ABSTRACT

The objectives of this thesis is to have better understanding of the

Structural Health Monitoring(SHM), which is new era technology or field
which correlate Civil Engineering with Electronics Engineering. Structural
health monitoring is promising field for upcoming generation. It opens the
doors to enter into new galaxy of inter departmental research programs.
Structural health monitoring is constantly growing and innovative field. It
is a term increasingly used in the last decade to describe a range of systems
implemented on full-scale civil infrastructures and whose purposes are to assist
and inform operators about continued ‗fitness for purpose‘ of structures under
gradual or sudden changes to their state, to learn about either or both of the load
and response mechanisms. Arguably, various forms of SHM have been employed
in civil infrastructure for at least half a century, but it is only in the last decade or
two that computer-based systems are being designed for the purpose of
assisting owners/operators of ageing infrastructure with timely information for
their continued safe and economic operation.

In this study we have devised some capacitance-based sensor; by the

help of it we can actually identify the minor crack in structures before it can
subject to a failure (brittle or ductile).This paper describes the motivations for
and recent history of SHM applications to various forms of civil infrastructure
and provides case studies on specific types of structure. It ends with a
discussion of the present state-of-the-art and future developments in terms
of instrumentation, data acquisition, communication systems and data
mining and presentation procedures for diagnosis of infrastructural ‗health‘.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

ABSTRACT iv

LIST OF FIGURES x

AGENERAL INTRODUCTION TO

1 STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.2 BRIEF HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 3

THE STATISTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION

1.3 PARADIGM 6
1.3.1 OPERATIONAL EVALUATION 7

1.3.2 DATA ACQUISITION, NORMALIZATION AND

CLEANSING 7
1.3.3 FEATURE EXTRACTION AND INFORMATION

CONDENSATION 8
1.3.4 STATISTICAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT

1.4 CHALLENGES FOR SHM 11

2 INTRODUCTION TO SHM IN THE DOMAIN

OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 15
2.1 INTRODUCTION 13

2.2 FUNDAMENTAL OBJECTIVES OF CIVIL

INFRASTRUCTURE MONITORING 14
2.3 CENTURY & DEVELOPMENT OF SHM IN CIVIL

ENGINEERING 16

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 2.4 LIMITATIONS & PROBLEMS IN THE
APPLICATION OF SHM TO CIVIL ENGINEERING
STRUCTURES 26
2.4.1 SYSTEM RELIABILITY 26

2.4.2 INAPPROPRIATE INSTRUMENTATION &

SENSOR OVERLOAD 26
2.4.3 DATA STORAGE & DATA OVERLOAD 27

2.4.4 COMMUNICATIONS 27

2.4.5 ENVIRONMENT FACTORS & NOISE 27

2.4.6 DATA MINING & INFORMATION

PRESENTATION 28
2.4.7 FUNDING 28

2.4.8 LACK OF COLLABORATION 29

3 LITERATURE REVIEW 30

METHODS OF STRUCTURAL HEALTH

3.1 MONITORING ORIGIN 30

STATISTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION

3.2 PARADIGM APPROACH 30

3.2.1 OPERATIONAL EVALUATION 31

3.3.2 ECONOMIC AND/OR LIFE-SAFETY ISSUES 31

3.3.3 DEFINITION OF DAMAGE 32

3.3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND/OR OPERATIONAL

CONSTRAINTS 32
3.3.5 DATA MANAGEMENT 33

3.3.6 DATA ACQUISITION AND SIGNAL

PROCESSING 34
3.3.7 EXCITATION METHODS 35

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 3.3.8 FORCED EXCITATION 35
3.3.9 AMBIENT EXCITATION 36

3.3.10 LOCAL EXCITATION 38

3.3.11 DATA NORMALIZING 38

3.3.12 DATA CLEANSING 39

3.3.13 FEATURE EXTRACTION AND DATA

COMPRESSION 40

3.3.14 STATISTICAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT 41

3.4 THE FUNDAMENTAL AXIOMS OF SHM 42

3.5 SHM COMPONENTS 43

STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING FOR

3.6 BRIDGES 52
4 STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING

APPLICATIONS 54
4.1 INTRODUCTION 54

TECHNOLOGIES FOR STRUCTURAL TESTING AND

4.2 STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING 54

4.2.1 MULTIMODAL SENSOR SYSTEMS 54

4.2.2 ROBUST, PRECISION SIGNAL CONDITIONING 56

4.2.3 SIGNAL CONDITIONING FOR SENSOR

MEASUREMENTS 57
4.2.4 DISTRIBUTED MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS 59

4.2.5 EMBEDDED INTELLIGENCE AND DATA

STORAGE 59
4.2.6 REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS AND

CONNECTIVITY 59
4.2.7 SYNCHRONIZED DISTRIBUTED

MEASUREMENTS 59

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 4.2.8 WI-FI DATA ACQUISITION 60
4.2.9 LONG-TERM MONITORING VS PORTABLE

TESTING 60
4.2.10 LONG-TERM CONTINUOUS MONITORING 60

4.2.11 SENSORS AND MEASUREMENTS FOR

STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS 61
4.2.12 WIRELESS DAQ FOR PORTABLE

STRUCTURAL TESTING 61
4.2.13 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS FOR LONG-TERM

CONTINUOUS MONITORING 62
4.2.14 EMBEDDED INTELLIGENCE AND DATA

STORAGE 62
4.2.15 RUGGEDNESS AND RELIABILITY IN HARSH

ENVIRONMENTS 63
4.2.16 REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS AND 63

CONNECTIVITY
4.2.17 SYNCHRONIZED DISTRIBUTED

MEASUREMENTS 63
4.3 APPLICATIONS 65

5 CRACK IDENTIFICATION 90

5.1INTRODUCTION 90

CRACK DETECTION IN ARMOR PLATES USING

5.2 ULTRASONIC TECHNIQUES 90

5.3METHODOLOGY 91

DETECTION OF TRANSVERSE CRACKS IN A

COMPOSITE BEAM USING LAMB WAVE AND

5.4VIBRATION TECHNIQUES 92
` 5.4.1 DEMERITS OF SIGNAL BASED SENSORS 96

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 5.5CAPACITANCE SENSOR FOR CIVIL STRUCTURES 96

96
5.5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.5.2 METHODOLOGY 97

5.6EXPERIMENTATION 100

103
5.6.1 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE EXPERIMENT

5.6.2 OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS 103

5.7 CONCLUSIONS 105

5.8 RECOMMENDATIONS 106

6 CONCLUSION 108

6.1 CONCLUDING REMARKS 108

REFERENCES 109

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 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE
PAGE

The Measured Fundamental Frequency Of This

39
3.2 Alamosa Canyon Bridge
3.3 Anemometer
44
3.4 Weighbridges
45
3.5 Temperature Sensors
46
3.6 Strain Sensors
47
3.7 Accelerometer
48
3.8 Displacement Transducers
49
3.9 Data Acquisition System
51
4.1 Sensor Technologies For Structural Monitoring
55
4.2 Adc
56
4.3 16-Bit Versus 24-Bit Resolution
57
Modules Provide Direct Connectivity To
58
4.4 Structural Monitoring And Testing Sensors
Embedded Data Acquisition And Control Solutions
59
4.5 For Long-Term Structural Monitoring
4.6 Wi-Fi Data Acquisition System
63
4.7 Easy-To-Use Experience And Data-Logging
64
4.8 53rd Avenue Extension Bridge, Bettendorf, Iowa
66
Sketch Of Sensor Placement On 53rd Avenue Bridge
67
4.9 In Bettendorf, Iowa
4.10 Humber Bridge, Uk
68
Temporary Shms Installed At The Humber Bridge,
69
4.11 Uk.
4.12 Farø Bridges, Denmark
70
4.13 Sunshine Skyway Bridge, Usa
71

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4.14 Skarnsundet Bridge, Norway 73
4.15 Confederation Bridge, Canada 74

4.16 Tsing-Ma Bridge, Hong Kong 76

4.17 Ermanninsuo Railway Embankment, Finland 78

4.18 Naini Bridge, India 79

4.19 Messin A Bridge, Italy 81

4.20 Golden Gate Bridge 83

5.1 Schematic Diagram Of The Circuit 91

5.2 Graphical Values Of The Experiment 92

5.3 Beam Crosssection 93

5.4 De-Merging Nodes 95

5.5 Schmetic Diagram Of Sensor 97

5.6 Proposed Sensor 98

5.7 Copper And Acrylic Capacitor 99

5.8 Magic Depoxy Glue 100

5.9 Data Acquisition System 101

5.10 Capacitance Meter 102

5.11 Zone Division 103

5.12 Loading Arrangement 104

5.13 Loading Setup, Layout Of Experiment 105

5.14 Micro Crack Identification Curve 106

5.15 Just After 201sec 107

5.16 Just After The Visible Crack 107

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