Pengertian

Huala Adolf

Suatu alternatif penyelesaian sengketa melalui pihak ketiga (badan arbitrase)

yang ditunjuk dan disepakati para pihak (negara) secara sukarela untuk memutus
sengketa yang bukan bersifat perdata dan putusannya bersifat final dan mengikat

International Law Commission

A procedure for the settlement of disputes between states by binding award on

the basis of law and as a result of an undertaking voluntarily accepted

Podesta & Ruda

Arbitration is the resolution of international dispute through the submission, by

formal agreement of the parties, to decision of a third party who would be one or
several persons by means of a contentious proceedings from which the result of
definitive judgment is derived
 Alternatif penyelesaian sengketa

Efektif & adil

Hakim ~ arbitrator

Panel (WTO), Claims Tribunal

Terlembaga (institutionalized)

~ sudah berdiri sebelumnya & memiliki hukum acara sendiri

Ad hoc

~ dibuat untuk sementara waktu

• Persyaratan terpenting berfungsinya badan arbitrase :

kesepakatan para pihak
Kelebihan

Bebas memilih arbitrator (langsung/tidak langsung)

Bebas menentukan hukum acara/persyaratan, hukum yang

akan diterapkan

Putusan bersifat final & binding

Kekurangan

Negara masih enggan menggunakan arbitrase

Tidak ada jaminan putusan akan dijalani ~ bergantung pada

asas pacta sunt servanda
 Instrumen Hukum
The Hague Convention for the Pacific Settlement of
International Dispute (1899)

Article 13 Covenant of the League of Nations

The General Act for the Settlement of International Dispute

(26 September 1928)

~ Convention on Arbitration and Security

Pasal 33 Piagam PBB

The UN Model on Arbitration procedure

Sejarah Arbitrase Publik
Yunani ~ penyelesaian sengketa antar negara-negara kota

Abad Pertengahan ~ praktik Arbitrase dikenal luas, adanya klausul

acta compromis (penyerahan sengketa kepada badan arbitrase)

Jerman – Belgia

Italia
1904 ± 250 perjanjian bilateral telah
Rumania
terdaftar di Sekretariat LBB
Swiss mengenai penyelesaian
sengketa melalui badan
Jerman – Bulgaria arbitrase
1950
Hongaria
Jay Treaty of 1794 between the
United States of America and Great
Britain

This Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation provided for

the creation of three mixed commissions, composed of
American and British nationals in equal numbers, whose task
it would be to settle a number of outstanding questions
between the two countries which it had not been possible to
resolve by negotiation.

Whilst it is true that these mixed commissions were not strictly

speaking organs of third-party adjudication, they were
intended to function to some extent as tribunals ~ the process
of arbitration.
The Alabama Claims arbitration in 1872
between the United Kingdom and the United
States
Under the Treaty of Washington of 1871, the United States and
the United Kingdom agreed to submit to arbitration claims by
the former for alleged breaches of neutrality by the latter
during the American Civil War.

The two countries stated certain rules governing the duties of

neutral governments that were to be applied by the tribunal,
which they agreed should consist of five members, to be
appointed respectively by the Heads of State of the United
States, the United Kingdom, Brazil, Italy and Switzerland, the
last three States not being parties to the case.

The arbitral tribunal’s award ordered the United Kingdom to

pay compensation and it was duly complied with.
The proceedings served as a demonstration of the effectiveness of
arbitration and developed :

the practice of inserting in treaties clauses providing for recourse

to arbitration in the event of a dispute between the parties

the conclusion of general treaties of arbitration for the settlement

of specified classes of inter-State disputes

efforts to construct a general law of arbitration ~ the procedure

to be adopted, the composition of the tribunal, the rules to be
followed and the factors to be taken into consideration in making
the award

proposals for the creation of a permanent international arbitral

tribunal in order to obviate the need to set up a special ad hoc
tribunal to decide each arbitrable dispute.
 Publik PCA

jek
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Ob
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Arbitrase Su Lembaga
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Ob

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Privat ICSID
Permanent Court of Arbitration
Historical Background
The Hague Peace Conference of 1899 ~ Convention on
the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, which
dealt not only with arbitration but also with other
methods of pacific settlement, such as good offices
and mediation.

the 1899 Convention made provision for the creation of

permanent machinery which would enable arbitral
tribunals to be set up as desired and would facilitate
their work, known as the Permanent Court of Arbitration,
consisted in essence of a panel of jurists designated by
each country acceding to the Convention. 
The Convention further created a permanent
Bureau, located at The Hague, with functions
corresponding to those of a court registry or a
secretariat, and it laid down a set of rules of
procedure to govern the conduct of arbitrations.

The system was permanent and

“institutionalized” the law and practice of
arbitration.

The Permanent Court of Arbitration was

established in 1900 and began operating in
1902.
Permanent Court of Arbitration

To facilitate arbitration and other forms of

dispute resolution between states.
PCA has developed into a modern, multi-
faceted arbitral institution that is now
perfectly situated at the juncture between
public and private international law to meet
the rapidly evolving dispute resolution
needs of the international community.
International dispute resolution :
encompassing territorial, treaty, and human
rights disputes between states, as well as
commercial and investment disputes,
including disputes arising under bilateral
and multilateral investment treaties.
The PCA administers arbitration,
conciliation and fact finding in disputes
involving various combinations of states,
private parties, state entities, and
intergovernmental organizations.
Members of the Court - Panel of
Arbitrators
Each member state is entitled to nominate up
to four persons of “known competency in
questions of international law, of the highest
moral reputation and disposed to accept the
duties of arbitrators” as “Members of the
Court.”

Members of the Court are appointed for a term

of six years, and their appointments can be
renewed.
Administrative Council

Member states’ diplomatic representatives

shapes the policy of the organization

provides general guidance on the work of the PCA, and supervises its
administration, budget and expenditure

International Bureau (the PCA’s Secretariat)

registry services and administrative support to tribunals and commissions, serving

as the official channel of communications and ensuring safe custody of documents.

provides services such as legal research, financial administration, logistical and

technical support for meetings and hearings, travel arrangements, and general
secretarial and linguistic support.

Also provides administrative support to tribunals or commissions conducting PCA

dispute settlement proceedings outside The Netherlands.

Secretary – General ~ head of the International Bureau of the PCA

 The UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules
(1976)
Introductory Rules

Scope of Application (Article 1)

Notice, Calculation of Periods of Time (Article 2)

Notice of Arbitration (Article 3)

Representation and Assistance (Article 4)

Composition of the Arbitral Tribunal

Number of Arbitrators (Article 5)

Appointment of Arbitrators (Articles 6 to 8)

Challenge of Arbitrators (Articles 9 to 12)

Replacement of an Arbitrator (Article 13)

Repetition of Hearings in the Event of the Replacement of an Arbitrator (Article 14)

Arbitral Proceedings • Further Written Statements
(Article 22)
• General Provisions (Article 15)
• Periods of Time (Article 23)
• Place of Arbitration (Article 16)
• Evidence and Hearings (Articles
• Language (Article 17) 24 and 25)

• Statement of Claim (Article 18) • Interim Measures of Protection

(Article 26)
• Statement of Defence (Article
19) • Experts (Article 27)

• Amendments to the Claim or • Default (Article 28)

Defence (Article 20)
• Closure of Hearings (Article 29)
• Pleas as to the Jurisdiction of the
Arbitral Tribunal (Article 21) • Waiver of Rules (Article 30)
The Award

Decisions (Article 31)

Form and Effect of the Award (Article 32)

Applicable Law, Amiable Compositeur (Article 33)

Settlement or Other Grounds for Termination (Article 34)

Interpretation of the Award (Article 35)

Correction of the Award (Article 36)

Additional Award (Article 37)

The UNCITRAL Conciliation Rules
(1980)
Article 1: Application of the rules

Article 2: Commencement of conciliation proceedings

Article 3: Number of conciliators

Article 4: Appointment of conciliators

Article 5: Submission of statements to conciliator

Article 6: Representation and assistance

Article 7: Role of conciliator

Article 8: Administrative assistance

Article 9: Communication between conciliator and parties

Article 10: Disclosure of information

Article 11: Co-operation of parties with conciliator

Article 12: Suggestions by parties for settlement of dispute

Article 13: Settlement agreement

Article 14: Confidentiality

Article 15: Termination of conciliation proceedings

Article 16: Resort to arbitral or judicial proceedings

Article 17: Costs

Article 18: Deposits

Article 19: Role of conciliator in other proceedings

Article 20: Admissibility of evidence in other proceedings

 Perjanjian Arbitrase
Perjanjian arbitrase tunduk pada prinsip-prinsip &
aturan-aturan dalam Konvensi Wina 1969

Dasar yurisdiksi badan arbitrase

Pasal 2 The UN Model on Arbitration Procedure:

1. Badan arbitrase
2. Syarat-syarat & jumlah arbitrator
3. masalah/pokok sengketa
4. Hukum yang diterapkan
5. Tempat persidangan
6. Bahasa
7. Biaya
8. Jangka waktu
 Arbitration Clause

Berdasarkan UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules

MODEL ARBITRATION CLAUSE

Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this contract, or

the breach, termination or invalidity thereof, shall be settled by arbitration in
accordance with the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules as at present in force.

Note – Parties may wish to consider adding:

(a) The appointing authority shall be . . . (name of institution or person);

(b) The number of arbitrators shall be . . . (one or three);

(c) The place of arbitration shall be . . . (town or country);

(d) The language(s) to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be . . .

Model klausul arbitrase the Hague Convention
(1899 & 1907) :

• Acta compromis ~ sebelum sengketa lahir

• Pactum de compromittendo ~ setelah
sengketa lahir

The General Act and the Pacific Settlement of

International Dispute, 1928
The Model Rules on Arbitral Procedure, 1958
(Majelis Umum PBB atas rekomendasi ILC)
 Yurisdiksi Arbitrase
Kesepakatan untuk menentukan yurisdiksi/kompetensi
arbitrase

Tercantum dalam acta compromis

Article 21 the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules 1976

1. The arbitral tribunal shall have the power to rule on objections that it has no
jurisdiction, including any objections with respect to the existence or
validity of the arbitration clause or of the separate arbitration agreement.
2. The arbitral tribunal shall have the power to determine the existence or the
validity of the contract of which an arbitration clause forms a part. For the
purposes of article 21, an arbitration clause which forms part of a contract
and which provides for arbitration under these Rules shall be treated as an
agreement independent of the other terms of the contract. A decision by
the arbitral tribunal that the contract is null and void shall not entail ipso jure
the invalidity of the arbitration clause.
 Putusan
Tidak boleh melebihi wewenang dari apa yang
tertuang dalam acta compromis

Bersifat final & mengikat

Sengketa dapat diajukan ke pengadilan

internasional lainnya (mis : MI) ~ banding,
apabila badan arbitrase melampaui wewenang
dalam acta compromis, tidak tercapai putusan
secara mayoritas & tidak cukup alasan untuk
mengeluarkan putusan.
 Arbitrator

Para pihak bebas memilih dari daftar yang

telah disediakan badan arbitrase atau
ditentukan oleh presiden MI setelah para
pihak gagal memilih arbitrator selama 3
bulan

Jumlah harus ganjil

Hukum Yang Berlaku
Ditetapkan para pihak dalam acta compromis

Apabila para pihak tidak mencantumkan

pilihan hukumnya, maka putusan diambil
berdasarkan :

• Ex aequo at bono

• Equitable principles

• General Principles of International Law

 Perkembangan
Optional Rules for Arbitration of Disputes Relating to
the Enviroment and/or Natural Resources (2001)

The Optional Rules for Conciliation of Disputes Relating

to the Enviroment and/or Natural Resources (2002)

International Emissions Trading Association

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC).

Mass Claims Processes