Winter 2016

Q1 (a) protein - protein is required for making and repairing of cells. They are also required for
the formations of enzymes, antibodies and hormones.

Lactose - it is made up of 2 sugars namely -glucose and galactose. They used to provide
energy for respiration.
Calcium - ​Calcium is used in so many ways throughout the body. It is necessary for
contracting muscles, forming and strengthening bones and teeth, conducting nerve impulses
throughout the body, clotting blood and maintaining a normal heartbeat. It is also needed for
absorption of vitamin D.

(b) Enzymes are ​biological catalysts - substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions
without being used up. Enzymes are ​proteins folded into complex shapes that allow smaller
molecules to fit into them. The place where these ​substrate ​molecules fit is called the ​active
site​. Enzymes

In the stomach, the enzyme pepsin in the presence of HCl,begins the digestion of proteins by
breaking them down into large polypeptides. Function of HCl is to convert pepsinogen to
pepsin.
In the small intestine, enzymes from pancreas like trypsin break the large polypeptide chain
into smaller chains and peptides. These enzymes are helped by brush border enzymes.
Finally, still in the small intestine, enzymes from the intestine, including aminopeptidase, break
up the small polypeptides into individual amino acids ready for absorption.

© (i) Normally, when lactose reaches the small intestine, it is broken down into the simple
sugars ​glucose and ​galactose by a protein, or enzyme, called lactase. Simple sugars can be
absorbed easily through the wall of the small intestine into the bloodstream, but larger, more
complex sugars like lactose cannot. If someone is lactose intolerant, that person's intestine
does not make enough lactase, therefore the lactose won’t be broken down and absorbed in
small intestine.

(ii) Chronic diarrhea if not treated for a long time may cause severe dehydration. Due to
vomiting and watery stool body loses water and other important salts and electrolytes.
Dehydration can also lead up to decrease in blood volume and reduced blood flow to the
intestine.chronic diarrhea causes shrinkage of epithelial cells in stomach due to loss of water.

(d)(i) Untreated milk was included to act as a control. It is used for comparison and to see if
there is any difference between effects of treated and untreated milk.
 (ii) Lactose is a complex sugar made up of glucose and galactose. Lactose had to be broken
down into smaller molecules by using lactase. Lactose cannot pass through small intestine
therefore it has to be broken into smaller sugars for absorption. This reduces the chance of
diarrhea as lactose if undigested, can cause problems in small intestine. Also lactose intolerant
people can consume milk if lactase is added to the milk.
(iii) Yoghurt made by bacteria that digested the lactose release least amount of hydrogen
gas in intestine. The hydrogen gas concentration in intestine shows small fluctuations. Its
concentration stays between the range of 9 and 15 ppm.
After time period of 3 hours hydrogen concentration at A,B.C and D are 51,42,22 and 15
respectively. It shows that untreated milk was used by bacterias to breathe out more hydrogen
than lactase added milk.

Q2 (a)
A A A G G C

T T T C C G

(b) The transcription of the DNA information into mRNA sequence copies just a portion of the
DNA/genetic material, which encodes for a single protein (or a group of related protein
molecules). The mRNA moves through the cytoplasm and attaches itself ribosome. These
complex structures, which physically move along an mRNA molecule, catalyze the assembly of
amino acids into ​protein​ chains.

(c)(i) A and B
(ii) It is the most distantly related species since it has the longest distance from the branching
point. The diagram shows that the split happened a long time ago and longest compared to the
other species. There are no other species of Aspergillus nidulans’s branch and only one
ancestor therefore, it is most distantly related to the other species.

(d) Before the invention of DNA sequencing, the scientists used to study similarities and
differences in morphology and phenotype of species to categories them. For example the
presence or absence of wings in birds. They also studied similarities and differences in anatomy
of organisms like their skeleton and organs.

Q3 (a)
A- cortex
B- medulla
C- ureter
 (b)(i) renal artery
(ii) renal vein

© The kidney is part of the excretory system. Each kidney is made up of about a million
filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron filters a small amount of blood pumped by the
heart. The nephron includes a filter, called the glomerulus, and a tubule. Dissolved glucose and
amino acids are reabsorbed. The glomerulus let's fluid and waste products pass through it;
however, it prevents blood cells and large molecules, like amino acids and sodium and
potassium salts, from passing. The filtered fluid then passes through the tubule, which sends
needed minerals back to the bloodstream and removes wastes like urea. The final product
becomes urine.

(d)(i) A chemical substance produced in the body by endocrine glands that controls and
regulates the activity of target organs. They are carried in the blood to the target organs.
Hormones are essential for every activity of life, including the processes of digestion,
metabolism, growth, reproduction, and mood control.
(ii) testes.
(iii) testosterone act as anabolic steroids. They promote protein synthesis in body. Protein
promotes growth and repair of muscle tissues. They also make the athlete more aggressive and
competitive. Testosterone may also have a positive effect on the athlete's bone density and
body composition.

(e) 50/ (2+2) = 12.5

Q4 (a) Guard cells

(b) Brazilian waterweed exchanges dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in the water
therefore it does not need stomata on it leaves for transpiration. Water lily exchanges oxygen
and carbon dioxide with the air therefore, the stomata are present on the upper surface of the
leaf.

(c) (i) group of similar cells that work together to carry out a shared function of absorbing
light for photosynthesis.
(ii) xylem and phloem.
(d) The air spaces in the leaf provide buoyancy to the leaves. These small air pockets in the
cell assist in the exchange of gases such as Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide for photosynthesis. The
air spaces make it easier for gases to diffuse throughout the whole plant, especially the
submerged areas of the plant

(e) xerophyte

(f) Adaptive features are the inherited features that helps the organisms to survive and
reproduce in its habitat or environment. It increases the reproductive fitness of the organisms
increasing its survival chances and ensuring that the species would not be endangered in that
habitat.

Q5 (a)4.92
(b) ​When a blood vessel is injured, the walls of the blood vessel contract to limit the flow of
blood to the damaged area. Then, small blood cells called platelets stick to the site of injury and
spread along the surface of the blood vessel to stop the bleeding.
At the same time, chemical signals are released from small sacs inside the platelets that attract
other cells to the area and make them clump together to form what is called a platelet plug.
On the surface of these activated platelets, many different clotting factors work together in a
series of complex chemical reactions, fibrinogen is converted to fibrin with the help of thrombin
to form a fibrin clot. The clot acts like a mesh to stop the bleeding and prevent entry of the
pathogens.
© produce antibodies

(d) ​The second time the reaction of the body will be much faster because of the active
immunity. The body stores the information of the previous attack by the same pathogen. And
when the pathogen attacks the body next time the lymphocyte production will be more rapid
and the antigen will be destroyed. This happens due to active immunity which is production of
antibodies by the immune system is response to the presence of an antigen.

(e)(i) There is a steep decrease in the number of lymphocytes in a short period of 2 months. It
drops to 500 cells per mm cube. It increase to 600-650 per mm cube. The lymphocyte witness
gradual decrease over years till the count drops to 40 cells per mm cube.
(ii) Due to untreated HIV infection the patient will have no reduced active immunity. The
production of the antibodies will be reduced significantly. It makes the person vulnerable to
infections and diseases such as TB and pneumonia. The person will have a reduced life span (u
dont say).

Q6 (a) The rings on birds are put to allow monitoring of species population. It helps to check on
population numbers. It also helps the scientists to know a variety of things about the birds such
as where they go during the migration, when they travel and how far do they go.
(b) Conservation of wetlands is a very important task to prevent extinction. It helps maintain
biodiversity and provide feeding grounds for animals. Their destruction will cause disruption of
food chain. Wetlands provide breeding grounds for several species and habitat to thousands of
species. They also play an important role in the life of humans. They play an essential role in
maintaining carbon,nitrogen and water cycles. Wetlands provides raw materials for humans.
Their destruction will disrupt life cycle of all the beings.