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Lesson Plan

Lesson: Uses of Mass Spectrometry

Aim: To investigate the uses of the mass spectra of elements and compounds

Learning outcomes :

At the end of the lesson, students will be able to :


1. use a mass spectrum, showing the isotopic composition of an element, to calculate the relative
atomic mass, Ar for that element.
2. use the mass spectrum of a simple molecule to find the relative molecular mass, Mr, of the molecule
and hence its molecular formula if the empirical formula is known.
3. interpret the mass spectrum in terms of molecular fragments and hence deduce the structure of a
molecule.

Assumed prior knowledge :

Students should already :


1. know how to determine the relative mass of a particle from a mass spectrum.
2. know the meaning of the term empirical formula and its relationship to the molecular formula of a
molecule.

Underlying Principles

1. Making the invisible, visible.


2. Managing data and interpreting it graphically.

Time taken to complete the activities : 80 minutes

Differentiation

Questions in the student notes are designed to enable all students to complete the activity.
The pop-up answers are provided for the students to view when they have considered their responses.

Worksheet questions include questions that require recall, understanding and application of the new
concepts learned.

© 2003 Ministry Of Education Malaysia. All Rights Reserved. 1


Development of Lesson :

No. Steps Strategy Resources


1 Set Induction. • Teacher to quiz students on concepts learned • Transparent
in previous lesson. plastic
container
• Teacher to show students a transparent with coloured
plastic container with 10 ping-pong balls in it, ping-pong
6 of one colour and 4 of another colour. Balls balls.
of different colours to represent an isotope of
different mass.

Students invited to suggest ways of


calculating the average mass of the
`isotopes’. (Teacher to help students
deduce that such calculation can involve the
ratio or percentage abundance of the
‘isotopes’ rather than the actual number).

2 Student Activity Teacher to go through Activities 1 and 2 with • Courseware


the students.

• Activity 1 : Mass Spectra of two metals.

Use the mass spectrum of copper to


determine the relative mass and abundance
of each isotope present and from there, to
calculate the relative atomic mass of copper.
Teacher is encouraged to show students
alternative methods of calculating the relative
atomic mass other than that shown.

• Activity 2 : Mass Spectra of Simple


Molecules.

Use the mass spectrum of fluorine gas to


develop an idea of molecular ions and the
determination of relative molecular mass.
Use the mass spectrum of chlorine gas to
explore the effect of isotopes on the mass
spectrum.
Use the mass spectrum of an unknown
organic compound to determine its relative
molecular mass and hence, its molecular
formula with the empirical formula given.

3 Evaluation • Students to answer questions in the student • Worksheet


worksheet on their own.

© 2003 Ministry Of Education Malaysia. All Rights Reserved. 2


4 Extension • Students to go through the extension activity • Websites
activity. on their own. • Reference
books

Worksheet Answers

1. Mass spectra of two metals

1.1 Chlorine consists of two stable isotopes, 35Cl and 37Cl, in approximately 3:1 ratio. The relative atomic
mass of 35.5 is the weighted average of the masses of these two isotopes in accordance to their
relative abundance.

1.2 a. 107Ag+
b. Increasing/raising the strength of the magnetic field.

85
1.3 a. Peak heights Rb = 58.0 mm and 87Rb = 22.0 mm ; Total = 80.0 mm
85
Rb = 58.0/80.0 x 100 = 72.5%
87
Rb = 27.5%

b. Relative atomic mass = (85.0 x 72.5) + (87.0 x 27.5) = 85.6


100

1.4 Relative atomic mass = (20 x 9) + (22 x 1) = 20.2


9+1

1.5 Relative atomic mass = (204 x 2.70) + (206 x 48.0) + (207 x 41.5) + (208 x 100)
(2.70 + 48.0 + 41.5 + 100)
= 207

1.6 65.0x + 63.0 (100-x) = 63.5


100

x = 25.0, 100 – x = 75.0


63 65
Cu : Cu = 75.0 % : 25.0 %

© 2003 Ministry Of Education Malaysia. All Rights Reserved. 3


2. Mass spectra of simple molecules

2.1 a. The peaks at 158, 160 and 162 are due to the ions 79Br79Br+, 79Br81Br+ and 81Br81Br+ respectively.

b. As the isotopes 79Br and 81Br are present in almost equal abundance, the probability of a ‘mixed ‘ ion
79
Br81Br+ occurring is twice that of either of the two ions containing only one isotope.

Ion Relative Mass Ratio


Relative Abundance

79
Br79Br+ ½x½=¼ 158 1

79
Br81Br+ ½x½=¼
} 160 2
81
Br79Br+ ½x½=¼

81
Br81Br+ ½x½=¼ 162 1

2.2 The mass of CH2 is 12 + 2 = 14. The molecular mass must be some multiple of this value. Since 84/14
= 6, the molecular formula must be (CH2)6, that is C6H12.

2.3 Because chlorine consists of two naturally occurring isotopes, 35Cl and 37Cl, in an approximately 3:1
ratio (see question 1.1), a quarter of the methyl chloride molecules will contain the heavier isotope. The
molecular ion, CH337Cl+, will appear at mass 52. Peak due to CH335Cl+ will be three times higher at
relative mass 50. Fluorine atom however, has only one isotope. So the molecular ion CH337F+ appears
only at relative mass 34.

2.4 a. 4 peaks
b, c.

12
Ion C16O+ 13
C16O+ 12
C18O+ 13
C18O+

Relative Mass 28 29 30 31

Relative 0.989 x 0.998 = 0.0110 x 0.998 0.989 x 0.00200 0.011 x 0.00200


Abundance 0.98702 = 0.01098 = 0.00198 = 0.00002
= 98.7% = 1.10% = 0.198% = 0.00200%

2.5 Relative molecular mass = ( 36.0 x 75.8) + (38.0 x 24.2) = 36.5


(75.8 + 24.2)

© 2003 Ministry Of Education Malaysia. All Rights Reserved. 4

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