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Fig. 3. DG inverter power flow and voltage level with respect to operational
mode under the OV condition due to PCC switch-off. Fig. 5. Control state during fast mode transition. (a) OV condition due to PCC
switch-off. (b) OV condition due to grid voltage swell.
Fig. 6. Circuit diagram of the DG inverter with the grid and the critical load.
where xdq is the complex space vector in the d–q axis. e−j θ is a
unity state vector rotating at the grid angle,θ = ωt. The d-axis is
related to the active power. The q-axis is related to the reactive
power.
From Fig. 6, complex voltage and current vector equations in
the d–q axis are given as
didq
v dq = Lf + jωLf idq + v cdq (4)
dt
dv cdq
icdq = Cf + jωCf v cdq (5)
dt
idq = iodq + icdq (6)
diodq
+ jωLg iodq + v odq .
v cdq = Lg (7)
dt
In the GC mode, the output voltage is the same as the grid
voltage
v odq = v g dq . (8)
In the SA mode, the output voltage is determined as
diL dq
v odq = Ll + jωLl iL dq (9)
dt
v odq dv odq
iodq = + Cl + jωCl v odq + iL dq . (10)
Rl dt
From (9) and (10), the complex impedance of the critical load Fig. 7. Transfer function block diagram of the DG inverter system.
is given as
v odq
= z l (s) = zla (s) + jzlb (s) . (11)
iodq 2 1
c2 = 2ω 2 + + 2 2
Impedance transfer functions are expressed as Ll Cl Rl Cl
a3 s3 + a2 s2 + a1 s + a0 2 2 2
zla (s) = (12) c1 = ω2 + , c0 = ω 4 − ω2
s4 + c3 s3 + c2 s2 + c1 s + c0 Rl Cl Rl Ll Cl2 Ll Cl
b2 s2 + b0 ω2 1
zlb (s) = (13) + + 2 2.
s4 + c3 s3 + c2 s2 + c1 s + c0 Rl2 Cl2 Ll Cl
where
1 1 ω2 1 ω2 Based on (11)–(13), we will investigate the response time
a3 = , a2 = , a1 = + , a0 = of voltage controllers in the SA mode. Parameters with respect
Cl Rl Cl2 Cl Ll Cl2 RCl2
to the critical load type are given in Table I. Fig. 7 shows the
1 ω3 ω 2 transfer function block diagram of the DG inverter system in
b2 = , b0 = − c3 =
Cl Cl Ll C2l Rl Cl either GC or SA modes based on (4)–(11).
4784 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 28, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2013
Fig. 12. Simplified voltage control loop with the current loop in the SA mode.
Fig. 15. Step responses of the voltage control without the current loop accord-
ing to the critical load type. (a) R load. (b) RL, RC, and RLC loads.
Fig. 17. State flow diagram for operational mode decision under OV condi-
tions. (a) OV condition due to PCC switch-off. (b) OV condition due to grid
voltage swell. Fig. 18. Block diagram of the simplified current control with the feed forward
voltage loop in the SA mode.
Fig. 19. Step responses of the current control with the feedforward voltage
loop according to the critical load type. (a) R load. (b) RL, RC, and RLC loads.
Fig. 21. Simulation results of the conventional mode transition from the cur-
rent control to the voltage control without the current loop. (a) 0.1 kW resistive
load, (b) 0.1 kW resistive and 10 kVar inductive loads, (c) 0.1 kW resistive and
10 kVar capacitive loads, and (d) grid voltage swell.
Fig. 20. Simulation results of the conventional mode transition from the cur-
rent control to the voltage control with the current loop. PCC switch-off period
with (a) 0.1 kW resistive load, (b) 0.1 kW resistive and 10 kVar inductive loads,
(c) 0.1 kW resistive and 10 kVar capacitive loads, and (d) grid voltage swell.
Fig. 23. Experimental setup of the hardware in the loop using a RTDS.
B. Experimental Waveforms
Fig. 24(a) shows experimental waveforms of the conventional
mode transition from the GC mode to the SA mode during PCC
switch-off period without the critical load. The control mode
of the DG inverter is changed from the current control to the
voltage control. The output voltage is regulated within 10 ms.
Fig. 24(b) shows experimental waveform of the conventional Fig. 24. Experimental waveforms of the conventional mode transition using
control mode transition during grid voltage swells. The control the voltage control without the current loop: (a) from the GC mode to the SA
mode during PCC switch-off period without critical load, and (b) from the GC
mode is changed from the current control in the GC mode to mode to the SA mode during grid voltage swells.
the voltage control in the GC mode. After the control mode
is changed, the current of the DG inverter is increased, be- PCC switch-off period without the critical load. The control
cause the conventional voltage control has no inner current loop mode of the DG inverter is used by the current control with
with the current limiter. The conventional voltage control has the feedforward voltage loop by changing the current reference
a fast regulation capability under the OV condition due to the in the GC mode. The output voltage is regulated within 5 ms.
PCC switch-off with the no-load condition. However, if the grid Fig. 25(b) shows experimental waveforms of the proposed mode
voltage swells, then the operation of the DG inverter becomes transition during grid voltage swell. The control mode of the
unstable with the reverse power flow. DG inverter is used by the current control with the feedforward
Fig. 25(a) shows experimental waveforms of the proposed voltage loop by changing the current reference in the GC mode.
mode transition from the GC mode to the SA mode during After the operational mode is changed, the limited d–q axis
HWANG AND PARK: SEAMLESS CONTROL STRATEGY OF A DISTRIBUTED GENERATION INVERTER FOR THE CRITICAL LOAD SAFETY 4789
Fig. 25. Experimental waveforms of the proposed mode transition using the
current control with the feedforward voltage loop: (a) from the GC mode to the Fig. 26. Experimental waveforms of the proposed mode transition using the
SA mode during PCC switch-off period without critical load, and (b) from the current control with the feedforward voltage loop: (a) from 20 kW power gen-
GC mode to the SA mode during grid voltage swells. eration in the GC mode to 0.1 kW resistive and 10 kVar inductive loads in the
SA mode, (b) from 20 kW power generation in the GC mode to 5 kW resistive,
5 kVar inductive, 10 kVar capacitive loads in the SA mode.
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grid-connected and intentional islanding operations of distributed power Tai-Sik Hwang (S’11) received the B.S. and M.S.
generation,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 147–157, Jan. degrees in electrical engineering from Yeungnam
2011. University, Kyungbuk, Korea, in 2004 and 2006, re-
[11] B. Mirafzal, M. Saghaleini, and A. Kaviani, “An SVPWM-based switch- spectively. He is currently working toward the Ph.D.
ing pattern for stand-alone and grid- connected three-phase single-stage degree at the University of Connecticut, Storrs.
boost inverters,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 1102– In 2006, he was with Robostar Company Ltd.,
1111, Apr. 2011. where he was involved in research on the servo mo-
[12] J. Kwon, S. Yoon, and S. Choi, “Indirect current control for seamless tor drives for a six-axis industrial robot. In 2007, he
transfer of three-phase utility interactive inverters,” IEEE Trans. Power became an Associate Researcher at POSCON R&D
Electron, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 773–781, Feb. 2012. Center, Seoul, Korea, where he was involved in re-
[13] Z. Yao, Z. Wang, L. Xiao, and Y. Yan, “A novel control strategy for grid- search on the power conditioning system for molten
interactive inverter in grid-connected and stand-alone modes,” in Proc. carbonate fuel cell generation system for two years. In 2010, he was a Research
21st Annu. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo., 2006, pp. 19–23. Assistant at the Center for Clean Energy Engineering, University of Connecti-
[14] Z. Yang, H. Liao, C. Wu, and H. Xu, “Analysis and selection of switch cut. His research interests include grid-connected inverters, dc–dc converters,
for double modes inverter in micro-grid system,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Elect. electrical motor drives, battery systems, and microgrids.
Mach. Syst., 2009, pp. 1778–1781.
[15] S. Huang, L. Kong, and H. Xu, “Control algorithm research on seamless
transfer for distributed resource with a LCL filter,” in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Sung-Yeul Park (S’04–M’09) received the M.S. and
Electric Utility Deregulation Restruct. Power Technol., 2008, pp. 2810– Ph.D. degrees in electrical and computer engineer-
2814. ing from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
[16] M. N. Arafat, S. Palle, Y. Sozer, and I. Husain, “Transition control strategy University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, in 2004 and
between standalone and grid-connected operations of voltage-source in- 2009, respectively.
verters,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 1516–1525, Sep./Oct. From 2002 to 2004, he was a Graduate Research
2012. Assistant at the Center for Rapid Transit Systems,
[17] G. Shen, D. Xu, and D. Xi, “Novel seamless transfer strategies for fuel Virginia Tech, where from 2004 to 2009, he was a
cell inverters from grid-tied mode to off-grid mode,” in Proc. 20th Annu. Graduate Research Assistant at the Future Energy
IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo., 2005, vol. 1, pp. 109–113. Electronics Center. In 2009, he joined as an Assis-
[18] Z. Liu and J. Liu, “Seamless transfer strategy with outer current loop tant Professor in the Department of Electrical and
for three phase inverter in distributed generation,” in Proc. IEEE Energy Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, where he became an
Convers. Congr. Expo., 2010, pp. 3556–3560. associate member of the Center for Clean Energy Engineering. His research
[19] R. Tirumala, N. Mohan, and C. Henze, “Seamless transfer of grid- interests include energy-efficient conversion, distributed generation integration,
connected PWM inverters between utility-interactive and stand-alone smart building, and microgrid applications.
modes,” in Proc. 17th Annu. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo., Dr. Park received several international paper awards including a Third Paper
2002, pp. 1081–1086. Award at the IEEE Industry Applications Society in 2004, a Best Paper Award at
[20] J. Kwon, S. Yoon, and S. Choi, “Indirect current control for seamless the Industrial Power Converter Committee 2007, an Outstanding Writing Award
transfer of three-phase utility interactive inverters,” IEEE Trans. Power at the International Future Energy Challenge in 2007, and a Torgersen Research
Electron., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 773–781, Feb. 2012. Excellence Award at the College of School, Virginia Tech, in 2009.