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1
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 :

V = Vm cos wt , i = Im cos( wt ) (1)

! =V = Vm = V , Va

V
V= m !
2

p (t )V .i !"

1 T
p= p (+ )dt %&! !" ( $)
T 0

(1), (2) p (t ) = p (1 + cos 2 wt ) + Q sin 2 wt

p = v.I . cos )* *+ !" Q = V .I . sin ) ! ! !":

:, -

= Vm cos( wt + ) Vˆ = Ve j

: . !"

S = P + jQ = Vˆ .Iˆ

Vˆ + : -/0 - 10

7& " 8*9 6 ) 4 5 )!! !" )23& ,

7& "!36 6 ) !" ) ! ! !" ) -,

 :

Va = Vm cos wt iaI m cos( wt p) ia = Im cos(wt )

Va = Vm cos( wt 120o ) ibI m cos( wt 120o p) ib = Im cos( wt 120o )
Va = Vm cos( wt + 120o ) icI m cos( wt + 120o p) ic = Im cos( wt 120o )

P(+) = Va ia + Vb ic + Vcic - & !"

P = 3V .I . cos ( ! * I,V) %&! !"

Z1Z 3 Z AZ B + Z AZ C + Z B ZC
ZA = Z1 =
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 ZC
Z1Z 2 Z Z + Z AZC + Z B ZC
ZB = Z2 = A B
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 ZA
Z1Z 3 Z AZ B + Z AZC + Z B ZC
ZC = Z3 =
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 ZB

P.U. $ %– ! "#

: - : &?ph = 3Q : - <:: = 1Q : - <:: =!:: : %::; LN %::; : %::; LL : & ' (

@ 0 b base

&'(
IJ!: (&'( ) p.u. = 7: ! 0 !:A ): B :C : @ !: 9 : :9 D : E, FG! H
"#$%

. 7& +
 : ) !

Vb=VLN - Pb = Qb = Sb = VA1Q -< . !"

Sb Vb 2 Vb
Ib = A, Zb = = : !A ) @&
Vb Sb Zb

: ! "#

Vb = Vl l , Pb = Qb = Sb = Va3 - & . !" !A ) L -

Sb Vb 2
I= A, Zb = !A ) @&
3Vb Zb

. , , ) 2& - <" @ !" ) - &7 +,

Sb1 Sb3
Vb1 = VLn, Sb1 = VA1, Ib = =
Vb1 3VbL L

VbL L2 Vb1 Vb 2
Zb = = =
sb3 Ib1 sb1

: "* % + , , ) ! "# - . )

(1) : Sb1,Vb1, Z b1 , (2) : S b 2 , Vb 2 , Z b 2

Z Z
Z1 p.u. = , Z 2 P.u =
Zb1 Zb 2

Z 2 p.u. 2
Vb1 Sb 2
= ×
Z1 p.u. Vb 2 Sb1

: ! ! " ) /%"0 ! "#

4 :O , N H:M , - N HM , - 4 O , @ 1 " . !" @ !"

: , VTKVA $$TV/SST V 1 " , FPQ . 7& !R , - !R , -

Sb =ST =10KVA N HM , - vb = $$T Vb !R , - V =SSTV

 . ) " W @" 7@X Y 4 O ,!" ,!2X " 4 O < @ Y Z, @9

: 1

. A ] ^ @ 6 )!! )* *+ . !" \! % ,[ "

S 3 = 3VL.LI , S b3 = 3Vb L L, Ib : = Q ,!_

&2 !3

. :A ): S = 210mw + j 30mAv,220 Kv : Z = 5 + j 60 1 :` )_; , !" .V

. , a 7& , )- 5 !" D b %; c , !"

7 : VˆL = 214.6k < 15.29o , S = p + jQ = 4.648Mw + j 55.78m var

a )- :5 !:" @& 7c6 " ) , ), * - & , W * WIA , .$

d 7& , *J )- 5 !" . ) , !" , * J " < . 2&

V LN = 900V

7 : P1 = 121.5kw, P 2 = 337.5kw, p = 422.9kw

):* *+ !:" %:; c 8X+ , %; %; W * WIA 6!" .?

d , a 7& ) ! !

E 2 = (V + ( RP + xQ) / V ) 2 + ( Ra Xp ) 2 / V 2
,: : ): : e " , %:; c , , &, Z s = 0.5 + j 2 1 ` - & = * %; .S

d ) B M , 200 kW !" VTkv %; - 10 0.8 Z, R 8 M , ,! e

[: Vs = 5797] %; , !" ) ! ! )* *+ !" %; 7X !3_ ( N

. :A f:3Q Z,!5 Zl = 18 + j 45 1 ` , %; C , 10 Kv %; E (B

. @& , %; c

[Vl l = 8876]

: :; , :* :J : :& 0.98 : (N: ) 7: + , , : Z, :R 8 :M !C E ( g

[: c = 3.5.NF ]

Z,!:5 , : : :X :; & & 10 kv (B) 7 XR , %; c , , I (

. @& , c ;. ) ! , &

f = 5 : Hz
[c = 3.817mf ]

: Zs = 2 + j5 1 :` i O Eˆ 2 = 120 < V , Eˆ1 = 100 < 30 o V )I I D A .h

,!:"! Z,!:5 < : :! !: 9 : c A < DH A W5 Y I

. ,DA )!! )* *+ c !" . ) W 9

[: S1 = 1008 i 480.9, S 2 = 759.2 i1104.7]

: ): 4 :H - 10 0.8 Z, R 8 M , c.1 MVA !" , 2+ [ Y , , 2+ D A < .j

, :c , . : ): : !" :- / :0 0.5 Z, :R 8 :M , 0.1 MVA !:" W: 3C" [ Y

 : " 7& [ G D . !A ) ) . 2+ , k_R f9 k@ 6 , " g C&

c ; , * 7X !3_ . ! 2& c ", ; & !" ) . , 6

Vl l = 36.5kv
[c = 6.44 NF ]

,!:" : 6 @& 7X !3_ . A ) 13.2 kV ,!" = " . 7& L 2 X & .l

. !A ) Be6 , %&!" ) !" , 6

[: I 5 = 977.5 A, I1 = 195.5 A,Vl = 58.7kv]

T 1 = (13.2kv$ 132kvY ,5MVA, XT 1 = 0.1 p.u )

T 2 = (138kvY 69kv$,10 MVA, XT 2 = 0.05 p.u )

:4 %

%V 1 : - :E : ): / : %$ )- :5 !:" : / %V E 1 ` , , :,

. ) / - (0.02 sin 2 p) !" /

: 56 ! 1 7 89 :; <(

% s2 = p2 (Q = 0)
V 2 sin % V2
P12 = P 2 = P1 = 1 , cos % =
2x V1
V2
P max = 1 , s = 45o : 89 :; <( % = >0 / !
2x

S1 = P1 + iQ S1 = P 2 + iQ 2
 : 56 ! % <(

V 1V 2
P1 = P 2 = P12 = sin(% 1 % 2)
x

V 2 V1V2 cos %
Q1 = 1 ,!" !" !" = P1
x

V1V2 cos % V2
Q2 = 2 ,!" )- 5 !" = P2
x

V 1.V 2
P max = , % = 90 o $ V ,!" ) * !" = P12
x

: 56 ! % <( % = >0 / !

) : , [ n e " !& %; , 7X , e " !XI e " !& %; Z 2"

. !A ) = ; ,!" 3 &! 7&

x
% = Tg 1 : ? + % <( 56 ! % <( % = >0 / !
R

:+ ! 8" / ! @ ":

!" !" !"

P>0 Q>0
Z =P+iQ=VˆIˆ
P<o )* *+ !" 4 5 Q<o 45

45 !"
P>0 P<0
Z =P+iQ=VˆIˆ
Q<o 45 Q<o !"

4 % &2 !3

: 7+ , ) * !" 7X !3_ . 7& L 2 WIA .o

. A W^ %; (N
 . @& , < V1 . !AV 2 = 1 I QG 2 7X !3_ W * WIA X & , .p

[: QG 2 = 0.268] )- 5 !" = SO

, !:" Q :+ : ) :* !:" :_ , A R7 * , x P9 = * %; E .VT

V2 < 0 ( P 2, % p max = ?)

x
: % = tg 1
R

$V $p
1: - : " : Z " , , )- 5 !" Z " 1 ` , < , .VV
V p

$p $V $p $f
: =2 , = 2 sin 2 T .
p V p f

1
7: + , , V 2, % 2V1 = 1P.n. . : ): : e " , ) * , p= P max Z 5C )_; .V$
2

d @&

7& = , n (B 7& e " !XI %; ( N

;BCD )% = 15o ,V2 = cos15o , A)% = 30o ,V 2 = cos 30o

: 4!

)I I Z A , G &4 O ! A ! : "0 #

)" C g ! W; " – Z 23": "0 & "A

 :A ): 3:^ - Y :I : : 2& J < 6 E : /%"0

. q!E ) = , D A

N H
l int = : "#! +% ) 8 ( % - 0
8' M

D
Lext = 2 × 10 7 Ln : "#! +% ) 8B ( - 0
r

D
L = 210 7 Ln , r ( = 0.7788r : "#! +% ) - 0
r

n
) Ti = 0 FGH : +% n "C D % +% ) +!
i =1

1 1
*1 = 2 × 10 7 ( I1Ln + ... + InLn
D11 D1n

V = jw* : +% ) % ;E? F

: G0" H!I( - 0

GMD
L = 2 × 10 7 Ln
GMR

GMD = mn ( Daa (.Dab (...Dam)....( Daa (.........Dnm) 8 , < ! J

GMR = n ( Daa.Dab...Dan)....( Dan.........Dnn) 8 , < ! K :;

Daa = r : ) ; !" Daa = r ( 0!"

Daa = Ds : A, (A . 1 = 6 , )

D
L = 2 × 10 7 Ln (D) : X W^ !- - & %; 1
Daa
 ( A 6 6 X W^ !- -) : A !`X " X W^ !- - & %; 1

Deh
L = 2 * 10 7 Ln , Deq = 3 D12.D13.D 23
DS

GmD
L = 2 * 10 7 Ln =
GMR

. !A ) - ^ GM0 , = r A= - & %;

GMR = Ds.d
4
, GMR = 8 2 . Ds.d 3
3
GMR = Ds.d 2

): - ^ GMD , = 7 + D , . !A ) 2& = % , : , - & %;

. !A

GMD
L = 2 * 10 7 Ln
GMR

: 4! &2 !3

: L :- . : @:& (r) : : s H:A B X+ , c < )& s HA .V?

. X ) ;!" c

(N ) (B) (g) () (: ) ( )

[BCD :)1.587r A)1.834r 7 :)1.852r & :)2.192r M )2.256r L :)1.8017 r ]

7:& , W cX 7 E 7-, cX = IA - <" = * \!_; , .VS

. ,a

d= 10r , O= 15 d ) ;!"

N) B)

r = 0.25cm rA = 0.25cm
rB = 0.5cm rB = 0.5cm

0!"

g)

BCD :) L = 10.68 * 10 7 A)14.28 *10 7 7 :)14.72 *10 7 H m

D:23" %:; : E , , A W . A A 6 6 - & \!_; E W * WIA , 7 .Vh

. 7& = H X&. ! !; 2^ t 2, t1

)q :* . 7& L 2 W * WIA i _ - <" = * %; < ! D23" %; < .Vj

D:23" :& , : 6 100 A = * %; ,!@9 6. @& , D23" , !3 ,

f = 50 . 7& 2^

[: v 2.381 V km]
c :& s!: :A [ :t -, ) t 6W 9. @& , - 1 = IA , .Vl

Ds=0.3>3ft = 11.37 mm , O= 27.81mm _R . A ) (Drake)

N )

7& ) " & = -

B)

BCD :) L = 16.244 * 10 7 A)9.208 *10 7 H

m

: 4 LM
q f
Q = cV ,V = E.d ,E = , E = E 0 × Er , E 0 = 8.85 *10 12
2'x m
2 :& : s H:A ; @& , 7X , 1 ; @& )3^ Z 2" ! e"

. !A ) 2& Ds ® !A )

: +% n "C D % +% %F

1 Dab rb Dba
Vab = (qa.Ln + qb ln + ...qn; ln )
2'E 0 ra Dab Daa

1 1 1
Vp = (qa.Ln + . + qnLn ) : +% "C n D % p I? F
2'E 0 Dnp Dnp

' +o 2' + o
Cab = , Can = : ) %/ (
Ln D Ln D
r r

Iˆc = jcabwVˆab ( , ) 7 + , \!_; ,!@9 6 ): F ; / "B

 D
Can = 2' + o :D + J! %/ (
Ln r

Deg
Can = 2' + o : ; B B + J! %/ (
Ln r

Deq = 3 D12.D13.D 23

Dea
Dsb = %&! s HA Can = 2' + o / Ln : %/ (
Dsb

2' + o
Can = : !A ) W 9 1 @& : % %/ (
Deq
Ln
Dseq

a , : : : : ) W 9 )Q ; 2^ < Z,!5 D : / ( N %D "A

. !A 2^

2' + o 2' + o
- <" Can = - & Can =
D.Daa ( Deq.H
Ln Ln
r.Dab( r.Hs

D = 3 Dab.Dac.Dbc

Hs = 3 Dab(.Dac (.Dbc ( H = 3 Daa (.Dbb(.Dcc (

( 7& D 7@X a - !5" a ( )

: 4 LM &2 !3

. @& ,D -< D ; 7+ , W * WIA , .Vo

D=5m , H= 20m , pheasant - ^D (N

( 7 ,D ; _, ) Y , ,D (B

BCD :)Can = 9.838 *10 12 F / m A)9.582 *10 12 f

m
 : 6 D b . , a 7& 7+ , , 230kv A !`X " - & = * %; ; .Vp

f= 50Hz , r = 17.55 mm . @& !3 < , , %; , A

. - ^D (N

( 7 ,D ; _ ,) ,! ,D (B

BCD :)Can = 9.824 * 10 12 , I = 0.4098 A / um, A)can = 9.8709 *10 12 , I = 0.4118 A / um

, %:; :; . 7:& L :2 : WIA Z,!5 ) " = , - & = * %; < .$T

. @& D

d = 0.35 m , r= 17.55 mm pheasant

7 : can = 26.81 *10 12 F / m

: D : ):X " :_ , : 7: + , . A ) 765 kv %; . 7& L 2 WIA .$V

D=12 , d= 0.4m , r= 15mm . , a 7& , c a < , -

. 7& A !`X " & ( N

[7 : ........] . 7& !`X " & ( B

: O,#

: H!I( K !

L< 150 mile : 3 %; (? L < 150 mile 240 km %&! %; ($ L< 50 mile 80km "! %; (V

240km

Vˆs A B VˆR
= : H!I( 4 =
Iˆs C D IˆR
 . !A ) vC (ABCD) %; 7 ! * %; = ,

e < 80 km : !0 <( (V

A B 1 2
C D 0 1

:( /! 2!C ) F R,

VN .LVF .L
Re g % = * 100
VN .L
RI cos pR + I sin PR R.PR + x.QR
Re g % , * 100 =
VR VR 2

wTT, T = ) L< 240 km : < ! <( ($

%; ! 1 Y= G + jB %; & 1 ` : Z= R+jx

2Y
A B 1+ z
2 : TT =
C D Y (1 + zY ) 1 + zY
4 4

2Y zY
A B 1+ 2 Y (1 +
4
)
zY
:T=
C D Y 1+
4

L < 240 km 3 %; = (?

Y= z.L , Z= 3.L %; =!O = L =!O + 1 = y =!O + 1 ` = -

Z Z
Zc = = ,. = Z.y , . .L = Z .Y
y Y

o o
, 7 c =. %; 5C 1 ` = Zc

cosh .L Zc. sinh .L

Vˆs VˆR
= sinh .L
Iˆs cos .L IˆR
Zc
 : 3 %; = H : TT =

.L
tgh
sinh . Y( Y 2
Z ( = Z. , = .
.L 2 2 .L
2

: 3 %; = H T=

.L
tgh
Y ( Y sinh . 2
, = . ,Z( = Z o.
2 2 .L .L
2

: +" <( %

7& 7! , 6 _; . !A ) 2^ A2 B2C 2 D2 , A1B1C1D1 7 ! %; E

A B A1 B1 A2 B 2
=
C D C1 D1 C 2 D 2

:+ ! - =% +" - . ) !A

1 Z 1 0
0 1 2 1

: /! 2!C F R,

VRF .L = , , 7 + , , : 7 VS (V
V VRF .L
VRN .L = , ) 7 + , , R% = RN .L × 100
VRN .L
VRF .L = , , 7 + , k@ :7 VR ($
 V VSNL
VRN .L = , ) 7 + , k@ R % = RF .L × 100
VSNL
: 7- ^,

V VR
$V % = s × 100 . 7& ] ^ , , , )7+ _ ,D
Vs

t 0 W5- ZG !x&

0.8 Z, :R 8 :M , , 100 Mw !:" %; c , 50 km =!O - & = * , * < , .$$

0.095 mH 0.0308??? 8: " " : %; 1 7 * . ) Be6 132 kV - 10

f= 50Hz . @& , " %; . A ) !3

20 : (T 1[%"\G]^D ) : Vˆs = 81999/4.21o , Re g % = 7.596%

: ", @9 - & = * %; < ABCD 7 ! .$?

A = D = 0.936/0.98o , B = 142/26.4o , C = ( 5.18 + ^ 914 ) × 10 6

: : . 7:& !:6! :- 1:0 0.9 Z, :R 8 :M 220 kV 50Mw )- 5 !" ,

. , " %;

20 : ( ABCD [%"\G]^D ) : Vˆs = 133.248_ /7.77o , Re g % = 12.08%, $V = 4.68%

1:0 0.707 Z, :R 8 :M 5 MW !" , , 2I" ,!" 20.km =!_ = * %; < .$S

. :A ): 0.63mH / K m ,0.0195 / Km 8 " " %; 1 7 * . & ) %@" -

: 7& B!3_ 7 10kv , %; c E

20 : Vˆs = 12.304 K/8.34o , R % = 23.04% " ^, %; (N

. / 5% " " !A 85 , ! ) ;, * (B
 B N 7 + , %; ,(g

20 : B) )@ *" y , : C=82.19NF i R y , : C=95.49NF g) N ) pj/$h % B) %pl/lp

2 mw ) : !" !:" %; , . ( "! %; ) 7& L 2 - <" = * %; < .$h

): 3kv %:; :c : 0.4 + j 0.4 %:; :& 1 ` A ) - 10 0.8 Z, R 8 M

. @& , %; , !" 8 M %; c , . A

[7 : I = 732.14 A , cos PR = 0.812 , Vs = 3.41KV ]

: 7 7& L 2 L =!_ ABCD 7 ! = * %; < .$j

. 7& ] ^ 3 %&! "! %; s! & A2 BC = 1 _ , ( N

1+ A B C
a=d = ,b = ,C = : A ) W * Z,!5 L/2 =!_ )_; 7 ! ( B
2 2a 2a

. 7& L =!_ %; 7 ! ABCD L/2 =!_ %; 7 ! abcd

[2 : .........]
a 7: * 0.61 %:; &1 , 400 km =!_ 320 kv - & = * %; < , .$ln
Km

, 200Mw !:" %:; c , . A ) j3.2 × 10 6 V Km %; ! 1 0.113

Km

& . @& , %; 6 . ) Be6 1 Z, R8 M 230 kV ,

7 : (TTT )BCD 184.711K/43.16o , Iˆs = 454.66/22.12o . !A 2& =

"! %; = (g 3 %; = ( B ( 7& %&! %; L - ) T , TT = ( N

7 : (t'a% ) : Vˆs = 175.861x < 41.75o , A) : (T 3[%"\G] )Vˆs = 179.149k ,7 )(T 1[%"\G] )Vˆs )197.94

: :- 1:0 0.8 Z, :R 8 :M , , 400MVA , < 400km =!_ - & = * %; < z$o

: ", @9 %; 7 ! . ) e " 345 kv

o
A = D = 0.818 < 1.3o , B = 172.2 < 84.2 , C = 0.001933 < 90.4o

. , " ^, 7- ^, %; , 6 (N

. @& , ) 7 +, , " ^, %; 6 %; c (B

( 2 & $j 3xX ) . , a 7& , 200 km %; 7 ! ( g

): 8:5 400 km %:; %:& :_* , :& Z,!:5 , – 46.6 1 ` ) ; < (

: 6 %; , ( B) ( N ) c XR D b . , a 7& , 6 %; ABCD 7 ! .

A = D = 0.598 < 1.178, B = 42.44 < 63.78o , C = 0.002084 < 90.39o . , I"

!: %:; :c : A ) j 0.0021 a1 , 345 kc , 250 MVAr dddd < (:

, %; 6 %; c a 2& , 6 %; ABCD 7 ! . !A )

. X * (B) 7 XR

b : M ) A = 1.178 < 0.875, C = 0.00217 < 83.26o

B,D "

7& L 2 ABCD 7 ! 230 kV - & = * %; < .$p

A = D = 0.94 j 0.02, B = 32.7 + j154, C = j 0.00109

80 MW !:" %:; :c :I D :M , , :R 225 kv 7 " %; I +, (N

)- 5 ) ! ! !" % A D , . 7 @Q" 225 kv , , %; c !A ) 4 H

[7 : QR = 09.349mrAr ] . @& ,, !"

%:; :c : , V= 225 kv :- 1:0 cosl=0.9 p= 80Mw Z 5C 4 5 E (B

D: , : 7: @Q" [ G) ! ! !" , * . A 2250kv %; c W^

d 7& , *J 7 +

[7 : Qc = 48.095MVAr , c = 9.07 nF ]

: S;

r = 0, g = 0, . = 0 + jB = Z . y = ( jLw)( jcw) = jw Le : Z 23" %;

B = w Lc =!O + 1 , = L =!O + 1 & 0G =C

: g! =!O 7 + 79 &

2' 1
g! =!O : * = =
1 f Lc

1 Z L
g! 79 & : V = f* = , Zc = = 5C 1 `
LC Y C

Vx = Vx1 + Vx 2 7 E g! = Vx 2 7-, g! = Vx1: 7 E 7-, c6!

VR + Zc.IR .x VR Zc.IR .x
Vx1 = .e ,Vx 2 = .e
2 2

: )H @O , (SIL) M1 ` ,
): 7: c ): F+P_:^ , %:; 7:& 2:^ " ^, , 7 E g! 7 + D ,

. !E

. ) / - %; c A , %; E :) -

([ E 1 G)) & "y , 2& @&

VR =VR + + VR ,VR = KR.VR + 7 E VR 7-, = VR +

PR = KR
, 67 E 8 M
Ls = Ks
U, / "B SC" G "T

Z ZC
KR = R
Z R + ZC
, 7 E 8 M
Z S ZC
Ks =
Z S + ZC
k@ 7 E 8 M

<( % 8VW N % SC" G "T

2 Z c1 2 Z c1
B12 = $ V 7-, 8 M B21 = V $ 7-, 8 M
Z c1 + Z c 2 0 21 = 1 21 1

2 Z c1 2 Z c1
B12 = $ V 7 E 8 M B21 = V $ 7 E 8 M
Z c1 + Z c 2 0 21 = 1 21 1

: S; X

Z : T . 7:& :A W:5 :5C 1 :` %; < =a 1250 v= DC k@ < .?T

aZ " ) & "y , , 6 7+ , . &, ) %; c g! 7& )

. &, 7@ ,
 7& %; c (N

. 7& A "! = 5" %; c (B

R•
:A W:5 R • :5C 1 :` %:; < )3; 7 * 7 E, DC ,!" < .?V
3

: . 7& A "! = 5" %; c &, ) %; c g! 7& ) Z T 7&

. &, 7@ , < Z " ) & " y , , %; 6

:5C 1 :` : %:; :& ):RP" W: , ,7 E 7-, c 6 WIA , .?$

: g! Z c3 = 600 , Z c 2 = 1000 , Z c1 = 100 E . , a 7& Z c3, Z c 2 , Z c1

. @& , < A 2KV A

: :&, ) :& " y , : , %:; = 5" _* A Z 5C WIA , .??

Z : T 7:& =a : DC ( k@ 7& %; c . vC 7@X , a Z "

. &, ) = 5" _* g! 7& )

30%
Zc1 = 300 Vdocity = V Zc 2 =
Volcity = 0.2V
 FX-4500P Y $ D ; / & V + L= 8 " % % %! + "

$ 6, H W+ ) ! 9 (V

Ax 2 + Bx + C = 0

$ = B2 4 AC 4 0 x 2, x1
if
$<0 Rx ± jIx

4 x2 + 4 x + 5 = 0 x = 0.5 ± j1
=Q :
x2 5x + 6 = 0 x1 = 2 j , x2 = 3

[97 step]

EQ2 L7 " X1" G+H

L1 Lb1 : {ABC} L8 " X2" G0+0
L2 I = 2A L9 LbI 1
L3 D= B2 4AC L10 G
L4 G= B/ I L11 "RX" L5 D< G0+0 1 H = D/ I
L5 D<Q
L6 G H L12 "IX"

A < B +C < D + E < F =V <W [38 STEP] ( ) ! 9)g 9 & k 6 ($

S7M
V = POj ( A cos B + V cos D + EcoisF , A sin B + C sin D + E sin F
W =W

je : 1 < 10o + 3 < 20o + 5 < 30o = 8.9359 < 24.458o

 [ 64 STEP] : "! %; = %; @& (?

Vˆs = ( R + jx ).I < F + V < T

V U
R% = ( s ) * 100
U

T1
R * IFUT
POl (U cos T + RI cos F XI sin F , RI sin F
+ XI cos F + U sin T

[208STEP ] TT , T s! %&! %; = – %; 6 @& (S

VˆR = VR /9 V/9 Vˆs Vs' /(8Vs' )

TT = ,
IˆR I/F Vˆs VsT /(8VsT )

T= ,

$ $
Z , R + jx Y , G + jB [2 + step]
( !A ) @& T= , 6 1`& TT = , 6 D , )

g"\ T' L8 K = RD XE
L1 RXGBUIF L9 L = RE + XD
L2 A = .5( RG XB L10 M = DH EC
L3 C = .5( RB + XG L11 N = EH + DC
L4 H = 1+ A L12 O = c/2
L5 J = 1 + A / 2 L13 pol ( HV + K ,VC + L
L6 D = I cos F L14 "VS' "W
L7 E = I sin F L15 " 8" Pol ( M + U (CT Bo, N + U ( BI + Go

L16 " IS' "W L19 " 8" pol (GU + M , BU + N

L17 " 8" Pol ( HV + Jk Lo,Uc + IE + Ko L 20 " IST " PolW
L18 "VST "W L 21 " 8"

[2 + 1step ] 3 %; = – %; 6 @& (h
 VˆR = VR8 0 = U/0
- Z = R + jx , Y = G + jB %; =!O =L
IˆR = I/F

=!O + ! 1 =Y =!O + &1 ` =Z

CL = .L = 0 + jB = RGL + jIGL

T3
RXGBLUIF L2 Apol ( R, X
g"\
E =W L 4 C = pol (G, B
L1
D =W
L3
M " RGL" Re c( L AC ,.5( E + D.N " IGL" = W N = 180 N / '
L5
K " Zc" = ( A / c O" 8" = .5( E O P" cosh G1" = pol (cosh M cos N , sinh M sin N
L6
Q" 8" = W E" sinh GL" = pol (sinh M cos N , cosh M sin N S " 8" = W T = EIK
L7
L10 Z = EU / K
L8 A=O+S +F
L12 D = Q + F
L9
C=S O
L11 pol ( PU cos Q + T cos A, PU sin Q + T sin A
L13
"Vs" W
L14
L15 " 8" pol ( Zco + PI cos D, Z sin c
L16
" Is" W0 L15 + PI sin D
L17 " 8"

230 K
= Q %; c -= = U = VR = , R = 0.113 , X = 0.61( km )
3 Km

G =9, B = 3.2 × 10 6 (V / Km) , L = 400(km) , I = IR = 502.04( A), F =

RGL = 0 = 0.052 Zc = 440.305/ 5.2 + 7o

IGL = 1 = 0.561 cosh GL = cos .L = 0.8 + 8/1.854o

%; ABCD 7 ! D A %; 6 @& (j

Aˆ = Aei8 A , Bˆ = Be j/B , Cˆ = Ce j 8c , Dˆ = Dei 8O

, VˆR = U/ , IˆR = I/F [149step]

hi\ ABCD
L1 ABCDUIF
L2 L" 8U ": E" 8 A": C" 8 B": H " 8C": O" 8O"
L3 J =G + F :K =O+ F :M = E + L:N + H + L
L4 pol ( AU cos M + BI cos J , AU sin M + BI sin J
L5 "VS "W L6 " 8"1 (1 U / V
L7 " DV %" 1 (V / AU 1
L8 " R %" pol (CU cos N + DI cos K , CU sin N + OI sin K
L9 " IS "W L10 " 8"

, :R :A B = 145/80o , A = O = 0.9/1o ):I I : = :* : 3 %; < , E .V

d 7& [ %; D 5C 1 ` i3_

430 ( 330 (g 230 (B 130 (N

7: ! 0 Z1 = 0.017 + j 0.2 = :H * :X 1 :` , $TTKM =!:_ $?TKV = :* %; < .$

… A A @& !3 0.045 - ) 7 * I ",!^ , . 7&

. 7X { ^ A @& 7 * , * (N

, )H @ | %; A 9 (B

7& Pb = 200 KW ) @ !" Vb = 230 KV ) @ (g

7& A B C Pb = 100 MW @ !" , * (

, : 0 E!:36 : :I : :6!" 8 *" ,!_ %; D %&!" = * W R !" Q + .?

d 7& [ A % : 30o < " &

7.5 P.n. ( 500MW ( g 300MW ( B 2.5 p.n. ( N

Vz$ %:; , : 6 , :* : :A :+ 8:X+ : :9 a , W * WIA X & , .S

d 7& p.n. J (I1 2 )

oT( B h/h( N

V$ ( VT ( g

:
Z[
c:& [ : " @& 4 ! !6! !" )- 5 c !" Z 9PO , /C0 , : 4

. 7&

S (VA pn ), p (W p.n), (VAr Px) : [ G , % ,

SG = PG + jQG
n !" !" S = SG S D = P + jQ n )* , " !"

SD = PO + jQO : n )- 5 !"

S = VI V = V 8% I=n )* , " 6 Vc n

Y = G + jB : , /C , %; =

ij %; &1 = Ysij

ij %; ! 1 = Y pij

: I@A 1 1 "
 Yij = Ysij i; j
Y11 L Y1n
Ybus = M n
Yii = ) Ysij + YPij
Yn1 K Ynn n× n j =1; i
,Y
ij = Yij /.ij

I bnsn +1 =Ybns.V c& )* , " 6 Vbns = c&

bnsn×1 I bns =

: !" ZG H

n
I i = ) Yij .V j , Si = Vi I i = Pi + jQi ,! n =I
i =1

n $
Pi = ) Vi Vj Yij cos(% i % j . ij = fif
j =1
6 4e+ $
n
Qi = ) Vi V j (
Yij sin % i % j . ij = fiq )
j =1

: c& s !

PGi , QGi , Poi , Qoi , V ,% : , jn

Load Bus 7& =!ct % V n D , : )- 5 n (V

Voltage Controoled Bus 7& =!ct < QG n D , : = n ($

Referme Bus or Slack Bus . 7& =!ct QGmP G n D , : k6 n (?

V =1 m .= FG! H n D ,
 c::& n :" m+1 c& = c& M "V c& k6 n < , A n FG! H

(7& A L - 3xX W+ )E & , 7 3 s!M! D ) . !A ) , eE , A )- 5

c& W H" = n

:t : , : !" Q :E 7& 7 = n ,: = n ,, I

:+ , : !" Q !:A ) W @" )- 5 n Z,!5 }, A (Qmin : Q : Qmax )

(Q = Qmin "n Q =Qmax ) ) )R !;

F (x) = )_; } H W+ cA ,

F (x ) = X = f (x) W @" $ H ,V= H : = & – n!E ( N

X (r +1) = f ( X (r ) ) : , a ) 7& Z,!5 , I" _,

[ r 3+ , X, *

F (x ) = 0 FLx (0 ) + $x(0 ) ) = 0 : !A ) 2 & !3 " %X : ! - , D"! ( B

(0)
%F (0 ) 1 2 % 2F
$x (0 ) , F x (0 ) + $x (0 ) + $x (0 ) + ... = =
%x 2 %x 2

%F (0 )
F x(1.1)0 + $x (0 ) = : , 8 *"
%x

1
$x(0 ) = F x(0 )
%F
(0) .
%x

, I" _ , : X (r ) = X (r 1) + $x (r 1)
 : &, 79 &: 8 H . X & , X % , : = & – n!E y , 7 : cA , 8 H

( & B !6 ) !A , 0 7& DI – 7& B !6

Z :R : 7:& , : 0 y , – 7:& : B !:6 &, 79 &: ! - , D"! y , 7

)Y :X c:& H" , I" H" – 7& B !6 &, [ G , I" H" !A ) Y

. ,

. 7& WI [ G % ,: 8 H

: k X" 8 M

$
X (r +1) = X (r ) + 0 . $X (r ) , 0 = =k X" 8 M

<: X , dd A 2 & k X" 8 M 3+ J I 10 y , D , 0 = 1.5 FG! H

. ! ) &! ! , )3^ B !6 H " -E

: )0! – n!E , I" H (V

n
Si = Vi.Ii = Vi ) Y .Vj
j =1 ij

n Si n
Si = Vi ) Yij .V j = Yij Vi + ) Yij .V j
j =1 Vi j =1,;i

(r +1) =
Vi
Pi j9 i
)
n Y
ik .V (r ) i = 2,..., n
Yii .Vi
(r ) K =1,;i Yii
k

[ r 3+ , [ i n ()
= Vi r

: = & – n!E , I" H ($

Vi(r +1) = (r +1) )n Yik V (r )
Pi i9 i i 1Y
) ik VK i = 2,..., n
Yii Vi
(r ) K =1 Yii K =i +1 Yii
K

: !X- , D"! y , (S

P2 Q2
f
F (x) = = = p= M , Q= M
fq
Pn Qn

$ %F
[J ] = D 0! 1 "
%x

(r )
[J ](r ).$X (r )=$U , X (r +1) = X (r ) + $X (r )

$U = [$P2 ...$Pn $Q2 ...$Qn ]T = [$p $Q ]T Z !3H

$> = [$< 2 ...$< n $ V2 ...$ Vn ]T = [$% $ V ]T ZG!ct

X (0 ) : n +(N

()
$Pi 0 = pi fip X (0 ) ,
()
$Qi 0 = Qi fiq X (0 ) @& (B

I (0 ) @& (g

$> (0 ) @&
.1
( $x (r ) = J (r ) $V (r ) : FPQ ) ................................ a H (

X (1) = X (0 ) + $> (0 ) (:

. !A <J! )- Norm($V ) . I Y " G ZG H , I" (

( f qi , f pi ) :A @& c !" (9i pi ) , c !" D 4P ; D E, = Norm($V )

) ($Vi )2
i
 : D 0! 1 "

J1 J2 $p J J2 $%
J= , = 1
J3 J4 $Q J3 J4 $V

?fp ?fp ?f9 ?f9

J1 = , J2 = , J3 = , J4 =
?% ?V ?% ?V

J1 ik = Vi Vk Yin sin (<i %k . ik )

J2 ik = Vi . Yik cos(% i % k . ik ) i;k
J3 ik = Vi Yik Vk cos(% i % k . ik )
J4 ik = Vi Yik sin (% i % k . ik )

n
J1 ii = Vi ) Yik Vk sin (% i % k . ik )
k =1,;i
n
J2 ii = Vi Yii cos .ii + ) Yik Vk cos (% i % k . ik )
k =1,;i
n
J3 ii = Vi ) Yik Vk cos (% i % k . ik )
k =1,;i
n
J4 ii = Vi Yii sin . ii + ) Yik Vk sin (% i % k . ik )
k =1

Decoupled Load Flow : OLF : A 6 , /C0

$p , J1.$%
!A ) - ^ J3, J 2 cX "
$9 , J 4 .$ V .

. !A ) VT y , D , 79 &

Fast Decoupled Load Flow : FDLF :k & A 6 , /C0

: !A ) L - ZG H )E & J3, J 2 cX " 4e+ P9 y , D ,

sin (% i % k . ik ) , 1, cos(% i % k . ik ) , 0

. !A ) 7R G )3 ; 79 & % , D
 Sparsity : Z!3; cX " Z,!5 )X !

, :X ) G : :@" D 0!: 1: c:X " :A Z, R X & c& H" E

:_R 4 :O , : , D 7A !C 2^ } , j h _& , FG + I +

: - + , 2:^ : } :c %:*- : ,!: : - + / . A ) 1 " )3^

. !A ) ;|

Z
)"!3; = S = = ( ) 2^ } * = (1 s )n 2
n 2

Z diag = [5 6 7 8] _R ^ 9 , :=Q

5 9 10 0
9 6 0 0 Z offd =[ 9 10 9 10 11 11] : _R } ^ 9 ,
A=
10 0 7 11 I ROW = [1 1 2 3 3 4]
0 0 11 8 I col = [2 3 1 1 4 4]3

_R } ^ 9 _&

_R } ^ 9 ! &

: W 9 Z,!5 hZ ) !A 2& 1 " , *" !C I ",!^ ,

IR = [1 1 3] , Z offd = [ 9 10 11] , Z diag : [5 6 7 8]

Ic = [2 3 4] , NUM = [1 0 3 0] vC ,

, : : , D: A1 ": = _::& : _R : } : 5 9 ):: H : vC:: , : (V) :9

. !A ) s A Z offd

: Z[# X
WI:A , :A Z :9PO : :6!" : . : Y , , W * WIA Z 23" = * %; .V

c + A! , , /C0 ZG H

So2 = Po2 + j o 2 ( So2 = 2.5 + j 3 (g So2 = 2 + j 2 ( B So2 = 1 + j1 ( N

:J ):I - : . : a ): 7& , * V2 (g) 7 +, J . , a 7& , ZG!ct

V2 = 1 = cte :I ,!_ , R ) ; < < $ , A n , I ",!^ , . 7& - )R 2"

. E) t J . , a 7& (g) 7 + , ZG!ct !A

: Y , , W * WIA & X & .$

n!:E y , 2 :& : , V2 SG2 = j1 So2 = 0.5 + j1 :A :A I ",!:^ , ( N

. @& , S1 1`& , a 7& , I" @" , cJ 10 = &

PG 2 = 0.25 So2 = 1 + j 0.5 : :::A : :::A !:::::A : :::X : ::: 3 I ",!:::::^ , ( B

:@" , :cJ 1:0 n!E , I" y , 2& ,92 m <2 * Y a V2 = 1 = cte

. @& , S1 1`& , a 7& , I"

2 :& : , QG 2 , SG1 %3 V3 , < 2 :* WI:A , A Z 9PO 6!" .?

0 : Q2 : 1.2 (N::: ) : :I \ ::A :: , ::I" : :3+ <::: 1:::0 !:::X- , – D"!::: y ,

:c a !: 1 : Z L = j 0.1 \!:_; : 3 :& 1 :` . , a 7& 0 : Q2 : 1 (B)

. A ) Yc = j 0.01

7:& , :I" :3+ <: 1:0 DLF y , 2& , ( ?) ( $) c& WIA 6!" .S

. ,a

: G1 BC ` aZ Y 200 @ !" L - Y , , WIA Z, R X & .V

. , a, 7 ! 0 Z,!5 , X & @ !9

~ 6 MVA ) !" KV) X p.n.

G1 100 20 0.1
G2 200 13.2 0.2
T1 400 20/230 0.4
T2 200 230/13.2 0.3
T3 600 20/230 0.75
T4 200 575/33 0.02
L1 200 230 0.15
L2 150 220 0.18

Z1 = Z 2 = 52.9 + j105.8
 : 7X !3_ W * WIA X & , .$

(I1 2 ) Vz$ %; , 6 (N
!A V2 = 1 I QG 2 , * ( B

< " :& , : 0 E!:36 : :I : :6!" : %; D %&!" = * W R !" Q +(g

. A ) % : 30o

( A 6 6 -)d X * , = * %; - 1 .?

D= 27.81 mm : _R

Ds= 11.37 mm %&! s HA

. 7& ) " & = -

. @& D , ( N z?) = !x& , ; .S

%; , 5C * B = 235.6/80.03o , A = 0.848/1.874o 3 = * %; < , .h

Z c , .L, Z , . d @&

, :*J = :* %:; 7: ! , X & < , . A (ABCD) 7 ! , = * %; E .j

d 7&

Z :5C 1 :` %; & )RP" W , ,7 E 7-, c 6 W * WIA , .l

( @& , 67 E 7-, 8 M )d . , a 7& c1,Zc2

 d A ) !X- , D"! y , , /C0 [ t W * WIA , . o

Y
1 ": :Y a . :A Y p = = j 0.02 p.n. Z = j 0.2 p.n. %; ' = H , , b J(N
2

. , a 7& , Ybvs

19.98 10 10
: . :A L :2 Ybvc = j 10 19.98 10 Z,!5 Ybvs 1 " E (B
10 10 19.98

!:" . :A ): 1/0 : : : n +. X , I" , < 10 , c&

. , , R 0 : Q2 : 1.2 , ( $) n , ;

([ G : : @:& dd . ( [ G :* ) D !: 1 " fiq , fip * _ ,)

(V

V
Zb = b
Sb
, : 2
Z2 V Sb 2
p.n. = b1
Z1 Vb 2 Sb 1

200
Xg1 = × 0.1 = 0.2 P.n.
100

200
Xg 2 = 1 × 0.2 = 0.2 p.n. , XT1 = × 1 × 0.4 = 0.2 p.n.
400
X L1 = 1 × 1 × 0.5 = 0.5 p.n.

Vb (230k )2
Zb1 = = = 264.5 p.n. , Z1 = 0.2 + j 0.4 p.n.
Sb 200M
 200
X T 2 = 1 × 0.3 = 0.3 p.n. XT 3 = × 0.75 = 0.25 p.n.
600

200 220 2 V (23000) = 264.5 p

X L2 = × × 0.18 = 0.22 p.n. , Zb2 = b =
150 230 Sb 200

V .V 1.1 × 1
P12 = po2 pG 2 = 20.10 = 10 = 1 2 sin % = sin % z N ($
X 0.04

0.4 1.1/21.32o 1/0

S = sin 1 = 21.32o , I12 = = 10.02/ 3.54
1.1 j 0.04

V2 V1V2 = cos S 1 1 × 1.1 cos 21.32

Q2 = 2 = = 0.017 = Qg 2 10 Qg 2 = 9.383 (B
X 0.04

1.1 × 1
P= sin 30 o = 13.75 p.n. (g
0.04

z N (?

GnD
L ?? 2 × 10 7 Ln , GMD = 3 Dapog Daceq Dbceq
GMR
Dabeq = 4 Dab D ab( . Da (b . Da(b( = 4 125 × 500 = 15.811m

Dabeq = 4 Dac D ac( . Da (c . Da (c( = 4 20 × 20 × 15 × 15 = 17.321m

Dbceq = Dapeq = 15.811m GMD = 16.299m

( )
GMR = 6 Ds , Dqa ( 2 × Dse × Dbr (
e
, Dseq = 3 Ds × D 2 = 20641mm
H
GMR = 0.7183m L = 6.2439 × 10 7
m

zB
 G
L = 2 × 10 7 Ln MD , GMR = Deq .2064mm
GMR

( ) (
GMD = 15 Dab .Dac .Dad .Dae .Daf 2 . Dba .Dbc .Dbd .Dbe .Dbf )
15
( 115 × 20 × 15 × 500 × 125 ) ( 125 ×
2
125 × 500 × 25 × 500 = 17.755)
L = 13.5144 × 10 7 H / m

2'E.
C= , Deq = GMD = 16.299m (S
Deq
100
Dseq

2
Dse = r × d 2 = 22.07mm

Dseq = ( Dse )2 × D 2 × Dnn( = 0.7428m c = 18 × 10 12 F / m

aa (

A2 1
A2 Bc = 1 C= = 1.2153m/90.52o (h
B

B B
= ZC 2 Zc = = 440.3/ 5.25
C C
A = cosh .L = 0.8475 + j 0.0277 = A1 + jB1
B
sinh .L = = 0.5331/85.28 = 0.044 + j 0.5333 = C1 + jO1
Ze

c1
.LxjLy = .L, . 1x = t q h 1( ) = 0.052, .ly = cos 1( A12 C12 = 0.5617
A1
.L = 0.56 + 1 < 84.71o ]
.L
Z = Zx..L = 2 + 8.37 < 79.46o ] , Y= = 10281m 689.96o ]
Zc

(j
Vp A1 B1 Vs Vp A1 B1 Vs Vp A B Vj
= , = , =
Ip1 C1 D1 Is1 Ip1 C1 D1 Is1 Ip1 C D Ij

I p1 + I p 2 = I p Vp = A1vs + B1I s1 I p = C1vs + D1Is1

,
I s1 + I s 2 = I s V p = A1vj + B1Is 2 T p 2 = C1vs + D1Is 2

B1
Zvp = 2 A1vj + B1Is A1
Vp Z Vs
($$ ),9 =
Ip Is
I p = 2c1vs + D1Is 2c1 D1

(l

Vj Vr
Vj + Vr = Vt = Vt 2 = Vt 3 , Ii = , Ir =
Zc1 Zc1

Vt Vt
Ij + Ir = It 2 + Its , It 2 = , It 3 =
Zc 2 Zc3
Vt Vr Vt Vt 1 1
= + Vj Vr = Zc1 + Vt ( + )
Zc3 Zc1 Zc 2 Zc3 Zc 2 Zc3
2
1 1 Vt
1 Zc1
Zvj = Zc1 Vt ( + + =) =1
Zc1 Zc 2 Zc3
Vj 1 1 1
+ +
Zc1 Zc 2 Zc3
Ir Vr It 2 Zc1 Vt Zc1
= = a ] = . =1 ] = It 2 = Zc1 .1 ]
Tj Vj Ij Zc 2 Vj Zc 2 Ij Zc3

(o

m
%; y s = j 5, y p = j 0.02, Y :; = ) ysij + ypij,Y : j = ysij _N
j =i
 19.98 5 5
Ybv = j 5 19.98 5
5 5 19.98

m m
fjp = ) vj vj . 2ij cos %i yj tij , f iq = ) vj vj . Yij sin %ii %j .ij _B
j =1 j =1

f2 p = 9, f 3 p = 9

f 2q = 1, c 29 ], f 3q = 0.5L ]
p 2 = 0.67 p3 = 2.87 q 2 = 1.028 < 1.2
P = Pc 10 ,
q 2 = qcz q 3 = 1 .2 Vc1 = 1.05,
$pi = p 2 = fip $p 2 = 0.67 0 = 0.67 $p3 = 1.2 + 0.52 = 0.6
$qi = qi fiq $q3 = 2.87 0 = 2.87

?fp 2 ?fp 2 ?fp 2

:
?j1 ?j 3 ? v3
$p 2 $s 2
?fp3 ?fp 2
$p3 = ?fp3 : $s3
?j 3 ? v3
$q3 ?j1 $ v3
?fp3 ?fp 2
?fp3 :
?j 3 ? v3
?j1

?fp 2
= v 2 . v1. Y = 1.sin( . = 1) v 2 . v3 . Y = 3 .sin( . = 3) = 21 ]
?s 2

?fp 2
= v 2 . v1. Y = 3 .sin(?l..?3 . = 3) = 1.05 * 10 sin( 90) = 10.5 ]
?s3
?fp3 ?fp 2
= = 10.5 ]
?s 2 ?s3

?fp3
= v3 . v1. Y = 3 .sin( . = 3) v3 . v 2 . Y = 2 sin( . 32) = 20.5 ]
?s3

?fp 2
= v 2 . Y = 3 . cos(? 2 ?3 . 23) = 9 ]
? v2

?fp3
=9 ]
? v3

?fq3 ?fq3
=9 ] ]
$s 2 ?s1

?fp3
= v1. Y = 31.sin( . = 3) + v 2 . Y = 2 sin( . 32) + 2 v3 . Y 3 j sin( . 33)
? v3
= 10 10.5 + 2 + 19.98 = 19.46 ]
21 10.5 0 $? 2 0.064 0.033 0 0.67
@= 10.5 20.5 0 $?3 = 0.033 0.0064 0 2.87
0 0 19.46 $ v3 0 0 0.051 0.68

0.052rad
= 0.167rad v3 = 1 0.035 = 0.965
0.035
.7 E 6 7-, 6 ?. A ) €0 , 2I" %;

: 7X !3_

7 E X 1 7X !3_ . N

7@X 7 E 7-, X ) ; 7 - . W .B

(D BX+ )D

: 3 1 :` :I ! . : q vC: P.U •@:X+ : , Z, R X & = )_CI" [ E .$

= :H , : : c ( = :* \!:_; 7 :& , 400 KV 400 MVA : @ , ) Z, :R :X & ~ 6

. E vC c a )I I

: ", @9 Z, R X & ~ 6 Z 5C ) *

G1 : 80 MVA,11kv, Xs1 = 0.1 p.u L12 : R = 40 , Xl = 80 , yc = 0.01

G1 : 160 MVA,20kv, Xs 2 = 0.1 p.u L13 : R = 100 , y c = 0.01

G1 : 250 MVA,14kv, Xs3 = 0.1 p.u L 23 : R = 60 , Xl = 150 , yc = 0.02

T 1 : 100 MVA,13kv / 400kv, XT 1 = 0.15 p.u Rt1 = 0.05 p.u

T 2 : 200 MVA,20kv / 400kv, XT 2 = 0.15 p.u Rt 2 = 0.05 p.u

T 3 : 400 MVA,14kv / 400kv, XT 3 = 0.15 p.u Rt 3 = 0.05 p.u

: ", @9 500 km =!_ - & = * %; ,0 *

A,B,C,D c @& 7X !3_

R = 15 *10 6
k

L = 1.25 * 10 6 H
m

C = 10 * 10 12 F
m

F = 50 Hz

: ", @9 7 ! 0 8X+ %; ABCD c .S

A = D = 0.95 < 0.5o . A ) 200 kv @ 320 MVA - & @ !"

B = 0.72 < 85o p.u A 4 5 n c n I ",!^, (N

C = 0.125 < 9.5o p.u 8 M %Vh t [ Q + E

. ! !; , *J ) * !" Q + Ya A 0.85 )- 5 , Z, R

. A ) = %; ) n 400 kv %; )

, : % :A [ : " , %:; :c : : :I ! :A = n c n I ",!^ , ( B

%:; :c : , )- 5 ! , !" !" ,!@9 [ Y , 7 400 kv ,!

. 7& , *J ( QR , Qs )
 c& Z, R X & )_; <" [ E , .h

1 ` Z 5C = 6 , . A ) 4 5 S.?

n + c& )- 5 !" c !" \!_;

. 7& A q , c&

\!_; !R , - 7&, X& @ !"

. A ) 100 MVA,138 kv = *
"# (km !) R(p.u) Xl(p.u) Yc(p.u)
L12 65 0.042 0.168 0.041 n E y , , /C0 Z @& = , I" (N
L23 48 0.031 0.126 0.031
L34 130 0.084 0.336 0.082
L48 80 0.053 0.21 0.051
! ,! !" [t ,= &

( ,- . %& *+ $%&' ( ) . @& ,Vn , !"

p(mw)Q(MVAR) p(mw)Q(MVAR)
1 ? ? 65 30 1.01<0
2 180 ? 115 60 1.01<0 , *J D ! 1 " H (B
3 0 0 85 40 1<0
4 0 10 70 30 1<0
[ !& _& ^ 9 7&

. @& a

^8 " ] =; /! \

. W5 60Hz 1 - 1400V - <" k@ < ! , & .V

0.28 !" 8 M 125 kva – )23& , :V ,

40 kvar 10kw – ) ;, :$,

15 kW –) * , :?,

. @& , k@ !" 8 M ) ! ! )* *+ !" W ( N

 :& :- 1:0 0.8 : , !:" 8 :M :" !A ) W^ ! ]!- , & =a ;< (B

. ; KvAr ‚ 7& B!3_

. W @" XI 7 ! 0 < , )_; <" , ! .$

zV W+

S1 = 125 x < cos 1 0.28 = 35 xw + j120 xvAr ( 2)

S 2 = 10kw j 40 xvAr ( 2)
S 3 = 15kw ( 2) (N
St = s1 + S 2 + S 3 = 60kw + j80kvAr ( 2)
8
cos l = cos* (tg 1 ) = 0 .6 ( 2)
6

!; ) ( B

Q = p + gp
= p + y (cos 1 0.8),60ktg (cos 1 0.8) = 45kvAr (3)
eo = 80k 45 x = 35 xvAr (2)

;) ! ! !"

Vb 2 (10 x) 2
Zb = = =1 6 V = 10 xv, S = 100 M z$
Sb 100 M

s2 V1 2
x 2 = x1( )( )
s1 V 2

*************
 ^8 " ] =; /! \

8 :M 5 kvA Z, :R : - <" ,!"! < Z 2.8 j16 , Z1 = 0.8 + j 5.6 1 ` .V

. W5 200v - <" k@ A W5 Y I ! Z,!5 - 10 0.8 !"

a !" 8 M k@ W !" @& 7& B!3_ ( N

@:& : 7:& B!:3_ :&, <: : !" 8 M " 7& A W^ , & ! ;< (B

; !" !"

: 7 , , .$

2
V 1V 2 cos ?
v
1
Q1 =
X

zV W+

200 2
Si = Vˆ1.Iˆ1 S1 = = 1K + J 7 K
V12 0.8 J 5.6
S1 =
Z1
Vˆ 200 2
Iˆ1 = 1 S2 = = 1K J 2K
Z1 8 + J 16

Sm = 5 K < cos 0.8 = 4 K + j 3K

(N

St = S1 + S 2 + S 3 = 6 K w + j8kvqr

8
cos l = cos(tq 1 ) = 0.6
6
 W )!! !" , * Q = pty (cos 11) = A cos l = 1 !; )

(
Qc = 8k 9 = 8 KvAr ]
ˆ ˆ ˆ Vˆ1 rˆ 2 Vˆ1 V 1V = 0s
P1 + jQ1 = s1 = V 1.I = V 1( )=
jx jx
.$

Vˆ1 V 1V 2 cos jV 1V 2 sin ? V12 V 1V 2 cos ?

= Q1 =
?x ?x

**************

. ) , - 10 T/lh Z, R 8 M , 7 SST 8& jT - & ,!"! < .V

. @& , ,!"! - < )- 5 . !" ) ! ! )* *+ !" ( N

. !A = R + jX 7 1 ` ,!"! E 0 , ,!"! X ,R, * (B

lSj W = 8& V . A %oh ,!"! , E , I" , B N 7 XR ( g

Z,!:5 Ds : s H:A r= : s H:A n X & < %&! s HA 7 ( N .$

: !A ) @&

GMR = (nDs r n 1)1 / n

( A 6 6 -). @& , o , X& - 1 (B

D= 27.81 mm = _R

Ds = 11.37 mm = %&! s HA

r =n 0.45 == s HA
 2'B 0
Can = : !A ) B!X Z,!5 D ; _, 7 (g
Ln(GMD / GMR)

( Dab Dac Dbc )( Dab( Dac( Dbc( ) 1 / 3

GMD = ( )
( Dab1Dac1Dbc1 )( Dab(1Dac(1Dbc(1 )
( Daa Dbb Dcc )( Daa( Dbb( Dcc( ) 1 / 3
GMD = ( )
( Daa1Dbb1Dcc1)( Daa (1Dbb(1Dcc(1 )

. 7& !5" y, 2& V < 1 !

: Z,!5 Ds s HA r= s HA n X & < %&! s HA 7 ( N .?

: !A ) @&

GMR = (nDs r n 1)1 / n

( A 6 6 -). @& , o , X& - 1 (B

D= 27.81 mm = _R

Ds = 11.37 mm = %&! s HA

r =n 0.45 == s HA

: !A ) B!X Z,!5 D ; _, 7 (g

2' +o
C an =
Ln(GMD / GMR )
GMR
1/ 3 1/ 3
( Dab Dac Dbc )( Dab( Dac( Dbc( ) ( Daa Dbb Dcc )( Daa ( Dbb( Dcc( )
GMD = GMD =
( Dab1Dac 1Dbc1)( Dab(1Dac(1Dbc(1) ( Daa 1Dbb 1Dcc1 )( Daa (1Dbb(1Dcc(1)

( 7& a !5" a1 ) 7& !5" H V1!

*****************
 . ) , - 10 T/o Z, R 8 M , 7 SST 8& jT - & ,!"! < .V

. @& , ,!"! - < )- 5 . !" ) ! ! )* *+ !" ( N

: %:; ) 7: SST : k:@ : T/h+ jT/? 1 ` = * %; < %&!" ,!"! L -(B

= 8:& V . : @:& , = * %; k@ !" 8 M ,!"! & . !A W5 (%;

lSj W

? 7:-, : 6 : : $ . :A ): r s HA ) ; !" h , - <" %; .$

.7 E 6

W 1 7 E 7-, X 1 @& 7X !3_ ( N

:_ , . ( D : : B :X + : ) D : 7@X 7 E 7-, X ; 7 - . W 7X !3_ ( B

. 7 ,[ G

H=D (B) 7 E c 3^ - (A)

D=7 E c 7-, c 3^ - (B )

d= Y I c 3^ -

D= 10d , d= 10r , H= 2D D

************

, : . : ): : e " , %; c , , &, Z s = 0.5 + j 2( ) 1 ` - = * %; .V

. ) Be6 , 200 kw !" 10kv %; - 10 0.9 Z, R 8 M , ,! e

%; , !" ) ! ! )* *+ !" %; 7X !3_ ( N

 (Qc , C = ?) ;, * J & 0.98 , Z, R 8 M !C E ( B

( A t6 - )d X * , = * %; - 1 .$

D= 27.81 mm : _R

Ds = 11.37 mm %&! s HA

. 7& ) ", cJ = -

. @& D , ( N $) = x& , ; .?

a 7:: * 0 .6 %::; ::& 1 :: , 400 km =!::O :: ::- :: = ::* %::; <:: , .S

km

%; ABCD 7 ! @& 7X !3_ A ) 3.2 × 10 6 u %; ! 1 , 0.11

km km

. Y , , W * WIA & X & .h

n!:E y , V 2 = 0.99 < 0 \A SG 2 S D 2 = 0.6 + j1 A A I ",!^ , ( N

. @X , S1 1`& , a 7& , V2 , I" @" < 10 = &

, :; %:&!" : !" : ,! !" , * A V 2 =1 !C !A X 3 I ",!^, ( B

. @& = & n!E %&!" , I" 3+ < 10

X & XI 7 ! 0 7X !3_ , , X & , .j

 G : S n = 10MVA,Vn = 13.2kv, X G = 0.1 p.n
T 1 : S n = 5MVA,13.2kv / 132v, XT 1 = 0.1 p.n 10 MVA = @ !"
G : S n = 10 MVA,138kv / 69kv, XT 2 = 0.08 p.n
13 . 2 kv
= ,!" 4 O, @

********

%:; 1 : , 7 * , 7- , . Y , , 100 kvA , 2300V - & %; .V

2300v - 10 0.8 !" 8 M , , 60 kw , %; E . 7& ) ^, 3.6 8" "

. %; , !" %; )- 5 !" , !" 7& B!3_ e"

,!:" <: , , , ,= ( I & ,!" < <" & , 0 +) D H").$

. Y , 7& W5 7 c ) n < I&

: A ,!" = " , ,!" !" !" Q ,P E

( 7 V ,E I ) d - ) ] 2" 6, P !" !" Q + FG

Xt sin
E= .Vt. 7 :F
Xe sin %

P 2 + (Q Qo) 2o = R02 : 7& , R Q ,PD _ , ( FG ) 7 XR , 7 : FQ

Vt 2 1 1 Vt 2 1 1
Qo = ( ), Ro = ( )
2 Xe Xs 2 Xe Xs

' 2' (n 1)'

2 sin( ) 2 sin( ) ... 2 sin( ) =n : A A E 7 , "n= _ , .?
n n n

= s HA = R

= c H" = N
 n
GMR = n.Ds.R n 1 %&! s HA = Ds

. %&! , = %&! s HA ( 0!" )

:D D- E , , X& ; @& .S

Dc1b 2 = D12(
Da1a (2 = H11(
Dc1b(2 = H12(

o
)3^ - 3^ - =D: , eE , A y ,

o
5" - 3^ - =H

– c,b,a ?.$.V

2C1B 0
. 7 Ca =
GMD Hm
Ln Ln
GMR HR

CMD12 ( D12 D12( D12( D12( )( D13 D13( D13( D13( )( D23 D23( D23( D 23()

CMD = 12 r 6 D11 2 D22( 2 D 2 (

33

Hm = 12 ( H12 H ( H 1( 2 H 1( 2( )( H 13H 13( H 1( 3H 1( 3()( H 23H 23( H 2(3H 2(3()

12

2 )( H 2 H 2( H 22 2 )( H 3H 3( H 3 2 )
H R = 12 (h1H1( H12

: W+ Z I

H 11( = H 1( , D12( ; H 1( 2, D12( ; D1( 2 (V

 9i 1
!:J : 7:R ) , a 7& , [ " , , Va1,Vi = ) Ln _, ($
2'B Dij

( !A ) B M V/$ , _ , , W5 X&

1 H 1.H 11(
Va1I = (qaLn + ... FPQ . WIA D " & , G _ , (?
4'B o r.D11(

X ! , Va1III ,Va1II 2& 1 2 3 )A E _ , (S

. , a 7& V a1III , VaII E %&! ,Va1 (h

1 H 1H 11( .H 2 H 22(....
Va1 = (qaLn + ... : FPQ
12' + o r 3 D11( .D...

: , a 7& (,) C (,) : " h _, ,V a2 (j

H 11( = H 1( 1 , D12( ; D1( 2 ,.... : 7R

. @& , va2 E %&! Va1 (l

1 H 1H 11( 2.....
Va1 = (qaLn + ...
24' + o r 6 D11( 2...

. q 8" , Ca 2 & qb + qc = qa (o

*********
 ^ 8 " 4" / ` #

0.024 * 2300
$VR = RI = = 31.87 R = 1.27
3

0.036 * 2300
$Vx = xI = = 47.80 x = 1.90
3
100kvA
In = = 25.10 A
2300 3 .V
60kw Pline = 3RI e2 = 1351w
Ie = = 18.83 A
3 * 2300 * 0.8 eline = 3 xI e2 = 2021vAr

60 x
Se = < 10 1 * 0.8 = 60k + j + 5k
0 .8
sin = Se + sLine = 61.351 + j 47.021k

E.V E.V
p= sin(% ( )) = sin % , xt = s + xe
xt xt
E.V
PMAX = , %PMAX = 90o FG .$
xt
E.V VT .v
P. SIN% = SIN
xt xE

XT SIN
e= .vT . (1) : X ! ) D , !" _ , : F
XE SIN%

: FQ

E.Vt
P= sin(% Q)
Xs
% = 90 0 , : X! ) V +, E D , !" _ ,
E.Vt + cos(% ) V+2
Q=
Xs

E.Vt + cos
P=
Xs
xt
% = 90 0 , (2), (1) E =V +. sin (3)
xe
E.Vt + sin V+2
Q=
Xs
 .Vt 2 + xt
P= cos .Vt 2 + xt
Xs. Xe P= sin 2
2 Xs. Xe
% = 90 0 ,
.Vt 2 + xt (1 cos ) vt 2
.Vt 2 + sin 2 .xt vt 2 Q=
Q= zXe .xs xs
Xe.xs xs

.Vt 2 + xt
P= sin 2 .Vt 2 + xt
Xs. Xe P= sin 2
2 Xs. Xe
.Vt 2 ( xt 2 xe) .Vt 2 .xt
.Vt 2 .xt vt 2 .Vt 2 .xt Q= cos 2
Q= cos 2 zXe .xs 2 Xe.xs
2 Xe.xs xs 2 Xe.xs

.Vt 2 ( xs + ye)
P= sin 2
2 xs. ye P = R o sin 2
p 2 + (Q Q) 2 = R02
.Vt 2 ( xs ye) vt 2 ( xs + ye) Q = Q o R o cos 2
Q= cos 2
2 xs. ye z xs. ye

.?

D12 '
WIA 6!" = R sin :
2 n

2'
8" "D D13 = 2 R sin
n

(n 1)'
D1n = 2 R sin
n

' (n 1)' x
GMR = n Ds * D12 * .... * D1n = Ds * (2 R sin )....(2 R sin ) = DsR n 1 * x
n n

:4 % = V
 '
D12 L 2 R sin n = % , D12 = 0.4572
n

0.4572 n
3^ - R= = 0.5974m, GmR = Ds.nR n 1
'
2 sin
8

4.572 *10 2
Ds = * 0.7788 = 17.8 *103 m GMR = 8 Ds * 8 * (0.597) 7 = 0.499
2

.S

1 1 1 1
Va1I = (qaLn + 9a (Ln + 9bLn + 9b(lLn + 9cLn
4nt. r R12 D13

1 1 1 1 1
9 1Ln = + qa 2 Ln + qa (2 Ln + qb 2 Ln + qb(2 Ln +
H 13 D12 H 11( D12 H 12(
1 1
qc 2 Ln + qc(Ln )
D13( H 13(

, : qa (1 = qa, qa (2 = g 2, qa 2 = qa1

1 H 1.H 11( H 12.H 12( H 13.H 13(

Va1I = (qaLn + qaLn + qaLn
4'B o r.D11( D12.D12( D13.D13(
1 2 3

1 H 2 .H 2 2 ( H 23.H 23( H 21.H 21(

Va1II = (qaLn + qaLn + qaLn
4'B o r .D 2 2 ( D 23.D 23( D 21.D12(

1 H 3.H 33( H 31.H 31( H 32.H 32(

Va1III = (qaLn + qaLn + qaLn
4'B o r.D33( D31.D31( D32.D32(

Va1I + VaII + Va1III

Va1 =
3

1 H 1.H 2.H 3.H 11( .H 22(.H 33( H 12..H 23.H 31.H 12(..H 23(.H 31(
Va1 = (qaLn + qbLn
12'B o r 3 .b11( .D 22(.D33( D12..D 23.D31.D12(..D 23(.D31(

H 13..H 21.H 32.H 13(.H 21( .H 32(

+ qcLn )
D13.D 21.D32.D13(.D 21( .D32(
 W @" : (r )"] C (r )qm'] H = 11( = H 1( 1

1 H 1( .H 2(.H 3(.H 11( .H 21( .H 33( H 1( 2(..H 2(3(.H 3(1( .H 12(..H 23(.H 31(
Va1 = (qaLn + qbLn
12'B o r 3 .b11( .D 22(.D33( D1( 2(..D 2(3(.D3(1( .D12(..D 23(.D31(

H 1( 3(.H 2(1( .H 3(2.( H 1( 3.H 2(1.H 3(2

+ qcLn )
D1( 3(.D 2(1( .D3(2.( D1( 3.D 2(1.D3(2

, E %&! : vA = (vA1 + vA2) / 2

1 H 1.H 2.H 3.H 1( .H 2(.H 3(.h11( 2.h21( 2.H 33( 2

Va1 = (qaLn +
12'B o r 3.b11( 2.D 22( 2.D33( 2

H 12..H 23.H 31.H 12 (.H 23(.H 31( .H 1( 2 (.H 2 (3(.H 3(1( .H 1( 2 (..H 2 (3(.H 3(1( .H 1( 2.H 2 (3H 3(1 qa
(qb + qc) Ln )=
D12..D 23.H 31.D12 (.D 23(.D31( .D1( 2 (.D 2 (3(.D3(1( .D1( 2 (..D 2 (3(.D3(1( .D1( 2.D 2 (3D3(1 ca

1 HR12 Hm12 qa
Va = (qaLn qaLn )
24' 6 GMR12 GMR 12 ca

2'B o
Ca =
GMR
Ln Ln Hm
GMR HR

*******

3:^ - :A ) D {_& ! &, ca (, bb(, ac( c(b(a (0abc , - & X & , .V

: ", @9 Z 5C * . 7& A[t -) t 6W 9. A ) 10m Y I &,

Dac( =15m = Dca( , Dbb( = 25m, d = 0.35m = 3^ - D = 27.81mm _R

Ds = 11 .37mm ( %&! s HA ) . 7& ) " & =

%; ; N3& @& 7& B!3_

: 7& L 2 ABCD 7 ! 230 KV - & = * %; < .$

A = D 0.94 + j 0.02, B = 32.7 + j154, c = j 0.00109

4 :5 80 MW !:" %; c I D M , , R 225 KV 7 " %; I +,

: )- :5 ) !: ! !:" % :A D: , . : : 7 @Q" 225 KV , , %; c !A )

. @& ,, !"

@:& %:; : , : :* B = 235.6 < 80.03o , A = 0.848 < 1.874o : 3 = * %; < , .?

Z c , .L, Z , Y

L- A A !6 (1.t s , Tr : 1) t J …" cX " Z1 ` ) * %; 4 O E .?

%:; 1 :` , : ) !: ! )* *+ !" %; c 8X+ ts _ , =!*H

, :I" :@" <: = :& n!:E y , , , /C0 Z 5C & & X& .S

: W+

(d ) = ?n a 7R ) d ) , J[ 3+

. 7& k6 n < n

Z12 = 0.02 + j.04 pu , Z13 = .01 + j 0.03 pu , Z 23 = 0.0125 + j 0.025 pu

V 1 = 1.05 < 0, V 3 = 1.04,V 2 (0) = 1 < 0, p g 3 = 200 MW , Pd 2 = 400 MW

Qd 2 = 250 MVAr , Pbase = 100MVA,100 MVAr < Q g 3 < 200 MVAr

. 7& , n $ n ,!" n ? n

*****
 V )&, Z " )†H W+

132 100 M
VRˆ = IR = IˆR = 546.7 p cos 1 0.8 .V
3<0 132k 3 * 0.8

: 7& "! %;

Z = (0.0308 + j 2' * 50 * 0.95m) * 50 Z = R + jx = 1.54 + j14.92

132 x
Vˆs = VˆR + ZˆI R = < 0(1.54 + j14.92) * 546.7 < cos 10.8
3

Vˆs = 81999 < 4.21,VsL L = 142027V

142.027 132 VsF .L. VsN .L.

Re g % = *100 = *100 = 7.596%
132 VsN .L.

.$

Z = R + jx = 20(0.0195 + j 2' * 50 * 0.63m) = 0.39 + j 3.958

5m
Z = 3.977 < 84.37 o ,V R = 10k < 0, I R = = 707.2 < 45o (N
10k * 0.707

Vs VR
Vˆs = VˆR + Z 0 IˆR = 12.304k < 8.34o , R% = *100 = 23.04%
VR

: ,0 8 $ a V% 8 "? b % (Y

RP + XQ
R = 0.5 * 23.04 = 11 .52% = : )@ *" y ,
VR 2

0.39 * 5M + 3.958Q
Q 2 = Q1 + Q 2 Q 2 = 20418MVA
(10 K ) 2

2.582 = 2' * 50 * C *11012 C = 52.19 Nf

Vs VR Vs 10 x
R = 0.0052 = = Vs = 11 .152 xv :iR y ,
VR 10 x
 1
p2 = ( R(v1.V 2 cos V22 ) + x.V 1.V 2.sin % ) : % ^c 3
2
R +X 2

p 2 = 5m,V 2 = VR,V 1 = Vs :

1
5m = 0.39(11 .152k *10k cos % (10 x) 2 + 3.958 *10 x *11 .152k sin %
(0.39) 2 + (3.958) 2

43.49 cos % + 441.4 sin 118 .09 = 0

: ) W+ , 3xX D"! , I" y , 2&

f (% ( x )
f (% ) % ( x +1) = % ( x ) +
f (% ( x )

11 .152 x < 9.814 10k < 0

% = 9.814 0 Iˆ =
0.39 + j 3.958

538.7 < 21.86

Q 2 = VR.IR. sin PR = 10k * 538 7. sin 21.86 = 2 M

2
Qc = 3M = B V c = 95.49 NF

p 0ut 58 *100
D1 = = = 96.25%, Ploss = RI 2 (g
p int + pLoss 5M + 0.39 * (707.2) 2

5M
D2 = *100 = 97.79% :(iR y ,)
5M + 0.30 * (538.7) 2

( N .S

"! %; , : A2 BC = 1 0 = 1
 2
ZY ZY Z 2Y 2
A2 BC = 1 + 1+ ZY = 1 + + ZY ZY
2 4 4
%&! %; , :
Z 2Y 2
=1
4

3 %; : A 2 BC = (cosh .L) 2 (sin .L) 2 = 1

A=D,a=d : A ) Z,!5 %; [ " %; N5 7 ! D \ @", ( B

A B a b a b a 2 + bc = A 2ac = C
= ,
C D c d c d 2ab = B a 2 bc = 1

1+ A B C
2a 2 = A + 1 a= = d ,b = ,c =
2 2a 2a

( N .h

3+5 400 M
VˆR = < 0, IˆR = < cos 1 o.8
3 354 3

Vˆs A B VˆR 256.673k < 20.15o

IˆR = 669.4 < cos 1 0.8, ~ = =
Is C D I~R 447.67 < 8.54 o

Vs VR 256.737 345 / 3
DV % = = = 22.42% : 7- ^,
Vs 256.737

( 7& 7 LvR !A ) L - ) " ^,

VsFL VsNL
R% = = 57.57%
VsNL
[t : Vsf .l = 256.737 x, vsnl = AvR = 162.939k

Vˆs = AvˆR, Iˆs = CVˆz : , ) 7 +, (B

 Vˆs = 256.737 k < 20.15o VˆR = 313.859 < 18.85o

345
313.859
VRN .L VRF .L 3
Iˆs = 606.69 < 109.25o ,% R = =
VxF .L 345
3

yR = 57.57% (7 L= Vs ) " ^,

3xX (g

.j

1+ A B C
a= = d,b = ,C = : , $j 3xX (g
2 2a 2a

1 + 0.818 < 1.32

a=d = 0.9534 < 0.29o
2

172.2 < 84.2 c

b= = 90.31 < 8391, c = = 0.00101+ < 90.11o
2a 2a

a b 1 z a b
6 %; 7 ! = ,z = j146.6 (
c d 0 1 c d

a 51.01 < 78.365 a b

67 !
c 1.102 < 0.266 c d

0.9598 < 1.178o 42.44 < 63.78o

7!=
0.002084 < 90.39o 0.9597 < 1.178o

Vˆs 217. 2 k < 4.43o Dv% = 8.26%

( N ) 7 XR , I" = ,
Iˆs R % = 13.57%
520.49 < 4.44o

ˆ Vˆs
(B) 7 XR , I" Vˆs = 217.121k < 4.43,VˆR = Vs =
A 0.9598 < i,178

= 226.215 x < 3.25o , Iˆs = CVˆR = 0.00208+ < 90.39 * VˆR = 471043 < 93.64o
 3*5
226.215
VRN .L.VR.F .L 3 *100 = 13.57%
R% = *100 =
VRFL 3*5
3

A B 1 0
6 %; 7 ! = Y= j 0.0021 (:
C D Y 1

1.t 78 < 0.875 B

67 != ,
0.000217 < 83.26 D

Vˆs
VˆR = = 217.943k < 21.03o : B 7 XR , I"
1.178 < 0.875

IˆS = CVˆR = 42.29 < 104.3o . 7& - / 6

********

, /C Wq X

40 20 20 V1 = 1 < 0
Ybus = j 20 40 20 V 2 =1< 0
n + .S
20 20 40 V 3 = 1< 0

3
fa3 = ) V 3 Vj . Y 3 j .sin(% 3 %j . 3 j
j =1
= V 3 ( V1 .V 31 sin(% 3 % 1 . 31) + V 2 1Y 12 sin % 3 % 2 . 32

+ Vs Y 32 sin(% 3 % 3 . 33)

= 1* (20 sin(0 0 90o ) + 20 sin(0 0 20)

(.) 3+
+ 40 sin(0 0 + 90o ))0

fq 2 = G1
:8" "D
fq3 = qG qD qG = fq3 + qd = 0 + 5 = 5 4 < 3 .5

qG3 = 3.5 = QG3 max : , e 7X = ( ?) n

 %f 2 p %f 2 p %fa 2
= 40, 20, = 20,
%s 2 %s 3 % V3

%faq 40 20
= 40 T1 =
% V2 20 40

$p 2 $% 2 $% 2 $p 2
= [@ 1] = [@ 1] 1
$p3 $% 3 $% 3 $p3

$p 2 = p 2 f 2 p = p 2 = p92 pd 2 = 10 = 10
$p3 = p3 f 3 p = p3 = p93 pd13 = 0 10 = 10

1 1 1 vad
$% 2 6 9.549o
[@ 1] 1 = 30 60 = =
1 1 $% 3 1 9.549o
60 30 6

40 20 $ V 2 $q 2
[@ 4 ] = , = [J 4 ] 1 :8" "D
20 40 D v3 $q3

$q 2 = q 2 f 2q = q 2 = q92 qd 2 = 10412 * = 104 / 2

$q3 = q3 f 3q = q3 = q93 qd13 = 3.5 5 = 1.5

1 1
$V 2 60 10412 = 0.0221
= 30
D v3 1 1 1.5 0.0265
60 30

V2 1 0.0221 1.0221
= + =
V3 1 0.265 0.9735

fq3 = ... = : H 3+

V 3 ( V 1.V 3.1) . sin(% 3 . . 31) + V 2 Y 32 = sin(% 3 % 2 . 32) +

V 3 Y 33 . sin(% 3 % 3 . 33))
= 0.0971

qG3 = fq3 + qD = 0.0971 + 5 = 4.9029 7X =

 *******

[" W+

.V

pout = 60 * 7 * 6 = 44.76kw
prout = 14.92kw
^"uvw
- & Q = ptyp = 39.475kvAr Qr = 13.158 x var
p Sr = 19.89kvA
S= = 59.68kvA
cos p

440 sr
V 1* = IR = 78.3 A
30 VR
14.42k
p = RI 2 R= = 2.43 :B
V 1* (78.3) 2
Z= = 3.24
IR Q = xI 2 x = 2.15

14.92
Pr = 18.65kw = xw
0.8
13.158
ar = xvAr = 16.45 xvAr (N :g
0.8
19.89kVA
Sr = = 24.86kVA
0.8

440 sr
V 1* = , IR = 97.86 A
3 vr
V 1* 18.65 x
Z= 2 .6 R= 1.95
IR 97.86 2 (B

16.45 x
x= = 1.72
97.86 2

:N
 2' 2 = r2 + r2
= , D12 2r 2 cos
n

= 2r 2 2r 2 cos = 2r 2 (1 cos ) = 2r 2 (2 sin )

2

D12 = 2r sin
2

'
D12 = 2r sin
n
2'
D13 = 2r sin , GMR x Ds *12 * ...D1n
n
M
(n 1)'
D1 n = 2r sin
n

' 2' (n 1)'

, (2 sin ) * (2 sin ) * .....(2 sin(2 sin )=n
n n n

x
GMR = Ds * r n 1 * x

GMR = 8 (11 .37m) * (0.457 * 8 = 0.3685 = DsA :B

GMD
L = 2 *10 7 Ln , GMD = 3 Dabeq * Dacey * Dbceq
GMR

Dabeq = 4 DabDab(.Da(b.da (b ( = 4 (5 2 + 10 2 )(10 2 + 20 2 ) = 15.81

Daceq = 4 (20) 2 (152 + 20 2 ) = 22.36

Dbceq = Dabeq = 15.81 GMD = 17.75

GMR = 6 ( DsA) 3 * Daa ( * Dbb( * Dcc( = 6 (0.3685) 7 *15 2 * 25 = 2.56

17.75
L = 2 *10 7 Ln = 3.873 *10 7
2.56
 oa o a(
ob o b(
oc o c(

.g
o a1 o c (1
ob 1 o b(1
o c1 o a (1

1 1 1
+ qa (1Ln + qb (1Ln + qc (1Ln
Daa (1 Dab (1 Dac (1

qa1 = qa, qa (, qa.( c, b)

 1 Daa (.Daa (1 Dab1.Dab (1
Va I = (qaLn + qbLn +
2' + o ra.Daa ( Dab.Dab (

Dac1.Dac (1
qcLn )
Dac.Dac (

1 Dbb1.Dbb(1 Dbc1.Dbc (1 Dba1.Dba (1

VaII = (qaLn + qbLn + + qcLn )
2'B o ra.Dbb( Dbc.Dbc ( Dba.Dba (

1 Dcc1.Dcc (1 Dca1.Dca (1 Dcb1.Dcb (1

VaIII = (qaLn + qbLn + + qcLn )
2'B o ra.Dcc ( Dca.Dca ( Dcb.Dcb (

VaI + VaII + VaIII 1 Daa1.Dbb1.Dcc1.Daa (1.Dbb (1.Dcc (1

Va = = ( ga ln )
3 6' + o 3
ra .Daa (.Dbb (.Dcc (

( Dab1.Dbc1.Dca1).( Dab (1.Dbc (1.Dca (1)

+ (qb + ac) Ln )
( Dab.Dbc.Dca).( Dab (.Dbc (.Dca ()

qa GMD 20160
Va = Ln can =
2' + o GMR GMD
Ln
GMR

:D J +% ; 4 9 $ %D "A / ( I & A
1 1 1 1 1
Va = (qaLn + qbLn + ( ga ) Ln + ( qb ) Ln ), qa = qb = q
2' + o ra D 2H1 Dab (
q D * 2H1
= Ln
2' + o ra * Dab (
d1 = D 2 ( H 1 H 2) 2
2'B o
can =
D * 2H1
Ln
ra D 4 + DH 1H 2

Dab ( = d 2 + ( H 1 + H 2) 2 = D 2 + 4 H 1H 2
1

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