Data taken from https://www.moresteam.com/university/workbook/wb_spcxbarandrintro.

pdf

Improvised to hold 10 subgroups and 6 observations as shown in Table 1.

Observations
Sample
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 74.030 74.002 74.019 73.992 74.006 73.999
2 73.989 74.000 74.001 73.995 73.998 74.000
3 73.998 74.002 74.050 73.989 74.005 74.030
4 74.005 74.030 73.995 74.000 73.998 73.990
5 74.006 73.990 74.004 73.998 74.000 74.002
6 73.982 73.984 73.998 73.999 73.998 73.995
7 74.003 74.002 74.008 73.992 74.006 73.999
8 73.989 74.001 74.001 73.998 73.998 74.000
9 73.998 74.002 74.001 73.989 74.005 74.030
10 74.005 74.021 73.995 73.990 73.998 73.993

Equation to find 𝑋̅:

∑6𝑖=1 𝑋𝑖
𝑋̅ =
6
Equation to find Range, R:

∑6𝑖=1 𝑅𝑖
𝑅=
6

Observations
Sample 𝑋̅ Range, R
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 74.030 74.002 74.019 73.992 74.006 73.999 74.008 0.038
2 73.989 74.000 74.001 73.995 73.998 74.000 73.997 0.012
3 73.998 74.002 74.050 73.989 74.005 74.030 74.012 0.061
4 74.005 74.030 73.995 74.000 73.998 73.990 74.003 0.040
5 74.006 73.990 74.004 73.998 74.000 74.002 74.000 0.016
6 73.982 73.984 73.998 73.999 73.998 73.995 73.993 0.017
7 74.003 74.002 74.008 73.992 74.006 73.999 74.002 0.016
8 73.989 74.001 74.001 73.998 73.998 74.000 73.998 0.012
9 73.998 74.002 74.001 73.989 74.005 74.030 74.004 0.041
10 74.005 74.021 73.995 73.990 73.998 73.993 74.000 0.031

From Table of Control Chart Constants,

For n=10,

𝐴2 =0.308
𝐷3=0.2223
𝐷4=1.777
𝑑2 =3.078
Determining Trial Central Line (CL) and Control Limits (UCL & LCL)

For X-bar Chart

∑𝑛 ̅
𝑖=1 𝑋𝑖
Center Line, CL =𝑋 = 𝑛
= 74.00172

Upper Control Limit, UCL= 𝑋 + 𝐴2 𝑅̅= 74.01046

Lower Control Limit, LCL= 𝑋 − 𝐴2 𝑅̅= 73.99297

X-bar Chart
74.015 74.012

74.010 UCL
Subgroup Average - mm

74.005
CL
74.000

73.995
LCL
73.990

73.985

73.980
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Subgroup Number

For R Chart
∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑅𝑖
Center Line, CL =𝑅̅= = = 0.0284 𝑛
Upper Control Limit, UCL= 𝐷4 𝑅̅= 0.050467

Lower Control Limit, LCL= 𝐷3 𝑅̅= 0.006313

R Chart
0.070 0.061
0.060

0.050 UCL
Range, R (mm)

0.040

0.030 CL

0.020

0.010
LCL
0.000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Subgroup Number
Analysis:

The processes are not in good control. There is an out-of-control point at subgroup 3, as shown in
the X-bar chart and the R chart. Since we assume all out-of-control points to have assignable causes,
hence the R chart is stable. Subgroup 3 can be discarded from the data. The remaining plotted points
indicate a stable process.

Calculating Revised Central Line and Control Limits

∑ 𝑋̅−𝑋̅𝑑 ∑ 𝑅−𝑅𝑑 𝑅
𝑋̅𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑔−𝑔 𝑅̅𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑔−𝑔 𝜎0 = 𝑑0
𝑑 𝑑 2

𝑋̅0 = 𝑋̅𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑅0 = 𝑅̅𝑛𝑒𝑤

Hence,

𝑋̅0 = 74.00057
𝑅0 = 0.024778
𝜎0 = 0.00805

From Appendix, it is given that

A=0.949
D2=5.469
D1=0.687

Therefore, we can calculate values for the revised X-bar and R charts.

For New X-bar Chart

UCL= 𝑋̅0 + 𝐴𝜎0 = 74.00821

LCL= 𝑋̅0 − 𝐴𝜎0= 73.99293

For New R Chart

UCL=𝐷2 𝜎0= 0.044025

LCL=𝐷1 𝜎0 = 0.00553
 Revised X-bar Chart
74.010
UCL
Subgroup Average -mm

74.005

74.000 CL

73.995
LCL
73.990

73.985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Subgroup Number

Revised R Chart
0.050
0.045 UCL
0.040
0.035
Range, R -mm

0.030
0.025 CL
0.020
0.015
0.010
LCL
0.005
0.000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Subgroup Number

Comments:

The limits for both X-bar and R charts become narrower, as expected. The process is now in good
control and stable.
 Observations
Sample
Non-conformities
1 14
2 14
3 4
4 15
5 12
6 6
7 10
8 14
9 8
10 8

C-bar = 10.5

Standard Deviation= 3.24037

UCL=20.22111

LCL=0.778889

C Chart
25
Count of non-conformities - c

20 UCL

15

CL
10

LCL
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sample Number

Comments:

The process is in good control. Low values that do not have an assignable cause indicate good quality
(less defects). It is not necessary to establish revised control limits for this exercise.