EEE 610 Summary Notes March 2018

ENGINEERS IN SOCIETY
SUMMARY OF TOPICS
EEE610
HJ. Ir. HARIZAN CHE MAT HARIS
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA,
SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR,
MALAYSIA.
EEE610 SUMMARY NOTES HJ. Ir. HARIZAN BIN CHE MAT HARIS 02 MARCH, 2018
CHAPTER 1: LAWS AND ENGINEERING ETHICS
1. Laws
1.0 Laws
Definition of law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through
social institutions to govern behaviour.
1.1 The Purpose of Law:
(a) To attain justice in society

(b) To stabilize the society.
(c) To form a boundary between human nature and humanity.
(d) Prevent chaos and disintegration of structure.
(e) To encode rights and punish infringement of people’s rights.
1.2 Classifications of Law:
1) Public Law(individual and the states)

2) Private Law(individual in between themselves)
3) International Law (prevails between states)
1.3 Contract Law
Contract is an agreement between two (2) or more people that is legally binding.
Contract is the foundation or base of all commercial transactions. A contract is a deal
from which both parties expect to benefit.
1.4 Commercial Law:
Commercial law is the body of law that governs business and transactions.
I. Private Law
 Involves interactions between private citizens.
II. Public Law
 A part of law that governs relationships between individuals and
governments.
1.5 Industrial Relations
Discuss about the laws and regulations that regulate the relationship between
employer and individual employee.
a. Employer
 A person who hires an individual to work for that person for an
agreed upon salary which may be either hourly or fixed salary
for a specified period of working time
b. Employee
 An individual who agrees to work for a person, to fulfil the job
requirements, works for specific job and hours, and is paid for
the performance of the job.
1.6 Legal requirements relating to recruitment, employment and

training of engineers
The recruitment process is:
1. Defining the role
2. Attracting applications
3. Managing the application and selection process
4. Making the appointment
1.7 Employees’ Provident Fund
Employees’ provident fund is a Malaysian government agency under the ministry of

finance. It manages the essential savings plan and retirement planning for private
sector workers in Malaysia.
1.8 Insurance and Pension
The insurance and pensions authority is a statutory board originally established to

regulate the insurance sector of the Isle of Man.
1.9 Product Liabilities
A product liability is the area of law in which manufacturers, distributors, suppliers

and retailers are held responsible for any injuries products cause.
Types of liability:
1. Manufacturing defect
2. Design defect
3. A failure to warn (also known as marketing defects).
1.10 Guarantees
Guarantees defined as an undertaking by one person to pay the amount due from
another person.
1.11 Breach of Warranty
A breach of warranty involves a broken promise about a product made by either a

manufacturer or a seller. The term also covers a failure of a statement or agreement
by a seller of property which is a part of the contract of sale.
1.12 Breach of Contract
A breach of contract occurs when a party to a contract fails to perform, precisely and
exactly, his obligations under the contract.
2. Engineering Ethics
2.0 Definition of Ethics
Ethics is define as the study of characteristics of moral, and involves the moral
choices made by individuals as they interact with other person.
2.1 Definition of engineering Ethics
Engineering ethics means rules and standards governing the conduct of engineers in
their roles as professional.
2.2 Body of the Code of Ethics
Engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honour and dignity of the engineering
profession by:
I. using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfare;
II. being honest and impartial, and servicing with fidelity the public, their
employers and clients;
III. Striving to increase the competence and prestige of the engineering

profession
IV. Supporting the professional and technical societies of their disciplines.
The bodies of the code of ethics are divided into 3 groups:
1) The Institution of Engineer Malaysia (IEM)
2) Institute of Electronic and Electrical (IEEE)
3) Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM)
2.3 Engineer’s liabilities and obligations
Obligations placed on engineers are not principally limitations, but enablers of their
practice. Engineers are highly valuable to society. Ethical obligations are necessary in
order for engineers to carry out their profession.
2.4 Difference between Engineers and Scientists
The difference between Engineers and Scientists are as follows:
ENGINEERS SCIENTISTS
A CREATIVE DESIGNER AND PROBLEM A PERSON WHO GATHERS KNOWLEDGE

SOLVER THAT APPLIES THE SCIENTIFIC THROUGH RESEARCH CONDUCTED IN
KNOWLEDGE AND FINDINGS. AN OBTAINING NEW FINDINGS BY
ENGINEER ALWAYS TRIES TO FURTHER OBSERVATION, EXPERIMENTS
IMPROVE A DESIGN AND CONCEPT. ANALYSIS.
Engineer’s role to serve the followings:
• To God
• To the society (public, community).
• To the environment.
CHAPTER 2: HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
1. Definition of Human Resource Management
Human Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an organization that focuses on
recruitment of, management of, and providing direction for the people who work in the
organization.
2. Human Resource Management Function
There is five human resource management functions. The functions are:
• Health and safety

• Personal management policy
• Staffing/recruitment
• Human resource development
• Compensation
2.0 Staffing / Recruitment
Staffing or recruitment is the process through which an organization ensures that it

always has the proper number of employees with the appropriate skills in the right
jobs, at the right time, to achieve organizational objectives.
2.1 Human Resource Developments
Human Resource Development (HRD) is a major hrm function consisting not only of
training and development but also of individual career planning and development
activities, organization development, and performance management and appraisal.
2.2 Compensation
The hr department has to evaluate employee performances, and devise an

appropriate rewarding system such as:
1. Equities
2. Bonuses
3. Increments
4. Awards
5. Complimentary vacations
6. Flexibility in working hours
2.3 Human resource management policy
Objectives of Human Resource Management Policy:
a. Dignity
b. Justice Compensation – package of benefit for work well done by
workers
c. Stability
d. Discrimination
2.4 Health and safety
Safety involves protecting employees from injuries caused by work related accidents.
Health refers to the employees’ freedom from physical or emotional illness.
3. Manpower planning
Consists of putting right number of people, right kind of people at the right place,
right time, doing the right things for which they are suited for the achievement of
goals of the organization.
The procedure:
 Analysing the current manpower inventory

 Making future manpower forecasts
 Developing employment programs
 Design training programs
3.0 The importance of manpower planning
The importance of manpower planning:
 Key to managerial functions

 Efficient utilization
 Motivation
 Better human relations
 Higher productivity.
3.1 Recruitment and training for career development
Recruitment is the process of attracting individuals on timely basis, in sufficient

numbers, and with appropriate qualifications, to apply for the jobs with and
organization.
3.2 Recruitment sources
1. Internal sources
2. External sources
3.3 Selecting employee
1. Obtain complete application forms

2. Conduct initial and follow-up interviews
3. Give employment tests
4. Conduct background investigations
5. Obtain results from physical exams
6. Establish trial (probationary) periods
3.4 Important of training and development strategic
 Improving recruitment and retention

 Improving competitiveness
 Implementing new technology
 Improving customer services
CHAPTER 3: ENGINEERING MAINTENANCE, INVENTORY
CONTROL AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
1. Engineering Maintenance Concept
Maintenance is defined as all activities undertaken to maintain equipment in a

particular predetermined condition or to return it to such condition. Engineering
maintenance is the discipline and profession of applying engineering concepts to
maximize the use of equipment, procedures, and budget departments to get
effective output and also to detect fault of the equipment.
2. Principle Objectives in Maintenance
 To achieve product quality and customer satisfaction through adjusted and

serviced equipment
 Maximize useful life of equipment
 Keep equipment safe and prevent safety hazards
 Minimize frequency and severity of interruptions
 Maximize production capacity – through high utilization of facility
3. Types of Maintenance
Maintenance can be classified into three different types:
I. Corrective Maintenance
II. Preventive Maintenance
III. Breakdown Maintenance
4. Planned Preventive Maintenance (PPM)
Preventive maintenance is planned maintenance of plant and equipment that is

designed to improve equipment life and avoid any unplanned maintenance activity.
4.0 Steps in Organizing the PPM
 Establishing responsibility
 Planning and scheduling work
 Preparing work order
 Inspection and testing
 Record keeping
 Evaluating effectiveness and corrective action
4.1 Preventive Maintenance should include

 Non-destructive testing
 Periodic inspection
 Preplanned maintenance activities
 Maintenance to correct deficiencies found through testing or inspections.
4.2 Advantages of Preventive Maintenance
There are many advantages of preventive maintenance such as
 Reduces break down and thereby down time

 Lass odd-time repair and reduces over time of crews
 Greater safety of workers
 Lower maintenance and repair costs
5. Breakdown
The objective of breakdown maintenance are the maximisation of the effectiveness of all
critical plant systems, the elimination of breakdowns, the elimination of unnecessary repair,
and the reduction of the deviations from optimum operating conditions.
6. Predictive Maintenance (PDM)
Predictive maintenance techniques help determines the condition of in-service

equipment in order to predict when maintenance should be performed.
7. Condition Based Monitoring (CBM)
The process of monitoring a parameter of condition in machinery such as a

significant change is indicative of a developing failure. CBM consist of the following
task.
 Measurement.
 Analysis / trending
 Assessment of machine condition.
 Diagnosis of faults.
 Reporting
8. Equipment Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Concept
Life cycle cost is the total cost of ownership of machinery and equipment.
8.0 The importance for Life Cycle Cost.
 Helps engineers justify equipment and process selection based on total costs
rather than the initial purchase price.
 Provides best results when both art and science are merged with good
judgment.
 Help product suppliers to optimize their design by evaluation of alternatives
and by performing trade-off studies.
 Total cost of the product can be calculated over the total span of product life
cycle.
8.1 The reasons use LCC
 Affordability studies
 Source selection studies
 Design trade-offs
 Repair level analysis
 Warranty and repair costs
 Suppliers sales strategies
8.2 Advantages of LCC
 Useful to control programs

 Tool for making selection among competing contractors
 For comparing the cost of competing projects
 Useful in reducing total cost
8.3 Disadvantages of LCC
 Costly and time consuming

 Cannot compare design alternatives that have different benefits (e.g.,
reconstruct road vs. Reconstruct road with widening)
 Accuracy of data is doubtful
 Obtaining data for analysis is difficult
9. Inventory control
9.0 Definitions
 Inventory means all the goods including one's own assets

 Stock means the goods which are with one when one is selling items or
goods.
 Stock inventory is the total items with the person who is doing business.
9.1 Purposes of Inventory
 Benefit from quantity discount

 Hedge against price increases and inflation
 Satisfy expected demand
 Protect against future shortages due various reasons
9.2 Types of Inventories.
 Raw materials
 Work-in-Process (WIP)
 Finished products
10. Definition of Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) is the order quantity that minimizes total inventory
holding costs and ordering costs.
10.0 Basic Economic Order Quantity (Basic EOQ)
There are some assumptions made on basic EOQ;
 Annual demand, carrying cost and ordering cost for a material can be
estimated.
 Average inventory level for a material is half of order quantity.
 No safety stock is utilized.
 Orders are received all at once.
 Materials are used at uniform rate.
 Materials are used up when the next order begins to arrive.
 Stock-out, customer responsiveness and other cost are neglected.
 Quantity discounts do not exist.
10.1 Inventory Control, Par Stock and Resource Management Models
Inventory control can be achieved through:
 Purchasing items at economic price at proper.

 Time and in sufficient quantity
 Provision of suitable and secured location with sufficient space
 Inventory identification system
 Up to data and accurate record keeping by a responsible staff
CHAPTER 4: SUMMARY OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
1. Introduction
Business is defined as economic oriented activities involving product or services

rendered to a consumer or customer in return of profit gained through the
transaction made.
Financial Management means planning, organizing, directing and controlling the

financial activities such as procurement and utilization of funds of the enterprise.
2. Scope of Study
2.0 Function of Financial Management
 Financial planning followed by implementation of financial decisions:

 Financial Analysis
 Financial Control
2.1 Financial Planning
 Financial decisions
 Investment decisions
 Dividend decision: (distribution of fund)
2.2 Financial Analysis
Financial analysis refers to study of financial health from different interested groups
(management, employee, government, suppliers, lenders, investors etc.) point of
view.
2.3 Financial Controls
Financial control refers to comparison of actual activities related to financial

decisions with planned activities. In other words, it is reviewing financial
performances as per planning schedule in order to meet the set financial objective.
3. Capital Investment
Investment has different meanings in finance and economics.

 In economic
 In finance
 Capital investment
 Capital budgeting
3.0 Capital Budgeting
The important of Capital Budgeting:

I. Capital budgeting decisions involve long-term implication for the firm, and
influence its risk complexion.
II. Capital budgeting involves commitment of large amount of funds.
III. Capital decisions are required to assessment of future events which are
uncertain.
IV. Wrong sale forecast; may lead to over or under investment of resources.
3.1 Return on Investment (ROI)
ROI is the most profitability ratio. This analysis compares the magnitude and timing
of investment gains directly with the magnitude and timing of investment costs.
There were the concepts of ROI:

i. Compare investment returns and costs by constructing a ratio, or percentage.
ii. ROI ratio > 0% - investment return more than is cost.
iii. Many competitors, many choices factor of investment higher ROI is better
choice.
3.2 Discounting Method of Investment Appraisal
3 Technique discounting method of investment appraisal:

 Accounting rate of return
 Net present value
 Internal rate of return
3.3 Accounting Rate of Return
Accounting Rate of Return is calculated using the following formula:
ARR= Average Accounting Profit
Initial Invesment
3.4 Net Present Value (NPV)
There two possible formulas that can be used in calculating net present value,
which is when cash flow, are even and uneven.
Formula when cash inflows are even:
1 − (1 + i)-n
NPV = R × − Initial Investment
I
Formula when cash inflows are uneven:
PV = …) − Initial Investment
3.5 Internal Rate of Return
The main objective in calculating internal rate of return is to net present value equal
to zero.
NPV = 0
CF1 CF2 CF3

+ + + ... − Initial Investment = NPV
(1+r )1 (1+r )2 (1+r )3
4. Method Used in Calculating Depreciation and Capital Allowances
4.0 Method used in Calculating Depreciation
Depreciation is a method of allocating the cost of a fixed asset such as

building, machinery, equipment and etc. over its period of the project.
There are three methods in calculating depreciation:
i. Straight-line depreciation method

ii. Declining balance depreciation method
iii. Sum of year digits depreciation method
4.1 Capital Allowance
Capital Allowance is reduction in the amount of corporation tax payable, offered as

an incentive for investment in large-scale projects (that increase a country’s
production capacity and stock of capital).
Categories of Capital Allowance:
i. The initial allowance of the assets that is given only once in the first year it is
earned.
ii. The annual allowance is granted an annual allowance based on rates set.
Prime cost method calculation
Prime cost method formula:
Assets cost ×
Diminishing Value method calculation
Diminishing value method formula:
Assets cost ×
4.2 The Cash Flow Table
Cash flow reports the movement of cash into and out of the business in a given per
year.
Cash flow statements are broken down into three sections:
i. Operating activities
ii. Investing activities
iii. Financing activities
4.3 The Balance Sheet
A balance sheet is divided into three parts, namely:

 Assets
 Liabilities
 Net worth or capital
4.4 Profit and Loss Statement
Net Profit Ratio = (Net Profit / Net Sales)

Rate of return on Investment = (Net Profit / Net Worth)
Rate of Earnings on Total Capital Employed = (Net profit /Total Liabilities and Net
worth)
4.5 Manufacturing Cost Statement

Manufacturing costs are divided into three broad categories:
 Direct materials
 Direct labour
 Overheads
CHAPTER 5: ENGINEERING ECONOMY
1. Introduction of Engineering Economy
Engineering economy is about determining the economic factors and the economic
criteria utilized when one or more alternatives are considered for selection.
2. Macro and Microeconomics
Macroeconomics looks at the total output of a nation and the way nation allocates its
limited resources of land, labour and capital in an attempt to maximize production
levels and promote trade and growth for future generations.
Microeconomics looks into similar issues, but on the level of the individual people
and firms within the economy.
3. Fundamental Concept of Demand, Supply and Price
3.0 Concept of Demand
Demand refers to how much quantity of a product or service is desired by buyers.
3.1 Law of Demand
The law of demand states that, if all other factors remain equal.
3.2 Concept of Supply
Supply represents how much the market can offer.
3.3 Law of Supply
The law of supply demonstrates the quantities that will be sold at a certain price.
3.4 Supply and Demand
Supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market.
The four basic laws of supply and demand are:
1. If demand increases and supply remains unchanged, a shortage occurs,

leading to a higher equilibrium price.
2. If demand decreases and supply remains unchanged, a surplus occurs,
leading to a lower equilibrium price.
3. If demand remains unchanged and supply increases, a surplus occurs, leading
to a lower equilibrium price.
4. If demand remains unchanged and supply decreases, a shortage occurs,
leading to a higher equilibrium price.
3.4.1 Equilibrium
When supply and demand are equal, the economy is said to be at equilibrium.
3.4.2 Disequilibrium
When market that did not reach in equilibrium.
3.4.3 Excess Supply
The quantity of a good or service supplied is more than the quantity demanded and
the price is above the equilibrium level.
3.4.4 Excess Demand
Excess demand is created when price is set below the equilibrium price. Because the
price is too low, too many consumers want the good while the producers are not
making enough of it.
4. Organization Economic Theory
4.0 Agency Theory
Agency theory is concerned with the relationship, in which one party (the principle)
delegates work to another (the agent), who performs that work.
4.1 Transaction Cost Economics
Transaction cost economics focuses on the organization of transactions that occur

whenever a good or service is transferred from a provider to a user across a
technologically separable interface.
4.2 Property Rights Theory
A property right is the exclusive authority to determine how a resource is used,

whether that resource is owned by government or by individuals.
5. Market Conditions for Perfect Competition
The structure of the market is determined by four different market characteristics:
 The number and size of the firms in the market.

 The ease with which firms may enter and exit the market.
 The degree to which firm’s products are differentiated and the amount of
information available to both buyers and sellers regarding prices.
 Product characteristics and production techniques.
Four characteristics or conditions must be present for a perfectly competitive market

structure to exist:
 There must be many firms in the market, none of which is large in terms of
its sales.
 Firms should be able to enter and exit the market easily.
 Each firm in the market produces and sells a nondifferentiated or
homogeneous product.
 All firms and consumers in the market have complete information about
prices, product quality and production techniques.
6. Market Conditions for Monopoly
Three conditions characterize a monopolistically competitive market:
 The market has many firms, none of which is large.

 There is free entry and exit into the market, there are no barriers to entry or
exit.
 Each firm in the market produces a differentiated product.
7. Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
CBA is an engineering decision making procedures in define the problems, choose

the objectives, identify the alternatives and evaluates the impact and consequences
of the alternatives taken.
Decision making analysis of selection of machines:
i. Annual Cost Method (ACM)

ii. Present worth method (PWM)
8. Return on Investment (ROI)
ROI is the most profitability ratio. This analysis compares the magnitude and timing
of investment gains directly with the magnitude and timing of investment costs.
There were the concepts of ROI:

i. Compare investment returns and costs by constructing a ratio, or percentage.
ii. ROI ratio > 0% - investment return more than is cost.
iii. Many competitors, many choices factor of investment higher ROI is better
choice.
9. Payback Period
Payback period in capital budgeting refers to the period of time required to recoup
the funds expended in an investment, or to reach the break-even point. For
example, a $1000 investment which returned $500 per year would have a two-year
payback period. The time value of money is not taken into account. Payback period
intuitively measures how long something takes to "pay for itself." All else being
equal, shorter payback periods are preferable to longer payback periods. Payback
period is popular due to its ease of use despite the recognized limitations described
below.:
Payback Period = (p - n)÷p + ny

= 1 + ny - n÷p (unit:years)
Where
ny = The number of years after the initial investment at which the last
negative value of cumulative cash flow occurs.
n = The value of cumulative cash flow at which the last negative value of
cumulative cash flow occurs.
p = The value of cash flow at which the first positive value of cumulative
cash flow occurs.
This formula can only be used to calculate the soonest payback period; that is, the
first period after which the investment has paid for itself. If the cumulative cash flow
drops to a negative value some time after it has reached a positive value, thereby
changing the payback period, this formula can't be applied. This formula ignores
values that arise after the payback period has been reached. Another formula for
Payback Period is shown as below:
Initial Investment
Payback Period =
Cash Inflow per Period
When cash inflows are uneven, we need to calculate the cumulative net cash flow
for each period and then use the following formula for payback period:
B
Payback Period = A +
C
In the above formula,
A is the last period with a negative cumulative cash flow;
B is the absolute value of cumulative cash flow at the end of the period A;
C is the total cash flow during the period after A
CHAPTER 6: MARKETING MANAGEMENT
1. Marketing Management
‘Marketing’ is defined as the task of capturing and keeping customers by ensuring

that the right products or services are available at the right price with the right
promotion in the right place at the right time.
‘Management’ is defined as the accomplishment of goods and objectives through

other with the utilization of available assets.
There are four elements called the 4 p's of marketing:
i. Identification selection and development of a products.

ii. Determination of its price.
iii. Selection of a distribution channel to reach the customer's place.
iv. Development and implementation of a promotional strategy.
2. The Basic of Marketing Concept

In marketing concept, there are several points that should be considered. There are
:
 Customers
 Market demand
 Competitors
3. Determination of Demand
The main determinants of individual demands are:
i. Income
ii. Consumer preferences
iii. Number of buyers
iv. Price of related goods
v. Needs
4. Product Planning and Development
The product life cycle stages can be classified in four stages. They are :
i. Market development and introduction

ii. Rapid Growth
iii. Maturity and market
iv. Decline
5. Marketing Functions
Six marketing function that covers the marketing management which is:
i. Marketing Research
ii. Advertising
iii. Sales
iv. Product planning
v. Product guarantee and back up service
vi. Product distributions and arrangement
6. Product Advertising and Promotion
7. Product Planning
Below is the several function of product planning:
i. New product is added.

ii. Old ones discontinued (phasing out of product).
iii. To maintain a higher level of manufacturing activities to fulfil the
customers’ needs and demand.
iv. Developing in product sales forecast in the future.
Some aspects of product services:
i. It helps in providing the long terms success of the business is to be

assured.
ii. Trade in of obsolete/phased out products for new products purchase.
iii. Maintenance, service and repair.
iv. Back-up service.
v. Product guarantee.
CHAPTER 7: ENGINEERING PRACTICES RELATED TO RELEVANT
ACT BY LAWS AND REGULATIONS AND HUMAN RELATION
1. Introduction
"Good Engineering Practice" or "GEP" is a term applied to engineering and technical

activities to ensure that a company manufactures products of the required quality as
expected by the relevant regulatory authorities.
2. Engineering Technology in Society
Engineering technologists use the principles and theories of science, engineering,

and mathematics to solve technical problems in research and development,
manufacturing, sales, construction, inspection, and maintenance.
2.0 Variety of Engineering Technology fields in society:
• Aeronautical Engineering Technology
• Air Conditioning Engineering Technology
• Architectural Engineering Technology
• Automotive Engineering Technology
• Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering Technology
• Civil Engineering Technology
• Computer Engineering Technology
2.1 Development of Modern Technological Society
Factors have been the result of Technology development:
 Scientific discoveries,
 Changing business self-image and interests,
 Changing consumer demand,
 Government regulation,
 The global citizens movement,
 Emerging institutions and paradigms, and
 Ultimately changing dominant values.
2.2 Professional Code of Practices, Licensing and Registration
Professional code of practices
 Set of internally enforced rules or regulations that members of a Profession must

follow.
 The main intention is to ensure public safety, prevent exploitation of the Client,
and preserve the integrity of the Profession.
 Code of Professional Conduct: Given in Part IV of Registration of Engineers
Regulations 1990.
Regulation and Licensure
Engineering is established by various jurisdictions of the world to encourage public

welfare, safety, well-being and other interests of the general public, and to define
the licensure process through which an engineer becomes authorized to practice
engineering and/or provide engineering professional services to the public.
Licensed Engineers are permitted to "practice engineering," which requires careful

definition in order to resolve potential overlap or ambiguity with respect to certain
other professions which may or may not be themselves regulated.
2.3 Engineering Education and the pursuit for Professional Engineer
status
2.3.0 Professional Engineer
Professional engineer the meaning and purpose of this act, refers to a person
engaged in the professional practice of rendering service or creative work requiring
education, training and experience.
2.3.1 Engineering Education
Engineering education is the activity of teaching knowledge and principles related to

the professional practice of engineering.
Engineering is often characterized as having four main branches:
 Chemical engineering
 Civil engineering
 Electrical engineering.
 Mechanical engineering
2.4 Inter-Personal Communication and Skills
Communication skills:
i. Body language
ii. Displacement activities
iii. The language of your hands
iv. Eye contact
v. Language
vi. Words
2.5 Principles of Communication
Communication is a two-way process of giving and receiving information through

any number of channels.
The following basic principles apply:
 Know your audience.

 Know your purpose.
 Know your topic.
 Anticipate objections.
 Present a rounded picture.
 Achieve credibility with your audience.
 Follow through on what you say.
 Communicate a little at a time.
 Present information in several ways.
 Develop a practical, useful way to get feedback.
 Use multiple communication techniques.
2.6 Technical Report Writing and Presentation
Elements of a Technical Report:
 Title page
 Acknowledgements
 Summary
 Table of Contents
 Introduction/Terms of Reference/Scope
 Procedure
 Findings (the evidence)
 Conclusions
 Recommendations
 References/Bibliography
 Appendices
2.7 Speaking and Presentation Skills
Presentation Skills:
 Your voice
 Pauses
 Passion and emotions
 Humors
 Engage your audience
 Managing nerves
 Using visual aid
 Planning
 Timing

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ENGINEERS IN SOCIETY

HJ. Ir. HARIZAN CHE MAT HARIS

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,

1.1 The Purpose of Law:

(a) To attain justice in society

1.2 Classifications of Law:

1) Public Law(individual and the states)

1.3 Contract Law

1.5 Industrial Relations

1.6 Legal requirements relating to recruitment, employment and

The recruitment process is:

1. Defining the role

3. Managing the application and selection process

4. Making the appointment

Employees’ provident fund is a Malaysian government agency under the ministry of

1.8 Insurance and Pension

The insurance and pensions authority is a statutory board originally established to

1.9 Product Liabilities

A product liability is the area of law in which manufacturers, distributors, suppliers

1.11 Breach of Warranty

A breach of warranty involves a broken promise about a product made by either a

1.12 Breach of Contract

2.0 Definition of Ethics

2.1 Definition of engineering Ethics

2.2 Body of the Code of Ethics

III. Striving to increase the competence and prestige of the engineering

IV. Supporting the professional and technical societies of their disciplines.

The bodies of the code of ethics are divided into 3 groups:

1) The Institution of Engineer Malaysia (IEM)

2) Institute of Electronic and Electrical (IEEE)

3) Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM)

2.4 Difference between Engineers and Scientists

The difference between Engineers and Scientists are as follows:

A CREATIVE DESIGNER AND PROBLEM A PERSON WHO GATHERS KNOWLEDGE

Engineer’s role to serve the followings:

• To the society (public, community).

1. Definition of Human Resource Management

2. Human Resource Management Function

There is five human resource management functions. The functions are:

• Health and safety

2.0 Staffing / Recruitment

Staffing or recruitment is the process through which an organization ensures that it

2.1 Human Resource Developments

The hr department has to evaluate employee performances, and devise an

2.3 Human resource management policy

Objectives of Human Resource Management Policy:

2.4 Health and safety

 Analysing the current manpower inventory

3.0 The importance of manpower planning

The importance of manpower planning:

 Key to managerial functions

3.1 Recruitment and training for career development

Recruitment is the process of attracting individuals on timely basis, in sufficient

3.2 Recruitment sources

1. Obtain complete application forms

3.4 Important of training and development strategic

 Improving recruitment and retention

1. Engineering Maintenance Concept

Maintenance is defined as all activities undertaken to maintain equipment in a

2. Principle Objectives in Maintenance

 To achieve product quality and customer satisfaction through adjusted and

Maintenance can be classified into three different types: