Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Answers to EOCQs
Chapter 5 b Silicon(IV) oxide has a giant covalent / giant
molecular structure; [1]
1 a two examples of giant ionic structure, e.g. all bonds [1]
sodium chloride, magnesium oxide [2] are strong. [1]
[1 mark each] c Both compounds are covalent; [1]
two examples of a simple molecular no mobile electrons (to carry the current). [1]
structure, e.g. carbon dioxide, bromine [2] Total = 8
[1 mark each]
3 a A gas in which the volume is proportional
b Ionic structure is brittle because force
to the (kelvin) temperature / inversely
applied along layers displaces the ions; [1]
proportional to pressure. [1]
ions of like charge come near each other; [1]
repulsion between like charged ions disrupts b high pressure; [1]
bonding.[1] low temperature; [1]
Metals are malleable because force applied molecules close together [1]
along layers causes layers of atoms/ions to Significant intermolecular forces between
slide;[1] molecules / volumes of molecules must be
there are still / there are new forces of taken into account. [1]
attraction[1] c i weak forces between atoms; [1]
between the ions and the delocalised easy to break interatomic forces [1]
electrons.[1] ii no mobile / free electrons [allow: not
c Giant molecular structures have strong an ion][1]
covalent bonds; [1] d Change temperature to correct units:
throughout / network of bonds; [1] –20 °C = –20 + 273 = 253 K [1]
takes a lot of energy to break these (strong) moles of He = 0.5 × 1000 = 125 mol[1]
4
bonds.[1]
gas equation: pV = nRT [1]
Simple molecular structures have weak
rearrange gas equation correctly:
forces / bonds [1]
between molecules / intermolecular forces; pV = nRT so V = nRT
p  [1]
[1] V = 125 × 8.31 × 253  [1]
50 000
requires only a small amount of energy to 3 3
V = 5.256 m = 5.26 m (to 3 significant figures)
overcomes these forces. [1]
[1]
d In graphite, each carbon atoms bonded to Total = 13
three others; [1]
fourth outer electron on each carbon atom is 4 a A regular arrangement of ions or atoms [1]
free / delocalised; [1] in three dimensions. [1]
moving electrons are a flow of current / can b Bromine has van der Waals’ forces [1]
carry current. [1] which are weak. [1]
In diamond all electrons involved in covalent Water has hydrogen bonding; [1]
bond formation; [1] hydrogen bonding (in water) is stronger than
no moving electrons to carry current. [1] van der Waals’ forces / hydrogen bonding is
Total = 21 the strongest type of intermolecular force. [1]
2 a
Carbon dioxide has a simple molecular c Molecules in liquid kept together / close
structure;[1] to each other because of weak attractive /
intermolecular forces [1] intermolecular forces; [1]
are weak. [1] molecules in liquid gain kinetic energy; [1]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry © Cambridge University Press 2014

 Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry Answers to end-of-chapter questions

this energy is sufficient to overcome only small amount of energy needed to

attractive forces; [1] overcome these forces. [1]
molecules are free enough / have enough Low electrical conductivity because has
energy to move about independently / are far covalent bonding; [1]
apart.[1] none of the electrons able to move. [1]
d i The pressure exerted by molecules in Total = 18
vapour phase above a liquid. [1]
6 a Ions in lattice / regularly arranged; [1]
ii The rate of molecules moving from liquid in sea of delocalised electrons. [1]
to vapour is equal to the rate moving from
b Layers of metal ions; [1]
vapour to liquid / [1]
slide when force applied; [1]
there is an equilibrium between the liquid
new metallic bonds formed; [1]
and vapour phases. [1]
between metal ions and delocalised
[the idea of movement of molecules
electrons.[1]
in both directions without equality /
equilibrium = 1 mark] c i Aluminium has low(er) density. [1]
e Change temperature to correct units: ii Copper too dense on own; [1]
98 °C = 98 + 273 = 371 K[1] could not support its own weight in the air;
change volume to correct units: [1]
80 cm3 = 8.0 × 10–5 m3 [1] aluminium has low density; [1]
mRT but has low tensile strength; [1]
gas equation: pV = M [1]
r steel has high tensile strength so supports
rearrange gas equation correctly: the aluminium. [1]
Mr = mRT
pV [1] d i As percentage of zinc increases tensile
0.2 × 8.31 × 371
Mr = (1.1 × 10 5 –5
strength increases; [1]
) × (8.0 × 10 ) up to a point because pure zinc has lower
= 70.06 tensile strength than the alloy; [1]
= 70 (to 2 significant figures) [1] zinc atoms are a different size to the
Total = 18 copper atoms; [1]
zinc atoms disrupt the lattice structure of
5 a i giant ionic [1]
copper;[1]
ii poor [1] make it more difficult for the layers to slide
iii poor [1] over each other. [1]
iv simple molecular [1] ii brass[1]
v giant covalent / giant molecular [1] e 1 mark each for any three reasons: [3]
vi good [1] expensive to extract ore
vii poor[1] costs in fuel of transporting heavy ore to
smelting plants
b A is ionic so has high melting point because
conserves supply of ore
of strong electrostatic attractions; [1]
expensive to melt aluminium oxide because
between oppositely charged [1]
of high melting point
ions.[1]
large quantity of electricity has to be used to
Solid has low electrical conductivity; [1]
electrolyse the aluminium oxide
ions can’t move from place to place; [1]
[allow reverse arguments]
in liquid the ions are able to move. [1]
Total = 21
c B is simple molecular so has low melting
point because of weak van der Waals’ forces 7 a They are both giant structures [1]
[1] containing strong covalent bonds. [1]
between molecules; [1] b i All the bonds in the layers are strong; [1]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry © Cambridge University Press 2014

 Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry Answers to end-of-chapter questions

so difficult to break; [1] not enough energy at 800 °C to break the

high tensile strength / high strength to bonds.[1]
weight ratio. [1] c i nanotube(s)[1]
ii Layers of carbon atoms held together by ii similarity: each carbon atom joined to
weak van der Waals’ forces; [1] three others [1]
forces easily broken; [1] similarity: each has interlocking hexagons
layers can slide over each other; [1] of C atoms [1]
layers can be removed onto paper. [1] difference: nanotubes are cylindrical /
c All bonds / network of bonds; [1] tube-shaped[1]
are strong covalent bonds; [1] difference: graphite in layers [1]
bonds are hard to break so diamond hard; [1] d B: weak forces / van der Waals’ forces
poor conductor of heat; [1] between tubes; [1]
so doesn’t melt at high temperatures tubes slide over each over (when force
produced on drilling. [1] applied).[1]
Total = 14 C: covalent bonds / cross links [1]
between the tubes; [1]
8 a Regular arrangement of sodium and
tubes can’t slide over each other (when force
chloride ions[1]
applied).[1]
in three dimensions; [1] Total = 17
sodium and chloride ions alternate. [1]
b i Is ionic so has high melting point because
of strong electrostatic attractions [1]
between oppositely charged [1]
ions.[1]
ii Solid has low electrical conductivity; [1]
ions can’t move from place to place; [1]
in liquid the ions are able to move. [1]
iii Strong electrostatic attractions
between ions;[1]
hard to break these electrostatic
attractions by scratching surface; [1]
brittle because force applied along layers
displaces the ions; [1]
ions of like charge come near each other;
[1]
repulsion between like charged ions
disrupts bonding. [1]
Total = 14

9 a buckminsterfullerene[1]
b Buckminsterfullerene has molecular
structure;[1]
weak / van der Waals’ forces between the
molecules;[1]
at 800 °C temperature is high enough to
overcome intermolecular forces. [1]
Diamond has giant covalent structure; [1]
all bonds are strong / strong bonding in three
dimensions/ lots of bonds joined together;[1]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry © Cambridge University Press 2014