BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

RESEARCH
In

UTIL-313

Mechanical and Electrical Systems

Submitted By: Marie H. Carunungan

Submitted To: Ar. Robert O. Aguilar

DATE: December 15, 2017

CONVEYING SYSTEM OF THE BUILDING

1) ELEVATOR

Elevators are vertical transport systems that transport people between floors of a building.
An elevator system consists of a hoisting mechanism that is connected to a car or
platform. This car or platform then moves vertically, in most cases, on guides that are
attached to the fire-resistant sides of a hoistway.

A. ELEVATOR TYPES

There are passenger elevators, freight elevators and hospital elevators. Passenger
elevators are designed to transport people from one floor of a building to another. Freight
elevators carry materials from one floor to another, can be large enough to transport
heavy equipment such as cars, and fully loaded trucks and trailers. Hospital elevators
are found in medical facilities. These elevators are equipped with a “Code Blue” service
for emergencies.
Electric Traction Elevators

Electric elevators are operated by traction machines. This is an electric motor connected
to a driving sheave. Gear-driven traction machines provide slower rise speeds and
gearless direct drive machines provide high riser speeds. When power is lost in an electric
traction elevator system, all elevators come to a halt and one by one, each car returns to
the ground floor, opens its doors and shuts itself down.
 a. Geared Traction Elevators

Geared traction machines are driven by AC (alternating current) or DC (direct current)

electric motors that use worm gears to control movement of the car. This is achieved by
rolling steel hoist cables over a drive sheave (gearbox) that is attached to a high-speed
motor. Typical riser speeds range from 350 to 500 ft/min for passenger elevators and 50
to 200 ft/min for freight elevators.

b. Gearless Traction Elevators

Gearless traction elevators are low speed, high torque motors that are driven by AC or
DC motors. With gearless traction machines, the drive sheave is directly attached to the
end of the motor. They can reach speeds up to 2000 ft/min or higher but typically range
from 500 to 1200 ft/min. A brake is mounted between the drive sheave and motor to hold
the elevator.

In each case, geared or gearless, cables are attached to a hitch plate on top of the
elevator car and then looped over the drive sheave to a counterweight attached to the
other end of the cables. The counterweights are located in the hoistway on a separate
rail system that works the opposite direction that the car is driven. This counterweight is
equal to the weight of the elevator car and 40-50% of the load capacity of the elevator.

Car Safeties

Car safeties are a device designed to stop movement of the car and hold it in position.
When the car exceeds a safe speed, it is automatically activated by applying brake shoes
against the rails, stopping the car and switching off the power to the motor.

Roping Elevator cars must be suspended from a minimum of three hoisting ropes. This
wire rope is made of steel strands laid helically around a hemp core and each strand is
made of steel wires helically wrapped around a steel core. The roping affects the
performance of the traction type elevator.

Hydraulic Elevators

Hydraulic elevators are used for low-rise situations because the pressure cylinder must
be sunk into the ground a distance equal to the length of the cylinder. The car is mounted
on top of the hydraulic pressure cylinder and is forced to rise as hydraulic oil is pumped
under pressure to the bottom of the piston.

The car lowers when oil is released from the pressure cylinder into a tank until needed
again. Hydraulic elevators are used to transport freight and people, are cheaper than
electric and the mechanism is simpler.
 B. ELEVATOR CODE STANDARD

Codes are established by the American National Standard Safety Code for Elevators,
Dumbwaiters, Escalators and Moving Walks, ANSI/ASME A17.1 and local building codes.
Standard sizes and shapes for elevators are determined by the National Elevator
Industries, Inc. (NEII).

Residential Elevators

Residential elevators are designed to move people from one floor to another in a building.
They come in a variety of sizes and may be wheelchair accessible. Residential elevators
may use hydraulic or electric traction systems very similar to commercial passenger
systems. The cars are steel reinforced, come in a variety of finishes, range in size from
36- 48 inches and handle up to 450 pounds, depending on its load capacity.
Elevator Hoistway

A hoistway is a vertical fire-resistant shaft. It is enclosed and the elevator moves through
this shaft. The hoistway is accessed by doors that open into the shaft when the elevator
is called to the opening on that floor. It has a pit at the bottom of it, where buffers are
required. Buffers are energy-absorbing units that absorb any impact should the elevator
descend below the normal level. Some hoistways have penthouses at the top where the
machine room can be placed. Code may require that the hoistway be vented in case of
fire.

Hoistway Doors

Hoistway doors are installed in the openings of the shaft at each floor level. They are
rated as a 1-1/2 hour fire door and are controlled by an automatic operating system.
Codes specify the type of doors required for each type of elevator. Doors close
automatically when the elevator car leaves the landing zone, an area 18 inches above or
below the floor. The elevator car will not move if all doors are not closed and locked. The
doors cannot be opened from the landing side except for emergencies.

Hoistway Sizes

Hoistway sizes are specified in the National Elevator Industry Standard and the Elevator
Engineering Standard Layouts. Each hoistway must be sized according to the clear inside
dimensions that a hoistway must be to accommodate the elevator car and all required
cables and moving equipment.

Hoistway Doors

Hoistway doors are installed in the openings of the shaft at each floor level. They are
rated as a 1-1/2 hour fire door and are controlled by an automatic operating system.
Codes specify the type of doors required for each type of elevator. Doors close
automatically when the elevator car leaves the landing zone, an area 18 inches above or
below the floor. The elevator car will not move if all doors are not closed and locked. The
doors cannot be opened from the landing side except for emergencies.
Machine Rooms

Machine rooms are designed as part of the hoistway. They provide a fire-resistant area
that will house the required equipment to operate the elevator car, such as hoisting
machinery, controls, hydraulic oil and pumps. The area must be air-conditioned to control
the temperature. If the machine room is located in a penthouse, the floor must be strong
enough to hold the dead weight of the machinery and accessories plus the live weight of
the maintenance crew. With new technology; traction motors that boast gearless units;
permanent magnet drive units that are more efficient and compact and electronic
processors that replace the mechanical relays, traction elevators can now be built without
a dedicated machine room.

2) ESCALATOR

Escalators are inclined, continuous moving stairs and handrails that transport people from
one floor to another. They are used where elevators may be impractical but use of
stairways may be too slow for the anticipated crowd. Common places they are found are
in airports, arenas, convention centers, department stores, hotels, shopping malls, transit
systems, and public buildings.

Escalators have little or no waiting interval, can be used to guide people toward exhibition
areas, main entrances or exits and be waterproofed for outdoor use. Escalators can be
used as a required means of egress if they meet all requirements for emergency egress
stairways, such as providing smoke and fire protection and a sprinkler system. Escalators
can move many more people faster than elevators, traveling at typical speeds of 90- 100
ft/min.

Escalators are powered with constant-speed alternating current motors. Maximum

inclination of an escalator, from a horizontal surface, is 30 degrees, with a standard rise
up to approximately 60 feet. Escalator widths are typically 24, 32 and 40 inches wide.
Newer escalators have single pieces of aluminium or steel steps that move on a system
of tracks in a continuous loop attached to a welded steel truss structural frame.
Escalators Components include:

Landing platforms - where the gears and curved sections of the tracks are kept

Truss- a hollow metal structure that is attached to the top and bottom landings by supports
two tracks- built into the truss to guide the stop chain, stops handrails.
There are three typical configurations:

Parallel- up and down escalators side by side or close to each other

Crisscross- stacked and all going in the same direction

Multiple parallel-two or more together that travel in one direction next to one or more
traveling in the
Regulation

The American National Standard Safety Code for Elevators, Dumbwaiters and
Escalators, ANSI/ASME A17.1 and the Life Safety Code of the National Fire Protection
Association regulate escalator standards.

Moving Walks and Ramps

Moving walks are slow moving, approximately 1.5 mph, or high speed, approximately 9-
12 mph, horizontal conveyor belts designed to move people. Moving ramps have a
maximum incline of 12 degrees and may move people up or down an inclined area. They
may be connected together or used individually. Moving Walks and Ramps Both come in
varying widths and are capable of going very long distances. The sides of the moving
walks and ramps usually have balustrades covered with a moving handrail going at the
same speed as the walk or ramp. The steel structural system supports the moving walk
or ramp that is electrically driven.
Moving walks and ramps are built in two styles:

Pallet type-a continuous set of flat metal plates joined together; may or may not have
rubber added for better traction

Moving belt- built with mesh metal belts or rubber walking surface over metal rollers.

3) DUMBWAITER

Dumbwaiters transport small items between floors in a building. They are most often
found in large homes and buildings that offer food service to their clients or guests.
Dumbwaiters are also found in hospitals, libraries and office buildings where they can
transport medicine, books and mail. A dumbwaiter is a mechanism that consists of a
movable frame in a shaft with platforms attached to the frame that moves up and down.
 4) FREIGHT ELEVATOR

A freight elevator, (or service elevator, cargo elevator, or goods lift in the United Kingdom)
is an elevator designed to carry goods, rather than passengers.

Freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice in the car that the use
by passengers is prohibited (though not necessarily illegal), though certain freight
elevators allow dual use through the use of an inconspicuous riser.

Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a
passenger elevator, generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg. Freight elevators may have
manually operated doors, and often have rugged interior finishes cab (which
called enclosure) to prevent damage while loading and unloading. Although hydraulic
freight elevators exist, traction elevators are more energy efficient for the work of freight
lifting. These elevators are specially constructed to withstand the rigors of heavy loads.

Classes of Freight Elevator

Class A: General Freight Loading

Freight elevator with this class has the load distributed, the weight of any single piece is
not more than 1/4 the capacity of the elevator and the load is handled on and off the car
platform manually or by means of hand trucks.

Class B: Motor Vehicle Loading

Freight elevator with this class is used solely to carry automobile trucks or passenger
automobiles up to the rated capacity of the elevator.

Class C1: Industrial Truck Loading

A four-wheeled vehicle may be used to load and unload in the elevator with this class.
The combined weight of the vehicle and the load cannot exceed the rated capacity and
may be rolled onto the platform as a single unit.

Class C2: Industrial Truck Loading

In this class, during loading and unloading, the maximum load on the platform may be up
to 150% of the rated capacity. This enables the user to use a forklift to load a car with
freight weighing up to the rated capacity.

Class C3: Other forms of Industrial Truck Loading

During the loading and unloading process, the rated capacity must never be exceeded.
 5) HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of indoor and
vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and
acceptable indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a sub discipline of mechanical
engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat
transfer. Refrigeration is sometimes added to the field's abbreviation
as HVAC&R or HVACR, or ventilating is dropped, as in HACR (as in the designation of
HACR-rated circuit breakers).

HVAC is an important part of residential structures such as single family homes,

apartment buildings, hotels and senior living facilities, medium to large industrial and
office buildings such as skyscrapers and hospitals, on ships and submarines, and in
marine environments, where safe and healthy building conditions are regulated with
respect to temperature and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors.

Ventilating or ventilation (the V in HVAC) is the process of exchanging or replacing air in

any space to provide high indoor air quality which involves temperature control, oxygen
replenishment, and removal of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria,
carbon dioxide, and other gases. Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive
moisture, introduces outside air, keeps interior building air circulating, and prevents
stagnation of the interior air.

Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of air
within the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor
air quality in buildings. Methods for ventilating a building may be divided
into mechanical/forced and natural types.
Purpose of an air handling system

Main subsystems
Components
TYPE OF AIR-CONDITIONING

1) Windows Air-conditioning System

Window air conditioners are one of the most commonly used and cheapest type
of air conditioners. To install one of these units, you need the space to make a slot
in the wall, and there should also be some open space behind the wall. Window
air-conditioner units are reliable and simple-to-install solution to keep a room cool
while avoiding the costly construction of a central air system. Better yet, when the
summer heat dies down, these units can be easily removed for storage, and you
can use the window sill for other purpose
 2) Split Air-Conditioning System

The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The
outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like the compressor, condenser
and expansion valve. The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the
cooling fan. For this unit you don’t have to make any slot in the wall of the room. Further,
the present day split units have aesthetic looks and add to the beauty of the room. The
split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms
 3) Centralised Air-Conditioning System

The central air conditioning plants or the systems are used when large buildings, hotels,
theaters, airports, shopping malls etc. are to be air conditioned completely. The window
and split air conditioners are used for single rooms or small office spaces. If the whole
building is to be cooled it is not economically viable to put window or split air conditioner
in each and every room. Further, these small units cannot satisfactorily cool the large
halls, auditoriums, receptions areas etc.
4) Packaged Air-Conditioning System

The window and split air conditioners are usually used for the small air conditioning
capacities up to 5 tons. The central air conditioning systems are used for where the
cooling loads extend beyond 20 tons. The packaged air conditioners are used for the
cooling capacities in between these two extremes. The packaged air conditioners are
available in the fixed rated capacities of 3,5, 7, 10 and 15 tons. These units are used
commonly in places like restaurants, telephone exchanges, homes, small halls, etc.
 AIR CONDITIONING IN HOSPITAL

Types of air conditioning in hospital

HVAC designer will recommend different types of air conditioning systems for different
applications. Most commonly using are:

1) Window air conditioner

2) Split Air Conditioner
3) Packaged Air Conditioner
4) Central Air Conditioning System

Chilled Water Applied Systems

A chilled-water applied system uses chilled water to transport heat energy between the airside,
chillers and the outdoors.

These systems are more commonly found in large HVAC installations, given their efficiency
advantages.

The components of the chiller (evaporator, compressor, an air- or water-cooled condenser, and
expansion device) are often manufactured, assembled, and tested as a complete package within
the factory.

HEPA FILTERS

High-efficiency particulate air or HEPA is a type of air filter.

The filter must satisfy certain standards of efficiency such as those set by the United States
Department of Energy (DOE).

To qualify as HEPA by US government standards, an air filter must remove (from the air that
passes through) 99.97% of particles that have a size of 0.3 micro metres or larger.

HEPA filters are critical in the prevention of the spread of airborne bacterial and viral organisms
and, therefore, infection.

Typically, medical-use HEPA filtration systems also incorporate high-energy ultra-violet light units
to kill off the live bacteria and viruses trapped by the filter media.

Some of the best-rated HEPA units have an efficiency rating of 99.95%, which assures a very
high level of protection against airborne disease transmission.
Why do hospitals really require air conditioning?

Installing these units in hospitals provides a comfortable environment to patients. Doctors and
staff will also be able to work more comfortably and concentrate on their duty in a better manner.
These days most modern hospitals are equipped with this air conditioning. The technology is also
utilized to provide various therapies to patients.According to studies it has been proved that
patients show speedy recovery in controlled environment than in an uncontrolled environment.
For example, cardiac patients may not be able to maintain adequate circulation to facilitate
standard heat loss. This is also a reason that cardiac wards and rooms are equipped with air
conditioning units.

Patients within head injuries, those subjected with brain operations and those with poisoning may
have high fever in a hot environment due to trouble in the brain’s heat regulatory system. The
best thing to ensure recovery here is to maintain cool and comfortable environment.  Burn
patients also require a warm environment with high relative humidity. The room for severe burn
patients must possess temperature controls that can keep the level of temperature should be 32
degree Celsius. The relative humidity should go up to 95 per cent, this is where air conditioning
is used as a clean room application.

Air conditioning is extremely important in the operation theater. This helps in controlling the
temperature, humidity and sterile filtration.

These units are also considered as a necessity for other departments of hospitals such as delivery
room, radiology, recovery room, intensive care unit, CT, & MRI.

Air conditioning has helped in making the environment of hospitals livable and extremely
comfortable.

This also facilitates in keeping the environment of the hospital clean and hygienic. The patients
will feel happy, healthy and comfortable with an air conditioning installed in hospitals.

Need for air conditioning of hospital facilities

Proper air conditioning is helpful in the prevention and treatment of diseases. The factors
determining the need for air conditioning in hospital facilities are:

(a) The need to restrict air movement within and between various departments.
(b) The specific requirements for ventilation and filtration to dilute and remove contaminants in
the form of airborne microorganisms, viruses, odour, hazardous chemicals and radioactive
substances.

(c) Different types of temperature and humidity requirements for various areas.

(d) Permit accurate control of environmental conditions.

(e) Control of air quality and air movement

Infection Sources and Control Measures

Bacterial Infection. Infectious bacteria are transported by air. Droplet or infectious agents of 5 mm
or less in size can remain airborne indefinitely. It has been shown that 90 to 95 per cent effective
filters remove 99.9 per cent of all bacteria present in hospitals.

Viral Infection

Epidemiological evidence and other studies indicate that many of the air borne viruses that
transmit infections are sub- micron in size, thus there is no known method to effectively eliminate
100 per cent of the viable particles. HEPA filters and/or Ultra-Low Penetration (ULPA) filters
provide the greatest efficiency currently available. Therefore, the isolation rooms with appropriate
ventilation pressure relationships are the primary means used to prevent the spread of airborne
viruses in the hospital environment.

Outdoor air in comparison to room air is virtually free of bacteria and viruses.

Infection control problems frequently involve a bacterial or viral source within the hospital.
Ventilation air dilutes the viral and bacterial contamination within the hospital.

Properly designed, constructed and maintained ventilation systems preserve the correct pressure
relationship between functional areas; they remove airborne infectious agents from hospital
environment.

Indoor Air Quality in Hospitals

Indoor air quality in hospital is a complex multi- faceted issue. Contaminants come with dust, air
and visitors as well as originate inside the hospital complex and threaten the quality of
environment. Most common contaminants are microbes and organic compounds.

Ventilation and filtration provides a means of fighting contaminants by diluting their concentration.
Acceptable indoor air quality can be achieved by following the fundamental principles:

(a) Contaminant source control.

(b) Proper ventilation.

(c) Humidity management.

(d) Adequate filtration.

The temperature and humidity conditions in hospital environment can inhibit or promote the
growth of bacteria and activate or deactivate viruses. Ventilation systems are used to provide air
virtually free of dust, dirt, odour, chemicals and radioactive pollutants.

Contamination can be dispersed into the air of the hospital environment by one of the many
routine activities of normal patient care.

Because of the dispersal of bacteria resulting from such necessary activities, air-handling system
should provide air movement patterns to minimize the spread of contamination.  The sense of
thermal comfort results from an interaction between temperature, relative humidity, air movement,
clothing, activity levels and individual physiology.

The temperature and relative humidity measurements are indicators of thermal comfort. The
medical care needs of patients require thermal comfort provided by air conditioning system.

Operating Room Air Conditioning Requirements

The primary task of the ventilation system in an operating room is to provide an acceptable indoor
climate for personnel and patients, to remove odor, released anesthetic gases and to reduce the
risk of infection in the operating area. The greatest amount of bacteria found in operating rooms
comes from the surgical team and is a result of their activity during surgery.

During an operation most members of the surgical team are in the vicinity of the operating table,
creating the undesirable situation of concentrating contaminants in this highly sensitive area.

Studies of operating room air distribution systems and various air delivery systems indicate that
these are the most effective methods for air movement pattern in operation theatres for limiting
the concentration of contaminants to an acceptable level.

The total heat production per hour caused by the staff, operation room lighting and equipment
may be about 2 KW or 1750 Kcal/h.
Operating Room Ventilation

To maintain oxygenation for 10 persons in the operating room, a volume of about 28 m3 of air will
be required per hour. How much outside air is required for the dilution of odour will depend on the
nature and intensity of odor producing sources.

It is indicated by some studies that air supplied at 0.24 m3 per minute per person is the critical
level of odour suppression.

A ventilation rate of 10 air changes per hour reduces the level of any contamination present in the
air by about 99 per cent.

15 to 20 air changes per hour should be sufficient for comfort, to ensure pressurization in the
operation room and to maintain considerable control of airborne microorganisms in an operation
room of the size of about 40 sq meter, if an average surgical team is involved.

Another study shows that bacteriological contamination of the air is markedly reduced by the use
of ultra clean air filters.

Airborne contamination in operating room is mainly derived from the personnel in the operation
theatre and their activities.

The number of individuals present, ventilation and airflow implements the bacterial count in
operation theatre.

Proper design and ventilation of operation theatre is the most important means of controlling
airborne infection in operation theatre.

Empty Operation Theatre

The empty operation theatre should have:

a) Less than 35 colony-forming units (CFU) of bacteria/m3 of air.

b) Less than one CFU of Clostridium perfingens or Staphylococcus aureus in 30 m3.

c) During operation less than 180 CFU/ m3 of air using ultra clean laminar flow in the theatre.

d) Less than 20 CFU/ m 3 at the periphery of the enclosure and less than 10 CFU/ m3 at the
centre.
Direction of Air Flow

Direction of airflow should be from clean to less clean areas.  Airflow rate of 0.28 -0.47 m /sec
is desirable across an open door to prevent back flow into cleaner area.

In Ultra clean air enclosure, the airflow should not be less than 0.2 m/sec .

Humidity Control

One of the aspects of humidity is that bacteriological microorganisms ride on dust particles whose
attract ability to one another is favored by low relative humidity resulting in increased static energy.

Low relative humidity is reported to be suitable for Klebsiella pneumoniae activity.

High humidity in the hospital enhances the danger of growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Humidity in operation room is believed to contribute to the prevention of dehydration of exposed

tissue.

To minimize the explosion risk , the relative humidity required is 40-65 per cent.

Air conditioning other zones

1) Patient rooms: air conditioning of bed rooms in our warm humid climate desirable not
only for medical reason but also to keep out noise, pollution from mainly cars & buses,
trucks.

It is more important in dry areas where dust storm common in the summer months.

When central air-conditioning system used for pt rooms avoid ducted air supply and return to the
rooms in order to eliminate chance of cross infection. And to odours through the common ducts
for the same reason, packaged air conditioner feeding a group of rooms through a ducted supply
must also be avoided.

Use of individual fan coil units in each room connected to a central chilled water plant and room
thermo stats for independent temp control is ideal solution.
2) ICU: These units serves seriously ill pts from post-operative to coronary pts. There needs
of clean filtered air without the possibility of contamination from adjoining areas and
variable range of temp capability from 24 to 27 °c are important.
3) LABOUR & DELIVERY: The procedures for normal child birth are considered non-
invasive and rooms are controlled similar to pts rooms. Invasive procedures such as a
caesarean section are performed in an OT.

4) MRI &CT SCAN ROOMS: Normal comforts AC and ventilation is required. However the
special needs of the equipment manufacturer must be checked out and at times a
precision AC may be called for to handle the high heat release of computer equipment
and cryogens used to cool the magnet.

5) AUTOPSY ROOM: comforts conditions are maintained with a 100% fresh air system with
full exhaust. Due to heavy bacterial contamination and odor, autopsy room require special
attention for exhausting all air above the roof of the hospital. To prevent spread of
contamination to adjoining areas, the autopsy room must be maintained at –ve pressure.

6) PHYSICAL THERAPHY DEPT: The normal AC cooling load of the electro therapy section
is affected by the short wave diathermy, infrared and ultraviolet equipment used in this
area. The exercise section requires no special treatment and temp and humidity should
be within the comfort zone.

7) CSSD: comfort Ac is optional but ventilation and exhaust air system are essential. Used
and contaminated utensils, instruments and equipment are brought to this unit for cleaning
and sterilization prior to reuse. The dept usually consists of cleaning area, a sterilizing
area and a storage area where supplies are kept until requested. The storage area should
preferably be air conditioned on 24 hour basis in case the remaining CSSD dept in merely
ventilated.

8) KITCHEN: This is generally ventilated, meaning that fresh filtered air is distributed to the
entire area and stale air exhausted through the hoods kept over the cooking area where
the heat is concentrated.
  Cooler and freezer rooms are located close to the kitchen area and the refrigeration
equipment and for these should preferably be water cooled for the best cooling efficiency.
 The dietitian’s office is often located within or adjoining the kitchen. It is usually
completely enclosed to ensure privacy and noise reduction and air conditioned for comfort.

9) LAUNDRY: this is another area which is generally ventilated with fresh filtered air and
exhausted through hoods placed over the heat generating laundry equipment such as
washers, flat work ironers and tumblers. Special advice must be taken from the equipment
manufacturers and all exhaust should terminate above the roof or where it’ll not be are
nuisance to neighbours.

10) PHARMACIES AND DRUG STORAGE AREAS: Are another unit within hospitals and
other healthcare organizations than require air conditioning in order to carry 'temperature
dependent' drugs. Inadequate temperature control here either means that medication
would not function as required or the hospital would simply not be able to stock some
emergency treatments.
BRANDS:

ELEVATOR AND ESCALATOR

Formerly known as Rotary Lift.

Dover United States 1955
Acquired by Thyssen in 1999.

Northampton,
Express Lift United 1917 Acquired by Otis in 1997.
Kingdom

Fujitec Osaka, Japan 1948

Hyundai South Korea 1984

Fourth largest elevator
manufacturer in the world. It is
Kone Finland 1910
also the pioneer of machine
room less elevator system.
1931
Mitsubishi Japan (elevator
division)
The largest elevator
Otis United States 1853
manufacturer in the world.
Second largest elevator
manufacturer in the world, and
Schindler Switzerland 1874
the largest escalator
manufacturer in the world.
A subsidiary company of Otis
Elevator Korea in South Korea,
this is a brand for
Changwon,
Sigma 2000 overseas/export markets.
South Korea
Basically their elevators are Otis
made in South Korea but
branded as Sigma.

Defunct as part of the merger

Thyssen Germany 1871 with Krupp to
form ThyssenKrupp.
 Third largest elevator
thyssenkrupp Germany 1999
manufacturer in the world.

HVAC:

TOP 10 Brands

1. Day & Night

2. Goodman
3. Mitsubishi
4. Carrier
5. Bryant
6. York
7. Amana
8. Trane
9. Rheem
10. Lennox