolation, amplifier
Ans: Buffer
· 56 kbps
Ans: V.90
· Velocity of sound in wood
Ans: 3300 m/s
· CATV1
Ans: 1%
· Limiter, radio detector
Ans: Foster Seeley
· Transmission of bits
Ans: Physical layer
· Routing
Ans: Network Layer
· Antenna stacking
Ans: increase horizontal, Decrease vertical
· How repeaters are identified
Ans: Automatic ID, code, voice
· Volume reverberation chamber method
Ans: 200 m3
· Threshold
Ans: 10-12 W/m2
· Area
Ans: 10 & 12 m2
· Best frequency range of human hearing
Ans: 1 – 4 kHz
· Cinema volume of person
Ans: 3.1
· Church volume of person
Ans: 7.1 – 9.9
· Free running
Ans: VCO
· WiMAX
Ans: 3 to 5 miles
· MPEG 7
Ans: Multimedia Content Description Interface
· OMEGA
Ans: 88% - 98% accuracy
· Emission at BW
Ans: 99%
· GLONASS inclination with ref to the equator
Ans: 64.8°
· FDM Telephony
Ans: SSBSC AM
· Person has cellular phone in 2001
Ans: 1 out of 7
· FM carrier subcarrier
Ans: L-R FM stereo
· Submarine and aeronautical
Ans: L-band
· Increase signal power level
Ans: Class C amplifier
· Peak white
Ans: highest luminance
· CATV satisfaction
Ans: 60 dB
· Subdiscipline of acoustics; use if hydrophone, loudspeaker, etc..
Ans: Transduction loss
· Not an acoustic defect
Ans: Reverberation
· Carrier transmitted
Ans: Balanced modulator is not properly balanced
· Shift register
Ans: bit splitter
· TACAN
Ans: 960 – 1215 MHz
· Correct syllables
Ans: Articulation efficiency
· Intelligibility
Ans: Articulation test
· Full duplex
Ans: Not enabled with enabled echo suppressor
· Wave guide not used in low frequency because of
Ans: large cross sectional area
· Monitors on board condition
Ans: TTC
· SONET
Ans: handle large BW
· CPE
Ans: customer premises equipment
· NRFAT
Ans: 1880 – 1900 MHz
· Coax velocity factor
Ans: 0.6 to 0.8
· Combine local oscillator and mixer
Ans: Autodyne receiver
· Set original frequency before modulation
Ans: TRF
· IMTS
Ans: Improved Mobile Telephone Service
· UMTS
Ans: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
· Radials
Ans: Counterpoise
· Antenna counterpoise
Ans: Less capacitance
· B- Channel
Ans: ISDN 4.8 – 64 kbps
· Longer distance in LANS
Ans: Fiber optic
· Klystron
Ans: 10 MW ; 70 dB
· Pre –emphasis
Ans: boost high frequency
· study of radar
Ans: Christian Hulsmayer
· GLONASS
Ans: 11 hrs and 15 minutes to complete orbit
· LORAN C/D
Ans: 100 kHz center frequency
· Payload pointer
Ans: SONET
· 1300nm, multimode
Ans: Least attenuation fiber
· 4M / MHz
Ans: 100,000 subscribers
· Paired – 5-10 MHz
Ans: P8M
· Unpaired – 5-10 MHz
Ans: P6M / MHz
· Paired – 10-15 MHz
Ans: P10M /MHz
· Unpaired -10-15 MHz
Ans: P8M / MHz
· Paired – less than 5 MHz
Ans: P5M / MHz
· Unpaired – less than 5 MHz
Ans: P3M / MHz
· Paired – above 15 MHz
Ans: P15M / MHz
· Unpaired – above 15 MHz
Ans: P12M / MHz

Communications Engineering Coaching Materials Section 4

 Communications Engineering Coaching Materials: Section 4
Module 1
95% PIN diode is important in detecting light in fiber optic system. Silicon PIN
diode exhibits maximum quantum efficiency of______.

0.10% GPS accuracy, Doppler frequency

5% In order to maintain a loss less than 0.3 dB, the displacement of the fibers
must be less than ____

0.2684 Eccentricity of tundra orbit

30% CDMA system provides capacity of ____ greater than TDMA system

30% DECT capacity _____ greater(?) than PHS

95% Silicon PIN Diode … quantum efficiency of Erbium

99.99% 12 dB crest factor of a digital TV

99.99% … _______ of the time

3.3 In 16:9 HDTV, the optimal viewing distance is ____ times the picture height

3.579545 Exact color subcarrier

5 Home RF is ____ times greater than Bluetooth

7 Number of categories of UTP cable.

9.296 Morse Code

12.355 Radar nautical miles in microseconds

16 Number of ephemeris parameters

127 Wireless USB (WUSB) can connect to how many interfaces?

163 Number of countries that are members of ISO out of 203 countries

191 Number of countries that are members of ITU

802.14 IEEE standard for TV + data

802.14 TV

802.5 Token Ring

1992 GSM900

1993 In what year did Bluetooth SIG complete Bluetooth Core Specification 4.0
1993 CIDR

1994 GSM 1800

1996 GSM1900

10000 Number of bundles in flexible endoscopy (3 micron)

21‐Apr‐10 Bluetooth V.4.0

11‐Jun‐10 Approval of MC 02‐06‐2010

65535 Unicode

‐0.011 nm/°C Braggs gratings

300 lb. Maximum tensile load for lashed aerial cable

‐41.3 dBm/MHz Spectral density of Ultrawide band (UWB)

‐41.3 dBm/MHz Spectral density of Ultrawide band (UWB)

‐62°C Stratosphere

>23 db across
the channel

0 degree Position of geostationary satellite at equator

latitude

‐0.011nm/°C Fiber bragg gradient

0.1 dB Insertion loss of MEMS

0.2 dB Average in‐channel insertion loss of DVB‐T

0.275 ± 0.015 Numerical aperture of multimode

0.5 dB/km Maximum attenuation that a fiber will still work

0.5 dB/km Grit of less than ____ dB/km

1 hop Fast hop if greater than ________

1.0 samples GPS and GLONASS data rate

per second

1.2 dB L to X

1.6 Mbps Home RF data rate

1.88 ‐ 1.90 GHz DECT

1/10 λ Pair of conductors to be considered as transmission line

1/2 of the
original rate

1/4 λ High voltage, minimum current, voltage is equal to zero at the center when
____ λ

1/8 spacing

1/m Unit of Bulk absorption coefficient

10 ‐ 50 kW Permissible power in kW at night for Class B

10 m Ultrawide band (UWB) operating at 3.1 to 10.6 GHz in 110 Mbps can operate
at what distance?

10 Mbps DOCSIS maximum data rate

10 times 802.11b range over Bluetooth

10 times less How many repeater needed for coax to have the same performance fiber
optic

10^6 ‐ 10^8 Gain of effective radar receiver

100 kb JPEG compression of 20:1 ….

100 m Maximum distance of 10baseT

100 m Maximum distance of 100baseT

100 Mbps maximum data rate of CAT 5 UTP cable

100 THz Past 10 years fiber optics is said to have what theoretical bandwidth

1000baseT Which Gigabit Ethernet can support data rate up to 1000 Mbps?

100‐200 kHz Low frequency Loran is modified as standard Loran operating at _______
kHz

100baseT Generic name for Fast Ethernet standard

10‐15 MHz Intermediate RFID

10‐300 µm Successive approximation

105 x 74 mm ID 2, German ID cards issued prior to the November 2010

10base5 10Mbps

1100‐1280 nm Cut‐off wavelength of single mode glass optical fiber

1150‐1350 nm Wavelength with minimum loss

1200 bps Caller ID can sending rate

1209Hz, In DTMF, the horizontal frequencies are ______.

1336Hz,
1477Hz,

1633Hz

125 ± 3 µm Multimode glass optical fiber cladding diameter

125 µm Cladding diameter of step index

13.56 GHz Type A and Type B proximity cards

14 GHz Common uplink frequency of Ku Band

15 kV Dangerous when voltage increases beyond this value (X‐ray)

150 km In fiber transmission, using a… source the speed is 1Gbps with the distance
of 15 km to ____.

150 m^3/min …. Peak power of 10kw

155 Mbps PoS supports minimum data rate of _______

1575.42‐1227.6 Center frequency of NAVSTAR GPS

MHz

1600 GHz Bandwidth of fiber optic nowadays

1602.15‐1615.5 Center frequency of GLONASS

MHz

18 m Diameter of horn‐driven paraboloid

1895‐1918 MHz DECT

19kHz Carrier of stereophonic signal

2 to 3 CDMA can increase capacity up to _________ by sectorization

Notes 2: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 4 Module 2

2, 4, 6 In OFDM one code word is equal to ____ bits.

2.1 Mbps Bluetooth v. 2.0 + EDR

2^11‐2^13 Single OFDM symbol

2^128 IPv6 has how many addresses ___

20 ____________ Coarse Wavelength DM (CWDM)

20 degrees The maximum vertical angle of rhombic antenna use in long distance sky
wave for high frequencies.

20 m In long distance optical fiber installation takes advantage of the use of

Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA). EDFA has a maximum distance of
____.

200 m^3/min …. Peak power of 20kw

200 Mbps UTP CAT 6

200 x 10^‐6 Cooling 20 kW

20‐50 m Accuracy of DECCA positioning system

23 hours and 18 Periodicity of Bluetooth RF characteristics

minutes

24 Mbps Bluetooth V.3 + HS

256 ‐ 400 Mbps Satellite dish, size of a pizza placed on a roof receive signal at what rate

27 ‐ 36 Mbps DOCSIS downstream

3 km Minicells

3.1 ‐ 10.6 GHz Authorized unlicensed Ultrawide band (UWB)

3.3 dB In designing antenna, what is the gain of a three‐dipole antenna neglecting

the spacing between the elements?

3.41R Cut ‐ off circular

3.579545 MHz Exact chroma subcarrier

30 ‐ 60 IF frequency

30 km Macrocells

30 mins. Black box overwritten every _______

300 lb. Lashed aerial cable maximum tensile load na hindi sya masisira

36 kHz As per Philippine standard, what is the minimum frequency separation in

any service area for adjacent AM radio stations?

3‐6 m Wave antenna is a long wire antenna designed for low frequency, vertically
polarized ground wave. It is supported by a single wire ____ above the
 ground.

4.095 Mbps, Not included in the rate/distance of (?) …

14000 ft.

downstream

400 m Length of 1000BaseFX without any repeater

400Mbps The new technology 10Base FX

45 Mbps T3

450 nm Critical diameter(?) of 633 nmn wavelengths

48 kHz Sampling rate for audio of HDTV

480 Mbps Wireless USB (WUSB) is a short range, high bandwidth wireless radio
communication protocol capable of sending on what speed?

480 Mbps Bluetooth v. 4.0 is able to operate on what speed?

5 times Range of Home RF to Bluetooth

50 m OTDR is recommended in the conduction in field measurement on installed

fibers with a length of ____ and above.

50 m Accuracy of TCN

50 nm Diameter of nanofiber

50/125, 62.5/125, Multimode glass optical fiber

100/125

500 m Accuracy of Transit

500 MHz Ultrawide bandwidth

500‐1000 pF

50‐100 microns Core diameter of multimode glass optic fiber

50‐860 MHz

52 km Contour distance of Class B FM

55‐90 miles E Layer

600 Ω The maximum characteristic impedance of a transmission line considering

all the effects.

6000 ft.
62.5 ± 3 µm Multimode glass optical fiber core diameter

62.5/125 Historically, most commonly used multimode glass optical fiber

697Hz, 770Hz, In DTMF, the four vertical frequencies are ___

852Hz, 941Hz

7/125 Single mode glass optical fiber

72 m Firewire connects 63 peripherals …. _____ m

721 kbps Bluetooth

800 MHz DAMPS

800‐1700 nm Laser lines of GaAs in nanometer

852 and 1336Hz DTMF no. 8

88‐98% OMEGA Global range

9 Mbps ADSL, DMT

900 MHz AMPS

900 MHz, 2.4 GHz Active RFID

900 nm(?) Diameter of the polyester elastomer

9‐10 µm Typical diameter of single mode glass optical fiber

980 nm EDFA … _____ laser pump

About 10000 Number of fibers in a 8.9 µm diameter optical fiber

Acoustic The amount of power radiated in an area, may "time derivative" sa tanong
Inertance

Acoustic Sound power radiated by the surface per unit surface area
Radiosity

Acoustic Sink A device that absorbs the amount of acoustic power and acoustic energy

AEROSAT Provides Air Traffic Control (ATC), standard set by STC for aircraft to travel
above ocean

After 2 seconds Caller ID is a feature of a telephone set which allows user to know the
of the ringing number of the caller even before answering the call. Caller ID is sent ____.

duration

AlGaAsP PIN PIN diode high responsivity

DIODE

All of these (48 Sampling frequency

kHz,
44.1kHz,_______)

AMPS Introduced in mid 1980s and operates in 800 MHz band

ANSI Institution that developed ASCII

ANSI 3.28 ANSI defines ADCCP

ANSI/IEEE Protection ….
C.95.1‐1991

Application File transfer, remote access, shared data‐based management and mail
Layer services

ATM Allows direct access to 64kbps of ISDN B‐channel

Audio Mixing Mixing of audio signals

Notes 3: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 4 Module 3

Beam Diffusion Effect

Beige Color standard connector used for 62.5 nm fiber.

Bellman and Ford Algorithm used in RIP

algorithm

Beryllium Oxide Ceramic Highly toxic fumes

Beverage Antenna A wave antenna is also known as _____

Black Color standard used for 50 nm fiber.

Bleeding Edge technology Refers to technology that is so new that it could have a high risk
of being unreliable and may occur greater expense in order to
use it

Body Diffraction Effect

B‐picture or Bi‐directionally Past/future, for motion compensation

picture

Bucky Factor Which expresses the exposure (i.e. the mAs) increase required
because of X-ray absorption by the grid materials.

Buffer Tube Plastic around cladding

Calypso Electronic ticketing standard for microprocessor contactless
smartcard

CAT 7 Shielded screen twisted pair (SSTP)

CDMAone Previously known as IS‐95

Checksum An error detection method which uses one's complement

arithmetic

Chemical Vapor Deposition Primary technology used for modern fiber manufacturing

Class 1 A fiber channel standard dedicated to the connection between

two devices with an acknowledgement of delivery frames.

Class 1 Direct to TV

Class 2 A fiber channel standard that has no connection between two

devices but establishes acknowledgement of the delivery of
frames.

Class 2 0.25mW to 2.5mW

Class A Station with 1.5 m antenna height

Class A and Class AB Amplifier used in TV

Class I Cable TV Channel A signaling path provided by a cable television system to relay
to subscriber terminals television broadcast programs that are
received off‐the‐air or are obtained by microwave or by direct
connection to a television broadcast station

Class II Cable TV Channel A signaling path provided by a cable television system to deliver
to subscriber terminals television signals that are

intended for reception by a television broadcast receiver without

the use of an auxiliary decoding device and

which signals are not involved in broadcast transmission path

Class III Cable TV Channel A signaling path provided by a cable television system to deliver
to subscriber terminal signals that are intended

for reception by equipment other than a television broadcast

receiver only when used with auxiliary equipment

Coho and the transmit The purpose of coho is to synchronize

phase frequency

COLORIMETER Measures the color concentration of a substance

Communication to Vision on UMTS, 3G in Europe
everyone,everywhere

Condenser Microphone that uses capacitor

Convolutional Code type of error-correcting code that generates parity symbols via
the sliding application of a Boolean polynomial function to a
data stream.

Correspondent Bodies Countries that don't have their own standards

Crest Factor Ratio of peak power to average power

Cutting Edge Technology Highest state of the art

D Layer Most affected layer by Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance (SID)

Daily GPS uploads or updates ____.

Data Streaming Digitally coherent signals that is incorporated with timing

signals, added functionality for timing issue

Date Time Group date and time, expressed in digits and zone suffixes

Divx Radio format that uses Mpeg4 video compression

Dominant mode Most efficient mode

Doppler Heading Reference Typical time of 1% of the distance flown

Edge Emitting Diode Long wavelength, High bandwidth

Edge‐Emitting LED high bandwidth at longer wavelengths

EIA/TIA 14443 Proximity cards

EIA/TIA 455‐107 Standard for measurement of reflectance.

EIA/TIA 455‐167 Standard for measurement of the Mode Field Diameter (MDF)
of a single mode fiber.

EIA/TIA 455‐34 Insertion loss of multimode and single mode

EIA/TIA 455‐59 Point defect

EIA/TIA 455‐61 OTDR

EIA/TIA 526‐14 transmission loss of multimode

EIA/TIA 526‐7 Radiation loss of optical fiber (single mode) is measured ____.

EIA/TIA 526‐X Unique code (?)

ELECTRODERMOGRAPH Measures galvanic skin resistance

Electrolytic Corrosion of different metals

Endoscopy Optical Fibers greatest contribution in the field of medicine

Entropy Coding Measurement of uncertainty

ENTROPY ENCODING Variable length loss ‐ less coding that reduce redundancy

EO 255 Minimum of 4 OPM songs per hour

EO 454 Naibalik ang NTC under sa DOTC

Error between nodes Error that can be detected by Data Link Layer

Fair Flat, hilly, loamy soil

False target None existing, as a result of ambiguity

Fast Fading Rapid fluctuations of amplitude when mobile terminal moves

... Slow fading arises when there are large reflected and
diffracted objects along.

Faster than Light (FTL) Controversial

FBG based Low pass band filter

Few streets Multimode fibers can go up to ___ kilometers without repeaters

Notes 4: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 4 Module 4

Few streets Microcells

Field Coding Coding for lot of movements

File transfer Not a responsibility of Data Link Layer

Flying Spot and Used in house ‐ transfer something

CCD Telecine

Frame Coding Coding for lot of details but less movements

Frame‐based MPEG 2

Free Space Path Losses of wave passing through vacuum

Loss

Garble Unintentional or intentional changing the information difficult to

understand

Ge PIN Diode PIN diode is important in detecting light in fiber optic system. It is a PIN
 diode with notoriously high leakage current.

Geometric Dilution Ephemeris and clock recovery ….

of Precision (GDOP)

Geothermal Analog transmitter cooling consistent throughout the season

GIF 256 symbols (?)

GMSK HiperNet (HiperLAN) uses ____ modulation.

Graded index fiber Optical fiber whose core has a refractive index that decreases gradually
with increasing radial distance from the fiber

H.323 Allows telephone communication via internet

Half the original rate Effect when T1 used ADPCM

Harry Nyquist Nyquist rate

Heavy metal It is a fiber optic material that is used in manufacturing low loss and
flouride long wavelength.

Hematologic Exposure to 200 to 1000 rad will result in ___

Syndrome

High Insertion Loss Not a disadvantage of AWG

High Reuse Factor Better reuse factor

Hot Standby Has a dedicated back up or spare channel

Hounsfield Invented the MRI

HSV model Use with Hue, Saturation, Brightness

Huffman Coding Data compression scheme that uses fewer bits

Hypercommunicator Highly engaged communicator

ID ‐ 1 ID specification 85.6 x 53.98 used for credit cards, atm, etc

ID ‐ 3 ID specification 125mm x 85mm used for passports...

ID ‐ 2 105 x 74 mm, used in German ID cards

IEC "electrotechnology"

IEC (International International organization that sets standards..."electrotechnology"

Electrotechnical
Commission)
Infrared Transmitter transmitter that emits energy in the infrared spectrum

InGaAsP dopant, achieve wide bandwidth

InGaAsP Diode PIN diode is important in detecting light in fiber optic system. A PIN
diode that is use in 900 nm and when the responsivity requirement is
high. Dopant that achieve bandwidth.

Integrity Original message won't be change

Interleave 2 of 5 Numeric data of bar code

International X.75 recommendation of Packet Switched of Data Network (PSDN).

Gateway

Interface

ISO More powerful than most non‐government organization

It is fast ATM speed Not true about fast user network interface (FUNI)

It is implemented as Not true about OFDM

802.11b

John McCarthy Coined the term Artificial Intelligence in 1956

JPEG 24‐bit

Keystone distortion Distortion occur in scanning n rectilinear

Leached Image Bundle of optical fiber used in flexible endoscopes

Bundle

Leaky Wave Wideband microwave antenna that radiates in a narrow beam whose
antenna direction varies with voltage, perforated waveguide

Less than 36 OFDM … no. of DFC in one bundle

Less than or equal

to 2.405

Log‐in and Log‐out Most important services offered in Session Layer

procedures

Long Duration Key property of OFDM that makes attractive to terrestrial broadcasting
Symbol

Loose Tube Design Used in outside plants and interbuilding services

Loran C Low frequency …..

Low Tier System Have high data rate, low loss but with only small coverage or cell. High
quality, low delay voice

Low voltage, high In TV, solid state amplifier modules

Current DC

Mach Zehndeer NdYag, OTDR interferometer

Interferometer

Magnetron Keyed oscillator most often used a _______ as a power oscillator

Magnetron Oldest microwave tube

MAXIMUM POWER Match transmission in load

TAKES PLACE

Maxwell Light propagation follows the ____ equation.

MC 02‐06‐2010 Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT)

MCX 6 MHz with snap‐on connector

Member bodies Only have voting rights

Message Can't deny

nonrepudiation

Message Trailer Signals the end of a message

Metadata Data describing other data

Metal Hallide Are oxidized to form a white silica powder called soot.
compounds,

Dopant material and

Oxygen

Notes 5: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 4 Module 5

Mobile Switching Base station to telephone Central Office
Center

Modal noise Interference due to different modes

MOSFET High reliability for power amplification in TV

transistor

Move the feed To eliminate the feed horn

MPEG 1 What video standard deals with low data rate video such as are often
 found in CD‐ROMs, and on the internet?

MPEG 2 Broadcaster's Choice

MPEG 4 The current digital video specification that used video compression

MPEG 4 and Object‐based

MPEG 7

Nanofiber Silica Waveguides where the diameter is smaller than the transmitted
light.

Narrow viewing Disadvantage of using LED

angle

Near field Short range communication for devices within 10cm to 4in
communication

Network Layer Routing selectivity

Not Fast ATM FUNI

Not standardized OFDM

by 802.11b

Number Record May "number" 'to sa tanong

Printer

Numerical Contributes most in loss

Aperture

Mismatch

OFDM Used in wireless USB

Offset the horn to Eliminate the feedhorn shadow

the center

of the

Open Shortest A routing protocol for Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It uses a link state
Path First (OSPF) routing algorithm and falls into the group of interior routing protocols,
Protocol operating within a single autonomous system (AS).

Optical Soliton a pulse that travels without distortion due to dispersion

Optimal viewing Optimal viewing ratio, preferred viewing distance

distance

Orange Multimode fiber optic cover jacket

OFDM A wideband modulation technique used in multiple orthogonal carriers
each modulated by pulse and amplitude.

Output Back‐off Derated from normal analog …

(OBO)

Output Back‐off Most important parameter(?) in digital TV transmitter

(OBO)

OUTSIDE Telephone system outside the building

EXTENSION

Outside Extension Separated from main station

Overwritten every In avionics, "black box" is used in navigation for recording purposes.
30 Black box is ____.

minutes

Parallelor Flash A/D conversion use in high‐speed application such as video signal
A/D processing, medical imaging and radar detection system.
conversion

Phase Correction Correct the phase

Phonocardiograph A graph showing the sounds of the heart

Physical Layer Transmission of bits

Polar‐Coordinate Indicates bearing and distance

Navigation System

Port Operation Maritime mobile communication system in or near a port

System

Port Operations
System

P‐picture or Motion … and prediction

Predictive

picture

Production Used in production of TV program and commercial

Telecine

Provides no Which is not true about wireless fiber?

security since the
signal can be
easilyintercepted
Proximity Cards Generic name for contactless integrated circuit device used as payments

Proximity Cards used for security access and payment systems

QAM Amplitude and phase modulation

Quality The UTP cable can be determine by cable _______

Radar shadow Areas covered from radar coverage example hills..

Radiates equally Why circle?

Radio direction Shore effect causes an error in ____.

finder indication
(RDFI)

Reflective Star It is the enlarge section of fiber with numerous… on the other end
Coupler mirrored surface and reflective mechanism on the other end.

Registered Jack RJ means

Relay Mechanism Difference between Iridium and Globalstar

REVERSE LINK Mobile to base station

RG 58/U Cable wire with highest attenuation at 400 MHz

RG 58/U Highest attenuation at 400 MHz

Ribbon Cable Also called Loose tube

Design

Ribbon Cable Poorest water blocking capabilities

Design

Ribbon Design Laid in ribbon of group of 12, 12 meters high

RJ 45 Most commonly used UTP cable

Roentgen Measure of amount of x ‐ ray radiation to create 2.09x10^8 ion pairs at

STP

Septate One or more septa

Waveguide

Signal Quality Pin 21 of RS232

Detector

Notes 6: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 4 Module 6

Silver Bromide Crystalline added to achieve low loss, long wavelength in fiber
 optics

Skip Distance Returned to earth

Slow Fading Mobile passing behind a building

SMB 4 GHz with snap‐on connector

Solitons Single pulses that can travel through a medium with no dispersion

Sporadic E Form of propagation that can arise with little warning, and enable
radio frequencies of 150 MHz and more to travel over distances of
a thousand kilometers and more.

SSB+C Poor and low frequency response, complex transmission

SSB‐SC Has excellent spectrum efficiency. Best modulation in transmitter

STACKED BEAM ARRAY

Stacked Beam Array Emitting narrow beam stacked

Stalo highly stable local radio frequency

Star Coupler Configuration of M x N (M ‐ no. of inputs, N ‐ no. of outputs)

Step Index fiber Optical fiber whose core has a uniform refractive index,
continuous, does not change

Straight Tip (ST) Uses bayonet locking system

connector

Stutter Unwanted black and white lines

Subcommutation Additional channel to individual channels

Subsciber's Channel Uses push/pull locking system

(SC)

connector

Successive Medium to high‐speed application

approximation

Sudden Layer D
IonosphericDisturbance
(SID)

Superluminiscent diode A lead use in fiber optic communications with the following
disadvantages: nonlinear power current characteristics, high
temperature sensitivity, and low reliability.
Supernet Combinations of two or more networks

Surface‐Emitting LED Most efficient up to 250 Mbps

(Diode?)

TACS Introduced in mid 1980s and operates in 900 MHz band

Tactical Frequency Military unit used for tactical mission

Telephone A system that connects PC directly to the telephone line.

ApplicationProgramming
System (TAPS)

Terminal room Associated with a central office where distribution frames and relay
switch are located

Thin‐film fiber‐based Small figure of merit

DWDM

Third degree burn RF burn

Tight Buffered Cable Used in intrabuilding

Design

To decrease Purpose of water vapor in Transmit‐Receiver (TR) tube

deionization

time

To detect the Doppler In Doppler radar, there should exist a relationship between the
shift of the receive transmitted frequency and reference frequency.
signal
What is the purpose of this relationship?

Toll Line Connects different exchanges

Tree Coupler Splits input to two or more output

Trimmer Variable capacitor place in parallel with ganged capacitors acts as

____

Trombone When the called party is in the different home network and another
caller from one country …

Trunking Gain The more channels on the pool, the greater the efficiency

User datagram protocol Send and receive datagram and use in broadcasting in a network

V. 29 and V.32 In telephone system, which of the following have the same bit
rate?
V.41 Complete definition of ARQ

Very good and good Fresh water and sea water

Wiegand Interface Connections of swipe cards to other electronic entry system

WIEGAND PROTOCOL Protocol used in card readers

Wiegand Protocol De facto wiring use in card reader

Wireless fiber Fastest among the short range

X 3.28 ADCCP

X.121 DNIC

YIQ model Used in conventional video (NTSC) system

Zepp antenna Most efficient to use in 10 GHz signal

π/4 DQPSK Modulation used in Bluetooth V.2 + EDR

Average in‐channel return loss of DVB‐T

Notes 7: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 4 Module 7

highest frequency of IMPATT 30Ghz

thermionic emission Edison effect

known for its negative resistance tunnel diode

coined the term robot Karel Capek

data rate of T1 1.544 Mbps

E-1 32 samples

T-1 24 samples

factor that doesn’t affect the Zo length

strongest electrolyte potassium chloride

Wavelength the size of a diameter of an apple is.. microwave

video conferencing international H 320

video conferencing H 324

altitude of LEO (Low Earth Orbit) 350km

apogee of the ISS 358km

perigee of the ISS 349km

velocity of ISS 27743.3km/hr

period of ISS 91.3 mins

escape velocity of earth 11.2 km/s

speed moon 2400m/s

waveguide cobrasi

GPS speed 4.5km/s

no. of rotations per day ISS 15.723

21 satellites Telstar

ambitious satellite system telegesic

first transatlantic submarine cable 1888 TAT-8

When was IPv4 depleted? feb 11, 2011

modulation used by EDGE 8-PSK

modulation used by GSM GMSK

data rate of AMPS 10Kbps

first communication satellite early bird (telstar 1)

proposed microwave telecommunications thru satellite Arthur Clarke

v22 1200kbps

v32 9.6kbps

v34 33.6

v90 56Kbps

year gps 1978

fiber 100 - 1000thz

.4 -.8 microns

complex 3x acoustic impedance

room with no echo anechoic

dolby 1992
tv watching distance 4 - 8 times height

sat com.. video multiplex qpsk

3g stationary 2mbps

slow pedestrian 3g 384kbps

vehicular 3g 144kbps

Bluetooth 723kbps

h blanking time 10.2micro sec

v blanking time 1333micro sec

pilot frequency FM 19mhz

first voice/audio sat transmission/1st terrestrial communications score

curie 3.7x10 to

spl 10 to -12 m / -16 cm

properties gibbs

volume azamat

local exchange carrier 109

CATV 205

RA 9292 1m plus 6months

secondary emission high velocity electron on

metals

carbon in steel equal or less than 2%

failure to focus light rays to emit white light spherical aberration

vidicon dark current 0.2micro amp

lantern battery 2 way portable radio

national building code 1096

ip length 65535

low power twt 1w

max power klystron 10Mw

Notes 8: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 4 Module 8

true 3G UMTS

blue laser 5 times faster than

infrared

most accurate BPRZ

less dispersion window 3 1550nm

western Europe pal b/g

Europe digital DBV-T

d2 SMPT 244

cassegrain elliptical

trap more than 1 freq... LC

pillbox sandwich

do 88 3W fm

do 88 1W am

firewire IEEE 1394

ATM 53 byte

decay time picture tube 5ms

100ire pure white

0 IRE blanking lvl

vertical lines 42

42bis "bis" encore

laser 2nm

led 30nm

damage the living tissue shorter wavelength

green LED 940nm

damage the cornea longer wavelength

average loss in optical fiber .15dB

humming code 4 info 3 correction

SUF per MHz 500k

bit error rate sat comm 1 in 10³

rule of thumb obstruction 40 %

rotating (robot) revolute

shielded metal arc welding SMAW

gas metal arc welding GMAW

metal inert gas MIG

commercial robot pleo

weld interval 5

squeeze 1 sec

hold 1 sec

weld 1 ~ 10 sec

pentode with sharp pulses... free running.. phantastron

sony's robot qrio

solid object 6 dof

scara 4 dof

cellular service 1984

ip was created 1981

aperture settings for camera lenz f stop

single copper wire SHDSL 2.3Mbps

iridium sat 80km

no of mastergroup in jumbogroup 6

human hearing a weighted

telephony c weighted

commercial 18mins

news 30mins

2400bps modem class 4 2900bps

epitaxially green 4

more rugged cable 10k N

lightweight 100N

large core diameter 200micro

DVC error correction reed solomon

high end D1

high sensitivity PMT

bit software j. tukey

PCM alec reeves

stacked collinear antenna.. half wave dipoles spaced 1/2 broadside array
wavelengths

internal processing speed of 2nd gen computers millionths of a second

internal processing speed of 3rd gen computers billionths of a second

pleasing to the eye print of all printers daisy wheel

height of GPS

accuracy of GPS for civilian 100m

accuracy of GPS for military 16m

sonnet sts-1 51.84

10 lux 1 foot candle

core diameter of step index multi-mode.. 0.2 angstrom

luminance Y combination 30% red, 59% green, 11%

blue

"try" to send at baseband network cable contention

"sending" at baseband network cable collision

dvd laser diodes wavelength 650nm

short term frequency deviation in FM broadcasting residual FM

GPS orbital period 12 hrs

location of a satellite ephemeris

is-95 9.6kbps

cutoff wavelength of single mode fiber 1100 - 1280

efficiency of a class 4 modem 120.. %

HDTV aspect ratio 16;9

mpeg 4 uses what format DivX

gain of an isotropic antenna 1.66

cordless phones beyond 300ft uses how much power 10w

citizen frequency band 26.965 - 27. 405 MHz

fastest optical receiver apd

allows tel to talk to computers connected to internet H 323

4 wire gigabit Ethernet 1000base T

determine the direction of a sound source precedence effect

intended to be the 4th generation in cellular communications ultra mobile broadband

(UMB)

a model of diffuse reflection lambertian reflection

method used to increase antenna gain and directivity antenna stacking

4b/5b encoding block coding

IF

AM 455khz

FM 10.7mhz

video 45.25mhz

sound 41.25mhz

radar 30mhz

Communications Engineering Coaching Materials Section 5

Notes 1: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module 1

# Questions Answers
1 Amplitude modulation via Facsimile A3C

2 Frequency modulation via Facsimile F3C

3 What emission is F3C? Facsimile

4 Troposcatter in Sky Wave Propagation occurs in what 300 MHz to 3 GHz

range of frequency

5 Which of the following terrain types permits a ground Salty

wave to travel the farthest?

6 What of the following permits a microwave signal to travel Isolator

in one direction with virtually no loss, but severely
attenuates any signal attempting to travel in the reverse
direction?

7 Ferrite rod device that prevents the formation of reflected Isolator

waves

8 Advantage of Trap Antenna It can be use in different

antenna because of LC
circuit

9 In Pulse Width Modulation, pulse duration

10 varying pulses pulse width modulation

11 Expose ground equipment should not exceed ____ Vrms 45

12 Typical earth factor 4/3

13 Directivity is Proportional to Antenna

gain

14 Current node in a half wave antenna is located at the ends

15 Voltage node in a half wave antenna is located at the feed

16 from zero modulation to 100% modulation, Antenna current increases

by 22.5 %

17 The standard reference antenna for a directive gain is Isotropic Antenna

18 How much farther does the radio path horizon distance Increases by about 15% of
exceeds the geometric horizon? the length

19 Parasitic element 5% longer

20 use in aircraft Frequency modulated

continuous wave
21 Antenna use in ILS folded dipole continuous
wave

22 Why is nitrogen gas sometimes used in waveguide? to keep the waveguide dry

23 Need for pressurizing cable with dry air to prevent internal arcing

24 As electromagnetic travel in free space, only one if the Attenuation

following can happen to them

25 Which of the following is not a natural ways of radio wave Microwave

may travel from transmitter to receiver?

26 hollow conductor that carries RF Waveguide

27 Telephone 13 kbps

28 In a ¾ wavelength shorted at end will have impedance Infinite

29 What is major cause of atmospheric or static noise? Thunderstorms

30 What signal to noise ratio is required for satisfactory 50 dB

telephone service?

31 In SSB, carrier and the other sideband is being cancel, filter

32 IBM 83B

33 folded dipole compared to simple dipole longer

34 In CCITT’s FDM Hierarchy, number of channels in a 300

master group

35 Power HF compared to UHF 100:20

36 The third symbol used for television transmission F

37 A word in telegraphy consists of ___ characters plus a 7 and ½

word space

38 VOR 108.1 to 117.95 MHz

39 Class D AM 12 Midnight to 5 AM

40 Trap antenna can be use in wideband

41 What is the typical speech coding rate used for GSM? 13 kbps

42 D-AMPS 8 kbps

43 Difference between available power and power budget Power Margin

44 Maximum number of break in a 60 minute show 7

45 2.5:1

46 Unmodulated carrier 0% modulation

47 Frequency band of U600 564-3084

48 What is the transmission rate of a T3 line? 44.736 Mbps

49 in telephone, maximum pulse per second 6

50 third symbol emission for telephone E

51 Monochromatic one color and one

52 Quality Contrast

53 To couple energy into and out of a waveguide use thin piece of wire as an
antenna

54 A high standing wave ratio might be caused by impedance mismatch

55 VHF received from 500 miles tropospheric ducting

56 Oldest multiplexing scheme Space Division

Multiplexing

57 1st Active Satellite Sputnik 1

58 1st Satellite to Transmit and Receive Intelsat 1

59 Primetime block of TV 6 PM to 11 PM

60 Determine from the following radio frequency that falls 235.50 MHz
under the very high frequency band of radio spectrum

61 Antenna power times the Antenna gain Effective Radiated Power

(ERP)

62 Antenna power times the Antenna gain relative to Effective Isotropic

Isotropic antenna Radiated Power (EIRP)

63 Factors Antenna height, distance

64 It is the picture quality determined by the difference of the Contrast

intensity between black and white parts of the picture

65 Pilot tone 3000 Hz

66 GMA 7 High VHF

67 Amount of voltage induced in a wave by an EM wave Proportional to Field
Strength

68 Disadvantage of Trap antenna It radiates harmonics

69 An instrument used to measure the relevant height, a Ionosonde

layer in the ionosphere used for wave propagation

70 Third symbol of emission designation using telephone E

(telephony) such as in sound broadcasting

71 Capacitor Capacitor

72 Commonly used insulator Mica

73 Distance to the station, DME Slant distance

74 What phenomenon causes of longer radio path to exceed Refraction

geometric horizon?

75 Waveguide construction should not have a long

horizontal run

76 Loading coil is used in marconi tuning out capacitance

reactances

77 Last stage of GSM EDGE

78 Bandwidth of fiber optics compared to cable 100 times

79 What causes the attenuation in waveguide? losses in the conducting

walls

80 Continuous tone generated by the combination of two Call Waiting tone

frequencies of 350 Hz and 440 Hz used in telephone sets

81 Pulse dialing rate 10 pulses/sec

82 What kind of receiver is used in conventional telephone Electromagnet

handset?

83 Characteristic impedance is dependent on length

84 Velocity of sound 330 m/s

85 Time for the signal to travel Propagation delay

86 How many voice band channels in a SPADE FDMA 800

satellite system are PCM encoded before they separately
modulate the assigned carrier?
87 AMPS operated in which cellular radio frequency? 800 MHz

88 Which of the following represents the best standing wave 1:1

ratio?

89 The _____ of a sound is a subjective effect which is a loudness

function of the ear and brain

90 OMEGA measures phase angle

91 LORAN measures at larger

distance

92 Radiation resistance equivalent resistance that

will dissipate the same
amount

93 What antennas are suitable for direct connection to a Horn and slot antenna
waveguide?

94 What factors determines the EIRP required by a station in Satellite antennas and
each operation? height, Satellitereceiver
sensitivity

95 Ferrite beads use in primary and

secondary

96 aircracft radio altimeter 4250 MHz to 4350 MHz

97 end impedance of half-wave dipole 2500 ohms

98 aircraft VHF communication 118.00 MHz to 139.975 MHz

99 The bending of radio waves passing over the top of a knife-edge diffraction
mountain range that disperses a weak portion of the
signal behind the mountain is

100 troposcatter beyond 5000 km

101 Information about satellite send to earth TTC

Notes 2: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module 2

# Questions Answers

102 Impedance matching ratio of coaxial balun 4:1

103 Energy neither radiated nor transmitted Standing waves

104 Transmission lines are either balanced or unbalanced ground

 with respect to

105 Apparent speed of propagation along a waveguide phase velocity

based on the distance between wavefronts along the
walls of the guide

106 Coaxial are grounded Both input and output

107 Why concentric transmission lines sometimes field with keep moisture out and
nitrogen? prevent oxidation

108 Conductance takes place in a waveguide through electromagnetic

and electrostatic fields in
the walls of the waveguide

109 If a ¾ wavelength transmission is shortened at one end, infinite

impedance at the open will be

110 To be properly matched the ratio of a maximum voltage 1

along a transmission line should be equal to 0

111 The ratio between energy absorbed to the total energy absorption coefficient
received

112 The higher the gauge number the higher the resistance,
smaller thediameter

113 Short length of transmission line used to eliminate lambda/4 transformer

standing waves

114 gain of half wave dipole 2.15 dB

115 TACAN is a navigational aid providing bearing and distance

indicator

116 glideslope 329.30 to 335.00 MHz

117 Localizer 108.10-111.95 MHz

118 DME 962 MHz to 1213

119 Compandor compressing

120 45 baud 22 kbps

121 One half of the spacing between the start positions for exact interlacing
scanning even and odd fields

122 What is Selective fading effect? A fading effect caused by

phase differences between
radio wave components of
 the same transmission, as
experienced at the receiving
point

123 lowest frequency fundamental

124 exchange of predetermined signal Huffman code

125 Which computer terminal can be reprogrammed to Intelligent terminal

perform new functions?

126 Luminous efficiency is least for low-wattage light bulb

127 each point on a wavefront maybe regarded as a new Huygen’s Principle

source of secondary wavelength

128 Nearest distance from satellite orbit to earth Perigee

129 Antenna is continuously adjusted with respect to satellite despun antenna

130 Maximum radiation mr/week 100

131 Device to measure exposure to hazardous environment dosimeter

132 When the earth’s atmosphere is struck by meteor, a E layer

cylindrical region of free electrons is formed at what
layer of the ionosphere?

133 What is the propagation effect called when phase selective fading
differences between radio wave components of the
same transmission are experienced at the recovery
station?

134 occurs when the refractive index of the air decreases superrefraction
with height much more rapidly than normal

135 region in which superrefraction occur duct

136 When the magnetic field is perpendicular to ground Horizontal polarization

137 Metric subdivision for VHF metric

138 SSB compared to AM and FM measurement peak positive, rms values

respectively

139 Layer that disaapears at night, no effect on sky wave D layer

propagation

140 highest frequency that will be returned down to earth critical frequency

141 best frequency used that will be returned down to earth optimum usable frequency
142 E layer 4 MHz

143 F2 layer 8 MHz

144 gyniometer

145 what emission modes suffer the most from selective FM and double sideband AM
fading?

146 Band that operates in sky wave propagation 3 MHz to 30 MHz

147 Which band does channel 14 of the TV channel belong? UHF

148 What propagation condition is usually indicated when a Tropospheric ducting

VHF signal is received from a station 500 miles away?

149 What happens to a radio wave as it travels in space and Kinetic energy is given up
collides with other particles? by the radiowave

150 What is the maximum range for signals using About 5,000 miles
transequatorial propagation?

151 The band of frequencies least susceptible to 300-3,000 MHz

atmospheric noise and interference is

152 What is the relationship in degrees of the electrostatic 90 degrees

and electromagnetic fields of an antenna?

153 What is the best time of day for transequatorial Afternoon or early evening
propagation?

154 The propagation of radio wave is the same direction as the

electrostaticfield of the
antenna

155 What is knife-edge diffraction? Allows normally line of sight

signals tobend around
sharp edges, mountain
ridges, building and other
obstructions

156 Skip distance can be maximized by using the ____ lowest, highest
radiation angle possible and the _____ frequency that
will be refracted at that angle

157 To obtain the most reliable sky wave propagation the Optimum useable frequency
___________should be used (OUF)

158 Troposcatter is a method of sky wave propagation for 300 MHz to 3 GHz
which of the following frequency
 bands?

159 What is the major cause of selective fading? Phase differences between
radio wavecomponents of
the same transmission,
as experienced at the
receiving station

160 A means of beyond the line of sight propagation of UHF Troposcatter propagation
signals

161 Which of the following is most affected by knife edge VHF and UHF frequencies
refraction?

162 The ionosphere causes radio signals to be refracted

163 The ionosphere has its greatest effect on signals in what 3 to 30 MHz
frequency range?

164 Maritime Communications Law RA 3396

165 services of ECE’s DO 88

166 autopilot autopilot may sharply turn

left or right

167 ratio of the maximum deviation frequency to modulating Deviation Ratio

frequency

168 Modulation index

169 Neglecting line losses, the RMS voltage along an RF Is the product of the surge
transmission line having no standing waves impedance and the line
current

170 A technique of feeding a parabolic antenna using a small Cassegrain feed

reflector to beam waves to a larger parabolic reflector

171 The process of interchangeability of receiving and Reciprocity

transmitting operations of antennas is known as

172 A grid dip meter measures the resonant frequency of without power being applied
tuned circuit to the tuned circuits

173 What gives more forward gain? director

174 With similar size, which has the greatest gain? Parabolic

175 Which is longer? Reflector

176 What type of antenna receives signal equally well from Circular
all horizontal directions?

177 How do parasitic element differ in length from a 5%

lambda/2?

178 Testing of equipment during experimental period

179 When a capacitor is connected in series with a Marconi antenna resonant frequency
antenna increases

180 In telephony, combination of call waiting tone

181 How is it possible to lower the resonant frequency of by connecting an inductor

hertz dipole antenna?

182 radiation pattern of isotropic antenna sphere

183 Atmospheric attenuation is due to water vapor and oxygen

184 Permits signal to travel in one direction Ferrite isolator

185 Ascending pass for a satellite pass from south to north

186 descending pass for a satellite pass from north to south

187 What is the first letter in the ITU emission designation? type of modulation of the
main carrier

188 Fading is allowed Secondary Service

189 Velocity of sound in wood 3300 m/s

190 NTT

191 Satellite of the same velocity as earth Geostationary Satellite

192 Localizer 108.10- 119.95 MHz

193 Glide slope 329.30 – 335.00 MHz

194 Noise observed at frequency 8 to 1.4 GHz Space Noise

195 antenna consisting of a reflector in the form of parabolic hoghorn

cylinder, fed by a sectoral horn

196 What kind of impedance does a ¼ wavelength a very high impedance

transmission line present to a generator when the line is
shorted at the far end?

197 Concentrate the radiated power in a very small Spot Beams

geographic areas
198 Black body is a perfect emmiter and absorber True

199 Tonal quality of sound Timbre

200 Longitudinal waves Back and forth

201 What is the most important specification of loudspeakers frequency response

and microphones?

202 strong FM signal dominating weaker signal on a Capture Effect

common frequency

Notes 3: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module 3

# Questions Answers

1 What is the distance of density diminishes per gravity Inverse square law
distance?

2 sensitivity IF amplifier

3 The channel of TV cable frequency range of 5.75MHz- T1

11.75MHz

4 Mechanical splice attenuation loss is 0.1

5 The velocity of sound is considered to be constant at 330 m/s

6 Commonly used telephone wire AWG #19

7 A low loss dielectric material is used to cover a dish Radome

8 What is the highest frequency that can be sent straight upward critical frequency
and return?

9 NAM stands for? Numeric assignment

module

10 RF stage preceeds a superhet reciever ,1 advantage of a Better rejection ratio

good RF stage is

11 What is the input impedance of a quarter wave length shorted Maximum impedance
stub?

12 The maximum power output of subscriber 1mW

13 The medium frequency band 0.3-3MHz

14 The acoustics of most auditoriums when the room is full different

15 Any device to be used as a frequency multiplier non linear

16 What is a continuous impulse with spikes with short duration jitter
with high amplitudes?

17 What is the traffic model? Erlang B

18 Independent side band B8E

19 The advantage of a cable communication system over a higher capacity

broadcast system

20 What happens in a capacitor is added in series in an antenna? It increases the

antennas
resonate frequency

21 Refers to the relative refractive index 0.1-0.3 %

22 What is the most commonly used intermediate frequency of 30MHz

radar receivers?

23 Not more than___ digits make up an international telephone 12

number as amended by CCITT

24 Twists in twisted wire pairs Produce

electromagnetic
interference

25 What is made by the term ????????????????????? The frequency range

over which is expected
to perform well

26 Area of earth the covered by a satellite radio beam footprint

27 Speaking of antenna, __ is a section of antenna in which bay

would be a complete antenna by itself

28 Is the process by which a customer maybe accepted with the type acceptance
absence of establish interference standards that corresponds
to the specifications

29 What is the horizontal angle? azimuth

30 In the TV system is a measure of ability to tell the lining picture resolution

31 KBP radio code handles the station provides a minimum of 45 minutes

____ commercial

32 Which of the following is the basic component for satellite transponder

receiver?

33 In radio communication the term trap antenna is referred to Antenna which can be
used more than 1 band
 one of the following statements due to the use of power
in LC networks

34 The current maximum in a marconni antenna is found at ____ The base of the antenna

35 The antenna effective height is _ to _ actual height ½ to 2/3

36 A computer terminal that will program the perform function Intelligent terminal

37 The most commonly used Transmission Line in TV system coaxial cable

38 What type of emission is produced when a frequency F3F

modulated is modulated on TV signal?

39 What causes quantization in a PCM system? The approximation of

quantized signal

40 With lights not polish into fiber it produces a loss of 4%

41 Frequency division is useful to implementation of a ____ Frequency synthesizer

42 An advantage of FM over AM Signal to noise

improvement

43 Characters that must be transmitted other than data Overhead

44 What is used in antenna in order to increase it effective Top Loading

height?

45 Which modulation methods are the most widely used? Intensity modulation
with
polarization modulation

46 If the diameter of conductors are two wire Transmission Line Decrease the
impedance

47 Is the aural monochrome television broadcast channel? 4.5 MHz

48 sound generating Modulating waveform for FM will cause a Frequency Deviation

greater ____

49 The modulation index of an AM is changed from 0 to 1 the Increased by 50%

transmitted power is

50 What will happen in a quarter wave Transmission Line is Behaves as a series

opened? short circuit

51 Every time the telephone is answered the handset is of the _ On hook state
state

52 Most fiber optic light sources emit light in which spectrum infrared
53 Lightning rods mounted at top of structure 30cm

54 What particular stage does frequency provides fidelity? audio stage

55 Which of the following is not a common light detector photovoltaic

56 The Gunn diode oscillator Depends on the

formation of charge

57 Creators shall require to provide local exchange service 3

58 Which major element has super heterodyne receiver must be mixer

nonlinear?

59 The SWR is infinite purely reactive

60 The most commonly used filter SSB generators uses ____ crystals

61 Klystron oscillators frequency range of _____ 3000-30000MHz

62 Shortening effect end effect

63 What is the average insertion loss of fusion splice in Fiber 0.09 dB

Optic Cable?

64 Which of the reception problem that is not multipath? slow fading

65 mush

66 it is a protocol used to connect the other packets X.75

67 What is the power loss of a telephone hybrid? 3 dB

68 index multimode optical 0.05

69 What is a measure of reliability express as an average MTBF

number?

70 Term that refers to the numerical range which relates the Antenna Gain
performance of one antenna to theoretical antenna

71 What is the gateway telecommunications T2? 6.312 Mbps

72 High speed LANs data rate 50-150Mbps

73 rainfall is an important factor of frequency above ____ 10GHz

74 What is the basis of the first generation wireless? Analogue cellular

technology

75 When microwave signals follow the curvature of the earth? ducting

76 quantizing noise occurs in ____ PCM

77 What network provides the greatest? Pi-L

78 What type of signal selectivity? SSB voice

79 What circuit is used to detect frequency modulated signal? Discriminator

80 Number of voice transmission that can be 4

?????????????????

81 popular line wavelength Fiber Optic Cable 1.3 micrometer

82 Which is the simplest effective in changing? Semiconductor

83 are used in all communication system when propagation time 50 milliseconds

exceeds ___

84 Which stands for dB relative? dBr

85 atmospheric attenuation Water vapor and

oxygen

86 minimum propagation delay of geo satellite – 239ms

87 cable consists of twisted pairs of conductors, each separately Quad

insulated

88 stereophonic FM 30 -53 KHz

89 signal to noise ratio required for satisfactory TV reception 40 dB

90 Start of test for BISYNC STX

91 Short bit sequence 128 bits hash

92 rules and description binary V.1

93 affected by the distance loudness

94 information about satellite send to earth TTC

95 if away from source plane wave

96 measures speed doppler’s effect

97 measures virtual height of ionosphere ionosonde

98 sound travels fastest at solid

Notes 4: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module 4

# Questions Answers

1 To connect coaxial to a parallel wire balun

2 Gain of an isotropic antenna 0 dB

3 What is the term used for an equivalent resistance that would radiation resistance
dissipate the same amount?

4 Resulting from obstruction losses log normal fading

5 Radiation pattern of a discone omnidirectional

6 Band of light waves ultraviolet

7 Which of the following antennas receives signals from all vertical marconni
direction in horizontal plane? antenna

8 What happens to beamwidth? the beamwdith

increases as the gain
is increased

9 3:00 PM is a standard time 2100 UTC

10 What is the total resistance of an antenna system? radiation resistance +

ohmic resistance

11 In which crosstalk dBx ???????? 1pW

12 How can be antenna efficiency ???????????? by installing a good

ground radar system

13 What optical source radiates light in all directions? lambertian source

14 What is the protocol that is used in transferring files? X modem

15 What signal to noise ratio for satisfactory TV? 40 dB

87 cable consists of twisted pairs of conductors, each separately Quad

insulated

88 stereophonic FM 30 -53 KHz

89 signal to noise ratio required for satisfactory TV reception 40 dB

90 Start of test for BISYNC STX

91 Short bit sequence 128 bits hash

92 rules and description binary V.1

93 affected by the distance loudness

94 information about satellite send to earth TTC

95 if away from source plane wave

96 measures speed doppler’s effect

97 measures virtual height of ionosphere ionosonde

98 sound travels fastest at solid

16 What is the GPS ??????????????? 100meters ,95% of the

time

17 According to the nyquist theory the sampling rate is _____ twice the highest
frequency

18 It consists of a number of dipoles broadside array

19 Line of sight mode of propagation space or direct wave

20 What causes a maximum frequency Vary ??????????????? the amount of radiation

received from the sun

21 The low power short range wireless technology bluetooth

22 What is the insertion loss of connector splices? 0.38dB

23 Which of the following frequency is normally used in safety 2174.5 kHz

communication?

24 What determine the ability of a radar? antenna directivity

25 What is the meaning of velocity factor? the velocity of the wave

divided by the velocity
of light

26 For T carrier system, T3 has a bit rate of _____ 44.736Mbps

27 A half wave antenna operates at very high efficiency ____ because the conductor
resistance is
low compared to the
radiation resistance

28 Process of a signing pcm codes absolute magnitudes quantizing

29 What distortion is does not cause by TL characteristics? spacing bias distortion

30 After IF stages local oscillator

31 Spot in the visible surface of the sun sun spot

32 What is the number pins of R232 C? 25

33 What for the ratio of radiation resistance to the total antenna efficiency
resistance?

34 What is the reference tone level for dbm? -90dBm

35 What is the quantization signal to noise ratio if an 8 bit PCM is 50dB

used?

36 Which is space diversity? two or more antennas

operating in the same
frequency

37 The lowest layer in the ionosphere D

38 What causes a interference? poor front end

selectivity

39 Cross modulation in the receiver is eliminated at the ____ detector stage

40 Which of the ff antennas require good grounding? marconni antenna

41 In an FM receiver which circuit is used amplitude variations limiter

42 What deviation is measured for an angle? horizontal

43 What is the minimum propagation delay for stationary 230 milliseconds

satellites?

44 A unique character is transmitted at the beginning of each asynchronous

message

45 Ku band 14/11 GHz

46 tv receiver that separates sound radio detector

47 the TACAN is a nav aid providing ___ bearing and distance

indication

48 What is the spectrum of FM signal? 30-50kHz

49 What is the emission designation of single sound reduced R3E

carrier signal?

50 the mid-range frequency range of sound is 256-2048Hz

51 the standard deviation of in transmission loss should not 1dB

exceed
52 modem are required to connect the telephone network
will pass DC

53 What kind of impedance 1/8 wavelength TL present to a an inducting reactance

generator?

54 What noise is short duration? impulse noise

55 What is the channel spacing of ??????????? 500Hz

56 How is antenna efficiency computed? efficiency = radiation

resistance divided
by total resistance X
100%

57 an absorption loss caused by valence electron ultraviolet absorption

58 is a device in data transmission to interface a data to analogue modem

59 What is the most commonly used IF of radar receivers? 30MHz

60 layer that exist only during daylight F1 layer

61 Frequency spectrum ?????? 30-53kHz

62 Attenuates signals that passes frequency below bandstop

63 skip zone zone of silence

64 Station in the mobile service not intended to use land station

65 The letter number designation B8E independent sideband

66 What is the typical separation between two conductors? 0.635 – 15cm

67 Which of the following pulse modulation is ??????????? EWX ??????????

68 Connecting an antenna electrically add a coil

69 An ITU-T that deals with the telephone circuits V series

70 Cause some frequency to be delayed with respect to other phase shift

frequency

71 Occurs when a microwave beam is at point diffraction

72 The input signal of a TWT cathode end of a helix

73 An equipment used to measure SWR reflectometer

74 Is a standard where mobile phone can access to specially WAP

tailored internet websites
75 In what region of the world is sporadic E equatorial regions

76 A radio communication service used for aeronautical safety aeronautical fixed

navigation service

77 What kind of impedance ¼ wavelength? a very low impedance

78 Propagation mode microwave TE

79 How far is the visual carrier of monochrome TV channel? 1.25MHz

80 A helical antenna is used for satellite tracking circular polarization

81 What is ascending pass for a LEO? from south to north

82 A properly connected Transmission Line has a ____ SWR as near as 1:1 as

possible

83 What is the primary advantage of ????????????? no transmitted power is

wasted in the carrier

84 What device is used in diverting electromagnetic? waveguide switch

85 A type of underground antenna hertz antenna

86 A type of array which contains of 1 half wave dipole, 1 reflector Yagi uda
and 1 director

87 What happens to a path wave as it is shorted through the use decreased

of loading coils?

88 What do you call the incident light that have different refractive reflection
indeces?

89 What is the standard test tone used for audio measurements? 1000 Hz

90 Capture effect is most pronounced in what type of emission FM

91 What is the GPRS uplink rate? 14kbps

92 What is the advantage of Doherty linear? high efficiency

93 Frequency of VCR control signal 30 Hz

94 A type of microphone which has a permanent magnet ribbon

95 Block calls delays Erlang C

96 On a telephone system, the loop is open during ___ on hook condition

97 A telephone line connecting two central offices trunk

98 The SPL in dB of an auditorium with contemporary music is 95 -100
___

Notes 5: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module 5

1. Noise rating curves → an agreed set of empirical curves relating octave-band sound
pressure level to the center frequency of the octave bands
2. Flanking transmission → The transmission of sound from one room to an adjacent
room, via common walls, floors or ceilings
3. Sound intensity → What is the sound energy per unit area at right angles to the
propagation direction per unit time?
4. Phon → _______ is the unit of loudness level of a sound
5. Sound Intensity → ___________ is the average rate of transmission of sound energy in
a given direction through a cross-section area of 1 sq. m. at right angles to the direction
6. Pitch and loudness → Sound wave has two main characteristics which are__________
7. Reverberation time → Required time for any sound to decay to 60 dB
8. Ultrasonic → Sound that vibrates at frequency too high for the human ear to hear (over
20 kHz)
9. Crystal → Which microphone will be damaged if exposed to high temperatures above 52
degrees Celsius?
10. 20 Hz to 20 kHz → What is the audio frequency range?
11. 95-100dB → What is the dB SPL of an auditorium with contemporary music?
12. 80-85 dB → What is the church dB SPL with speech reinforcement only?
13. Loudness → Intensity can also be called as _______
14. Loudness → _____________ is affected by the distance bet. The listener and the
source of the sound and its intensity varies inversely with the square of this distance
15. octaves → Much of music is generally referred to in _________
16. Exciter → Distortion enhances intelligibility when an ____________ is added
17. Color killer → ____________ is used to eliminate color confetti
18. Microphone transducer → A _________ converts acoustical energy
19. diaphragm and generating element → All microphones have two basic components
namely
20. Norris-Eyring → When the average absorption is greater than 0.2
21. Interval → The ratio of frequencies is termed
22. Pitch → A term which is subjective but dependent mainly on frequency and also
affected by intensity
23. Stephen and Bate → For ideal computation of reverberation time
24. Sound Intensity → ______________ is the sound energy per unit area at right angles
of the propagation direction per unit time
25. 1200 Hz → One octave above 600 Hz is _________.
26. W.C. Sabine → Laid the foundations of acoustic theory of buildings
27. Sound → An aural sensation by pressure variations in the air which are always
produced by some source of vibrations
28. 4.7 units → The average absorption for a person is _______.
29. Isotropic → An antenna with a unity gain
30. 1 → What is the maximum efficiency gain of an isotropic antenna
31. isotropic radiator → It is useful to refer to an___________. When comparing the gains
of directional antennas
32. Near the center of the vertical radiator → For a shortened vertical antenna, where
should a loading coil be placed to minimize losses and produce the most effective
performance
33. 1 -1000 W → Typical speech power
34. 1000 and 3000 Hz → The maximum intelligibility for voice frequency is located between
35. 300 to 3400 Hz → Presently, this is the “standard” frequency bandwidth for voice
transmission
36. 4 kHz → What is the standard voice channel spacing
37. Sensitivity → The _________ of radio receiver to amplify weak signal and produce a
desirable intelligence at the output speaker
38. MIN → A digital identification associated with a cellular system
39. 25 → How many seconds does a facsimile transmit a standard page?
40. 1.88 – 1.90 GHz → What is the frequency band of DECT?
41. 6000 Hz → Supervisory Audio Tone (SAT) has __________ frequency
42. 10 mW → What is the power output of PCS?
43. First Selector → Which of the ff. responds to the request of a subscriber by sending a
dial tone?
44. 3 W → What is the typical output power of a cellular phone?
45. 825 – 845 MHz → Cellular phones transmit in the band from
46. 870 – 890 MHz → Cell phone receives in the band from
47. 50 dB → What is the sensitivity of a cellular receiver?
48. 3.4 – 6.425 GHz → What is the frequency range of C-band?
49. 2225 MHz → What is the local oscillator (mixer) frequency of the satellite with an uplink
frequency in GHz Band?
50. Gallium Arsenide solar panel array → What kind of battery panels are used in some
advance satellites?
51. C-band → What band does VSAT first operate
52. 14/11 GHz → The frequency of Ku band for satellite communications
53. 17 degrees → The radiation patterns of earth coverage antennas have a beamwidth of
approximately
54. 1 → The efficiency of an isotropic radiator
55. 3 – 30 GHz → Most satellites operate in which frequency band
56. 500 MHz → What is the typical bandwidth of a satellite band?
57. 70 MHz → What is the common up-converter and down-converter IF?
58. QPSK → What modulation is normally used with digital data?
59. 500 – 600 ms →The round-trip propagation delay between two earth stations through a
geosynchronous satellite is ______.
60. 0.09 dB → What is the average insertion loss of fusion splice in fiber optics?
61. 0.38 dB → What is the insertion loss of connector-type splices for a single mode fiber
optics?
62. 5 → What is the allowable deviation ratio of commercial FM broadcast?
63. 20 kW → The maximum power suggested by KBP on 919-1312 AM broadcast station in
Metro Manila is
64. 3.8 MHz → What is the chroma subcarrier signal for color television?
65. 36 kHz → The minimum frequency separation between Frequency of AM broadcasting
station
66. 6:00 AM to 8:00 PM → For provincial station, the classification of prime time blocks for
FM shall be
67. 525 → One complete NTSC scanning cycle field consists of how many lines
68. 60 Hz → The field rate in the NTSC television system
69. 25 kHz → What is the maximum frequency deviation for audio modulation in TV
transmission
70. Y, I and Q → What are the three separate signals derived from a matrix in a color TV
transmitter?
71. 54 -216 MHz → Range of a VHF television transmitter
72. 1.8 MHz → What is the approximate bandwidth occupied by the chrominance video
signal for color TV?
73. 0% → What is the standard video level, in percent PEV for white?
74. push-pull amplifier → balanced amplifier
75. 15750 → The number of scanning lines is _____ per second
76. 30 → Picture frames are repeated at the rate of _____ per second
77. Sensitivity → A measure of how well the receiver can respond to very weak signals
78. 75 kHz → What is the allowable freq deviation of a commercial FM broadcast band?
79. Class C → The final amplifier is operated as
80. Improve the rejection of the image frequency → The main function of the RF
amplifier in a superheterodyne receiver is to
81. 23.75 – 29.75 MHz → The frequency range for cable TV channel T-13
82. 806 and 192 MHz → The television frequency which are now allocated to the land
mobile services
83. 12.2 – 12.7 GHz for downlink and 17.3 – 17.8 GHz for uplink → Direct Broadcast
satellite based allocation
84. Antennafier → Antenna with an embedded amplifier
85. Antennaverter → Antenna that uses a frequency converter
86. delta matching system → What term describes a method used to match a high-
impedance transmission line to a lower impedance antenna by connecting the line to the
driven element in two places, spaced a fraction of a wavelength on each side of the driven
element center?
87. gamma matching system → What term describes an unbalanced feed system in
which the driven element is fed both at the center of that element and a fraction of a
wavelength to one side of center?
88. stub matching system → What term describes a method of antenna impedance
matching that uses a short section of transmission line connected to the antenna feed line
near the antenna and perpendicular to the feed line?
89. pillbox antenna → sandwiched
90. honey antenna → broad-beam biconical horn that has an omnidirectional pattern
91. flat antenna → planar antenna that is on the same plane
92. test antenna → ______ used for measurement of antenna performance
93. dolph-chebyshev antenna → sidelobe level
94. HF → frequency band uses over-the-horizon long range tracking with low accuracy and
resolution
95. push-pull amplifier → balanced amplifier
96. class A(vacuum tube) → __________ amplifier…. Anode current that conducts all of
the time
97. class B(vacuum tube) → ________ amplifier …anode current that conducts at exactly
half of the cycle
98. Class AB (vacuum tube) → ___________ amplifier…. Anode current that conducts
more than half a cycle but not less than half a cycle
99. Class C (vacuum tube ____________ amplifier….. anode current that conducts less
than half of the cycle
100. Fantastron → free-running
101. 60 wavelengths → an electrically large antenna which is greater than
102. the resistance decreases, capacitance increases → If the mobile antenna is
decreased, and frequency decreases
103. Laser Altimeter → altimeter at the optical band
104. dual-beam antenna → strong clutter
105. Gregorian antenna → two concave mirrors
106. Stack up two yagis that are perpendicular at each other. The feed are both on the
same plane and fed up at 90 degrees out of phase. → To make a linearly polarized
antenna to a circularly polarized
107. twist-polarization → feed polarization

Notes 6: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module 6

1. Pitch → The quality in sound that corresponds to color in light
2. 250 and 500 Hz → The maximum voice energy is located between
3. Volume unit meter → A device used to measure speech volume
4. AWG #19 → Which of the following is commonly used wire for subscriber loop design
5. Hybrid circuit → A device that converts a 2-wire circuit to a 4-wire circuit
6. GMSK → GSM uses what digital modulation technique?
7. Green → Which of the following wire is used to transmit signal?
8. 852 & 1209 Hz → The corresponding frequencies for digit 7 in the touch tone telephone
is
9. 60 degrees → What is the beamwidth of the reflector of the receiving antenna in the
base station?
10. 12 kHz → What is the frequency deviation of the cellular telephone system?
11. 1500 and 2300 Hz → In FM fax, the frequencies for black and white are
12. Vestigial sideband AM → Group 2 fax uses which modulation?
13. Group 3 → The most widely used fax standard is
14. QAM → Group 3 fax uses which modulation?
15. Thermal → Most fax printers are of which type?
16. 56 kbps → What is the transmission speed of group 4 fax?
17. 12 kHz → What is the max frequency deviation of an FM cellular transmitter?
18. 935 – 960 MHz → The base-to-mobile frequency assignment of a GSM system
19. 1.23 MHz → What is the bandwidth of cellular CDMA system?
20. Modified GSM → What is the system used by PCN?
21. Erlang C → Blocked calls delay conditions specified probability
22. GFSK → The modulation used by DECT
23. 890 – 915 MHz → The mobile-tobase frequency assignment for GSM system is
24. 13 → The range (in miles) of a cellular CDMA system
25. 900 THz → The bandwidth of optical fiber
26. 800 THz → Fiber optic cables operate at frequencies near
27. Inverted → An object farther from a converging lens than its focal point always has a
/an _________image
28. Virtual → An object nearer to a converging lens than its focal point always has a/an
_________ image
29. Larger → The real image formed by a spherical mirror is _______relative to its object
30. 200,000 hours → What is the lifetime of LEDs?
31. 50,000 hours → What is the lifetime of ILDs?
32. Step-index multimode → What type of fiber has the highest modal dispersion?
33. LED → Is a non-coherent light source for optical communications
34. Semiconductor → Which type of laser is the simplest to modulate directly by changing
its excitation?
35. LED → Which of the following is used as an optical transmitter in the Fiber Optical
Communications?
36. Single-mode graded index → Which of the following is not a common type of fiber
optic cable?
37. dB/km → Cable attenuation is usually expressed in
38. 2 km → Which cable length has the highest attenuation?
39. X-rays → Which of the following is not part of the optical spectrum?
40. 400 – 750 nm → The wavelength of visible light extend from
41. Single-mode step index → Which type of fiber-optic cable is the most widely used?
42. Single-mode step-index → Which type of fiber-optic cable is best for very high speed
data?
43. Single mode step-index → Which type of fiber-optic cable has the least modal
dispersion?
44. 99.9999% → The ultrapure glass used to manufacture optical fibers is approx. ______
pure
45. Plastic-clad-silica → In fiber optics, PCS stands for
46. Ampere/Watt → What is the unit of responsitivity?
47. 700 – 1200 nm → Infrared range for fiber optics
48. higher losses → Which of the following is a disadvantage for plastic fiber optics
49. Optoisolator → An IC that represents a short distance one-way optical communications
system
50. High losses → Why are visible-light LEDs not used for fiber optics?
51. 40 GHz → What is the frequency limit of an optical fiber?
52. 0.1dB → The mechanical splice attenuation loss is _______ dB or less
53. 1.5 → Refractive index of glass
54. 2.0 → Refractive index of diamond
55. 0.1 dB or less → How much is the power loss of the fusion splice?
56. Pan/tilt device → A mechanism or device which enables the TV camera to move in
lateral and tilting motion
57. Wide angle → What class of TV camera lens used to cover short distances?
58. 955 – 2055 kHz → What is the local oscillator frequency in commercial AM broadcast if
it is equal to 455 kHz?
59. +2000 kHz → What is the frequency tolerance of an FM Radio Broadcast station?
60. 1 → A newscast is a distinct unit of a program with a maximum news content of
________ minute(s) excluding intro, extro, headline and commercial load.
61. 15 → Commercial load for radio shall not exceed ____ minutes for one hour program in
MetroManila
62. 17 → Commercial load for radio shall not exceed ______ minutes for one hour program
outside metro manila
63. 6 → Program interruption for the airing of commercial in Metro Manila shall not exceed
_____ breaks in every program hour
64. 6 → Program interruption for the airing of commercial outside Metro Manila shall not
exceed _____ breaks in every program hour
65. 6:00 AM to 8:00 PM → For Metro Manila, the classification of prime time blocks for FM
shall be
66. 52 microseconds → __________ is the time duration for one horizontal trace
67. A and B above (left to right, top to bottom) → For NTSC TV system, the image is
scanned from choices
68. 525 → One complete NTSC scanning cycle field consists of how many lines
69. 15.75 Hz → What is the horizontal synch/ blanking pulse rate?
70. 60 Hz → What is the vertical synch/ blanking pulse rate?
71. Beam production → What is the purpose of an indirectly-heated cathode in a cathode
ray tube?
72. 25 kHz → What is the max frequency deviation for audio modulation in TV
transmission?
73. 4.5 → The video carrier and the audio carrier are separated by _______ MHz
74. 470 - 890 MHz → Range of a UHF television transmitter
75. Comb → __________ is the most effective filter for separating luminance and
chrominance frequency components
76. 75% → What is the standard video level, in percent PEV for blanking?
77. 70% → What is the standard video level, in percent PEV for black?
78. Video detector → The sound and video signals are separated at the ______ of the TV
receiver
79. F3F → Type of emission produced when a freq modulated transmitter is modulated by a
TV signal
80. Contrast → Video signal amplitude determine the picture quality called
81. 88 – 108 MHz → The FM broadcast band is from
82. N → What is the first letter-symbol for emission of unmodulated carrier?
83. 180 – 186 MHz → Channel 8 frequency range allocation in cable TV
84. 5950 and 26100 kHz → International broadcasting (short wave) uses freq between
________ in accordance with international agreements
85. ITFS → Three stations are licensed to eligible educational entities for the distribution of
program material to students enrolled in instructional curricula
86. 3 → For the allocation of frequency in the world, ITU divides the world into how many
regions?
87. Sweep Generator → Voltage or current generator that displays time sweep on radar
systems
88. Mark Generator → Shaping/generation of scale marks on a radar display
89. Weiner Filter
90. Gunn Effect → 3kW/cm
91. X-band → frequency band that is used in short range surveillance, long range tracking
with high resolution and accuracy
92. L-band → frequency band that is used in long range surveillance with low resolution
93. VHF and UHF → frequency band that is used in long range surveillance with low to
medium resolution and accuracy
94. Mm wave band → frequency band that uses very small antennas, airborne and space
use
95. Aperture Blockage → blocking a portion of the aperture in radar systems
96. Grass → Noise in radar systems
97. Hit → Echo with a single pulse
98. APD → Fastest optical receiver
99. Echo box → receives a portion of the transmitted pulse and retransmits it back to the
receiver as a slowly decaying transient
100. Eclipsing → radar system in which range ambiguity and range __________ are
reduced by frequency diversity and alteration of pulse periodicity
101. Diffraction Radiation Generator

Notes 7: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module 7

1. 4:1 → Impedance matching ratio if a coax balun
2. No power is applied → When VSWR is equal to zero
3. Reflection Coefficient → Ratio of reflected voltage to the forward travelling voltage
4. 1 → The standing wave ratio is equal to __ if the load is properly matched with the
transmission line
5. Resistive load at the resonant frequency → Transmission lines when connected to
antennas have
6. 36 CCS → 1 Erlang
7. 83 ohms → For an Air dielectric, two wire line, the minimum characteristic impedance
value is
8. 300-3400 Hz → Telephone channel has a band pass characteristic occupying the
frequency range of
9. 0-4 kHz → Nominal Voice grade using PTN has an ideal passband of
10. 300 -3400 Hz → Standard analog telephone channel
11. G.122 → CCITT recommendation for a preparation of loss plan, a variable loss plans
and a fixed loss plan
12. Quarter-wave Matching → One method of determining antenna impedance
13. VF Repeaters → __ are unidirectional amplifiers having 20-25 decibel gain that are
placed about 75 km apart used to compensate for losses along the telephone line
14. Single-wire line → A single conductor running from the transmitter to the antenna
15. waveguides → The transmission lines which can convey electromagnetic waves only in
higher modes isusually
16. to keep the waveguide dry → Why is nitrogen gas sometimes used in waveguide?
17. F3C and A3E → Emission designation for a facsimile
18. the line behaves as a parallel tuned circuit in relation to the generator → If a
quarter-wave transmission line is shorted at one end
19. any convenient value → A 50 ohms transmission line is feeding an antenna which
represents a 50 ohms resistive load. To shorten the line, the length must be
20. 120 ohms → Is not a common transmission impedance
21. transversely across the narrow dimension of the waveguide → A rectangular
waveguide is operating in the dominant TE10 mode. The associated flux lines are
established
22. at the beginning and at the end of the cable → The outer conductor of the coaxial
cable is usually grounded
23. at a distance of one quarter wavelength from the sealed end → If a rectangular
waveguide is to be excited in the dominant mode, the E-probe should be inserted
24. 1 → Desirable SWR on a transmission line
25. Reflectometer→ Measures SWR
26. 300 ohms → 214-056 twin lead which is commonly used for TV lead-in has a
characteristics impedance of
27. 0 → Most desirable reflection coefficient
28. Phon → Unit of loudness level
29. Mel → Unit of Pitch
30. 115.56 dB SPL → 120 micro bars of pressure variation is equal to
31. ¼ → If the distance between the listener and the source of the sound is doubled, the
intensity is reduced to
32. 4 times as great → If the distance between the listener and the source of the sound is
decreased ½ the original amount, the intensity of the sound is
33. Threshold of hearing → The minimum sound intensity that can be heard is termed
34. Distortion → Is an undesired change in wave form as the signal passes through a
device?
35. Distortion → Diagonal clipping in envelope detection will result in
36. Multiplication → Is a frequency change process, whereby the phase deviation and
frequency deviation are multiplied by some fixed constant?
37. Frequency Modulation → The modulation system is ___ if the modulating frequency is
doubled, the modulation index is halved, and the modulating voltage remains constant
38. Frequency Deviation → In FM, Carson’s Rule states that the bandwidth is equal to
twice the sum of the modulating
frequency and __
39. triggered multivibrator → One implementation of a pulse averaging discriminator
40. higher value of operating power → The advantage of a high level modulated AM
transmitter is
41. Interference to other radio services → Is the bad effect caused by over modulation in
AM transmission?
42. have the same frequency → Two different signals can be coherent if they
43. 120 ohms → Not widely used impedance
44. Spectrum Analyzer → Test instrument that displays the carrier and the sidebands
amplitude with frequency to frequency?
45. Buffer → Stage in a radio transmitter that isolates the oscillator from the load
46. 3 components → A single tone amplitude modulated wave has
47. 1300 ohms → The resistance limit for No. 2 Crossbar Exchange (US)
48. 0.51 dB/1000 ft → AWG # 26 has a typical loss of
49. Crosstalk → Cause a herringbone pattern in facsimile
50. 12 → How many simultaneous calls does each DECT system can support?
51. 1983 → Cellular mobile system was first operated in
52. 3 → RG-58 cable has a loss of about __ dB at cellular frequencies up to 15 feet length
53. 10 mW → Power output of Personal Communications System (PCS)
54. 1000 → TACS is a cellular system with ___ channels
55. 45 MHz → Frequency separation between the transmitter and receiver
56. 825.015/870.015 MHz → For channel 1, transmit/receive frequency
57. 666 → The number of transmit/receive channels in the cellular system is
58. 80 km → The transmission range of cellular telephony is generally about
59. Calling channel → Hailing channel
60. MTSO → All of the cell base stations are linked together by __ which serves as the
central office and management node for the group
61. Echo Suppressor → Is a voice operated device that inserts a high loss in the opposite
direction of transmission of the talking party
62. TPS → Type of connector arrangement wherein a customer may move to another
location and still retain the telephone number
63. Poisson → Block calls held condition specified the held probability at time period equal
to an average holding time
64. TDMA → Multiple access used by DECT
65. GFSK → Modulation technique used by DECT
66. Digital AMPS → Voted cellular digital standard at TIA
67. 416 → Number of channels for Band A and for Band B in Digital AMPS
68. Jaynes maximum entropy principle → __ of a data reduction says that when reducing
a set of data into the form of an underlying mode, one should be maximally non-commital
with respect to missing data
69. 6000 Hz → Supervisory Audio Tone (SAT) has __ frequency
70. 100000 → System capacity of AMPS
71. 0 dBm = 0 V.U. → A sine wave
72. Sound Intensity → What is the sound energy per unit area at right angles to the
propagation direction per unit time?
73. Sound Intensity → Is the average rate of transmission of sound energy in a given
direction through a cross section area of 1 sq. m. At right angles to the direction
74. 1 → Maximum Voltage to be perfectly matched in transmission line
75. 1 to 100 GHz → Microwave frequencies are normally regarded as those in the range of
76. to keep the electrons from spreading out → What is the purpose of the
electromagnetic field which surrounds travelling wave tube?
77. Klystrons → High power TWT are replacing what in microwave amplifiers?
78. Blue → Color Code for Channel 1 in Light Spectrum
79. 6 dB → What is the increase in SPL in dB if the pressure is doubled?
80. Base to Mobile → In PCS, Forward Channel is
81. Reverse Channel → Mobile to Base in PCS
82. Terahertz → Photonics
83. 900 → How many groups are the in a super jumbo groups?
84. 564 – 3084 kHz → FDM U600 Mastergroup
85. No refraction will occur → If Angle of incidence is zero
86. Huffman Code → A source code whose average world length approaches the
fundamental limit set by the entropy of a discrete memory less source
87. 10 → Peak power level for klystron amplifier
88. 1.55 micro meters → “Windows” longest wavelength
89. Non- resonant → The impedance measured at the input of the transmission line when
its length is infinite or when it is terminated by its own impedance is known as the
characteristic impedance in a ____ line
90. Dissipation Factor → Relative Energy loss level of a capacitor
91. Installation → In fiber optic, ___ range is critical
92. It is relatively free of spurious signal → Control oscillator synthesizer is preferred
over direct one because
93. the MTSO checks your SID in the data base → In cellular telephony, roaming?
94. 10-20 dB/km → Optical fiber loss?
95. 300 – 3400 Hz → Voice grade channel
96. 140 → Amplitude characteristic of a video signal, where pure white is define in IRE, it
has a total of
97. IMPATT → Low power radar uses
98. Operational Amplifier → Use in oscillator, amplifier, negative feedback, etc.
99. DVB-T → Modulation technique in Europe
100. 10 mW → FCC AM broadcast channel 10 has a power of

Notes 8: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module 8

1. Areocentric Orbit → An Orbit for planet Mars
2. Ionosonde → Use to measure or examine ionosphere
3. Gaussian Noise, White Noise, Thermal Noise → Noise from random acoustic or
electric noise that has equal energy per cycle over a specified total frequency band
4. 290 K → Reference Noise Temperature
5. CCITT G. 151 → Standard that recommends crosstalk limit
6. CCITT Rec. G. 172 → Standard that utilized in inter-modulation noise rates on PCM
audio channels
7. 800 Hz → Reference frequency of CCITT phosphometric noise measurement
8. 15 to 160 MHz → Industrial Noise
9. Crosstalk → Interference coming from other channel
10. -90 dBm → Reference noise level
11. frequencies above 30 MHz → Atmospheric noise or static is not a great problem at
12. -85 dBm → Reference level for noise measurement, F1A weighted
13. -90 dBm → Reference tone level for dBrn
14. Transit – Time Noise → Types of noise becomes of great importance at high
frequencies
15. 11 years → The solar cycle repeats the period of great electrical disturbance
approximately every
16. Solar Noise → Noise whose source is within the solar system
17. Noise Density → Total noise power present in a 1-Hz bandwidth
18. 90 → What is the relation in degrees of the electric and magnetic fields in an
electromagnetic wave?
19. 3 to 30 MHz → High frequency Range
20. 3 KHz to 3 MHz → Medium Frequency Range
21. Always seems less than its actual depth → The depth of an object submerged in a
transparent liquid
22. A fixed point in an electromagnetic wave → What is a wavefront?
23. 1 W → VHF ship station transmitters must have the capability of reducing carrier power
to
24. Spread-Spectrum Communications → A wide bandwidth communications systems in
which the RF carrier varies according to some predetermined sequence
25. Is greater than 1 → The index of refraction of a material medium
26. 12 GHz → Cannot be used in beyond-the-horizon terrestrial communications without
repeaters
27. UHF → Tropospheric scatter is used with frequency range
28. may occur around the edge of a sharp obstacle → Diffraction of electromagnetic
waves
29. X-rays → The highest frequencies are found in
30. 90 degrees → When a light ray approaches a glass-air interface from the glass side at
the critical angle, the angle of refraction is
31. 8000 lx → The minimum illumination recommended for reading
32. Direct Wave → Microwave signals propagate by way of
33. 300 kHz to 3 MHz → Ground wave communications is most effective in
34. HF → Line-of-sight communications is not a factor in
35. Inverse Square Law → States the power density is inversely proportional to the
distance from its source
36. MUF → Highest frequency that can be used for skywave propagation between two
given points on earth
37. Diversity → Is not a cause of fading?
38. BPSK → Cellular CDMA system uses this type of modulation method
39. Attenuation → Is the progressive decrease of signal strength with increasing distance
40. towards the earth → If k-factor is greater than 1, the array beam is bent
41. 10 GHz → Rainfall is an important factor for fading of radio waves at frequencies above
42. Delayed Spreading → In microwave transmission using digital radio, what causes most
inter-symbol interference?
43. waveguide match, cavity match, direct coax-helix match → Coupling into and out of
a travelling wave tube can be accompanied by
44. Magnetron → A high-power microwave pulse of the order of megawatts can be
generated by a
45. 1 to 100 GHz → Microwave frequencies are normally regarded as those in the range of
46. loran C: 100 KHz → Used for modern loran navigational system
47. Pulse Width → Pulsed frequency is equal to
48. 156.76 MHz and 156.8 MHz → Used by a Class-C Emergency Position Indicating
Radio Beacon (E.P.I.R.B)
49. Radio Frequency → It is concerned in the design of an antenna system for pulsed
radar set
50. LF Band → The operating frequency of loran C lies within the
51. 8000 MHz → A travelling-wave tube is used at frequencies in the order of
52. 22 GHz → Microwave frequency
53. Gunn → Popular microwave oscillator
54. Tunnel → Type of diode that does not ordinarily operate in reverse bias
55. Reflex Klystrons → Low-power Gunn diodes are replacing
56. Wider Bandwidth → The main advantage of a TWT over a klystron for microwave
amplification
57. Klystrons → High power TWT’s are replacing what in microwave amplifiers?
58. 0.6 → The optimum clearance from an obstacle in a microwave system is accepted as
___ of the first Fresnel zone radius
59. Infinity → The microwave beam curves the same than that of the earth when the value
of the correction factor k equals
60. Speed → The Doppler Effect allows which characteristics of a target to be measured?
61. Gunn Diode → Low-power radar transmitters and receivers use
62. 10 GHz → Typical radar frequency
63. K Band → A microwave band of 10.9 to 36 GHz
64. 92.4 + 20 log f + 20 log d → A microwave communications system space loss
calculation formula
65. Litz Wire → A wire used to reduced skin effect The CCIR hypothetical reference circuit
covering a distance of 2500 km consists of a total of how many hops?
66. 54 → The CCIR hypothetical reference circuit covering a distance of 2500 km consists
of a total of how many hops?
67. 183 GHz → Water causes more attenuation particularly on what frequency?
68. 60 GHz → At what frequency does oxygen cause excessive attenuation?
69. 43500 MHz → What frequency does a radio altimeter operate?
70. 1300 Hz → RF carrier of the middle marker is modulated at
71. 30 → The first Philippine Mabuhay Satellite has how many channels?
72. 36 → The first Philippine agila 1 will have how many transponders?
73. 38 → AsiaSat 1 covers how many countries of Asia?
74. 200 dB → Approximate path loss from satellite-to-earth station
75. 0.5s → Delay time for satellite transmissions from earth transmitter to earth receiver
76. 500 MHz → The bandwidth of C-band satellite frequency band in US
77. 14 → A mobile satellite array has usually how many elements?
78. FDMA → A method of multiple accessing where a given RF channel bandwidth is
divided into smaller frequency band
79. 22,300 mi → Height of satellite in a synchronous equatorial orbit
80. 3 GHz to 30 GHz → Most satellites operates at
81. FM → Type of modulation used on voice and video signal
82. Syncom 1 → The first satellite launched for a geosynchronous orbit but unfortunately
lost during orbit injection
83. Square root of the dielectric constant → The velocity factor is inversely proportional
with respect to the
84. 1710-1785 MHz → GSM 1800
85. 1930-1990 MHz → GSM 1900
86. Region 2 → In USA and England, what regional coding is for DVD
87. Quantizing Noise → Noise occurring in the presence of signal resulting from a
mismatch between the exact value of an analog signal and the closest available quantizing
step in a digital coder
88. Audimeter → Equipment use in measuring the ratings of a channel
89. Inter-carrier sound → In television, 4.5MHz is the
90. 2 Mbps → 802.11 legacy data rates approximately
91. 15 GHz → A waveguide has a cut-off frequency of 17GHz. Which signals will not be
passed by the waveguide?

Notes 9: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module 9

# Questions Answers

1 current frequency band given most attention for Satellite Ku

Communications

2 X-rays 30 to 0.3 Angstorms

3 space diversity transmission means transmitting and two or more antennas

receiving on ______ operating on the same
frequency

4 Ship-to-ship communications system is plagued by fading. Frequency Diversity

Best solution seems to be the use of

5 American concert pitch A is equivalent to 440Hz

6 International concert pitch A is equivalent to 435Hz

7 d band 2.20 to 3.30

8 lowest layer of ionosphere D

9 highest layer of the atmosphere Ionosphere

10 don't disappear at night F2

11 next lowest layer E

12 highest layer F2

13 velocity factor of coaxial cable 0.6 to 0.8

14 velocity factor of transmission lines 0.5 to 0.9

15 government and military communication NITA

16 related to mental processes of knowledge, reasoning, Cognitive

memory, judgment and perception

17 for navigation as well as marine and aeronautical L

communications and radar, ____ band is used

18 accepted official dimension of a mini-DV cassette package 66x48x12.2

used in video recording in millimeters

19 NTC memorandum circular governs the rules and MC no. 02-05-88

regulations about the manufacture, acquisition, sale and
service of radio communication equipment

20 a radio frequency in the UHF band of the radio spectrum 0.31250 GHz

21 when a space-wave signal passes over a mountain ridge, a knife-edge diffraction

small part of the signal is diffracted down the far side of the
mountain

22 angle of inclination of GPS system 55°

23 bending of radius for fiber optic 350 mm

24 an analog video signal that carries the video data as two S-Video
separate signals (brightness and color) is called

25 a satellite beam that covers almost 42.4% of earth’s surface global beam

26 V.42 link access protocol

modem

27 multiple access technique used in GSM cellular system TDMA

28 Connector is popular in attaching test instruments like BNC

oscilloscopes, frequency counters, spectrum analyzers.

29 to increase the transmission distance of UHF signal increase antenna height

30 medium used by IBM token ring network that operates at twisted pair
either 4 Mbps or 16 Mbps

31 loudness level in which permanent damage to hearing is 150dB

possible

32 coaxial cable connector is at least expensive and is widely F-type connector

used for TV sets, VCRs and cable TV

33 attenuator which connects passive two-ports Calibration

34 primary cause of ionization Ultraviolet Radiation

35 increase in sound level commonly perceived by most people 6 to 10 dB

36 sound pressure level if RMS sound pressure is 114dB

100microbars

37 coaxial connector is a more complex and expensive but do a N-type connector

better job in maintaining the electrical characteristics of the
cable through the interconnections

38 PCS(personal communication system) 50 kHz

39 cocktail-end binaural discrimination

40 capture effect FM

41 acoustic behavior of gases all of the choices

(density, temperature,
pressure)

42 spectrum bandwidth of a single GSM carrier 200kHz

43 noise figure having lowest noise 1.6dB

44 transistor having lowest noise figure MESFET

45 noise outside the solar system cosmic noise

46 ECT can apply for registration without examination 5years

47 ionosphere propagate by space wave

48 maximize the skip distance using the smallest

possible radiation angle
and highest possible
frequency

49 space diversity two or more antennas on

the same wavelength

50 frequencies in the UHF range propagate by means of space waves

51 VLF waves are used for some types of services because they are very reliable

52 greatest advantage of FM over AM FM amplitude is

constant at all times

53 Companding correlation

54 PCS(personal communication system) 45MHz

55 sound characteristic relates to a sonic time pattern rhythm

56 typical center frequency spacing between adjacent channels 40 MHz

(transponders) in satellites

57 orbital period of GPS constellation 12hrs

58 radiowave that is far from its source plane wave

59 electric field that lies in a plane parallel to the surface of the horizontal polarization
earth

60 reference tone level for dBa -85dBm

61 midband channel A-1 108 to 114 MHz

62 Huffman coding character contains bits from 4 to 11

63 modulation technique used in data communications that is a trellis coding modulation

variant of QAM that includes a method for forward error
correction

64 series modulation system capable of

generating high power

65 cellular standard known as the cdmaOne IS-95

66 medium range the one supported by

IEEE 802.11
recommendation

67 most often used for outer covering of coaxial cables PVC

68 Ethernet system is restricted only to 100m 10baseT

69 principal musical intervals is considered dissonant 7:8

70 light traveling in air optical fiber follow snell

71 shortest wavelength in colors of light rays blue

72 each point on a spherical wavefront may be considered a Huygen’s Principle

source of secondary spherical wavefronts

73 high frequency sound that cannot be heard by the human ultrasonic

ear

74 apparent loudness level of 80dB very loud

75 ionoshpere causes radio signals to be refracted

76 amount of sound reduction provided by a barrier-wall,floor or transmission loss

 ceiling

77 perceptible sound repetition echo

78 dispersion is the term used to describe splitting of white light

into its component
colors in reflection

79 velocity of sound in air at 0 degrees Celcius 331.5m/s

80 in electromagnetic waves, polarization means physical orientation of

electric field in space

81 typical temperature range for installing fiber optical cable -40 to 80 °C

82 station located on an object which is beyond and is intended space station

to go beyond the major portion of the earth’s atmosphere

83 atmospheric noise becomes less severe at frequencies above 30MHz

84 a device that measures the internal open circuit voltage psophometer

85 if the transmitter power remains constant, an increase in the lengthen the skip
frequency of the sky wave will distance

86 a light ray enters one medium from another along the dependent on the
normal. The angle of refraction is indexes of refraction

87 two directional antennas are pointed so that their beams troposcatter

intersect in the troposphere

88 run-length encoding compress

89 best viewing distance of TV screen is ____ times the picture 4 to 8

height

90 dielectric constant of polyethylene (PE) insulator 2.27

91 typical loudness level of an acoustic guitar 1 foot away 80 dB

92 IS-95 9.6kbps

93 satellite speed increases and its height in orbits gets ____ lower

94 satellite subsystem monitors onboard conditions such as TTC

temperature and battery voltage

and transmits this data back to a ground station for analysis

95 normally associated with specifying the location of celestial ephemeris

body in space
96 satellite subsystem provides stabilization in orbit and senses attitude control
changes in orientation subsystem

97 range of speech power 10 to 1000 microwatts

98 how does spatial isolation technique satellite employment of highly

communications avoid interference directional spot-beam
antennas

99 polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) is also widely used insulator teflon

and is known as

100 in installing fiber cable, ____is a long-time use tighter bends

101 designated as the international distress, safety and calling 156.8 MHz
frequency for radio telephony for stations of the maritime
mobile service when using frequencies in the authorized
bands between 156 and 174 MHz

Notes 10: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module

10

# Questions Answers

1 new name of CCITT ITU-T

2 Impedance matching ratio of a coax balun 4:1

3 load matching over a range of frequencies double stub

4 T1 for TDM system 24

5 the final amplifier of either FM or AM transmitter operates C

as class ____

6 8 bits

7 where maximum current and minimum voltage values on center of the antenna
a resonant Hertz dipole exist

8 circuit that is turned on request to send

9 emission designation for facsimile A3E and F3C

10 In satellite communication, the geostationary satellites 0 degrees latitude

are conveniently located with respect to the equator at
______

11 refers to a double sideband full carrier A3E

12 the voltage node of a half-wave antenna exists at feed point

13 the modulation technique used by GSM cellular system Gaussian Minimum Shift
Keying

14 ferrite device that can be used in line of a duplexer to Circulator

isolate a microwave transmitter and receiver when both
are connected to the same antenna

15 in shipboard satellite dish antennas system, azimuth is horizontal aiming of the

referred as the _____ antenna

16 the total useful information processed or communicated Throughput

over a specific amount of time

17 approximate percentage of earth coverage of a 42.5%

geostationary satellite at zero degree elevation

18 very early standard that defines binary digits as V.1

space/mark line conditions and voltage levels

19 required minimum power output of an international AM 50 kW

BC stations

20 one of the first satellite system catering personal based Iridium system
communications services scheduled for operation

21 propagation condition is usually indicated when a VHF tropospheric ducting

signal is received from a station over 5000 miles away

22 signal to noise ratio that is required for a satisfactory 40dB

television reception

23 emission F3F Television

24 single booster installed on the antenna dish of satellite low noise amplifier
receiver

25 noise generated that primarily determines the signal-to- in the receiver front end
noise ratio in a VHF (150MHz) marine-band receiver

26 latest government regulation in the telecommunication E.O. 109

which provides policy for the provision of local exchange
carrier service

27 frequency tolerance of an AM radio broadcast station 20 Hz

28 basic mode of transmission system in the public data Packet Mode

network in which data are transferred from the source to
the network and from the network to the destination in the
 frame format

29 type of beam antenna which uses two or more straight Yagi Antenna
elements arranged in line with each other

30 used to connect non-ISDN equipment to ISDN line Terminal Adapters

31 executive branch of government in charge of policy Department of

making in the telecommunications Transportation
andCommunications

32 forward link channel pilot channel

33 phase reversal keying binary phase

34 each point on a spherical wavefront may be considered a Huygen’s Principle

source of secondary spherical wavefronts

35 term used to describe a spread spectrum Frequency hopping

communications system where the center frequency of a
conventional carrier is altered many times per second in
accordance with a pseudo-random list of channels

36 frequency bands can be refracted during the day by the D both VLF and LF
layer

37 considered the most frequently used transmission line flexible coaxial line

38 height of an ionized layer is determined from the time virtual height

interval between the transmitted signal and the
ionospheric echo at vertical incidence

39 optimum volume per person of rooms for speech 2.8

40 optimum reverberation time at 500 Hz for a cinema 0.8 to 1.2 sec

41 establishes the receiver bandwidth IF amplifier

42 Flicker noise is a poorly understood form of noise which 500 Hz

may be completely ignored about above ____

43 typical gain of a rhombic antenna between 15 to 60

44 voice band channels in a superjumbogroup 10,800

45 illumination factor is normally considered in computing 0.54

parabolic antenna gain in microwave communications

46 in acoustics, reference pressure in lb/ft2 unit 2.089

47 organization that published safety guidelines for the American National

 maximum limits of RF energy near the human body Standards Institute (ANSI)

48 measuring a transmitter’s frequency against a suitable final RF stage

standard, the frequency to be

measured is taken from the

49 ionosphere most ionized Midday

50 cellular radios use FM with a maximum deviation of ± 12 kHz

______

51 device that measures the angle between two radio Goniometer

frequencies and also the direction of propagation of a
wave

52 an automated ship-to-shore distress alerting system GMDSS

using satellites and advanced terrestrial communications
systems

53 device that measures RF power by measuring the heat Calorimeter

the rf power generates

54 considered the most efficient mode in terms of energy Dominant Mode

transfer in waveguides

55 In acoustics, ______ is the apparent change in frequency Doppler Effect

or pitch when a sound source moves either toward or
away from a listener

56 oxygen molecule absorption peaks to electromagnetic 5 mm and 2.5 mm

wave are at what wavelengths

57 in cellular system, the _____ defines the geographic distance-to-reuse ratio

distance that is required between cells using identical (D/R)
frequencies in order to avoid interference between the
radio transmissions at these cells

58 the ability of a mobile phone to change from one channel Frequency agility
(frequency) to another

59 in cellular system, the average lead time to install a new 6

base station is approximately ____ months to a year

60 at one atmospheric pressure, what is the approximate 5150 m/s

speed of sound in steel

61 noise observable up to 8 MHz space noise

62 in the American standard, the aural transmitter maximum 20 %
radiated power is ____ of peak visual transmitter power

63 end impedance of half-wave dipole 2500 Ω

64 standardized as part of GSM phase 2+ that can offer GPRS

theoretical data speeds up to 115 kbit/s

65 channel number of an FM station with a carrier frequency 258

of 99.5 MHz

66 comparing the capacities of a DVD and an ordinary CD, 15

DVD is ____ times bigger than CD

67 waveguide passive component that brings a smooth h bend

change in the direction of axis maintained perpendicular
to the plane of polarization

68 a low frequency audible periodic variation in pitch of Wow

sound output in high fidelity sound reproduction system

69 _____ is a term in the test language for noise testing in Logatom

telephone circuits that means a one-syllable word
consisting of a consonant, a vowel, and another
consonant

70 why are frequency modulation transmitters more efficient Because their power is
increased by class
C amplifiers

71 not an ITU sector ITU-W

72 a component that samples the microwave signal traveling Directional coupler

in one direction down to the transmission line

73 signal-to-noise ratio is required for satisfactory television 40 dB

reception

74 telephone channels in AT 2 line 96

75 maximum power that can be obtained from a microwave 10 W

tube at 10 GHz

76 circuit detects frequency modulated signal Discriminator

77 form of regenerative repeater for transmitting signals over Interpolator

a long cable received through a relay in a clearer form

78 particular wavelength is solar flux measured 10.7 cm band

79 enhancement of GSM including the GPRS 2.5G

80 In television, sync-pulse is ____ IRE 40

81 base-to-mobile frequency assignment of a GSM system 935-960 MHz

82 bits of PREAMBLE in Ethernet frame 56

83 frequency used in communicating for submerged 100 Hz

submarines

84 frequency range of radio altimeter 4240 to 4350 MHz

85 used for high definition video and data storage blu-ray

86 fiber number of multi-core fiber colored white and black 18

87 camera tubes uses lead oxide (PbO) for the Plumbicon

photoconductive target plate

88 in accordance with the ITU specifications, the cutoff 1100,1280

wavelength of a single-mode fiber is from ____ to _____

89 RS232C uses ____ circuits for protocol handshaking 9

90 standard adopted by the grand alliance in digital Dolby standard AC-3

broadcasting for multi-channel audio source encoding in
America

91 the cable type used in CCTV that has a maximum run- URM-70
length of 250 meters

92 lossy real impedance Resistance

93 typical diameter of an external diameter direct burial fiber 14.8 mm

cable

94 latitude of international space station 350 km

95 bluetooth Piconet

96 shotckky??? diode or ____ diode hot carrier

97 decimetric wave space wave

98 cryptographic cryptomeria ciper

99 commercial load for TV 18 mins per hour

100 in a single sideband suppressed carrier, what is the 10 W

maximum instantaneous peak power if PEP is 50 W
101 cleaving is a process of _____ connecting two fibers cutting an end fiber in
preparation to

Notes 11: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module

11
# Questions Answers

1 Number of turns of a helix antenna 3

2 Highest layer of the ionosphere during night time F layer

3 Oxygen causes what attenuation at what frequency 60 GHz

4 One sideband H3E

5 Thickest layer of the ionosphere F2

6 F1 and F2 layer combines at night time at what distance 300km

7 Class of Amplifier used at the last stage of AM receiver class C

8 Front-end “components” of the superheterodyne receiver local oscillator, mixer,

RF amplifier

9 Fiber optic used for electronic communication semi-graded Fiber

Optic

10 Carrier swing at 80% modulation 120 kHz

11 H designates what kind of modulation single sideband / DSB

12 Used for testing to avoid interference dummy antenna

13 How to prevent interference with the frequency of other use a dummy antenna
stations during testing

14 data switching is used to increase rate of data

transfer

15 Periscope antenna shorten waveguide link

16 one hop, full-duplex uses how many receivers 2

17 full duplex multiplexer two way simultaneous

transmission

18 a room with great sound absorption and less reverberation dead room
time

19 measures speech volume volume unit meter

20 luminance 30% red, 59% green,
11% blue

21 unit of noise power in posphometer pWp

22 group 1 frequency assignment for color black 2300-2400 Hz

23 group 1 frequency assignment for white 1500 Hz

24 quarter wavelength crystalline calcite device that reverses retarder

polarity of the fiber optic communication

25 Distortion caused by simultaneous frequency and amplitude dynamic instability

modulation and carrier frequency

26 Size of a mini dvd 8cm

27 Size of a standard dvd 12cm

28 Antenna height is _____ of the actual height ½ to 2/3

29 Reference noise power of test tone 1mW

30 Unit of white noise voltage testing measurement NPR

31 SSB uses ___ of the bandwidth of the DSBSC ½

32 Indicated the maximum channel capacity Shannon-hartley

theory

33 not an advantage of series modulation suppresses white

noise

34 asynchronous protocol is ___ oriented character

35 V-designation for 4.8 kbps modes V.27

36 For video 3.4 Mbps J.81

37 Rid of FM noise Limiter

38 Advantage of side tone assure that the

telephone is working

39 At what power level does a 1kHz tone cause zero interference 90 dB

(144 weighted)

40 Reference frequency of CCITT phosphometer noise 800 Hz

measurement

41 device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode MODEM

digital information in a telephone line
42 Number of ships area assigned by the global maritime distress 4

43 Not required on board by the maritime distress radio operator

telegraphy on board

44 Efficiency of Class 4 MODEM 120%

45 frequency at which fiber optics operates 800THz

46 industrial noise frequency 15-160 MHz

47 what is optic window? range of wavelength at

which Fiber
Optics operates

48 transmission lines are balance or unbalanced with respect to ground

49 at 41.000 MHz to 41. 005 MHz and a channel capacity of 41.00625 MHz
12.5kHz, what is the first center frequency

50 wind loading of standard for Philippine antenna tower 200kph

51 energy that neither radiated into space nor completely standing waves
transmitted

52 Identifies the address of the webpage uniform resource

locator

53 electromagnetic radiation James Clerk Maxwell

54 highest frequency wherein the signal is able to return back to MUF

earth

55 ISDN basic access line configuration 2B + D

56 FM and PM difference lies in the different

definitions
of modulation index

57 1 erlang 1 TU

58 The minimum value of the occupied bandwidth sufficient to Necessary bandwidth

ensure the transmission of information at the rate and with the
quality required for the system employed, under specified
conditions

59 Electric field is perpendicular TE

60 Electromagnetic wave having circular polarization means electric field rotates

61 Reverberation time for large organs is ____ seconds 2

62 Camera output with no sync noncomposite video

63 Bandwidth of AM based on the highest

component of
themodulating signal

64 Advantage of PTM over PAM much better noise

immunity

65 In phase shift method, how many circuits is/are balanced 2

66 Frequency range of an aircraft’s VHF communications 118.000 MHz to 136.975

MHz (worldwide up to
151.975 MHz)

67 Detect signals that is both vertically and horizontally polarized Orthomode transducer
simultaneously

68 the reason why companding is employed in PCM is protect small signals in

PCM from quantizing
distortion

69 the process that uses the orthogonality of sines and cosines Quadrature
that makes possible to transmit and receive to different signals multiplexing
simultaneously on the same carrier frequency

70 unit of magnetic field strength ampere/meter

71 the standard that specifies a balanced interference cable that RS-422A

will operate bit rates up to 10Mbps with a span distance of up
to 1200m

72 when light strikes a flat polished end of a fiber, the fiber loss antireflection coating
produced can be reduced by

73 Total elapsed time for the instant of initial transmission to the 12.36microseconds
reception of the echo in radar communication system

74 Used to collect RF signal in the receiver antenna

75 Paging channel of a mobile communication network system 9.6, 4.8 kbps

76 Difference between synchronous and asynchronous the clocking is with the

transmission data of
the synchronous
transmission

77 local loop two-wire or four-wire

communication system
that connects
 residences to
central office premises

78 not describe a TV signal “spreading” of color is

not always white (note:
spreading is not the real
term in the answer.
sorry)

79 transfer rate when 101001 data is transferred at 6ms 1kbps

80 binary communication is better because simpler, less costly,

reliable

81 consideration of new entrant technical, financial,

legal

82 gain of 4 identically polarized antenna stacked one above the 6dB over the gain of
other one antenna

83 when played in piano or other instruments, note similar to the note A above middle C
pitch of 440 Hz is

84 slow drift in frequency for self-excited transmitter oscillator DC and RF heating of

circuit resulting to poor frequency stability resistors then changes
its values

85 slow drift in frequency for self-excited transmitter oscillator Heating of capacitor in

circuit resulting to poor frequency stability the oscillator

86 abrupt frequency variation of self-excited transmitter oscillator loose connection of

circuit resulting to poor frequency stability which changes oscillator,
frequency oscillation amplifier and antenna

87 Electromagnetic wave below 5000 GHz being transmitted hertzian wave

without artificial guide

88 Propagation condition usually indicated when VHF signal is tropospheric ducting

received from a station over 500 miles away

89 Used to connect data link bridging function

90 a fiber optic communication device consist of receiver optic regenerator

transmitter used to clean up and amplify digital data moving
from one place to another at opposite direction

91 in sound energy, dominance of the first sound wave in any precedence

point of location has ____ effect
92 ratio of the level of modulated signal under the conditions of residual noise level
test modulated signal to the level of unmodulated signal
without modulation

93 an entity, relying transmission, switching and local distribution value-added service

facilities of local exchange and inter exchange carrier and provider
overseas carriers providing enhanced services beyond
provided by such carriers

94 not a common application of microwave communication mobile radio

95 ___ is a character signifies the start of the test for Bisync STX

96 Oscillator “leak through” of neutralized amplifier back wave

97 In Ethernet, an 8-bit frame similar to that of a preamble which start of frame delimiter
last two bits are 1s

98 In data communications, the maximum variable-length 128

transmission packet is 4096 bytes and the default is _____
bytes

99 Type of emission used for radio telegraph and sidebands on Spark emission
the carrier

100 Average power of a radio transmitter supplied at the mean power

transmission antenna

101 ionospheric scatter

Notes 12: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module

12
# Questions Answers

1 The HDTV has an aspect ratio of 16:9

2 The maximum frequency deviation in FM TV signal 25kHz

3 What is the mode of the waveguide is both the magnetic and HE

electric field is parallel in the z-component

4 What is the baseband frequency for basic super group? 312 – 552 kHz

5 What is the most commonly used antenna for satellite? cassegrain antenna

6 At what speed do electromagnetic wave travel in free space about 300 million
meters per second

7 An electromagnetic field consists of electric and magnetic

 field

8 the depth of an object submerged in a transparent liquid always seems less

than its actual

9 when a magnetic field is perpendicular to the surface of the horizontal

earth, what is the polarization

10 indicate which one of the following terms applies to Fading

troposcatter propagation

11 the grounds wave eventually disappear as one moves away tilting

from the transmitter because of

12 the shortest distance measured along the earth’s surface that skip distance
a sky wave is returned to earth

13 super refraction ducting

14 commonly used for LNA tunnel diode

15 channels 2, 4, 5, are low band VHF

16 filter used for channel 2 to 13 band-reject filter

17 frequency for reverberation 500 Hz

18 space noise is observable at what range of frequencies 8 to 1.43 GHz

19 a mechanism or device which enables the TC camera to move pan/tilt device

in lateral and tilting motion

20 which is the first component of any MATV system to receive antenna

broadcast signals

21 time duration for horizontal trace 52 us

22 listing of the date and time of events, program etc malfunction log
and corrections in comm. Systems

23 the CCIR transmission standards for FM sound broadcast at Rec. 450.1

VHF

24 which of the class station is a regional channel class III-B

25 CCIR standards for internal exchange of programmes on film rec. 265.6

for television

26 The channel for cable TV range frequency 5.75 – 11.75 MHz T-1

27 The permissible power in kW of station II-A during nighttime is 0.25 – 50

28 MPEG -4 uses what media format Divx

29 Glass tube of TWT in coating the aquadag _______ Provide attenuation

30 Maximum deviation ratio for TM 5

31 TV frequency band of channel 9 186 – 192 MHz

32 A means of beyond the line of sight propagation of UHF Troposcatter

signals propagation

33 Jet thrusters are usually fired to maintains the altitude

34 The main function of a communication satellite is as a/an repeater

35 A satellite stays in orbit because the following two factors are gravitational force and
balanced the centrifugal force

36 The maximum distance of an apogee of the ISS 358 km

37 What modulation is normally used with digital data? QPSK

38 When the satellite are spaced 4 degrees of the 360 degrees 90

complete circle, how many parking space or orbit slots are
available

39 In ITU frequency allocation, the earth is divided into 3

40 What is the lifetime of ILDs? 50,000 hrs

41 Light goes from medium A to medium B at an angle of is less than that in A

incidence of 40degrees, the angle of refraction is 30 degrees.
The speed of light in B

42 In a vacuum, the speed of an electromagnetic wave is a universal constant

43 Distance near skip distance should be used for sky wave to prevent sky-wave
propagation and upper
ray interference

44 Frequencies in the UHF range normally propagate by means o space wave

45 Tropospheric scatter is used with frequencies in the following UHF

range

46 light of which the following has the shortest wavelength blue

(red,yellow,blue,green)

47 when a beam light enters one medium from another, a quality frequency
that never changes is its
48 a means of beyond the line of sight propagation of UHF troposcatter
signals propagation

49 type of radio wave responsible for long distance sky wave

communication by multi skips is the

50 System network Architecture uses what protocol SDLC

51 EDGE stand for Enhanced Data Rates

for Global Evolution

52 AM type of emission A3

53 Vestigial sideband emission C3F

54 Fiber optics range of temperature during installation 0 – 60 degrees celcius

55 Range of Bluetooth 10 meters

56 Using GSM for EDGE, the date transfer rate is _____kbps 384

57 Multiplexing used for GSM, 1800 and 1900 MHz CDMA

58 Most commercial satellite activity occurs in which band C and Ku

59 when a magnetic field is parallel to the surface of the earth, vertical

what is the polarization

60 when a electric field is perpendicular to the surface of the vertical

earth, what is the polarization

61 local exchange area defined by the NTC that shares the same local exchange service
local exchange rates area

62 A sub-discipline of acoustics, it is the study of how sound is Transduction

generated

63 States the regulations on radio stations and communications Act no. 3846

64 Frequency band of TDM 1900-1920 MHz ; 2010-

2025 MHz

65 Numerical value of the gain of a n isotropic antenna 1.66

66 Maximum frequency deviation for FM 75 KHz

67 Frequency for color black 2300 Hz

68 Speech coding of 3G system Adaptive multirate

69 Waveguide used by lower cut-off frequency piston

is _____ attenuator
70 Frequency band of industrial, scientific and medical purpose is 2.40 to 2.48
___ to ___ GHz

71 Class of radio station with 100kW effective radiated power class C

72 Determining the amplitude of an FM sideband requires Bessel function

73 SAW device can be used as filter

74 Cordless phones beyond 300 ft uses how much power 10 W

75 Not an advantage of LEO satellites for wireless media it uses digital signaling
technique

76 Wi-Fi use single carrier, direct

sequence

77 Not a major section of laser monitor

78 Noise reduction coefficient at perfect absorption 1.0

79 In fiber optics, splicing active

80 Category 6 UTP has how many twisted pair 4

81 Advantage of PCM over PAM superior noise

immunity

82 How long is a 1Mbit image is transmitted using ISDN(64kbps) 120s

83 In power class E1, the nominal power radiated is ___ dBm 33

84 The ionosphere is a region of ionized gas in the upper long-distance radio

atmosphere. The ionosphere is responsible for communications

85 The main power source for a satellite are solar cells

86 Most commercial satellite activity occurs in which band C and Ku

87 Common Frequency used for Handy Phone 1.9 GHz

88 The lowest amount of frequency resolution

89 The television picture tube magnetic field can be used for beam focusing and
beam deflection

90 AM image signal is rejected prior to the mixer stage

91 The frequency of oscillation by a magnetron is mainly the dimension of each

determined by cavity resonator

92 In accordance with ITU specifications, the rate of the 0.95

dispersion with wavelength for a a single mode fiber must be
 less than _____- ps/nm^2/km

93 Threshold point of QPSK is plus minus 0.875

94 Citizen frequency band radio service is _____ 26.965 – 27.405 MHz

95 ____ GHz/km 50 - 100

96 is a signalling message transmitted from the data Clear to send

communications equipment (DCE) indicating to the data
terminal equipment (DTE) that it may begin data transmission

97 9-10

98 Videotext

99 30

Notes 13: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module

13
# Questions Answers

1 T-1 carrier service has ___digital bit rate 1.544 Mbps

2 The most widely used microwave antenna is a Horn antenna

3 The wavelength of visible light extends from 400 – 750nm

4 In FM fax, the frequency for black and white are ____ 1500 and 2300 Hz
respectively

5 Which of the following is used to measure SWR Reflectometer

6 What causes splatter interference Overmodulation

7 A certification issued by the NTC for SRRS radio equipment Type Acceptance
complying to the SRRS technical standards and specifications, certification
where equipment has already been type approved by the
administration whose certification is acceptable and whose
process does not require laboratory testing

8 Using the TE mode, microwave power can only be transmitted the wide dimension is
in free rectangular guide provided greater than one-half
of the wavelength in
free space

9 Velocity factor of coaxial cables vary from 0.6 to 0.8

10 Refers to the local exchange service area where the telephone urban
density is 1 per 100 inhabitants and shall be based on the
 telephone density target from the approved National Telephone
Development Plan (NTDP), expressed as main station per 100
persons

11 ____ theory is deciding between a set of hypotheses when Estimation

given a collection of imperfect measurements

12 What type of connector arrangement where in a costumer may TPS

move to another location and still retain the same telephone
number

13 Propagation of electromagnetic waves often called radio- Free space optics

frequency [RF] propagation or simply radio propagation

14 The planned European Satellite Navigation System known as 30

Galileo has ___ no. of constellation satellites

15 The most commonly used LNA in satellite transponder is ___ Tunnel

diode

16 It suggests that there is more than one transmission path or Diversity

method of transmission available a transmitter and a receiver

17 The IF bandwidth of a radar receiver is inversely proportional to Pulse width

18 The chrominance processing circuits can be deactivated when Color killer

monochrome broadcasts are received by the __

19 Which of the following is the color video signal with bandwidth I

of 1.3 MHz?

20 What is the broadcast frequency band used in short-wave HF

broadcasting reception?

21 a source of internal noise Thermal agitation

22 _____ is an antenna array which is highly directional at right Broadside array

angles to the plane of the array?

23 What is the effect if the gain level being too high for signals Distortion and splatter
entering the modulator?

24 Demodulation of the audio signal is done by the ___ Discriminator

25 For class B-1 FM broadcast stations, the maximum ERP 5, 200

allowed is __ kw with an antenna height limited to __ feet
above average terrain

26 Infrared technology is used to implement wireless LANs as well 750 and 950 nm
as the wireless interface to connect laptops and other portable
 machines to desktop computer equipped with an infrared
transceiver. What wavelength band is used by the typical
infrared LANs?

27 The ITU-T recommendation for error detection and correction V.42

for asynchronous transmission

28 A mode that exists in fiber optics when the magnetic field is TM mode
perpendicular to the direction of propagation but there is a
small component of electric field in this direction

29 The perigee of the international space station 349km

30 A traditional cable TV channel that belongs to FM band A-5

31 The three major types of demodulators Foster-Seely,

Quadrature, PLL

32 Most common IF carrier frequency 70Mhz

33 In microwave communication, what concepts may be used to Fresnel zone

analyze interference by obstacles near the path of a radio
beam?

34 Rayleigh Scaterring Loss at 8020 nm has a typical value of ___ 2.5dB

35 The data rate of information transfer of mobile devices using 1 Mbps

“Bluetooth”

36 How many octaves is the frequency range 1 to 8 Mhz? 3

37 In accordance with existing provision of law and the KBP rules 16

and regulations, all station shall actively promote the growth
and the development of Filipino music by playing ___ every 4
hours

38 Precise scanning and linearity are most important in single-tube color

39 Which of the following is false? A fully saturated color

is mostly white

40 In an FM-phone signal, what is the term for the maximum Deviation ratio
deviation from the carrier frequency divided by the maximum
audio modulating frequency?

41 Snow in a TV picture is a result of Random noise

42 Time to travel one nautical mile 6.18microseconds

43 microchip that attach of the antenna Radio frequency

 identification tag

44 balls that is attach to the antenna wings To provide corona

discharge

45 24 Galileo satellite 4 simultaneous

receiver

46 PSK or QAM modulation in fax Group 3

47 time to transmit 81/2 X 11 in fax 2 minutes

48 advantage of heterodynes To have high

sensitivity and
selectivity

49 D.O. 88 Radio station

construction permit

50 D.O. 88, DMPST Amateur, paging in

UHF or VHF band

51 paging in cellular To inform calling from

other mobile

52 optical fiber Maximum distance

between repeaters

53 fresnel reflection in optical fiber loss Return loss

54 where will the loading coil be put Near the center of

vertical reflector

55 resistance loss in glass 292 ohms

56 NTC allocated frequency, as of November Telemetry

57 stripping effect Leaky mode

58 maximum bend of a optical fiber 7.5m

59 reverse transmission direction Line turn around

60 called a fishing rod Small rod supports

the microphone

61 when in crowded or noisy place, it is better to use two ears Cocktail party
than covering one

62 translate ACII, 9,600 bit/ sec 9,600 word/min

63 ILS system An instrument in
aircraft provides two
separation

64 spread spectrum fee per 1MHz P500,000

65 wavelength of infrared 780-950 nm

66 ratio of dummy 1:1

67 allotted for rural 1000 Hz

68 channel 11 211.25

69 channel 44 651.25

70 frequency in ship and coastal 500

71 provides number of new computer Computer telephone

integrator

72 steerable parabolic antenna Radar lock

73 minimum gain of channel 13 22dB

74 separation in 2GHz 90cm

75 horizontal resolution of broadcasting 428

76 spread spectrum increment 30Hz

77 sonnet sts-I 51.84

78 transfer from laptop to workplace Cellular digital packet

data

79 intensity of sound per 1000Hz 0.0001 picowatts

80 in the IRR, radio transmitter in maritime general calling should Radio silence during
observe silent period

81 optical fiber range from approximately one times ten raised to 14, 15
__ to one times ten raised to __

82 resolution of the picture color tv Frequency response

of the video

83 form of single sideband emission when carrier are suppressed Reduced carrier
single band emission

84 three dimension turn to one direction Waveguide

85 asynchronous bit timing Syncopated

86 channel 7 178.83

87 electronic method to oppose unwanted noise Active noise control

88 ITU Has larger bandwidth

and …

89 Referred as a break in optical fiber Cleave

90 Marconi beacon 75Mhz

91 Bluetooth can support ___ simultaneously in 10m radius 8

92 Travel time in 5km distance 10 minutes

93 Purpose of AFC in FM To maintain oscillator

frequency

94 uses low frequency OMEGA

95 discriminator as a second detector Doppler

96 data link layer To establish and

maintain link

97 Multiple sources each converted to a same frequency TDM

98 Automatic moving of antenna smart antenna

99 access method in Ethernet CSMA/CD

100 The OSI layer that manage traffic on the link Data link layer

Notes 14: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module

14
# Questions Answers

1 What is indicated by blinking in an LORAN system? An error occurred in

transmission

2 The primary coating of an optical fiber has a core diameter of 250-750

_____ microns

3 The core diameter of a single-mode fiber optic available in 8 – 10 µm

the market

4 Velocity that is the speed with which a constant phase is Group velocity
seen to be moving as a group
5 Dead Reckoning (DR) system used by helicopters Doppler Reference
Navigational System

6 Number of transponders of Philippine Agila II 30 transponders

7 Device used to connect non-ISDN equivalent to ISDN line Terminal adapter

8 The bandwidth used by CDMA system 1.23 MHz

9 Superband is located above channel ___ 13

10 Chrominance subcarrier frequency 1.8 MHz

11 Range of VHF transmitters 54 – 216 MHz

12 Angstrom is equal to __ 10-4 µm

13 In CATV systems, the visual carrier is located at ___ 1.25 MHz

14 According to NTC 03-03-2005A or the Rules and Regulations P200

on Broadcast Messaging Service,Telcos with violations will
have a penalty of ____per subscriber

15 Department Order no.88, of MNTSC requires the supervision 6

of an ECE in the operation and maintenance of a total of ___
stations or any other type of land stations

16 ”cross-link”, the distance between two geostationary satellite 60,000

(note: “crosslink” not sure.sorry)

17 Satellites that are newly launched have solar cells capable of 520
supplying ___ watts

18 According to NTC 03-11-2005 or Registration of VoIP Service P5 million

Providers and Resellers, Voip providers shall give as a
performance bond, amounting to____

19 The carrier frequency of FM station channel 288 105.5MHz

20 Camer lens aperture can be made smaller by “stopping half

down” the iris to an effective diameter of about 1/sqrt of 2
reduces light by ____

21 A sensor where external stimuli is used, allows to change Birefringence sensor

optical path lengths, and also in the
reinforcement/cancellations of light waves at the photo-
detector

22 A type of transmission that uses the connecting medium as a Broadband

multi-channel device transmission
23 A device used to connect different LANs to a common gateway
network

24 The power loss due to fusion splice 0.01dB to 0.1dB

25 The part of the ear that is auditory and has fluids cochlea

26 The pitch to density relationship is given by: the change in inversely proportional
frequency is ____ to the sqrt of change in
density

27 A sensor wherein the birefringence is directly proportional to Kerr cell

the square of electric field

28 The minimum gain of channel 11 CATV 22dB

29 Interlacing used for pre-ISDN standard for basic rate access R interlace
for ISDN environment

30 VSAT operates at what band? C-band

31 What is the most appropriate description for an ILS system? An aeronautical radio
navigational system
that contains two
information related to
the runway

32 Which is not a hybrid analog and digital modulation Continuous-phase

technique? modulation

33 A modulation wherein a train of pulses Delta modulation

34 What is measured in an OMEGA system? phase

35 For a satellite in orbit, the two parameters must be balanced. Gravitational pull and
These are ___ inertia

36 To stabilize a satellite in orbit, this is used thruster

37 Broadcast station towers are painted __ White and orange

38 The superposition of two TEM wave mode

39 Mirror-like reflection, a single direction of light when reflected specular

becomes a single outward reflection, this phenomenon is
called

40 Camera lens that uses lead oxide plumbonic

41 What height of an ionized layer is determined from the time Virtual height
interval between the transmission signal and ionospheric
 echo at vertical incidence?

42 A noise that lowers intensity with frequency Flicker

43 An extraneous bit is added to the bit stream by a noise Glitch

source

44 Cause of slow rising white “hum bars” in the television Bad filter

45 In error correction and detection, a process where additional hamming code

bits are included in the bit stream

46 Any subscribed or unsolicited message sent to a user without Push message

his/her consent and is sent by PTE or CP

47 The user tells all callers that the terminal is unavailable Absent-user service

48 A type of filter that allows below and above frequencies bandstop

49 Not included component Synchronizing signal

analyzer

50 Which diode is a popular microwave oscillator? gunn diode

51 Advantage of TWT over Klystron Wider bandwidth

52 For proper operation, a magnetron must be accompanied by permanent magnet

a

53 In wireless transmission, it is considered as medium range IEEE 802.11

54 The camera control unit is located____ At the control room

console

55 It is used to demagnetize TV sets degaussing coil

56 Degaussing coil is located__ around the tube face

57 Burst noise is also known as____ Popcorn noise

58 Pulsed radar sets are used to find___ Range and bearing

59 Number of windows in an optical fiber that is available now 111

60 Firewire can connect together up to ____peripherals 63

61 At max sunspot activity, electrons/cm3 in E layer increases 50%

by___

62 An antenna that can receive TEM wave polarized in all Helical

direction
63 Least luminous efficiency Low wattage light bulb

64 Shortening effect of an antenna that makes it appear as if it End effect

were 5% longer

65 An antenna that is mounted on aircrafts Skin antenna

66 What is the theoretical gain of a Hertzian dipole? 1.76dB

67 If the reflecting surface of a parabolic antenna has only negligible effect

accumulated layers of dirt, what is the effect of this?

68 When ½ of line scanning is used for scanning odd and even Exact interlacing
lines

69 If a mirror cannot be adjusted to view everything, one way to shorter focal length
overcome this is by changing to

70 Typical Speech power 10-1000µW

71 The industry that includes the design, operation and Aerospace

implementation with regards to space and air

72 Multiple access used by DECT TDMA

73 The area in which no interference-free primary service is White area

given by a licensed Broadcast Station

74 Replaces PDH SONET

75 Standard Noise temperature in Fahrenheit 62.6

76 First geosynchronous satellite launched in 1963 Syncom II

77 The Angle of I signal(broadcasting-color) 57deg

78 Earth’s base station output power to space 20kW

79 What do you call… 90deg at nose of ship on starboard beam

80 Measured quantity in Doppler speed

81 Frequency range of channel 11 198-204 MHz

82 Core diameter of step index multimode fiber 0.2 Angstrom

83 Land mobile service beamwidth 60

84 According to Act 3486, the maximum penalty for a person P6000 & 6years
who commits three offenses are___

85 Luminance(Y) combination 30% red 59% Green 11%

 Blue

86 NTSC standard sub-carrier frequency (color TV) 3.5795MHz

87 Scintillation occurs at what frequencies 4 and 6GHz

88 For sound carrier not to overlap with higher visual carrier, it 13-17 dB
must be attenuated by___

89 Limits the 3 dimension propagation to only a single direction waveguide

90 Sunspot occurs every how many years 11

91 The part of EM wave that affects matter when it comes in electric field
contact

92 It is the propagation by reflection instead of conduction waveguide

93 Ear is sensitive at what frequency 1-5kHz

94 Camera output signal without sync____ Non composite video

95 Frequency allocation

96 Number of bits present in 16 combinations 4

97 Solar cells are used for satellite power requirements. During Nicad
eclipse, ____ batteries are used as back-up

98 Photonics are used in very large frequencies, mainly in the Terahertz

range of ____

99 A type of microphone wherein a tiny amplifier is built into it Condenser

during casting that is called head amplifier

100 The part of a fax machine, which consists of rectilinear ribs, Writing Bar
determines the position of the scanning lines of record
medium

Notes 15: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module

15
# Questions Answers

1 One synch bit for every after 7bits invert-on-zero

2 Bluetooth 802.15

3 Bluetooth throughput 723 kbps

4 Bluetooth uses what multiple access spread spectrum

5 SPADE uses QPSK

6 Fast Ethernet 10 Mbps uses Manchester Coding

7 Not 3G TD/CDMA

8 3G October 2000 CDMA2000 1X

9 IPS Radio and Satellite System Australia T index

10 Try to send at baseband network cable contention

11 Sending at baseband network cable collision

12 Satellite 10-100 kg Microsat

13 Spacecraft problem Satellite Anomaly

14 Satellite actual user information Satellite Payload

15 Commonly used has lesser number of bit than not commonly Huffman Code
used

16 AM uses nonlinear devices

17 ITU designation J SSBSC(Single

Sideband Suppressed
Carrier)

18 WIFI with broadband data rate EDGE

19 Broadband data rate 2 Mbps

20 Telephone current 20 – 80 mA

21 Telephone ring 90 V, 20 kHz

22 WIFI 802.11b

23 2 or more antennas at same frequency Space diversity

24 Type of diversity same as space diversity with two antennas Polarization

25 Backup for 11 or more Diversity Protection

26 Designated backup for each Hot-Standby

Protection

27 SRRS planning 12.5 kHz

28 Terrestrial Digital TV 32.28 Mbps

29 DVD laser diodes wavelength 650 nm

30 Prime meridian ITU

31 Highly elliptical orbit Molniya of Russia

32 Vertical and horizontally polarized but unequal magnitudes elliptical

33 T1 interleaving method Word Interleaving

34 E1 uses frame alignment bit rate 28 kbps

35 Capture range for 0 deg. Elevation 42.5 %

36 Facsimile Photodetector

37 Fiber optic light source with narrow emission ILD (Injection Laser
Diodes)

38 Naturalness 80 – 8000 Hz

39 Monoaural 160 – 8000 Hz

40 Useful information capacity throughput

41 Binary 6 zero coding T2

42 First Philippine Satellite launched Aug. 19, 1997

43 MP2 to HDTV ratio 55 to 1

44 Microwave repeater angle should be set to small

45 Using fundamentals of light Photonics

46 Plastic cladding, glass core PCS

47 Measuring of band of sound pressure level All of the above

48 Advantages of SSB AM to AM All of the above

49 The relation of index of refraction of core and clad index of refraction of

core is greater than
clad

50 Sideband power comes from modulating amplifier

51 Class of FM with antenna 500 in height Class B

52 Mobile phones with GPRS and GSM functions but manually Class C
interchanged

53 Natural Sampling do not use Sample and Hold

Circuit
54 Spectral splitting due to strong magnetic fields Zeeman Effect

55 Waveguide, superposition of two planar waves mode

56 Provides ITU all over the world GPS

57 3GSM 3GPP

58 Voice frequency transmission disadvantage Interference

59 QAM disadvantage incompatibility with

receivers

60 Bad frames are detected by link layer

61 Parallel resonant LC circuit Input impedance

62 Downtime / (downtime + uptime) unavailability

parameter

63 CSMA / CD to detect collisions

64 Most important Parameter of uWave Systems C/N

65 Reflective upper atmosphere Heaviside-Kennelly

66 Square of period is proportional to cube of distance harmonic law

67 AM double sideband designation A

68 High velocity of rotating video heads to increase write

speed

69 Image frequency frequency is added

below and above the
local oscillator which
is equal to
intermediate
frequency

70 Padders on receivers to improve tracking

71 Flicker noise greater at low

frequency

72 Granular noise happens when the signal does

not change

73 Base station/Cell site to mobile unit forward link

74 Test for intelligibility Articulation test

75 Percent of correct syllables articulation efficiency

76 Percentage to be considered in articulation test to be 100 % 80 %

intelligent

77 Analog mobile comm. Fastest data rate AMPS

78 Square wave harmonics odd

79 8PSK has degrees separation 45 degrees

80 Hard-to-get stations Dxing

81 100% modulation, RF amp voltage 4 times voltage

82 Sound is 0.5 of power compared to picture to minimize

interference

83 VLF antenna is impractical miles in length

84 Mysterious radio wave propagation that occurs in the equator transequatorial

at minimum sunspot

85 FM modulation index increases with phase

deviation, decreases
with modulation
frequency

86 EHF millimetric waves

87 Antenna parameters interchangeable between antenna and reciprocity principle

receiver

88 Back porch 5.9 microseconds

89 Measuring absorption coefficient impedance tube

matching

90 Space diversity domain vertical domain

91 Deriving FM from PM integrate the PM wave

before modulation

92 Considered as loss in transmission systems fade margin

93 The difference between driver and terminator noise margin

94 Depends on the direction of magnetic field not on its magnitude Alfven wave

95 Near region one wavelength

96 Superframes consist of how many frames 12

97 Magnetic field intensity at equator 32,000nT

98 Category of isdn digital service which is additional services Supplementary

99 Transmission planning which is approaching to a zero via net pulse

transmission loss

100 Pulse “Blanked” out and is invisible in the receiver blanking pulse

Notes 16: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module

16
# QUESTIONS ANSWERS

1 A doctoral degree is equivalent to how many additional credit 45

units upon the completion of the degree

2 The band of frequencies allocated to cable television relay 12.17 to 13.20 Ghz
services by the NTC by

3 Low-power proximity readers for RFID tags have effective 500mW

radiated power not exceeding

4 Unauthorized servicing is any service rendered to alter the ___ IMEI

number or code of any mobile phone unit

5 As specified by the NTC, each Voip service resellers must post a Php 1,000,000
performance bond in the amount of _____ to guarantee the
delivery of VOIP service to the public

6 What section RA 7925 states that Value Added Services (vas) Section 11
providers are exempted from securing from the Philippine
legislature as long as they don’t set up their own network

7 Electronics game providers and developers must secure a 5 years

certificate of registration from NTC, which is valid for a maximum
period of

8 Minimum validity/expiration period of prepaid load php300.00 75days

9 Optical media board has 5 regular members

10 “optical media act of 2003” RA 9239

11 For FM stations outside Metro Manila, what is the primetime 6:00 am to 8:00pm
block

12 For radio station outside Metro Manila, program interrupted for 6

 the airing of commercials must not exceed ___ breaks in every
program hour

13 IEEE designation of iso-enet (isochronous Ethernet) IEEE 802.9A

14 Fast token ring, also called as high speed token ring uses the 100
standard token ring topology, protocols, and media access
control but runs at ___ Mbps

15 IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet

16 In what year did ITU-T adopted v.42 recommendation for error 1988
detection modems

17 All modem standards has maximum symbol rate of 2400 except v.34

18 Refers to videoconferencing standards ITU H.26

19 Fourth symbol used in emission Details of signals

20 Collegiate body that possesses through its member a thorough IFRB

knowledge of radio communications and problem of their use

21 Defined under international telecommunication convention, CCIR duties

Nairobi, 1982, first part, chapter 1, article 2, no. 83

22 Collegiate body possesses through its members a thorough International frequency

knowledge of radio communications and the problem of their use registration board

23 CCITT formed in 1956

24 CCITT study group number 17 Data transmission over

the telephone network

25 CCIR study group is responsible for broadcasting service – sound 10

26 CCIR study group responsible for fixed satellite services Study group 4

27 CCITT structure has a numbers of study groups that provides the Study group 17
networks classification or specialization for developing the
recommendations

28 CCITT study group responsible for the definition and operational Study group 1
aspect of telegraph and user services

29 CIRR study group dealing with particular aspect of radio Study group 11
communications
30 Ds-1 signal consist of ____ channels in multiplexed 24

31 Refers to software type that helps group of people to work Groupware

together

32 FDDI assumes a maximum of 1000 stations and a ___ kilometers 120

path that requires a repeater every 2 kilometers

33 Another name for IP switches can message based on their Layer 3switches
network layer address

34 ___- can understand several different network layer protocols Multiprotocol router

35 Connects network with different data link protocols and simply Encapsulating bridge
surround a packet using one protocol

36 Type of switches examines the destination of the incoming packet Cut through switches
and immediately connecting the port with the incoming message
to the correct outgoing port

37 Developed TCP/IP Vinton cerf and bob kahn

38 Developed TCP/IP for US department of

Defense

39 Fiber channel class of service also called connection less Class 2

40 Fiber class channel of services where a virtual circuit is Class1

established that is guaranteed to provide the requested data
transmission

41 Another name for ATM Cell relay

42 Atm class of service means that the data transmission rate in the VBR-RT
circuit will vary and that the application is tolerant of delays

43 Atm class of service means that the data transmission rate in the VBR-NRT
circuit will vary but that all cells received must be switched
immediately upon arrival

44 Fiber optic able is much lighter weighing less than __ pounds per 10
1000 feet

45 Cable modems use in tv system and provide data rates 3 and 50 Mbps

46 Impedance of RG 11 cable 75
47 Minimum run length of RG 11 700 meters

48 Impedance of RG-58/U 50

49 Typical loss of RG-59 cable per 100 meter at 5Mhz 2.25

50 Impedance of RG-59 75

51 RS485 can support up to how may devices on one twisted pair 32

52 CCIR group that deals with sound broadcasting service 10

53 CCIR study group that deals with television broadcasting service 11

54 Audio portion of video tape has a bandwidth of 50 to 10 kHz

55 Video information using mpeg 2 data compression can be 55:1

reduced in a ratio of

56 Mpeg- 2 data compression can reduced the amount of High 55 :1

definition TV data by

57 Frame per second are there in a low level mpeg 2 30

58 Cctv system, monitoring, image of person must not be less than 5%

59 CCTV system, detection, 10%

60 CCTV system, recognition 50%

61 Typical wavelength for cctv lighting units 715 – 850 nm

62 Camera housing index of IP, protection against dirt and dust only IP50

63 Camera housing protection against dirt, dust and moisture IP66

64 Refers to the technology provide enormous storage capacity be SCSI technology

daisy-chaining hard disk

65 Technology where hard disk are grouped into arrays to provide RAID technology
enormous storage

66 Equivalent IRE of 0.3 Vsync pulse 42 IRE

67 For video signals, noise figure less than ___ will result to 40 db
unacceptable amounts of noise
68 S-VHS 400

69 VHS 240

70 Which office class is the local central office? 5

71 If the code word is only 4 bits for a T1 system with a frame of 193 48
bits, how many channels can be transmitted?

72 The no. of frame alignment bits in DS-1 1

73 Modems use what type of modulation  Phase modulation

 Frequency
modulation
 Amplitude
modulation

74 Pulse dialing rate 10 pulse per second

75 added performance feature of modern modems 56000 bps

76 Coaxial cable for distribution systems has an impedance 75

77 Noise generated by TDM carrier is ____ that generated analog Much less than
carrier system

78 The line speed of bell system T1 carrier system is 1.544 Mbps

79 ABS-CBN effective radiate power 346.2 kw

80 Backporch period for horizontal sync 5.9 micro sec

81 Front porch period for horizontal sync 1.2 micro sec

82 Impedance UMT cable 75

83 Measure using Physical orientation, appearance (keyword lng) Geometric datum

84 Presidential decree OMB PD 1986

 85 Year turned of SA for better sensitive effectient of GPS system 2000

86 Founded IEEE 1963

87 Communication _____ fast it generates.... Speed

88 Wide area network x.25

89 Greater antenna Greater transmit

capacity

90 FDDI maximum stations 1000

Notes 17: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module

17

1. ATM used for video, voice and distance learning application where time is important
Constant bit rate
2. ATM service used where no service guarantees are required (email and file transfer)
Unspecified bit rate
3. ATM used for applications that require data transfer and distributed file service
Available Bit rate
4. ATM used for applications having end systems that can recover from variable traffic
rats and small cell losses
Real-time Variable Bit Rate
5. Transferred electron bulk occurs in
Gallium Arsenide
6. Tropospheric scatter
UHF
7. IRIDUIM satellite network has how many spot beams?
48
8. Booth for TV observers (sponsors and VIPs)
Fish bowl
9. Frames per second in the US TV system
30
10. Intercarrier frequency in US color TV system
4.5 MHz
11. Number of lines per field in the US TV system
262.5 MHz
12. Lines per second in US TV system
15 750
13. Channel width in US TV system
6 MHz
14. Sets the standard for the computer languages, electrical specifications, communication
protocol, etc.
ANSI
15. Threshold current of laser
50 mA
16. International standard for optical connector and all the test standards
IEC
17. What IEC laser classification is very dangerous that even reflections are hazardous and
the direct beam can cause fires and skin injury?
Class 4
18. What IEC laser classification where visible lasers with output within the visible spectrum
of 400 to 700 nm can be found?
Class 2
19. Normal operating current of lasers used in FO
70 mA
20. Frames shorter than 64 bytes, invalid for Ethernet network
Runts
21. VF channel passband
0 – 4000 Hz
22. Electronic equipment that connects the downlink to the receiving site
Final mile or last mile
23. Electronic equipment that connects point of origin to the uplink
First mile
24. Asynchronous transmission has low-speed transmission less than ____kbps.
2.4
25. Nominal value of the dial pulse break interval in millisecond in the US is
60
26. To separate channels in TDM
AND gate
27. Difference between sound carrier and color subcarrier frequency
0.92 MHz
28. PIN diode
Microwave switch
29. In ISDN, what H-channel is designed for a variety of user-information functions,
including enhanced video, compressed high definition television and telecasting?
H4-channel
30. In ISDN, how many more times is the speed of the H-O channel compared to the B-
channel rate?
6
31. Category of ISDN digital services supports transfer of information without the network
knowing or manipulating the content of the information?
Bearer services
32. ISDN assigned to telemetry and packet switched data
C-Channel
33. What category of ISDN digital services act at layer 4 to 7 of the OSI model and
accommodate more complex data transfer needs?
Teleservices
34. The ISDN B-channel, which carries the subscriber communication, operates at what
synchronous data rate?
64 kbps
35. GG is a CATV hyperband channel. What is its frequency band
336 – 342 MHz
36. A unit of luminance and a measurement of reflected brightness, used in describe light
output of projection TV screens
Foot Lambert
37. When an electromagnetic waves are reflected at an angle from a wall, their wavelength
along the wall is _____ the actual direction of propagation.
Greater than
38. In loose tube fiber design, optic fiber is up to _____ longer than the tube.
1%
39. Non-resonant antenna
Rhombic antenna
40. In negative transmission, what is the relative amplitude of the modulated picture carrier
wave for maximum white?
12.5%
41. In negative transmission, what is the relative amplitude of the modulated picture carrier
wave for black in the picture?
67.5%
42. In negative transmission, what is the relative amplitude of the modulated picture carrier
wave for blacking level?
75%
43. In negative transmission, what is the relative amplitude of the modulated picture carrier
wave for the tip of sync?
100%
44. The baud rate is equal to ______ the bandwidth in ideal channel.
twice
45. In satellite communication, what is the most powerful and popular subset of linear block
codes because encoding and decoding can be implemented by using simple shift registers?
Cyclic code
46. Firewire developed by Apple Computer
IEEE 1394
47. What international standard for structured cabling concentrates on system and
methods?
ISO
48. In synchronous network, what is recognized international standard?
SDH
49. CATV midband channel
H
50. FCC zones govern the separation of broadcasting stations within each zone. In zone 1,
the minimum co-channel separation is ______ miles for VHF channels and ________ miles
for UHF.
170, 155
51. Important class of nonbinary BCH class code in which the symbols are blocks of bits
Reed-Solomon code
52. GIF compression is lossless, supports transparency but allows a max of _____ colors
only
256
53. What type of transmitter has been replaced by the use of microphones in many modern
telephones?
Carbon
54. Switching system improves the _____ of the data transfer.
Efficiency
55. Gray scale is usually divided into ______ steps.
10
56. EBICON
Electron Bombardment Induced Conductivity
57. Multitone ringing generator
Anti-tinkle Circuitry
Output amplifier
Tone generation
58. ISDN channel type is reserved conventional analog telephone communication
A-Channel
59. Circuit that conform to ITU-T recommendations G.703 and G.704 for a primary rate
operating at 2.048 Mbps?
CEPT-E1
60. FDDI
100 Mbps
61. For low attenuation, the best transmission medium is _____ waveguide.
Rectangular
62. A 35mm frame of film that measures 36 x 24 mm has aspect ratio of ____.
3:2
63. CATV midband channel range
162 – 168 MHz
64. The wavelength of a wave in a waveguide is _______ in free space.
Lesser than
65. Key element for both ISDN access and Intelligent Network Access
Signaling
66. What internet firewall uses the IP address and TCP port number to decide if a packet
can pass through the routers?
Packet filter
67. What Internet Firewall uses a comparison-based where a packet technique under
filtering is compared with the saved state of the previously forwarded packets?
Dynamic Firewall
68. Basic group B
60 – 108 MHz
69. Horizontal scan rate for NTSC system
15.734 KHz
70. Public-key encryption method used for email
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)
71. Video Conferencing standard for PSTN
H.320
72. Multiband HF antenna
Log periodic antenna
73. Microwave link repeaters are typically ______ apart because of earth curvature
50 km
74. Latency in voice communication ... delay over
100 ms
75. Horizontal scan rate for the NTSC system
63.556 ms
76. Protocols may be ______ oriented
Bit, character, byte
77. If the antenna diameter in a radar system is increased by a factor of 4 the maximum
range will be increased by a factor of ____.
4
78. What laser specification is quoted only in a typical value?
wavelength
79. In FO, ________-size cables have counts increasing in multiples of 6 or 8 to give sizes
of 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36.
medium
80. E4 bit rate
139.264 Mbps
81. Microprocessor require in order to work with a telephone circuit
ROM and RAM
82. The operating temperature of lasers in FO is typically from ______ to ______ degrees
Celsius.
-5, 65
83. How many different tones may be produced by a 4-column keypad?
16
84. Filter used for SSB generation
Mechanical
85. Bit rate of frame alignment of E1 system
28 kbps
86. Symmetrical DSL was developed to provide high speed communications on a single
cable pair, but at distances n greater than ________ feet.
10,000
87. Max deviation of FM sound signal
25KHz
88. Pretty Good Privacy(Internet security) based on
Rivest-Shamir Adleman Algorithm
89. # of Unique tones for a 12-key dual-tone multi-frequency keypad
7
90. Typical response time of light detector in FO
3.5 ns
91. Antenna best excited by waveguide
Horn
92. Transport capacity of SONET virtual tributary frame (VT1.5)
1.728 Mbps
93. Percent power saving, if carrier of a 100% modulated AM is suppressed
66.66%
94. What category of ISDN digital services adds an additional layer including reverse
charge, call waiting, message handling and etc.
Supplementary Services
95. Transfer electron bulk modulus occurs in ______________.
Gallium Arsenide
96. In radar, the transmitter power is increased by a factor of 16, the maximum range will be
increased by a factor of __________.
2
97. Iridium satellite network has _____ number of spot beams?
48
98. What are the functions provided by the multi-frequency ringer generator?
Output Amplifier, Tone Generator, Anti-Tinkle
99. The voice frequency channel passband?
0-4000Hz
100. Normal operating current of laser in fiber optics.
70mA
What matters most is that when you are really doing your part. =b

Notes 18: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module

18
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. The frame alignment format for DS-1 signal contains 1 bit
2. The line coding scheme used for DS-1 signal is Bipolar
3. Circuit that prevents dial pulsing from ringing the bell Anti-tinkle
4. Which office class is the local central office 5
5. Which exchange is used to connect between central offices when a Tandem
direct trunk is not available
6. What component in the telephone set has the primary function of Varistor
compensating for the local loop length
7. What type of receiver is most commonly used in a conventional Electromagnetic
telephone handset
8. What component of the telephone set has the primary function of Induction coil
interfacing the handset to the local loop
9. Pulse Stuffing is used in TDM to __ the transmission rate between Equalize
input channels
10. The nominal value of the dial pulse break interval in milliseconds 60
in US is
11. How many unique tones are used in 12-key dual tone 7
multifrequency keypad
12. A 35 mm frame of film that measures 36 x 24 mm has an aspect 3:2
ratio of
13. The bit rate of TDMA is __kbps 8
14. L600 mastergroup baseband has a bandwidth of ___kHz 2728
15. Minimum illumination recommended for reading is __lx 800
16. What is measured on a circuit where it is correctly terminated but White noise
does not have any traffic
17. Noise when measured across the tip and ring terminals of a 15
network shall be ___dBrnCO
18. What is the highest frequency that can be generated by an 30GHz
IMPATT microwave diode oscillator
19. What is the least expensive connector that is widely used for F-7 type
CATV, VCRs and TV sets
20. What is the typical output voltage of magnetic microphone 1mV
21. What refers to the cost effective standard based wireless solution ZIGBEE
that specifically supports low data rates, low power consumption,
security and reliability and is also known as IEEE 802.15.4?
22. In April 2002, the IEEE published their 802.16 standard for WIMAX
“broadband wireless access” (BWA), more commonly known as ___.
23. What is the gamma of the picture tube of the television? 2.2
24. What is the signal rate of RS 232 normally used as interface 20Kbps
between DTE and DCE?
25. What fiber optic wavelength is used because of an attenuation null 1.3 microns
at the wavelength?
26. What is the standard IF frequency for picture used in TV receivers 45.75 MHz
following NTSC standard?
27. What is the average maximum data rate for fiber optics? 50 Gbps
28. What is the commonly used telephone wire? AWG # 19
29. How many mixers are there in an SSB receiver 2
30. What is the heater voltage of TV receiver picture tube 6.3 V
31. How many oscillators does a black and white TV receiver contain? 2
32. Shadow mask for color TV has about ___ holes 300 000
33. What is the typical value of the velocity factor of an open wire 0.9
transmission line?
34. Which among the IEEE standard refers to the global specification 802.11b
for wireless LAN?
35. What is the width of V blanking pulse? 1333 microseconds
36. What is the width of H blanking 10.2 microseconds
37. What is the GPRS uplinks data rate? 14 kbps
38. Using a single frequency sound wave to produce a 3D image of Acoustic Holography
an object. It is usually viewed on a CRT
39. The audio portion of a videotape has a bandwidth around 50Hz to 10 kHz
40. To avoid interference between adjacent satellites, geostationary 2 degrees
satellites operating in C band must be separated by how many
degrees?
41. The operating frequency range of low frequency CATV amplifier 1 Hz- 150 MHz
42. High frequency range of CATV amplifier 300 MHz- 50 000 MHz
43. What do you call the vertical edge distortion of screen image Barrel effect
44. MPEG-2 data compression can reduce the amount of high- 55 to 1
definition TV data by a ratio of
45. A satellite classified as BIG LEO, which is used for voice and data >10 GHz
services, operates in what range of frequencies?
46. Telstar 1 was considered as the world’s first active 1962
communications satellite. In what year was Telstar 1 launched
47. A telephone, often an 800 toll-free number, which spells Vanity line
something, such as 1-800-EXCELRC is called
48. IMT-2000 is the standard family for 3G mobile communications J-FPLMTS
systems. If it is called UMTS in Europe, what is it called in Japan?
49. The encryption standard is a ____ -bit private key. (unclassified 56
computer data)
50. Types of earth station VSAT, short, long
earth station
51. Long distance data transmission 21 to 4000 ft.
52. Medium distance data transmission More or less 20 ft.
53. Cable modems are used in cable tv systems and provide data 3 and 50 Mbps
rates of typically between
54. In fiber optics, VSR or very short reach is a physical layer 300 m
specification that operates upto 10GHz over distances of less than __
55. The RS-232C has how many pins 25
56. Maximum speed on an RS-232 cable 20kbps
57. Local Multipoint Distribution system (LMDS) is a system 500Mbps
developed for wireless local loop application, supports voice and high
speed interactive data, with the potential to provide bandwidth as
much as ___
58. Most popular standard for communication and connection RS-232
between DCE and DTE
59. Data rate of CSMA/CD 10Mbps
60. Bit rate of DS-1 signal over a T-1 line 1.544Mbps
61. LOS VHF
62. Theoretical range of WIMAX 50km
63. Practical range of WIMAX 3-5miles
64. IEEE 802.15 Bluetooth
65. Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11b
66. GPS was first used in what year 1978
67. 3G bit rate for stationary 2Mbps
68. 3G bit rate for high speed vehicle 144kbps
69. 3G bit rate for slow moving pedestrian 384kbps
70. In fiber optics, LED can provide light output in ___ window All of the above (850
nm, 1300nm, 1550nm)
71. It is the term used to describe a GSM and EDGE based 200kHz GERAN
Radio access network
72. G3 facsimile equipment X.38
73. Group 3 Fax machines ITU-T T.6
74. In PC, infrared port (Infrared serial data link), used to synchronize 1.5Mbps
with other devices. It can provide up to ____
75. When the PLL is locked the phase detector is… 0°
76. Voice channels in DS-2 96
77. Number of groups in supermastergroup (CCITT’s TDM hierarchy) 75
78. Ethernet bit rate for CDMA/CD 10Mbps
79. Teletext is ___ times faster than Telex 50
80. The Hertz antenna is predominantly using frequencies above 2GHz
81. It is the accidental transmission of VHF radio waves beyond the anomalous
horizon that is probably caused by the temperature inversion at the propagation
lower atmosphere
82. Degree of protection of camera enclosure Index of protection
83. 14400bps and 12200bps modem used on four wire leased line V.33
84. _____protocol in X.25 for routing and addressing function similar Packet Layer
to IP
85. The function of the payload pointer is to facilitate synchronous All of the above
operation to minimize network delay and to aid_____
86. In data networks what occurs when the network runs out of Congestion
capacity to pass all data submitted
87. A process that condenses entire NTSC or PAL Video bandwidth Adaptive range
into digital signals that can be recorded on tape coding
88. In a single gun color CRT, What electron beam travels straight Green
through the tube
89. Ratio of the picture quality to the RF bandwidth Bandwidth efficiency
90. Satellite…… Linear…..block and
convolution…
91. Frequency range of fiber optic cable 100-1000THz
92. The gateway is a backbone network device that is operating in the Network layer
____
93. Satellite position 55°
94. …. LPTV operates in the frequency band __ All of the above
95. Frequency range for wifi 11-54Mbps
96. iDEN All of the above
97. Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN) is a mobile All of the above
telecommunications technology, developed by Motorola, which
provides its users the benefits of
98. End-user-to-network interterface(s) in ISDN All of the above
(Basic access,
 primary access,
broadband access)

Notes 19: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module

19

QUESTIONS ANSWERS

1. K index which means “severe storm” K7

2. K index which means extremely severe storm K9

3. DVD standard meaning single sided, single layer DVD-5

4. DVD standard meaning single sided, double layer DVD-9

5. DVD standard meaning double sided, single layer DVD-10

6. DVD standard meaning double sided, double layer DVD-14

7. Blu-ray disc has a capacity of 50GB

8. Wavelength of laser diode light used by DVD 650 nm

9. Time it takes in sending a 1MB image via telephone modem with a 300 sec
speed of 28.8 kbps

10. To avoid interference between adjacent satellites, geostationary 2 degrees

satellites operating in C band must be separated by how many degrees?

11. The unidirectional propagation of a rhombic antenna is caused by its Termination

resistance

12. The radiation … of a grounded vertical antenna can be maximized by Using top hats,
loading coils and
ground radials

“ALL OF THE
ABOVE”

13. Class of mobile phones that can be connected to GPRS and GSM Class C
one at a time

14. Class of mobile phones that can be connected to GPRS and GSM Class A
simultaneously

15. The word “Base” in 10BaseT means the cable carries a

baseband signal
16. 10BaseT cable typically uses RJ45 connector

17. In CSMA/CD, all collisions must be Detected

18. A backbone network equipment that works in the data and network router
layer

19. A point in the orbit of a planet that is farthest from the sun Aphelion

20. Frequency range of Ku-band 12-14 GHz

21. Typically, the velocity factor of the materials used in transmission 0.6-0.9
lines range from

22. The dielectric constants of materials commonly used in transmission 2.8-3.5

lines range from about

23. Typical storage temperature range for fiber optical cable installation -30 to 70 degrees
Celsius

24. Standard diameter for cladding used in the single-mode step-index 125 micrometers
fiber used in communications

25. Standard bending radius during fiber cable installation for external 350 mm
armored fiber cables

26. Weight of fiber optic cable 10 pounds per

1000 feet

27. Connection-oriented, Used to transport large amounts of telephone ATM

and data traffic to allow interoperability between equipment and different
vendors

28. Rate of digital communication that is achievable with single-mode 2GB

step-index fiber

29. Transponder bandwidth used in satellite 36MHz

30. NAVSTAR GPS completes its orbital path in 12 hrs.

31. The low-level signal from the output of a detector is Applied to the AF
amplifier

32. The space craft that brought the first creature to space on November Sputnik 2
3, 1957

33. Time constant of pre-emphasis 75 microseconds

34. “prime time” in Philippine cable television is from 6:00-11:00 PM

35. Frequency range of channel 6 82-88 MHz

36. Regional coding for DVD discs and players used in Asia. Region 3

37. Usual heater voltage for picture tubes used in television 6.3 V

38. Typical anode capacitance of television picture tubes 2000pF

39. Typical voltage of ULTOR for 35-inch TV picture tubes 30kV

40. The maximum noise figure without equalizer for CATV at 54MHz 7.5dB
must be kept at

41. In CCTV system,___ allows the observer to see the location, speed Monitoring
and direction of a person in the field of view. For this purpose, the image
of the person must not be less than 5% of the screen height

42. For recognition purposes, the image of the person must not be less 50%
than ___ of the screen height

43. In CCTV system, ___ allows the observer to locate a person with a Detection
high degree of certainty having been prompted to do so by a guard,
police, alarm system or other means. For this purpose, the image of the
person must not be less than 10% of the screen height

44. In CCTV system, ___ allows the observer to say with high degree of Recognition
certainty that the person on the monitor is the same one they have seen
before

45. For ___ purposes, the image of the person must not be less than Identification
120% of the screen height

46. What is the total number of C band transponders are there in Agila 2 30

47. Typical mating durability in fiber optics 0.2 dB per 1000

matings

48. TDM frame used in fiber optics DS-5

49. Magnetic loops overlying a solar inversion Arcade

50. Area between sunset and sunrise Gray line

51. Rotatable antenna used in shortwave radio broadcasting ALLISS

52. Bandwidth of GSM 200 KHz

53. Uplink data rate of GPRS 14Kbps

54. Download using GPRS 28-64KHz

55. Modem fax 4 120%

56. Area bounded by cellphone 26 sq. meter

57. FDDI that permits the transmission of voice and video over the same FDDI II
cable as the normal FDDI token passing

58. A frame that has a total content of 2430 bytes in SDH framing STM-1

59. Class 3 UTP 16 Mbps

60. First cellular 1984

61. Tolerable deviation in SSB +/- 50Hz

62. Maximum run-length of RJ59 350nm

63. Low level frequency 1 KHz-299 KHz

64. In the wifi world, a proprietary channel bonding equipment that can Super G
boost network upto 108 Mbps

65. In the radio spectrum, what frequencies are used for deep space 2.29-2.3GHz
radio communications?

66. FCC digital radio 2.31-2.36 GHz

67. Capacity in Gibibyte (GiB) of a 12 cm type DVD 4.37

68. ISS orbital rotation 91.34 minutes

69. Characteristic attenuation of a plastic optic fiber 1 dB/m

70. Frequency range of P band 216-450 MHz

71. Frequency range of H band 7.05-10.10 GHz

72. Frequency range of R band 1.7-2.6 GHz

73. Maximum power output of PCS1900 E1 30 dBm`

74. Maximum power output of PCS1900 E2 26 dBm

75. Maximum power output of PCS1900 E3 22 dBm

76. EDGE GSM E1 mobile power class supporting 8-PSK modulation 33 dBm
nominal power output

77. EDGE GSM E2 mobile power class supporting 8-PSK modulation 27 dBm
nominal power output

78. EDGE GSM E3 mobile power class supporting 8-PSK modulation 23 dBm
nominal power output
79. Number of symbols used in ASCII 128

80. Channel that allows only one dominant channel to operate during Clear channel
nighttime and covers a wide area

81. Reassembling packets and cells ATM adaptive

Channel

82. a phase-locked loop used for carrier phase recovery from Costas loop
suppressed-carrier modulation

83. Above 108 Mbps Backscatter

84. Standard bending radius during installation for a lightweight fiber 70mm
cable

85. Long term bend radius 50mm

86. Standard bending radius for long term use for an external armored 175mm
fiber cables

87. Cable diameter of lightweight internal fiber cable 4.8mm

88. Long term bending radius for direct burial fiber cables 150mm

89. Typical value of vidicon dark current 0.2 micro Amperes

90. In CCTV system, for identification purposes the image of the person 120%
will not be less than ___ of the screen

91. Tuning eliminates Echo, jitter,

harmonic
distortion

“ALL OF THE
ABOVE”

92. In error control ion networks,___ refers to the opposite of controlled Contention
access where computers wait until the circuit is free and then transmit
whenever they have data to send and commonly used in Ethernet LANS

93. Concert pitch A440

94. Number of bits in the destination address in IPv6 1944 bits

95. Index of geomagnetic activity A-K indeces

96. How much more is the feedpoint Z in a folded dipole than in a normal 4 times
dipole

97. Requires fiber optics cable DS-5

98. Use of loading coil Increase the
effective length

99. Efficiency of Class 4 modem 120%

100. Shielding the fiber optics cable eliminates Crosstalk,

intermodal noise

“ALL OF THE
ABOVE”

101. The velocity of sound that is equal to the square root of absolute 12
temperature is ___ times greater at 20 °C

102. In TDMA framed D-AMPS, the number of bits per frame is ____ 128

103. Propagation used when MUF is greater than 30GHz Backscatter

104. 6 dB better

Notes 20: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module

20
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. A parabolic antenna in which the feed radiator is mounted at or Cassegrain antenna
behind the surface of the concave main parabolic reflector dish.
2. The downlink frequency or base station to mobile station 1805-1880 MHz
frequency band in GSM 1800.
3. The nominal channel spacing of time division duplexing (TDD). 5 MHz
4. In the IS-95A cellular service, the base station transmit 45 MHz
frequency is ___ above the mobile station transmit frequency.
5. The installation tension that can be given to a lightweight 100 N
internal cable without causing damage.
6. Class B-1 FM broadcast stations with an authorized transmitter 1000 W
power of 500 watts, shall in no case have an effective radiated power
lower than ____.
7. The fiber number that has the typical color of orange in multi- orange
core fiber cables.
8. The installation tension that can be given to a more rugged 10000 N
fiber cable without causing damage.
9. Aqua is the typical color of fiber number ___ in a multi-core 12
fiber.
10. A signaling path provided by a cable television system to Class III
deliver to subscriber terminal signals that are intended for reception
by equipment other than a television broadcast receiver only when
used with auxiliary equipment.
11. The time it takes to transmit 1000 kbps graphic image via a 10 60 seconds
Mbps cable modem.
12. A proprietary channel bonding equipment that can boost Super G
network up to 108 Mbps in the Wi-Fi world.
13. In cable television, the receiving antenna should be cut to 18
respective channel frequency for optimum reception with a front-to-
back ratio not less than ___dB
14. The ideal reverberation time of which is 0.8-1.2 s Cinema
15. What should be avoided inside an acoustical room? Long echoed voice
16. One of the sources of errors of GPS signal is ionospheric effect +/- 5 m
which contributes ___ of error.
17. The first Atlantic telephone cable to use optical fiber that went TAT-8
into operation in 1988.
18. When placing cardiods-patterned microphones, each 4-to-1
microphone should be at least four times as far as from the next one
as it is from the sound source. This is known as a ___ rule.
19. The ITU-T recommendation for data compression that was V.42bis
issued in 1990 and uses the Limpel-Ziv Welch compression
algorithm.
20. A TV broadcast mainly used in Western Europe. PAL B/G
21. A tape format used in video recording that has a track scanning Hi8
rotation seep of 1800 rpm.
22. The error correction code used by digital video cassette (DVC). REED-SOLOMON
CODE
23. In composite video signal measurement, what corresponds to 0 Blanking pulse
IRE value?
24. In composite video signal measurement, what corresponds to Pure white
100 IRE value?
25. The equation for luminance for TV. 0.3R-0.59G+.11B
26. The TV standard which tends to replace PAL/SECAM in DVB-T
Europe.
27. At what channel does superband cable television starts. Channel 23
28. The aural deviation for television. +/- 25KHz
29. A3A is previously known as _____, reduced carrier. R3E
30. It has the compression of 200:1. MPEG 2
31. In microwave communications, the maximum obstruction which 40%
a microwave link can overcome.
32. In Hamming code, there are ___ bits and ____ bits for each 4, 3
parity checking.
33. How many mastergroups are there in a jumbogroup. 6
34. This is done to digital bits of data due to circuitry action so as Reduction of jitter
not to have an undesired shift.
35. Aperture for microwaves 10-60 m
36. Ratio of radiographic contrast with grid to that without a grid. Contrast Improvement
Factor
37. Antenna used when there are LC. Trap antenna
38. In _____ 1G Mobile phone with the Nordic Mobile Telephone 1981
(NMT) system was introduced.
39. The "call handoff" feature was invented to allow mobile-phone 1984
users to travel during the same conversation.
40. For FM stereo, the maximum distance covered is significantly 38
reduced, this is due to the presence of the _________ kHz subcarrier
modulation
41. 0.45-0.55
42. Private operational fixed microwave is on the range of ________ 12.2-12.7
dB.
43. Measurement for protocols. dBx
44. Rate for the scanning of 525 lines. 1/30
45. As per Philippine standard, frequency allocation of AM Radio 526.5-1705
Broadcasting is from__________KHz.
46. Type of AM which operates at nighttime under 250 W or off- Class D
air, field strength up to 140 mV/m at 1 km.
47. 15.27
48. The coding scheme which has the easiest…. BPRZ
49. The bandwidth covered by the FM for hearing. 50 Hz-15KHz
50. The most sensitive frequency for human hearing. 1-5 KHz
51. What type of curve does our ear for telephone used. A-weighted curve
52. How many ISDN channels are there? 6
53. For a reflection of 20 dB, __% is for loss and __% is absorbed by 1, 99
the load.
54. Payment for a 1 MHz bandwidth 500,000
55. Paid up capital on 3G. 100M
56. How many horizontal lines are blanked in TV? 42
57. Downlink (receiving) assigned to GPRS 28-64 kbps
58. Disadvantage of slope detection of FM No noise
discrimination
59. The next channel if there is accommodating the 88.1 MHz 94.1 MHz
channel.
60. The reverberation time for clear speech. 2 secs
61. The maximum BER for 99.97% 1 in 10 ^3
62. For illuminating the transducer through the fiber, tungsten GaAlAs
halogen lamps or broadband, ____________ light emitting diodes
are suitable.
63. 802.11 legacy data rates approximately 2 Mbps
64. High definition TV picture contains about __________ times as 5
much as info as the present NTSC TV.
65. IMTS2000 maximum data rate for stationary user is 2Mbps
66. The process of adjusting the orbit of a geostationary satellite so Station keeping
that it appears to remain stationary above a point on the earth.
67. The wavelength commonly used on the modern long distance 1550 nm
fiber communications system.
68. HDTV compare with NTSC analog. 12 to 18 dbm
69. Super refraction Ducting
70. In microwave communication, what concepts may be used Fresnel zone
to analyze interference by obstacles near the path of a radio beam?
71. connector
72. In data communications, a 2400 bps modem running Class 4 2900
would appear to operate at ______ bps.
73. The full IEEE 1394b specification supports optical connections up 3.2
to 100 meters in length and data rates all the way to _______ gbps.
74. What wavelength has the minimum loss in optical fibers? 1550 nm
75. Fine for unauthorized servicing of mobile telephone. 5000/year
76. What is the maximum power allowable for remote pick up 35 W
stations used as broadcast auxiliary services for AM and FM
broadcast stations.
77. Absorption coefficient of a surface material to absorb sound 0
energy.
78. It is an error-correcting code used for correcting transmission Hamming in Code
errors in synchronous data streams.
79. Variation in signal loss. Fading
80. It is often defined as the loss incurred by an electromagnetic Free Space Path Loss
wave as it propagates in a straight line through a vacuum with no
absorption or reflection of energy from nearby objects.
81. Sampling of an analog signal using a sample-and-hold circuit that Flat-topped Sampling
the sample has the same amplitude for its whole duration.
82. Caused by the difference in the propagation times of light rays Acceptance Modal
that take different path down a fiber. dispersion
83. Closely related to acceptance angle and is the figure of merit Numerical Aperture
commonly used to measure the magnitude of the acceptance angle.
84. Actual user info conveyed through the system. Payload
85. A navigational technique that determines position by Dead reckoning
extrapolating a series of measured velocity increments.
86. Standard that describes Ethernet-type networks is IEEE 802.3
87. The word “Base” in 10BaseT means The cable carries
baseband signals
88. The primary audio channel remained at 50Hz to 15KHz, while an 60 KHz to 74 KHz
additional SCA channel is frequency translated to the _________
passband.
89. The fastest output rate of change (baud) is also equal to ______ ½
of the input bit rate.
90. The sampling process alters the frequency spectrum and Aperture Error
introduces an error called
91. Signal rate of RS 232 normally used as interface between DTE 20 kbps
and DCE.
92. An AM broadcast service area in which groundwave field of Primary service area
1mV/m (60 dBu) is not subjected to objectionable interference or
objectionable fading.
93. BW for fiber optics. 900 THz
94. International frequency distress for radio telephony 2128 KHz
95.Bit rate of STS-1 51.84 Mbps
96. Telephone switch that connects only to other switches. Tandem
97. 802.15.4 also known as Zigbee
98. typical range of vidicon dark current 0.2 microampere
99.Shifting of antenna pattern so that the major lobe is at angle Down tilt
below the horizontal.
100. Ethernet system that uses a special “Thick Ethernet” A standard classical

Notes 21: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module 21

QUESTIONS ANSWER

1. Ratio of incident to transmitted radiation through a grid ratio of Bucky Factor

patient dose with and without grid

2. ECG recording requires a bandwidth of 0.05 to ______ 100

3. Period during which the heart contracts Systole

4. Who completes the development of first computed CT Hounsfield

scanner in 1973

5. Study of the response of an image receptor to x-rays Sensitometry

6. Ratio of Radiographic contrast with a grid to that without a Contrast Improvement

grid Factor

7. Type of luminescence where the visible light is emitted only Fluorescence

during the stimulation of phosphor

8. A phenomenon caused by any support insulators used at the End effect

ends of the wire antenna

9. Process of converting an infinite number of possibilities to a Quantization

finite number of conditions

10. Which of the following is NOT a reason why most half wave More cost-effective
antennas are mounted horizontally at low frequencies

11. A 4-wire gigabit Ethernet implementation 1000 base T

12. Radiation doses in the range approximately 200 to 1000 rad Hematologic
produce the _____ syndrome

13. Modulation technique in which the frequency of the AM

modulated signal varies with the amplitude of the modulating
signal
14. Highest layer in the hierarchy and is analogous to the Application layer
general manager of the network by providing access to the OSI
environment

15. Handset is in cradle On hook

16. Hartley’s law I=kTB

17. A small variable capacitance in parallel with each section of Trimmer

ganged capacitor is called ____

18. Most commonly used digital modulation scheme PCM

19. Form of redundancy error checking where each character Checksum

has a numerical value assigned to it

20. An 8 bit fixed length character set developed in 1962 by IBM EBCDIC code

21. Analysis of persons irradiated therapeutically with superficial 600

x-rays has shown that the skin erythema dose required to affect
50% of persons so irradiated is about ______ rad

22. Designed to send characters of the message with the Asynchronous

specified bit rate without any fixed timing relationship from one
character to the next

23. Waveguide acts as a/an ____ filter High pass

24. Data communication refers to the transmission of All of the above

(data, audio, voice)

25. Token Ring standard 802.5

26. Error correction scheme that actually detect and corrects Forward error correction
transmission errors when they are received without requiring a
retransmission

27. A/an _______ is a range of frequency in which the upper Octave

frequency is double the lower frequency

28. Often used to compare the performance of one digital Bandwidth Efficiency
modulation technique to another

29. One complete revolution around a Smith Chart represents ½

___wavelength

30. At exactly one wavelength, the short circuited transmission Parallel resonant
line behaves as a/an _______ circuit
31. A mismatched transmission line is also referred to as a ___ Resonant
line

32. A flat conductor separated by an insulating dielectric from a Microstrip

large ground plane that is usually one quarter or one half
wavelength long

33. How many wavelengths long are required for a pair of 1/10 Lambda
conductors to be considered as a transmission line

34. Most common means of overcoming the problems of Companding

quantizing error and noise

35. The shape of the electromagnetic energy radiated from or Radiation pattern
received by an antenna is called the

36. Ratio of the speed of propagation on a line to that of light in Velocity factor
free space

37. This means that the characteristics and performance of an Antenna reciprocity
antenna are the same whether the antenna is radiating or
intercepting an electromagnetic signal

38. Most widely used UTP cable that can carry baseband data CAT5
at rates up to 100Mbps at a range up to 100m

39. Used to lower the resonant frequency of a shortened vertical Top hat loading
antenna

40. Optical electronic device that measures the color Colorimeter

concentration of a substance in solution

41. Why DSB is not widely used Signal is difficult to

demodulate

42. Refers to the emission of electrons from a clean metallic Photoelectric effect
surface when electromagnetic radiation falls onto that surface

43. System wherein the input in a transmitter is a collector High level modulator
modulated

44. Recording of heart sounds Phonocardiography

45. Unit of radiation exposure that will produce 2.08x10^9 ion Roentgen
pairs per cubic cm of air at STP

46. Recorder for measuring galvanic skin resistance Electrodermograph

47. A digital process that allows several connections to share TDM

the high bandwidth of a link
48. Apparatus for measuring blood pressure Sphygmomanometer

49. The government agency that regulates radio FCC

communications in the US

50. Antennas that transmit an equal amount of energy in the Omnidirectional

horizontal direction are called ___________

51. Circuit used to return the frequency response of a signal to De-emphasis

its normal “flat” level

52. The oldest microwave tube design which is commonly used Magnetron
in radar transmitters where they can generate peak power levels
in the megawatt range

53. A quarter wavelength of coaxial or balanced transmission Q section

line of a specific impedance connected between a load and a
source in order to match impedance is

54. The ability of an antenna to send or receive signals over a Directivity

narrow horizontal directional range is referred to as ______

55. Which antenna usually consist of two or more halfwave Collinear

dipoles mounted end to end

56. When the characteristic impedance of the transmission line Maximum power transfer
matches the output impedance of the transmitter and the will take place
impedance of the antenna itself

57. An antenna made up of a driven element and one or more Yagi

parasitic elements is generally referred to as _______

58. Noise that is primarily caused by lightning, sometimes Atmospheric noise

referred to as static noise

59. A modulation process wherein both frequency and phase ASK

remains constant while the amplitude changes

60. Allows a wide variety of computers to share the same TCP/IP

network

61. A basic antenna connected to a transmission line plus one Parasitic array
or more additional conductors that are not connected to the
transmission line form a

62. An antenna consisting of halfwave dipoles spaced from one Broadside array
another by one-half wavelength is the

63. Error correcting code used for correcting transmission errors Hamming code
in synchronous data streams

64. Horizontal frequencies for DTMF 1209 Hz, 1336 Hz,

1477Hz,1633Hz

65. Using DTMF, #8 852Hz and 1336 Hz

66. In DTMF, horizontal frequencies are also known as ______ High group
frequencies

67. In DTMF, vertical frequencies are also known as ______ Low group
frequencies

68. In PCM, it translates the quantized samples into digital code Encoder
words

69. An error detection technique in which a redundant bit is Vertical redundancy check
appended to every data unit so that the total number of 1’s in
the unit (even the parity bit) becomes even

70. Reception of portions of a signal from one channel in Crosstalk

another channel

71. Type of digital modulation that uses two or more different FSK
output frequencies

73. Primary purpose is to serve as structural guideline for OSI

exchanging information between computers, workstations and
network

74. A LAN topology in which the individual terminal, Star

microcomputers or workstations are connected directly to a
central computer

75. Loss of data that occurs when two stations transmit on a Collision
network at the same time

76. A network topology in which data circulates from one Ring

computer to the next in sequence

77. Combination of amplitude and phase modulation QAM

78. Means of transmitting data by shifting the phase angle of the PSK
transmitted signal

79. A microwave device that allows RF energy to pass through Isolator

in one direction with very little loss, but absorbs RF power in the
opposite direction

80. Telephone switch that connects only to other switches and Tandem office
not to individual customers

81. A metal wrapped around the parabolic antenna aperture to Shroud

eliminate sidelobes interfering nearby stations is called ______

82. The wavelength of a wave in a waveguide Is greater than in free

space

83. The most common circuit used for demodulating binary FSK PLL
signal

84. Geostationary satellites are located at ______ with respect 0 degrees latitude
to the equator

85. The quality of a space-link is measured in terms of _____ G/T

ratio

86. The nominal uplink frequency for the Ku-band 14 Ghz

87. The downlink frequency appear to vary by several kHz Doppler effect
during a LEO satellite pass due to the change in the distance
between the satellite and ground station, which is referred to as

88. A satellite dish owner has a 3m dish designed for C band (4 Gain increases by9.54 dB,
Ghz) operation. The owner wants to use the same dish with a beamwidth decreases to
new feedhorn for Ku-band (12 Ghz) satellites. What effect will 1/3 of its value
the change in frequency have on the gain and beamwidth of the
antenna

89. The most ambitious LEO constellation to date is Teledesic

90. Antenna 1 has a gain of 5.3 dBi while antenna 2 has a gain Antenna2 has a higher
of 4.5 dBd. Which of the following is true? gain

91. Beamwidth is measured Between half power points

92. A half-wave dipole is sometimes referred to as Hertz antenna

93. An antenna can be matched to the feedline using All of the above (shorted
stub, LC network, loading
coil)

94. “Ground Effect” refers to the effects on an antenna’s Radio signals reflecting off
radiation pattern caused by the ground

95. LPDA stands for Log Periodic Dipole Array

96. As the length of a “long-wire” antenna increases The number of lobes

increases
97. A receiving antenna with a built-in preamplifier Active antenna

98. Field strength at a distance from an antenna is measured Field strength meter
with

100. Cable used for local loops in telephone system is mainly Twisted pair copper wires

101. Transmission from mobile unit to base station Reverse link

102. The bandwidth of voice grade signals on a telephone Allow signals to be

system is restricted to multiplexed

103. The highest-ranking office in the DDD network in telephony Regional center
in terms of the size of the geographical area served and the
trunking options available

104. AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone

Service

105. MSC Mobile Switching Center

106. IMSI International Mobile

Subscriber Identification

107. BSC Base Station Controller

108. In GSM, voice channels are called Traffic

109. In Mobile Communications, GSM uses Frequency hopping

110. An acoustical phenomenon wherein the sound continues to Reverberation

persist even after the cause of the sound has stopped resulting
in repeated reflections is called _____

111. A type of microphone that uses the principle of a capacitor Condenser

as a means of transduction. It uses a polarizing voltage of
between 9 to 48V DC supply applied to its diaphragm by an
external power supply

112. A number from 0 to 1 representing the ability of a surface Absorption Coefficient

material to absorb sound energy

113. The difference in dB between the loudest level of sound Dynamic range
and the softest passage of sound is known as

114. Refers to the direction in space of electric vector of the Polarization

electromagnetic wave radiated from an antenna and is parallel
to the antenna itself

115. Placing a metallic array on the antenna effects to increase Top Loading
the current at base of the antenna, and also to make the current
distribution more uniform is called ________

116. What principle states that the properties of an antenna are Principle of reciprocity
independent of whether it is used for transmission or reception

117. Often used to cure the problem of great thickness required Zoning
of lenses used at lower microwave frequencies

118. A structure generally metallic and sometimes very Antenna

complex, designed to provide an efficient coupling between
space and the output of a transmitter or input to a receiver

119. Any array that is directional at right angles to the plane of Broadside action
the array is said to have _____

120. The ratio of the focal length to the mouth diameter is called Aperture
________ of the parabola, just as in camera lense

Notes 22: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module

22
QUESTIONS ANSWER

121. Corresponds to a resonant transmission line, and the dipole Resonant antenna
antennas describe so far have been resonant

122. Which of the following is referred to as true 3G UMTS

123. Bis means Encore

124. Which of the following causes great damage to the cornea of Longer wavelength
the eye

125. Which of the following causes great damage to the retina of shorter wavelength
the eye

126. Variation delay form in ATM Cell jitter

127. Embedded overhead bit Payload

128. Commonly used in electro-optic crystal for polarization Lithium Niobate

modulation

129. Combination of circular and elliptical orbit ELLIPSO

130. _______ ratio measures accuracy of cell transmission Cell error

131. A coupler consist of series of lenses and partly reflective Beam Splitting Coupler
surfaces
132. Major difference of SONET and SDH Data rate

133. Coherence of laser light is important to _______. Holography

134. An optical detector for high sensitivity and bandwidth PMT

135. Same information with dynamic range Optical input power

136. Spectral width of laser in fiber optic 2nm

137. Spectral width of LED in fiber optic 30nm

138. Typical spectral width of laser ranges from 1nm to ____ 5nm

139. Different packet types in X.25 switching 6

140. A single mode fiber optic cable has a diameter of 0.01

141. A step index multimode fiber optic cable has a diameter of 0.02

142. Packet switching Layer 3

143. Thickness of optical disk 5mils

144. Used in 3D,.form depth video signal Anti-logarithmic

amplifier

145. Which of the following is not a fiber optic loss Reflection

146. Diameter of VSAT is between 0.3m to _______ 0.9m

147. Morning primetime block for AM in Metro Manila 5am to 9am

148. Parameter determines the range or the spectral length Spectral response

149. Refers to variety of value added features Control Information

150. Refers to mobile station identifier sent over on the air interface Temporary Mobile
Station Identifier

151. White streak Blip

152. 16 bit network number (IP Addressing) Class B

153. Illuminates only small portion of the fiber core Effective Modal
Bandwidth

154. National Building Code PD 1096

155. Completely fills the core and the cladding of the front end of Overfilled launched
the fiber. bandwidth

156. Helium laser was discovered by A. Javen in 1960

157. Ratio of the speed of air and the speed of another substance Index of refraction

158. Number of electrons emitted per second times the electron Photocurrent
charge

159. Integration of video, data in high speed Fast Packet Concept

160. Laser light is bright mainly because it is coherent

161. Angle separation of 8PSK 45O

162. Wavelength dependence index of refraction Modal Dispersion

163. An episode used to give sample of the style of a writer? Pilot

164. The Bandwidth of a fiber is limited to Dispersion

165. The loudness of a sound depends upon the energy of motion vibrating
imparted to ____________ molecules of the medium transmitting
the sound.

166. What alloy is formed using Iron, aluminum and silicon used as Alfecon
videoheads in video recording tapes

167. A technique used in transmitting multiple copies of information Diversity

over the network to avoid deep fade

168. In KBP television broadcasting, the commercial payload for a 18

station should not exceed ________ minutes in Metro Manila

169. In KBP television broadcasting, each station should allot ____ 30

minutes of newscast (local or foreign) from Monday to Friday

170. In acoustics, it is a sequential musical note Tempo

171. The harmonically related carrier (HRC) shifts all cable 3-4, 5-6, 4-6
channels 2 to 125 down to frequency -1.25 MHz are done to what
channel pairs?

172. The OSI layer responsible for network availability, data Session Layer
storage and process capacity

173. A type of error of which two or more data units have changed Burst Error

174. Which of the following is/are true about Spectrum It performs forward
Management? error correction; It
provides automatic
congestion control in
the upstream direction;
It performs upstream
frequency agility to
 avoid igress in noise

175. The time it takes for the intensity of sound energy in the room Reverberation time
to drop to one millionth of its initial value

176. The persistence of sound even after a sound reflection Reverberation

occurred

177. Which of the following is true about Consumer DSL It has a data rate of 176
kbps in the upward
direction; It has a data
rate of 1Mbps in the
downward direction; It
has lower speech
communication
capability

178. In an empty GSM timeslot or certain timeslot, data service is GPRS

sent to the direction of packet switch data over what GSM network

179. There are _________ primary unshielded twisted pair cables 7

as classified by EIA/TIA 568 standard

Dead Zone

181. Is a modulation / multiplexing technique wherein the Spread Spectrum

information and sidebands are distributed over very wide
bandwidth

182. Which of the following is true about UMTS? The ITU-T named it
IMT2000; Has packet
data service; Has initial
speed of 28.8 kbps

183. What modulation technique is used by GSM? Frequency Hopping

184. A system which has access to all individual users of the entire Server
network

185. A system which contains shared files to all individual users Servers

186. A single transmission path from transmitter to receiver in the Hop

direction of line of sight range

187. A fixed cell length is how many bytes 53 bytes

188. Which of the following materials is sensitive to light? Photoresist

189. A loss incurred of an electromagnetic wave travelling in a Free Space Path loss
straight direction in a vacuum without absorption or reflection of
medium of nearby objects

190. An executive order regulating the operation of cable antenna EO 205

television systems in the Philippines, and for other purposes

191. An executive order which grants the NTC jurisdiction, control EO 196
and regulation over the Philippine Commercial Satellite
Corporation.

192. A type of fiber optic cable which is always tightly buffered. Plastic Clad Silica

193. It states that light wave behaves as if it is consists of many Quantum Theory
tiny particles

194. The highest central office in the DDD network Regional Center

195. When a photodiode is used as fiber optic detector, it must be Reversed bias

196. A diode used as an optical transmitter in fiber optics APD

communication system

197. From mobile station to base station Reverse Link

198. Refers to the number of electrons emitted per second, times Photocurrent
the electron charge

199. A portion of the geosynchronous orbit where optimum Arc of Good

coverage of a country is known as __________ location

200. A geosynchronous satellite must be positioned at _______ 0 degrees latitude

201. How many polar satellites are needed to complete one 1

revolution

202. A licensed ECE is needed if a station transmit power 3kW

exceeds?

Conduit

204. For a music lover concert “A” is 440 Hz, if a musical note one Double
octave higher were played, it would be ____ that frequency

205. In a 220 Hz tone, an octave lower will result to ________? 110Hz

206. The digital signal level __ uses binary line coding scheme 1

207. Voice channels are also known as Traffic channel

208. Connects to other offices and does not go directly to Tandem Office
subscribers
209. In a telephone channel bandwidth of 300 to 3000 Hz, the 5400 bps
highest theoretical bandwidth rate is

210. With 8-bit processing, how many elements are contained in 2048 ports
the channel?

211. What happens to the frequency and wavelength of a material The frequency remains
if it enters from one medium to another type of medium with a the same but the
change in speed? wavelength changes

212. The main benefit of light-wave communications over Wider bandwidth

microwaves or any other communications media

213. Microwave communications is used in frequencies above? 1GHz

214. Waveguide becomes compulsory above what frequencies? 3GHz

215. It refers to an electromagnetic wave of which it is contained in Guided Transmission

a conduit Medium

216. What is the average loss in fiber splice? 0.15 dB

217. Is the sound energy per unit area at right angles of the Sound Intensity
propagation direction per unit time

218. Octave A ratio of two frequencies at 2:1

219. Pin 21 in the RS 232 Interface D connection Signal Quality detector

220. An additional noise attributed to wind and environmental noise Ambience

221. Refers to the direction of the electric field vector in space Polarization

222. Is an antenna array which is highly directional at right angles Broadside Array
to the plane of the array

223. The transmission of information from multiple sources TDM

occurring on the same facility but not at the same time

224. The most widely used fax standard Group III

63, 535 octets

226. The highest layer in the ISO protocol Hierarchy Application Layer

227. Is a non-coherent light source fo optical communications LED

system

228. Which of the following is used as an optical receiver in fiber APD

optics communications
229. Is the result of photons of light that are absorbed by the atoms Infrared Absorption
of the glass core molecules

230. What parameter of light detector determines the range or Spectral Response
system length that can be achieved for a given wavelength?

231. Dark current in light detectors is caused by? Thermally generated

carriers in the diode

232. What is the typical wavelength of light emitted from epitaxially 940 nm
grown LEDs?

233. Which is not a possible cause of fiber optic loss? Stepped Index
Operation

234. When light strikes a flat polished end of a fiber, it produces a 4%

loss of?

235. An increase in light intensity produces fast optic switching due Amplification of optical
to? signal

236. Optical fibers for telecommunications are typically about ___ 5

mils thick and consist of a glass core, a glass cladding of lower
index of refraction, and a protective coating

237. Material dispersion is caused by the? Wavelength

dependence of the
index of refraction

238. One of the following is not a solid state optical detector? PMT

239. Which optical detector is used when high sensitivity and PMT
bandwidth are required?

240. A radio station has a _ years of legal operation and shall 15

renew for the same duration of operation

Notes 23: Communications Coaching Materials: Section 5 Module

23
Docsis downstream 27Mbps – 36Mbps

Maximum for Class II-A at nighttime 10 – 50 KW

DOCSIS upstream 10 MBPS

Flexible endoscope no. of bundles 10,000

10 BASE T 100m
1000 Mbps 1000baseT

Generic for Ethernet standard 100 BASE T

Fiber Bragg grating -.011 DBM/MHZ

Fiber optic advantage 0.5 DB / KM LOSS

Fiber optics theoretical BW (past 10 yrs.) 100 THZ

Multimode numerical aperture 0.275 ± 0.3

Accuracy of GPS; 3D; P mode 0.1 m/S

Home RF data rate 1.6 MBPS

Loss of Microelectromechanical System 0.1 DB

(MEMS)

RFID intermediate range of frequencies 10 – 15 MHZ

Eccentricity of tundra 0.2684

Bulk coefficient 1/M

3.1 – 10.6 GHz Wireless USB range 10 M

“electrotechnology” IEC

0.25 – 2.5 mW CLASS II BLUETOOTH

1% accuracy DOPPLER REFERENCE HEADING

Absorbs sound energy ACOUSTIC SINK

Active FRID over passive RFID 167

AM modulation technique, Most efficient SSB-SC

AM modulation technique, Poor performance SSB+C

Application of FO in medicine ENDOSCOPY

Attractive to terrestrial broadcasting LONG SYMBOL DURATION

Barcode INTERLEAVES 2 BY 5

Beige connector 62.5 µM

Black box OVERWRITES EVERY 30 MINUTES

Black connector 50 µM

Bluetooth 4.0 480 MBPS

Bluetooth 4.0 APRIL 21, 2010

Bluetooth speed; both direction 721 KBPS

Bluetooth v.2 + EDR; practical 2.1 MBPS

Caller ID, it will appear after 2s 1200 BPS

CIDR 1993

CIDR … SUPERNET

Cladding diameter of single mode glass optic 125 µM

fiber of ITU-T G.652

Class B FM contour distance 52 KM

Coined “Artificial Intelligence” in 1956 JOHN MCCARTHY

Color subcarrier Sine wave peak -20 TO +20

Core diameter of single mode glass optical 9 – 10 MICRONS

fiber of ITU-T G.652

Critical diameter of 633nm fiber optic cable 450 µM

Cut off wavelength of a single mode glass 1100 – 1280 µM

optic fiber of ITU-T G.652

Date and time DATE TIME GROUP

De facto in wireless card adapters WIEGAND INTERFACE

DECCA positioning accuracy 20 – 50 M

Diffracting of sound waves around human BODY DIFFRACTION EFFECT

body

Does not change in polarization SOLITON

Duct; reduces sound energy DUCT SILENCER

End of message MESSAGE TRAILER

Facsimile, black & white lines STUTTER

Fiber (defies theory of relativity), creates FASTER THAN LIGHT

controversy

Fiber low loss region, minimal dispersion for 1150 – 1350 NM

single mode
Flexible endoscope FO with light beam LEACHED IMAGE BUNDLE
produced

Fo OPTICAL SOLITON

Fo configuration in the 1980s 62.5 / 125

Frequency of active RFID 900 MHZ, 2.4 GHZ

Frequency used to for connection of Type A 13.56 MHZ

and Type B proximity cards

Function of radial distance; gradually GRADED INDEX

Gallium Arsenide LASER line width 800 – 1700 NM

Generic term for wireless card PROXIMITY CARD

Glonass center frequency 1572.5 – 1227

GPRS center frequency 1575.42 – 1227.6 MHZ

GPS accuracy GEOMETRIC DILUTION OFPRECISION

GPS to maintain accuracy … sending updates DAILY

on a _ basis

HDTV 16:9 optimal viewing distance 3.3

High engaged communicator; virtual HYPERCOMMUNICATOR

community

HiperLAN GMSK

Hue, saturation, brightness HSV MODEL

Hyperbolic line, 100 to 200 kHz LORAN C

(85.6 x 56.38mm) ID-1

(125 x 88 mm) ID-3

ID-002 105 X 74 MM

In Avionics, it is a satellite system used for Air AEROSAT

Traffic Control when plane is above sea

Increase tensile strength in FO SILVER BROMIDE

interbuilding ( in between buildings) unstable Loose buffer

plant environmen
Intrabuilding (inside building and also used in TIGHT BUFFERED
telecoms)

ISO members 163

ITU members 191

Keyed oscillator radars MAGNETRON

Laser line of argon… 510nm

Latest technology CUTTING EDGE TECHNOLOGY

Least range shortest coverage WIRELESS FIBER

Long wire / wave antenna BEVERAGE ANTENNA

MxN STAR COUPLER

Making fiber optics CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION

Medium rate, BPSK and DQPSK except CONVOLUTIONAL CODE

Medium to high A/D SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION

Moving behind building SLOW FADING

Multi-graded index diameter of fiber optic 62.5 +-3um

Multimode 62.5

Multimode fiber color jacket, outer covering ORANGE

Multimode without repeater. _ km FEW

Nanotube diameter – core nanofiber 50 NM

Nb: 009, Yag MACH ZEHNDER INTERFEROMETER

New technology with risk of unreliability BLEEDING EDGE TECHNOLOGY

No. of devices connected to a single host, 127 DEVICES

WUSB

Non-government; set standards ISO

Not continuous / no change SINGLE STEP INDEX

Not included in technical work CORRESPONDENT MEMBERS

NOT true about Frame User for Network NOT A FAST ATM
Interface
NTSC…video… YIQ model

OFDM….attracted to terrestrial propagation Long code duration

Omega Global range 88%-98%

Per Morse code character 9.296

Perforator, for aircraft missile LEAKY WAVE ANTENNA

Poor water blocking design, 204 cables RIBBON CABLE DESIGN

pressure gradiant, 204 lines, for water RIBBON DESIGN

blocking, 12 fibers

Protection to public and working personnel C 95.1 – 1991

around RF equipment

Protocol for sending data from card reader WIEGAND PROTOCOL

Radar nautical mile. _ ms 12.355

RF burn 3RD DEGREE BURN

Satellite dish that has a size that of a pizza 256 – 400 KBPS

Satellite ephemeris 16

Shore line RADIO-DETECTION FINDER

Splits evenly into two outputs Y-COUPLER

Splits optical transmitter into two or more TREE COUPLER

Standard for proximity cards 14443

Surface radiated per unit area ACOUSTIC RADIOSITY

Terrain Contour Navigation accuracy 50 M

Timing issues are important DATA STREAMING

Toxic fumes when imploded BERRYLIUM OXIDE CERAMIC

Transit system accuracy, Transit system has 500 M

exceptional accuracy compared to
NAVSTAR,GPS and GLONASS

TV commercial, production PRODUCTION TELECINE

TV data transmission 802.14

TV, black & white pattern WEDGE

Unlicensed frequency of WUSB 3.1 – 10.6 GHZ

Used by RIP BELLMAN-FORD ALGORITHM

V2.0 + EDR (Bluetooth) 𝜋/4 DQPSK

Voting rights / early country members MEMBER BODIES

Widescreen HDTV clock rate 148.5 MHZ

Wireless payment CALYPSO

WUSB is capable of sending _ at a distance of 480 MBPS

3m

X-ray … dangerous 15 KV

UMTS Communication to everyone, everywhere

1900 1996

1800 1994

900 1992

TACS 900 MHZ

AMPS 900 MHZ

DAMPS 800 MHS

Minicells 3 km

Macrocells 30 km

Microcells Few street

CDMA increase factor 2-3 Ghz

Message not delay Message nonreputation

What is the value of V 0 – 2.405

DCET____ greater than PHS 30%

EDFA 980 nm

DNIC, what CCITT recommendation? X.121

DECT 1.88 – 1.9 Ghz

CDMA____ greater than TDMA 30%

63 devices each with 6 bits identification code 72
…. Length of cable ______meters

trombone

EDFA 20 meters

ANSI standard of ADCCP ANSI X3.28

PHS frequency range 1895 -1918

40%

45%

vertical radiation angle of rhombic antenna 20 degrees

RF Bluetooth uses, frequency hopping .. 23hours and 18mins

periodicity of …

IF superhetordyne.. 30 – 60 MHz

quantum efficiency of silicon pin diode 95%

packet over sonnet 155Mbps

error free. Error recovery Data link layer

Insertion loss of single and multimode EIA/TIA 455-34

point defect …OTDR? EIA/TIA 455-59

OTDR EIA/TIA 455-61

Reflectance EIA/TIA 455-107

ADCCP? EIA/TIA 455-167

insertion loss of multimode? EIA/TIA 526-14

dopant Heavy metal fluoride

greatest source of Intrinsic losses?.. Numerical Aperture Mismatch

88 to 98% global coverage . Omega

Physical layer

Log-in log-out Session layer

behind a building Slow fading

Technology where PC is connected directly to Telephony Application Programming system

phone system

same data rate V.32 & V.29

It is a protocol used to connect the other X.75

packet switching network

The following are rates/distance of 4.098Mbps and 14000ft downstream…

ADSL(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
except…

ADPCM, used to Will be reduced to half of its rate

looking for available optical windows Open shortest path first

Is not true about OFDM Standardized as IEEE 802.11b

OFDM , depending on the modulation depth… 2,4,6 bits

code word ______ bits

Wave antenna … single wire supported at ___ 3-6m

above the ground

The highest layer in the hierarchy and is application layer

analogous to the general manager of the
network by providing access to the OSI
environment.

data tracking Transport

A nonexistent target which shows up on a false target

radar scope as the result of time

High degree of STABILITY of radar STALO

Includes all the telephone equipment, TERMINAL ROOM

exchange, loop

150 m3/min 10kW

20 kHz 200 m3/min

CAT 6… 200Mbps

>23 dB…..