PIERS ONLINE, VOL. 3, NO.

4, 2007 430

Application of CSAMT Method for Exploring Coal Mine in

Fujian Province, Southeastern China

Zhiguo An and Qingyun Di

Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

Abstract— The coal resource reserve in Fujian province is the third of nine provinces in South
China. In several decades, most areas with the distributing of uncovered and semi-covered coal
stratum have already been explored. Therefore the exploration work in future should mainly be
concealed coal stratum, i.e., under the red-bed, old stratum and volcanic. Because of the thick
vegetation, grave hypsography and high deepness prospect target, CSAMT method is used for
prospecting on eight prospecting lines in four representative coal stratums.
The coal stratum that can be excavated in this section is Lower Permian Series, Tungtzeyan
Formation. The thickness of this Formation is more than 680 m. It is the medium coal-contain
section in the coal-forming environment, and is the major coal-containing section in Lower Per-
mian Series. The aim of this prospecting is to ascertain the upper and lower depth of the coal
stratum, and the prospecting target depth is 1200 m. For this target depth, frequency range be-
tween 9600 and 1 Hz is used to get good interpretation, the vertical distance R from transmitter
to the survey line is 8 km, the power supply current is 10 A, and voltage is 600 V. Transmitter
and receiver time synchronization is controlled by GPS.
The difficulties of the CSAMT method in this project are terrain problems and serious static
problems. Therefore, in the data processing, major works has been done for terrain correction
and static correction, which can smooth inverted results for better interpretation.
After comparing the interpretation result of CSAMT data with the investigation result of engineer
geology, it is found that there is distinct difference in dielectric properties between coal stratum,
upper old stratum, red-bed and volcanic. The result shows that CSAMT method is helpful to
identify coal stratum under this geological condition.
DOI: 10.2529/PIERS060825055950

1. INTRODUCTION
This paper deals with the Controlled Source Audio-frequency Magnetotelluric method (CSAMT)
applied to coal mine in the Fujian province, southeastern China. This is the very first time that
CSAMT has been used for precious energy sources exploration in Fujian province. Coal is significant
resource and material in China, so it plays a vital role in Chinese economic progress. With geological
exploration on coal mine for several decades, the distributing areas of the uncovered and semi-
covered coal stratum have already been detected and exploited. Nevertheless, according to the
geological theory and borehole data, there is still concealed coal stratum, such as, the coal stratum
under red-bed, old stratum and volcanic. Because of the thick vegetation, grave hypsography and
high deepness prospect target, the conventional geophysical methods, including electric sounding
and seismic methods, are not very useful for exploring coal in Fujian province.
Because of the considerable advantages of CSAMT sounding, consisting of great depth of de-
tection, excellent lateral resolution, flexible survey design, and little topographic effect, it has been
applied in Fujian area to understand more extended coal deposits. Based on the CSAMT sounding
data in this survey, a total of eight survey lines and eight cross-section profiles have been made in
four typical areas. According to the geological interpretation, the main factors governing the local-
ization of the mineral bodies are resistivity and rock contacts. Fortunately, the coal stratums that
can be excavated in this section belong to Lower Permian Series, Tungtzeyan Formation, whose
electric property shows low resistivity, and the thickness of this Formation is more than 680 m, thus
there is obvious difference between coal stratum and its upper stratums, which satisfies the electric
foundation of carrying out CSAMT work in Fujian province. This field survey was carried out in
four areas shown in Figure 1.
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Figure 1: CSAMT survey areas in Fujian province. The four CSAMT areas locate in the center and west of
Fujian province, and the blocks indicate four survey areas.

2. PRINCIPLE OF THE CSAMT METHOD

Theoretically, the CSAMT method is used to receive the E-field and the orthogonal H-field which
are produced by the electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic field is induced by the alternating
current source, which is transmitted into the subsurface by grounded dipole. For calculating the
apparent resistivity, the Cagniard resistivity formula has been employed. Finally, the resistivity
layers of each study area will be obtained by means of matching the field apparent resistivity curve
with the model.

Figure 2: Geometry of CSAMT measurement.

 PIERS ONLINE, VOL. 3, NO. 4, 2007 432

CSAMT measures the electromagnetic field that imparted to the earth by an electric dipole
source shown in Figure 2. The source consists of a 1 to 2 km long insulated wire, grounded removable
dipole at both ends that insert into the ground, a high-powered transmitter, and motor generator
set also. The frequency of the signal is varied in order to vary the penetration depth of survey (the
lower the frequency, the deeper the penetration). The measurements are made in an area that is 2
to 4 km away from the source, where the source field in far zone approximates a plane wave.
The CSAMT method, introduced by Goldstein (1971) and Goldstein and Strangway (1975),
is an electromagnetic sounding technique which measures resistivity variations in the ground. Its
deep penetration and high resolution make it an excellent tool for exploring resource and engineer
geological problems. It is also broadly applicable to exploration for base and strategic metals,
geothermal and petroleum resources, and a variety of long deep tunnel studies.

Figure 3: Horizontal dipole and coordinate geome- Figure 4: Data processing flow.
try: θ: angle of AB and M point; o is the center of
AB, r is the distance of AB and M ; µ0 : permeabil-
ity.

CSAMT measures the electric (E) and magnetic (H) components of the electromagnetic field.
The E-field is sensed as a voltage across a grounded wire, while the H-field is sensed as a voltage in
a high-gain magnetic antenna. Based on electromagnetic theory and Maxwell Equation, three com-
ponents of E and H could be calculated, and then the ratio of horizontal perpendicular components,
Ex and Hy , gives the Cagniard resistivity (Cagniard, 1953) of the ground with the coordination in
Figure 3.

I · AB · ρ1 ¡ ¢
Ex = 3
· 3 cos2 θ − 2 (1)
2πr
3 · I · AB · ρ1
Ey = · sin 2θ (2)
4πr3 r
I · AB · ρ1 µ0 ω
Ez = (i − 1) 2
· · cos θ (3)
2πr 2ρ1
r
3I · AB 2ρ1
Hx = −(1 + i) 3
· · cos θ · sin θ (4)
4πr µ0 ω
r
I · AB 2ρ1 ¡ ¢
Hy = (1 + i) 3
· · 3 cos2 θ − 2 (5)
4πr µ0 ω
3I · AB · ρ1
Hz = i · sin θ (6)
2πµ0 ωr4

the ratio of Ex and Hy :

IABρ1 ¡ 2
¢
Ex 2πr 3 q3 cos θ − 2 2ρ1
q
= = (7)
Hy (1 + i) IAB 2ρ1
(3 cos 2 θ − 2) (1 + i) 2ρ1
4πr 3 µ0 ω µ0 ω
 PIERS ONLINE, VOL. 3, NO. 4, 2007 433

in brief: ¯ ¯
1 ¯ Ex ¯ 2
ρs = ¯ ¯
µ0 ω ¯ Hy ¯ , (8)

and then Cagniard resistivity

1 |Ex |2
ρs = (R in ohm-m)
5f |Hy |2
Their phases yield another quantity known as phase difference or impedance phase:
P = Ephase − Hphase (P in milliradian),
The depth of CSAMT data is related to signal frequency f and to resistivity R:
p
D = 502 × R/f (D in meters)
CSAMT surveys generally take data in the range of 0.125 to 8192 Hz. Thus, in typical mining
environments, penetration down to 1 or 2 km is easily achievable. Lateral resolution is controlled by
the E-field dipole size, so CSAMT can use a very small electric field dipole to achieve high lateral
resolution while still getting deep penetration by using low frequencies.
It is worth noting that CSAMT measurements are made far from the source, in the far-filed
zone, so the sounding path is directed vertically into the ground, and penetration depends upon
ground resistivity and signal frequency, not on receiver-transmitter separation. Therefore, CSAMT
has inherently less topographic effect than traditional sounding methods.

(a)

(b)
 PIERS ONLINE, VOL. 3, NO. 4, 2007 434

(c)

(d)

Figure 5: Comparison of before static correction and after static correction: (a) because of horizontal
heterogeneity, static shift was produced, (b) after static correction, the data of adjacent seven points were
coincident, (c) in the contour map, there was much strap anomaly for static correction, it could not be
interpreted correctly, (d) with adopting Hanning filter, the static correction has obviously been reduced,
which presented real underground structure.

3. DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING

CSAMT is the abbreviation for controlled source audio-frequency magnetotellurics. The transmitter
can transmit the electromagnetic signals with frequency from 8192 Hz to 0.125 Hz. The receiver at
the survey area will receive the electromagnetic signals, which are containing the subsurface geology
information. After completing static correction and terrain correction, the data can be inverted,
and then the result profiles for geology interpretation are plotted in Figure 4.
The instrument is V6A system made by Canada Phoenix Geophysics Ltd. Company. The
distance between two adjacent survey stations is 40 m. The frequency used is from 9600 to 1 Hz.
Because of exploration depth of 1500 m at this area, we adapt 4F30 automatic transmitting-receiving
frequency series. Before we make the CSAMT measurements, the calibration of box and coil should
be done for the coincidence and correction.
3.1. Static Correction
It is well known that one of the disadvantages of the CSAMT method is static shift, so under such
circumstances the calculated apparent resistivity must be corrected for static effect. As for CSAMT
method, just like other electromagnetic methods, static problem is usually common because the
 PIERS ONLINE, VOL. 3, NO. 4, 2007 435

horizontal heterogeneity near the surface may bring the static effect. There are several methods
to induce the static effect. To compensate for this effect, it is necessary to use some regularizing
algorithms, in simple cases, which is accomplished with low-pass filtering of the field data.
The filtering used here is Hanning window filtering:
½ 1¡ 2πx
¢
h(x) = ω 1 + cos ω |x| ≤ ω/2
0 |x| > ω/2|
where ω is the filtering window width. In practice, h(x) is dispersed to seven point filtering. Now

(a)

(b)

Figure 6: Comparison of normal stratum and coal stratum about electric and magnetic field: (a) the two
maps are CSAMT apparent resistivity and phase curves on normal stratum, respectively, (b) the two maps
are CSAMT apparent resistivity and phase curves on coal stratum.
 PIERS ONLINE, VOL. 3, NO. 4, 2007 436

take actual data for example, as follows in Figure 5.

3.2. Terrain Correction
Two techniques are used to carry out topography correction. One is space correction about survey
points, and the other is 2-D topography correction with using forward modeling.
The horizontal distance of two electrodes is fixed in the engineering exploration. The slope dis-
tance between adjacent survey points will be not equal because of different slope angles. Therefore
in order to be processed and interpreted well, the original data of electric and magnetic field should
be corrected.
3.3. Analysis of Typical Curve
The resistivity curve should be analyzed before geological interpretation, and the electric difference
between normal stratum and coal stratum should be distinguished clearly as shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6(a) are the two maps of CSAMT apparent resistivity and phase curves on normal stratum,
respectively. The resistivity value is about 100 Ωm in high frequency. With frequency falling, the
resistivity value is gradually growing, and then the transition zone, where the resistivity values
have relatively small change, appears in about 200 Hz. Finally the frequency smaller, the resistivity
bigger, the reisitivity-frequency curve is rising. The two points are on behalf of typically normal
stratum; Figure 6(b) are the two maps of CSAMT apparent resistivity and phase curves on coal
stratum. According to the resistivity-frequency curves, the resistivity values are still about 150 Ωm.
However, with the frequency falling, the resistivity value has not bigger change till 100 Hz. At this
point, the resistivity-frequency curve gradually begins to rise, and there is a summit in about 10 Hz,
eventually the resistivity values start to decrease. There may be a distinct electric interface, so the
conductive zone should be inferred. Based on the geological data and borehole information, the
inferred result has been confirmed. In Figure 6, the red-hollow round represents electric field, and
the blue triangle represents magnetic field.
3.4. Fitness Analysis
In order to give the reasonable geoelectric interpretation, the inverted result should be combined
with original resistivity-frequency data, and fitness curve should be given to confirm the rationality
of inverted result. So there are 22 frequency points listed in the Table 1. With the comparison of
original resistivity in Table1 and inverted data in Figure 7, the fitness difference is relatively small,
and the shape of inverted data is also similar to the shape of original data. Therefore we think that
the inverted data is correct and believable, which could be used to have geological interpretation.
In Figure 7, blue line expresses inverted data, and original data is respectively represented by
red-hollow round.

Table 1: Fitness of original data and inverted data.

frequency Ori-res Inv-res fitness frequency Ori-res Inv-res fitness

1.0 574.2 542.4 5.5% 128.0 288.6 278.7 3.4%
2.0 470.0 460.0 2.1% 189.5 218.4 214.3 1.9%
4.0 580.5 547.7 5.7% 256.0 184.0 181.5 1.4%
8.0 750.3 708.7 5.5% 369.2 152.2 150.3 1.2%
11.3 768.4 726.8 5.4% 512.0 149.6 146.2 2.3%
16.0 809.3 766.9 5.2% 724.5 138.4 135.0 2.5%
22.4 788.4 749.3 5.0% 1024.0 127.5 124.9 2.1%
32.0 686.2 655.8 4.4% 1440.0 144.5 140.5 2.8%
44.9 583.7 562.2 3.7% 2057.0 157.4 152.9 2.9%
64.0 454.3 443.4 2.4% 2880.0 162.8 158.5 2.7%
90.0 369.9 366.1 1.0% 4114.0 183.8 178.0 3.2%
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Figure 7: Curve comparison of original data and inverted data.

Figure 8: The trend of survey line 1.

4. RESULTS AND GEOLOGY EXPLORATION

We employed the inversion contour maps to display the qualitative results, which were three profile
maps shown in Figure 9, Figure 11 and Figure 14 to interpret quantitatively and estimate coal
stratum in the survey areas.
To assess the subsurface qualitatively, three apparent resistivity contour maps with selected

(a)
 PIERS ONLINE, VOL. 3, NO. 4, 2007 438

(b)
Figure 9: Inverted contour map of line 1 and its geologic interpretation: (a) inverted counter map, (b)
geologic interpretation. Horizontal coordinate indicates sounding points’ position. Vertical coordinate depicts
elevation. The interpreted positions of layers and their resistivity values in Ωm are also shown in this figure.

Figure 10: The trend of survey line 2.

frequency respectively were drawn in Figure 9(a), Figure 11(a) and Figure 14(a). Figures 9(b),
11(b) and 14(b) depicted the final results along with the known geologic data also drawn to facilitate
comparisons.
Three profiles were selected from the inversion results of the CSAMT data, which were prepared
for interpretation of subsurface structure quantitatively, and to conform whether the difference
exists between coal stratum and three other stratum including rhyolite, red-bed and old stratum
or not, and whether the coal stratum exists in these stratums. The inversion profiles were shown
as follows:
4.1. Profile A
The 1.72 km long line selected, trending SE, was surveyed in CSAMT area one in Figure 8. To
interpret the inversion result and compare geologic data well, we took the following map selected
as an example in Figure 9. As for our goal, this was one of the relatively typical exploring coals
under volcanic rock. This kind of exploring coals under the volcanic rock was relatively typical in
Fujian province.
Based on geologic data, volcanic rock existed in this area, and there might be coal resource.
 PIERS ONLINE, VOL. 3, NO. 4, 2007 439

First of all, obviously, there was resistivity difference in the contour map shown in Figure 9(a).
That was to say, there was a clear resistivity interface and conductive zone covered by resistive
zone. Secondly, from the known geologic data map in Figure 9(b), an interface of rock properties
was clearly visible in the geologic interpretation map, and upper stratum was volcanic (γm), while
covered one was potential coal (P1 t ∼ P1 w). Therefore, Figures 6 and 7 illustrated the results of
CSAMT sounding on this profile well.

(a)

(b)

Figure 11: Inverted contour map of line 2 and its geologic interpretation: (a) inverted counter map, (b) geo-
logic interpretation. Horizontal coordinate presents sounding points’ position. Vertical coordinate expresses
elevation. The interpreted positions of layers and their resistivity values in Ωm are also shown in this figure.

4.2. Profile B
This 2.8 km-long SE-trending profile in Figure 10 was the key profile to explore coal and verify
the effect of CSAMT method as it ran through the outcrop of coal stratum in CSAMT area two.
Figure 11 showed the inverted section derived from CSAMT sounding data. As follows:
Part 1: from 0 m to 240 m, there were clear properties, surface with higher resistivity and deeper
rock with lower resistivity. Combined with outcrops and geologic data near the borehole, the lower
resistivity zone was inferred as coal stratum (P1 t ∼ P1 w).
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Figure 12: Comparison between inverted result and borehole information. The red line is the curve of inverted
resistivity and depth in borehole ZK2001. The curve displays the geoelectric trend of actual underground
components.

Figure 13: The trend of survey line 3.

Part 2 : from 240 m to 1200 m, resistivity properties: 200 m-thick higher-resistivity layer covered
conductive layer, whose resistvity was lower than 200 Ωm. The resistive zone near the surface was
interpreted as D3 -C1 l and γm. Their resistivity was above 1000 Ωm, however, there was obviously
lateral discontinuity. Based on contact relationship, the resistive zone was interpreted as remainder
cover, and the rock interface from 200 m to 240 m has been deduced fault. And deeper conductive
zone was about 700 m thick, approximately sloping to small point with 40◦ angle. In combination
with geologic data, the zone was inferred as coal stratum (P1 t ∼ P1 w). The resistivity of deeper
layer was getting clearly high, and was inferred as P1 q. There was a borehole in about 900 m, our
inverted result in Figure 12 conformed the geology information very well.
Part 3: from 1200 m to 2800 m, the main resistivity property as follows: upper middle-high layer
(about 1000 Ωm), central thick zone of middle-high resistivity (about 800 Ωm), and then deeper
stratum of lower resistivity. Near 1680 m point, there was clear low-resistivity strap, inferred as a
fault. Based on relative geologic data, the main stratum series was interpreted as upper stratum
J3 , center D3 -C1 l, and deeper stratum may be local remainder coal with bigger depth.
 PIERS ONLINE, VOL. 3, NO. 4, 2007 441

4.3. Profile C
The 2.8 km-long line, also trending NE, was surveyed in CSAMT area 3 shown in Figure 13.
Figure 14 showed the results of CSAMT sounding on the profile. The inverted resistivity along the
line had several prominent features. Near 2240 m point there was clear resistivity discontinuity,
inferred as a fault. The whole profile had strong resistive zone in the central depth, then the deeper
the elevation, the lower the resistivity. The wide conductive zone was interpreted as coal stratum
(P1 t ∼ P1 w), the low-resistivity structure could represent that coal stratum had clear difference with
upper cover and confirmed availability of CSAMT method. However, the coal stratum interpreted
should be approved by drilling.

(a)

(b)

Figure 14: Inverted contour map of line 3 and its geologic interpretation: (a) inverted counter map, (b)
geologic interpretation. Horizontal coordinate indicates sounding points’ position. Vertical coordinate depicts
elevation .The interpreted positions of layers and their resistivity values in Ωm are also shown in this figure.

5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The CSAMT method is a new technique for exploring resource. This method shows its unique
advantages, and higher efficiency than other traditional electric sounding methods in certain areas,
especially where other geophysical methods could not work efficiently. These places include the
areas with thick vegetation, grave hypsography and high-depth prospecting target, which can be
verified with the carried-out coal based on this research in Fujian.
On the results of the CSAMT soundings carried out in Fujian area, several low-resistivity anoma-
lies are discovered, but our attention on this area is relatively small, so the conductive zones can
not be connected together to the whole area.
The static correction and terrain correction are two types of difficulties for us in the course of
data processing. We are confronted with great challenge in application because of surface electric
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discontinuity and complicated terrain. In processing some factors may be got over, but other
features has still not eliminated. Therefore multi-resolution would occur. With an awful terrain
like big cliff and deep valley, power lines and villages near the survey line, magnetic fields of part
curves seriously have been influenced, so that they make it difficult for interpreting.
The results presented in the paper do show the potential of CSAMT method to be more useful
for deep geologic mapping. Especially, it is useful for the detection of lateral boundaries, such as
faults and fractures, where no detailed geological information is available, because not only the
bedrock geology is concealed by overburden, but also borehole surveys have not yet begun.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors and their research group would like to acknowledge financial support from the 973
project 2002CB412702. The constructive review comments of Professor Ganquan Xie improved the
quality of this manuscript.
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