Biochemical Pharmacology

Subject : Biochemical Pharmacology

Introduction
1. What is `biochemical pharmacology'? - Answer (click here)
2. What are drugs? - Answer (click here)
3. Drugs and drug target molecules - Answer (click here)
4. Drug molecules may or may not have physiological counterparts - Answer
(click here)
5. Synthetic drugs may exceed the corresponding physiological agonists in
selectivity - Answer (click here)
6. Metabolism of physiological mediators and of drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Strategies of drug development - Answer (click here)

Pharmacokinetics
1. What is `biochemical pharmacology'? - Answer (click here)
2. What are drugs? - Answer (click here)
3. Drugs and drug target molecules - Answer (click here)
4. Drug molecules may or may not have physiological counterparts - Answer
(click here)
5. Synthetic drugs may exceed the corresponding physiological agonists in
selectivity - Answer (click here)
6. Metabolism of physiological mediators and of drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Strategies of drug development - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
9. Drug application and uptake - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
10. Drug distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
11. Drug elimination: Kidneys - Answer (click here)
12. Drug elimination: Metabolism - Answer (click here)

Pharmacodynamics
1. What is `biochemical pharmacology'? - Answer (click here)
2. What are drugs? - Answer (click here)
3. Drugs and drug target molecules - Answer (click here)
4. Drug molecules may or may not have physiological counterparts - Answer
(click here)
5. Synthetic drugs may exceed the corresponding physiological agonists in
 selectivity - Answer (click here)
6. Metabolism of physiological mediators and of drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Strategies of drug development - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
9. Drug application and uptake - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
10. Drug distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
11. Drug elimination: Kidneys - Answer (click here)
12. Drug elimination: Metabolism - Answer (click here)
13. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
14. Classes of drug receptors - Answer (click here)
15. Mechanisms and kinetics of drug receptor interaction - Answer (click here)
16. Drug dose-effect relationships in biochemical cascades - Answer (click
here)
17. Spare receptors - Answer (click here)
18. Potency and efficacy - Answer (click here)
19. Partial agonism and the two-state model of receptor activation - Answer
(click here)
20. Toxic and beneficial drug effects - Answer (click here)

The ionic basis of cell excitation

1. What is `biochemical pharmacology'? - Answer (click here)
2. What are drugs? - Answer (click here)
3. Drugs and drug target molecules - Answer (click here)
4. Drug molecules may or may not have physiological counterparts - Answer
(click here)
5. Synthetic drugs may exceed the corresponding physiological agonists in
selectivity - Answer (click here)
6. Metabolism of physiological mediators and of drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Strategies of drug development - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
9. Drug application and uptake - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
10. Drug distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
11. Drug elimination: Kidneys - Answer (click here)
12. Drug elimination: Metabolism - Answer (click here)
13. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
14. Classes of drug receptors - Answer (click here)
15. Mechanisms and kinetics of drug receptor interaction - Answer (click here)
16. Drug dose-effect relationships in biochemical cascades - Answer (click
here)
17. Spare receptors - Answer (click here)
 18. Potency and efficacy - Answer (click here)
19. Partial agonism and the two-state model of receptor activation - Answer
(click here)
20. Toxic and beneficial drug effects - Answer (click here)
21. The ionic basis of cell excitation - Answer (click here)
22. Ion gradients across the cell plasma membrane - Answer (click here)
23. The physics of membrane potentials - Answer (click here)
24. Voltage-gated cation channels and the action potential - Answer (click here)
25. The origin of cell excitation - Answer (click here)
26. Anion channels - Answer (click here)

Drugs that act on sodium and potassium channels

1. What is `biochemical pharmacology'? - Answer (click here)
2. What are drugs? - Answer (click here)
3. Drugs and drug target molecules - Answer (click here)
4. Drug molecules may or may not have physiological counterparts - Answer
(click here)
5. Synthetic drugs may exceed the corresponding physiological agonists in
selectivity - Answer (click here)
6. Metabolism of physiological mediators and of drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Strategies of drug development - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
9. Drug application and uptake - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
10. Drug distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
11. Drug elimination: Kidneys - Answer (click here)
12. Drug elimination: Metabolism - Answer (click here)
13. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
14. Classes of drug receptors - Answer (click here)
15. Mechanisms and kinetics of drug receptor interaction - Answer (click here)
16. Drug dose-effect relationships in biochemical cascades - Answer (click
here)
17. Spare receptors - Answer (click here)
18. Potency and efficacy - Answer (click here)
19. Partial agonism and the two-state model of receptor activation - Answer
(click here)
20. Toxic and beneficial drug effects - Answer (click here)
21. The ionic basis of cell excitation - Answer (click here)
22. Ion gradients across the cell plasma membrane - Answer (click here)
23. The physics of membrane potentials - Answer (click here)
24. Voltage-gated cation channels and the action potential - Answer (click here)
25. The origin of cell excitation - Answer (click here)
26. Anion channels - Answer (click here)
27. Drugs that act on sodium and potassium channels - Answer (click here)
28. Local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
29. Sodium channel blockers as antiarrhythmic agents - Answer (click here)
30. Sodium channel blockers in epilepsia - Answer (click here)
31. Potassium channel blockers - Answer (click here)
32. Potassium channel openers - Answer (click here)

Some aspects of calcium pharmacology

1. What is `biochemical pharmacology'? - Answer (click here)
2. What are drugs? - Answer (click here)
3. Drugs and drug target molecules - Answer (click here)
4. Drug molecules may or may not have physiological counterparts - Answer
(click here)
5. Synthetic drugs may exceed the corresponding physiological agonists in
selectivity - Answer (click here)
6. Metabolism of physiological mediators and of drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Strategies of drug development - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
9. Drug application and uptake - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
10. Drug distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
11. Drug elimination: Kidneys - Answer (click here)
12. Drug elimination: Metabolism - Answer (click here)
13. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
14. Classes of drug receptors - Answer (click here)
15. Mechanisms and kinetics of drug receptor interaction - Answer (click here)
16. Drug dose-effect relationships in biochemical cascades - Answer (click
here)
17. Spare receptors - Answer (click here)
18. Potency and efficacy - Answer (click here)
19. Partial agonism and the two-state model of receptor activation - Answer
(click here)
20. Toxic and beneficial drug effects - Answer (click here)
21. The ionic basis of cell excitation - Answer (click here)
22. Ion gradients across the cell plasma membrane - Answer (click here)
23. The physics of membrane potentials - Answer (click here)
24. Voltage-gated cation channels and the action potential - Answer (click here)
25. The origin of cell excitation - Answer (click here)
26. Anion channels - Answer (click here)
 27. Drugs that act on sodium and potassium channels - Answer (click here)
28. Local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
29. Sodium channel blockers as antiarrhythmic agents - Answer (click here)
30. Sodium channel blockers in epilepsia - Answer (click here)
31. Potassium channel blockers - Answer (click here)
32. Potassium channel openers - Answer (click here)
33. Some aspects of calcium pharmacology - Answer (click here)
34. Calcium in muscle cell function - Answer (click here)
35. Calcium channel blockers - Answer (click here)
36. Digitalis (foxglove) glycosides - Answer (click here)
37. Calcium-dependent signaling by adrenergic receptors - Answer (click here)

Some aspects of neurophysiology relevant to pharmacology

1. What is `biochemical pharmacology'? - Answer (click here)
2. What are drugs? - Answer (click here)
3. Drugs and drug target molecules - Answer (click here)
4. Drug molecules may or may not have physiological counterparts - Answer
(click here)
5. Synthetic drugs may exceed the corresponding physiological agonists in
selectivity - Answer (click here)
6. Metabolism of physiological mediators and of drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Strategies of drug development - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
9. Drug application and uptake - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
10. Drug distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
11. Drug elimination: Kidneys - Answer (click here)
12. Drug elimination: Metabolism - Answer (click here)
13. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
14. Classes of drug receptors - Answer (click here)
15. Mechanisms and kinetics of drug receptor interaction - Answer (click here)
16. Drug dose-effect relationships in biochemical cascades - Answer (click
here)
17. Spare receptors - Answer (click here)
18. Potency and efficacy - Answer (click here)
19. Partial agonism and the two-state model of receptor activation - Answer
(click here)
20. Toxic and beneficial drug effects - Answer (click here)
21. The ionic basis of cell excitation - Answer (click here)
22. Ion gradients across the cell plasma membrane - Answer (click here)
23. The physics of membrane potentials - Answer (click here)
 24. Voltage-gated cation channels and the action potential - Answer (click here)
25. The origin of cell excitation - Answer (click here)
26. Anion channels - Answer (click here)
27. Drugs that act on sodium and potassium channels - Answer (click here)
28. Local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
29. Sodium channel blockers as antiarrhythmic agents - Answer (click here)
30. Sodium channel blockers in epilepsia - Answer (click here)
31. Potassium channel blockers - Answer (click here)
32. Potassium channel openers - Answer (click here)
33. Some aspects of calcium pharmacology - Answer (click here)
34. Calcium in muscle cell function - Answer (click here)
35. Calcium channel blockers - Answer (click here)
36. Digitalis (foxglove) glycosides - Answer (click here)
37. Calcium-dependent signaling by adrenergic receptors - Answer (click here)
38. Some aspects of neurophysiology relevant to pharmacology - Answer
(click here)
39. Structure and function of synapses - Answer (click here)
40. Mechanisms of drug action on synapses - Answer (click here)
41. Pharmacologically important neurotransmitters and their receptors -
Answer (click here)
42. Neurotransmitter receptors - Answer (click here)
43. Overview of the autonomic nervous system - Answer (click here)

G protein coupled receptors

1. What is `biochemical pharmacology'? - Answer (click here)
2. What are drugs? - Answer (click here)
3. Drugs and drug target molecules - Answer (click here)
4. Drug molecules may or may not have physiological counterparts - Answer
(click here)
5. Synthetic drugs may exceed the corresponding physiological agonists in
selectivity - Answer (click here)
6. Metabolism of physiological mediators and of drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Strategies of drug development - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
9. Drug application and uptake - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
10. Drug distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
11. Drug elimination: Kidneys - Answer (click here)
12. Drug elimination: Metabolism - Answer (click here)
13. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
14. Classes of drug receptors - Answer (click here)
 15. Mechanisms and kinetics of drug receptor interaction - Answer (click here)
16. Drug dose-effect relationships in biochemical cascades - Answer (click
here)
17. Spare receptors - Answer (click here)
18. Potency and efficacy - Answer (click here)
19. Partial agonism and the two-state model of receptor activation - Answer
(click here)
20. Toxic and beneficial drug effects - Answer (click here)
21. The ionic basis of cell excitation - Answer (click here)
22. Ion gradients across the cell plasma membrane - Answer (click here)
23. The physics of membrane potentials - Answer (click here)
24. Voltage-gated cation channels and the action potential - Answer (click here)
25. The origin of cell excitation - Answer (click here)
26. Anion channels - Answer (click here)
27. Drugs that act on sodium and potassium channels - Answer (click here)
28. Local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
29. Sodium channel blockers as antiarrhythmic agents - Answer (click here)
30. Sodium channel blockers in epilepsia - Answer (click here)
31. Potassium channel blockers - Answer (click here)
32. Potassium channel openers - Answer (click here)
33. Some aspects of calcium pharmacology - Answer (click here)
34. Calcium in muscle cell function - Answer (click here)
35. Calcium channel blockers - Answer (click here)
36. Digitalis (foxglove) glycosides - Answer (click here)
37. Calcium-dependent signaling by adrenergic receptors - Answer (click here)
38. Some aspects of neurophysiology relevant to pharmacology - Answer
(click here)
39. Structure and function of synapses - Answer (click here)
40. Mechanisms of drug action on synapses - Answer (click here)
41. Pharmacologically important neurotransmitters and their receptors -
Answer (click here)
42. Neurotransmitter receptors - Answer (click here)
43. Overview of the autonomic nervous system - Answer (click here)
44. G protein-coupled receptors - Answer (click here)
45. Structure and function of G protein-coupled receptors - Answer (click here)
46. The complexity of G protein signalling - Answer (click here)
47. Agonist-specific coupling - Answer (click here)
48. GPCR oligomerization - Answer (click here)
49. 'Allosteric' GPCR agonists and antagonists - Answer (click here)

Pharmacology of cholinergic synapses

 1. What is `biochemical pharmacology'? - Answer (click here)
2. What are drugs? - Answer (click here)
3. Drugs and drug target molecules - Answer (click here)
4. Drug molecules may or may not have physiological counterparts - Answer
(click here)
5. Synthetic drugs may exceed the corresponding physiological agonists in
selectivity - Answer (click here)
6. Metabolism of physiological mediators and of drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Strategies of drug development - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
9. Drug application and uptake - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
10. Drug distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
11. Drug elimination: Kidneys - Answer (click here)
12. Drug elimination: Metabolism - Answer (click here)
13. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
14. Classes of drug receptors - Answer (click here)
15. Mechanisms and kinetics of drug receptor interaction - Answer (click here)
16. Drug dose-effect relationships in biochemical cascades - Answer (click
here)
17. Spare receptors - Answer (click here)
18. Potency and efficacy - Answer (click here)
19. Partial agonism and the two-state model of receptor activation - Answer
(click here)
20. Toxic and beneficial drug effects - Answer (click here)
21. The ionic basis of cell excitation - Answer (click here)
22. Ion gradients across the cell plasma membrane - Answer (click here)
23. The physics of membrane potentials - Answer (click here)
24. Voltage-gated cation channels and the action potential - Answer (click here)
25. The origin of cell excitation - Answer (click here)
26. Anion channels - Answer (click here)
27. Drugs that act on sodium and potassium channels - Answer (click here)
28. Local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
29. Sodium channel blockers as antiarrhythmic agents - Answer (click here)
30. Sodium channel blockers in epilepsia - Answer (click here)
31. Potassium channel blockers - Answer (click here)
32. Potassium channel openers - Answer (click here)
33. Some aspects of calcium pharmacology - Answer (click here)
34. Calcium in muscle cell function - Answer (click here)
35. Calcium channel blockers - Answer (click here)
36. Digitalis (foxglove) glycosides - Answer (click here)
37. Calcium-dependent signaling by adrenergic receptors - Answer (click here)
 38. Some aspects of neurophysiology relevant to pharmacology - Answer
(click here)
39. Structure and function of synapses - Answer (click here)
40. Mechanisms of drug action on synapses - Answer (click here)
41. Pharmacologically important neurotransmitters and their receptors -
Answer (click here)
42. Neurotransmitter receptors - Answer (click here)
43. Overview of the autonomic nervous system - Answer (click here)
44. G protein-coupled receptors - Answer (click here)
45. Structure and function of G protein-coupled receptors - Answer (click here)
46. The complexity of G protein signalling - Answer (click here)
47. Agonist-specific coupling - Answer (click here)
48. GPCR oligomerization - Answer (click here)
49. 'Allosteric' GPCR agonists and antagonists - Answer (click here)
50. Pharmacology of cholinergic synapses - Answer (click here)
51. Structure and function of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor - Answer
(click here)
52. Cholinergic agonists - Answer (click here)
53. Cholinergic antagonists - Answer (click here)
54. Cholinesterase antagonists - Answer (click here)

Pharmacology of catecholamines and of serotonin

1. What is `biochemical pharmacology'? - Answer (click here)
2. What are drugs? - Answer (click here)
3. Drugs and drug target molecules - Answer (click here)
4. Drug molecules may or may not have physiological counterparts - Answer
(click here)
5. Synthetic drugs may exceed the corresponding physiological agonists in
selectivity - Answer (click here)
6. Metabolism of physiological mediators and of drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Strategies of drug development - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
9. Drug application and uptake - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
10. Drug distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
11. Drug elimination: Kidneys - Answer (click here)
12. Drug elimination: Metabolism - Answer (click here)
13. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
14. Classes of drug receptors - Answer (click here)
15. Mechanisms and kinetics of drug receptor interaction - Answer (click here)
16. Drug dose-effect relationships in biochemical cascades - Answer (click
here)
17. Spare receptors - Answer (click here)
18. Potency and efficacy - Answer (click here)
19. Partial agonism and the two-state model of receptor activation - Answer
(click here)
20. Toxic and beneficial drug effects - Answer (click here)
21. The ionic basis of cell excitation - Answer (click here)
22. Ion gradients across the cell plasma membrane - Answer (click here)
23. The physics of membrane potentials - Answer (click here)
24. Voltage-gated cation channels and the action potential - Answer (click here)
25. The origin of cell excitation - Answer (click here)
26. Anion channels - Answer (click here)
27. Drugs that act on sodium and potassium channels - Answer (click here)
28. Local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
29. Sodium channel blockers as antiarrhythmic agents - Answer (click here)
30. Sodium channel blockers in epilepsia - Answer (click here)
31. Potassium channel blockers - Answer (click here)
32. Potassium channel openers - Answer (click here)
33. Some aspects of calcium pharmacology - Answer (click here)
34. Calcium in muscle cell function - Answer (click here)
35. Calcium channel blockers - Answer (click here)
36. Digitalis (foxglove) glycosides - Answer (click here)
37. Calcium-dependent signaling by adrenergic receptors - Answer (click here)
38. Some aspects of neurophysiology relevant to pharmacology - Answer
(click here)
39. Structure and function of synapses - Answer (click here)
40. Mechanisms of drug action on synapses - Answer (click here)
41. Pharmacologically important neurotransmitters and their receptors -
Answer (click here)
42. Neurotransmitter receptors - Answer (click here)
43. Overview of the autonomic nervous system - Answer (click here)
44. G protein-coupled receptors - Answer (click here)
45. Structure and function of G protein-coupled receptors - Answer (click here)
46. The complexity of G protein signalling - Answer (click here)
47. Agonist-specific coupling - Answer (click here)
48. GPCR oligomerization - Answer (click here)
49. 'Allosteric' GPCR agonists and antagonists - Answer (click here)
50. Pharmacology of cholinergic synapses - Answer (click here)
51. Structure and function of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor - Answer
(click here)
52. Cholinergic agonists - Answer (click here)
53. Cholinergic antagonists - Answer (click here)
 54. Cholinesterase antagonists - Answer (click here)
55. Pharmacology of catecholamines and of serotonin - Answer (click here)
56. Biosynthesis and degradation of catecholamines - Answer (click here)
57. Pharmacokinetic aspects - Answer (click here)
58. Drug targets in catecholaminergic synapses - Answer (click here)
59. Adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists - Answer (click here)
60. Inhibitors of presynaptic transmitter reuptake - Answer (click here)
61. Inhibition of vesicular storage - Answer (click here)
62. Indirect sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
63. L-DOPA and carbidopa in the therapy of Parkinson's disease - Answer
(click here)
64. False transmitters - Answer (click here)
65. Cytotoxic catecholamine analogs - Answer (click here)
66. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors - Answer (click here)

Pharmacology of nitric oxide NO

1. What is `biochemical pharmacology'? - Answer (click here)
2. What are drugs? - Answer (click here)
3. Drugs and drug target molecules - Answer (click here)
4. Drug molecules may or may not have physiological counterparts - Answer
(click here)
5. Synthetic drugs may exceed the corresponding physiological agonists in
selectivity - Answer (click here)
6. Metabolism of physiological mediators and of drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Strategies of drug development - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
9. Drug application and uptake - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
10. Drug distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
11. Drug elimination: Kidneys - Answer (click here)
12. Drug elimination: Metabolism - Answer (click here)
13. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
14. Classes of drug receptors - Answer (click here)
15. Mechanisms and kinetics of drug receptor interaction - Answer (click here)
16. Drug dose-effect relationships in biochemical cascades - Answer (click
here)
17. Spare receptors - Answer (click here)
18. Potency and efficacy - Answer (click here)
19. Partial agonism and the two-state model of receptor activation - Answer
(click here)
20. Toxic and beneficial drug effects - Answer (click here)
21. The ionic basis of cell excitation - Answer (click here)
22. Ion gradients across the cell plasma membrane - Answer (click here)
23. The physics of membrane potentials - Answer (click here)
24. Voltage-gated cation channels and the action potential - Answer (click here)
25. The origin of cell excitation - Answer (click here)
26. Anion channels - Answer (click here)
27. Drugs that act on sodium and potassium channels - Answer (click here)
28. Local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
29. Sodium channel blockers as antiarrhythmic agents - Answer (click here)
30. Sodium channel blockers in epilepsia - Answer (click here)
31. Potassium channel blockers - Answer (click here)
32. Potassium channel openers - Answer (click here)
33. Some aspects of calcium pharmacology - Answer (click here)
34. Calcium in muscle cell function - Answer (click here)
35. Calcium channel blockers - Answer (click here)
36. Digitalis (foxglove) glycosides - Answer (click here)
37. Calcium-dependent signaling by adrenergic receptors - Answer (click here)
38. Some aspects of neurophysiology relevant to pharmacology - Answer
(click here)
39. Structure and function of synapses - Answer (click here)
40. Mechanisms of drug action on synapses - Answer (click here)
41. Pharmacologically important neurotransmitters and their receptors -
Answer (click here)
42. Neurotransmitter receptors - Answer (click here)
43. Overview of the autonomic nervous system - Answer (click here)
44. G protein-coupled receptors - Answer (click here)
45. Structure and function of G protein-coupled receptors - Answer (click here)
46. The complexity of G protein signalling - Answer (click here)
47. Agonist-specific coupling - Answer (click here)
48. GPCR oligomerization - Answer (click here)
49. 'Allosteric' GPCR agonists and antagonists - Answer (click here)
50. Pharmacology of cholinergic synapses - Answer (click here)
51. Structure and function of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor - Answer
(click here)
52. Cholinergic agonists - Answer (click here)
53. Cholinergic antagonists - Answer (click here)
54. Cholinesterase antagonists - Answer (click here)
55. Pharmacology of catecholamines and of serotonin - Answer (click here)
56. Biosynthesis and degradation of catecholamines - Answer (click here)
57. Pharmacokinetic aspects - Answer (click here)
58. Drug targets in catecholaminergic synapses - Answer (click here)
59. Adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists - Answer (click here)
60. Inhibitors of presynaptic transmitter reuptake - Answer (click here)
61. Inhibition of vesicular storage - Answer (click here)
62. Indirect sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
63. L-DOPA and carbidopa in the therapy of Parkinson's disease - Answer
(click here)
64. False transmitters - Answer (click here)
65. Cytotoxic catecholamine analogs - Answer (click here)
66. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
67. Pharmacology of nitric oxide (NO) - Answer (click here)
68. Vascular effects of nitric oxide - Answer (click here)
69. Nitric oxide synthase and its isoforms - Answer (click here)
70. Biochemical mechanisms of NO signaling - Answer (click here)
71. Role of NO in macrophages - Answer (click here)
72. NO releasing drugs - Answer (click here)
73. NOS inhibitors - Answer (click here)

Pharmacology of Eicosanoids
1. What is `biochemical pharmacology'? - Answer (click here)
2. What are drugs? - Answer (click here)
3. Drugs and drug target molecules - Answer (click here)
4. Drug molecules may or may not have physiological counterparts - Answer
(click here)
5. Synthetic drugs may exceed the corresponding physiological agonists in
selectivity - Answer (click here)
6. Metabolism of physiological mediators and of drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Strategies of drug development - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
9. Drug application and uptake - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
10. Drug distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
11. Drug elimination: Kidneys - Answer (click here)
12. Drug elimination: Metabolism - Answer (click here)
13. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
14. Classes of drug receptors - Answer (click here)
15. Mechanisms and kinetics of drug receptor interaction - Answer (click here)
16. Drug dose-effect relationships in biochemical cascades - Answer (click
here)
17. Spare receptors - Answer (click here)
18. Potency and efficacy - Answer (click here)
19. Partial agonism and the two-state model of receptor activation - Answer
 (click here)
20. Toxic and beneficial drug effects - Answer (click here)
21. The ionic basis of cell excitation - Answer (click here)
22. Ion gradients across the cell plasma membrane - Answer (click here)
23. The physics of membrane potentials - Answer (click here)
24. Voltage-gated cation channels and the action potential - Answer (click here)
25. The origin of cell excitation - Answer (click here)
26. Anion channels - Answer (click here)
27. Drugs that act on sodium and potassium channels - Answer (click here)
28. Local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
29. Sodium channel blockers as antiarrhythmic agents - Answer (click here)
30. Sodium channel blockers in epilepsia - Answer (click here)
31. Potassium channel blockers - Answer (click here)
32. Potassium channel openers - Answer (click here)
33. Some aspects of calcium pharmacology - Answer (click here)
34. Calcium in muscle cell function - Answer (click here)
35. Calcium channel blockers - Answer (click here)
36. Digitalis (foxglove) glycosides - Answer (click here)
37. Calcium-dependent signaling by adrenergic receptors - Answer (click here)
38. Some aspects of neurophysiology relevant to pharmacology - Answer
(click here)
39. Structure and function of synapses - Answer (click here)
40. Mechanisms of drug action on synapses - Answer (click here)
41. Pharmacologically important neurotransmitters and their receptors -
Answer (click here)
42. Neurotransmitter receptors - Answer (click here)
43. Overview of the autonomic nervous system - Answer (click here)
44. G protein-coupled receptors - Answer (click here)
45. Structure and function of G protein-coupled receptors - Answer (click here)
46. The complexity of G protein signalling - Answer (click here)
47. Agonist-specific coupling - Answer (click here)
48. GPCR oligomerization - Answer (click here)
49. 'Allosteric' GPCR agonists and antagonists - Answer (click here)
50. Pharmacology of cholinergic synapses - Answer (click here)
51. Structure and function of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor - Answer
(click here)
52. Cholinergic agonists - Answer (click here)
53. Cholinergic antagonists - Answer (click here)
54. Cholinesterase antagonists - Answer (click here)
55. Pharmacology of catecholamines and of serotonin - Answer (click here)
56. Biosynthesis and degradation of catecholamines - Answer (click here)
57. Pharmacokinetic aspects - Answer (click here)
58. Drug targets in catecholaminergic synapses - Answer (click here)
59. Adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists - Answer (click here)
60. Inhibitors of presynaptic transmitter reuptake - Answer (click here)
61. Inhibition of vesicular storage - Answer (click here)
62. Indirect sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
63. L-DOPA and carbidopa in the therapy of Parkinson's disease - Answer
(click here)
64. False transmitters - Answer (click here)
65. Cytotoxic catecholamine analogs - Answer (click here)
66. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
67. Pharmacology of nitric oxide (NO) - Answer (click here)
68. Vascular effects of nitric oxide - Answer (click here)
69. Nitric oxide synthase and its isoforms - Answer (click here)
70. Biochemical mechanisms of NO signaling - Answer (click here)
71. Role of NO in macrophages - Answer (click here)
72. NO releasing drugs - Answer (click here)
73. NOS inhibitors - Answer (click here)
74. Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
75. Biosynthesis of eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
76. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
77. Lipoxygenases and related drugs - Answer (click here)

Some principles of cancer pharmacotherapy

1. What is `biochemical pharmacology'? - Answer (click here)
2. What are drugs? - Answer (click here)
3. Drugs and drug target molecules - Answer (click here)
4. Drug molecules may or may not have physiological counterparts - Answer
(click here)
5. Synthetic drugs may exceed the corresponding physiological agonists in
selectivity - Answer (click here)
6. Metabolism of physiological mediators and of drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Strategies of drug development - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
9. Drug application and uptake - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
10. Drug distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
11. Drug elimination: Kidneys - Answer (click here)
12. Drug elimination: Metabolism - Answer (click here)
13. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
14. Classes of drug receptors - Answer (click here)
15. Mechanisms and kinetics of drug receptor interaction - Answer (click here)
16. Drug dose-effect relationships in biochemical cascades - Answer (click
here)
17. Spare receptors - Answer (click here)
18. Potency and efficacy - Answer (click here)
19. Partial agonism and the two-state model of receptor activation - Answer
(click here)
20. Toxic and beneficial drug effects - Answer (click here)
21. The ionic basis of cell excitation - Answer (click here)
22. Ion gradients across the cell plasma membrane - Answer (click here)
23. The physics of membrane potentials - Answer (click here)
24. Voltage-gated cation channels and the action potential - Answer (click here)
25. The origin of cell excitation - Answer (click here)
26. Anion channels - Answer (click here)
27. Drugs that act on sodium and potassium channels - Answer (click here)
28. Local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
29. Sodium channel blockers as antiarrhythmic agents - Answer (click here)
30. Sodium channel blockers in epilepsia - Answer (click here)
31. Potassium channel blockers - Answer (click here)
32. Potassium channel openers - Answer (click here)
33. Some aspects of calcium pharmacology - Answer (click here)
34. Calcium in muscle cell function - Answer (click here)
35. Calcium channel blockers - Answer (click here)
36. Digitalis (foxglove) glycosides - Answer (click here)
37. Calcium-dependent signaling by adrenergic receptors - Answer (click here)
38. Some aspects of neurophysiology relevant to pharmacology - Answer
(click here)
39. Structure and function of synapses - Answer (click here)
40. Mechanisms of drug action on synapses - Answer (click here)
41. Pharmacologically important neurotransmitters and their receptors -
Answer (click here)
42. Neurotransmitter receptors - Answer (click here)
43. Overview of the autonomic nervous system - Answer (click here)
44. G protein-coupled receptors - Answer (click here)
45. Structure and function of G protein-coupled receptors - Answer (click here)
46. The complexity of G protein signalling - Answer (click here)
47. Agonist-specific coupling - Answer (click here)
48. GPCR oligomerization - Answer (click here)
49. 'Allosteric' GPCR agonists and antagonists - Answer (click here)
50. Pharmacology of cholinergic synapses - Answer (click here)
51. Structure and function of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor - Answer
 (click here)
52. Cholinergic agonists - Answer (click here)
53. Cholinergic antagonists - Answer (click here)
54. Cholinesterase antagonists - Answer (click here)
55. Pharmacology of catecholamines and of serotonin - Answer (click here)
56. Biosynthesis and degradation of catecholamines - Answer (click here)
57. Pharmacokinetic aspects - Answer (click here)
58. Drug targets in catecholaminergic synapses - Answer (click here)
59. Adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists - Answer (click here)
60. Inhibitors of presynaptic transmitter reuptake - Answer (click here)
61. Inhibition of vesicular storage - Answer (click here)
62. Indirect sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
63. L-DOPA and carbidopa in the therapy of Parkinson's disease - Answer
(click here)
64. False transmitters - Answer (click here)
65. Cytotoxic catecholamine analogs - Answer (click here)
66. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
67. Pharmacology of nitric oxide (NO) - Answer (click here)
68. Vascular effects of nitric oxide - Answer (click here)
69. Nitric oxide synthase and its isoforms - Answer (click here)
70. Biochemical mechanisms of NO signaling - Answer (click here)
71. Role of NO in macrophages - Answer (click here)
72. NO releasing drugs - Answer (click here)
73. NOS inhibitors - Answer (click here)
74. Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
75. Biosynthesis of eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
76. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
77. Lipoxygenases and related drugs - Answer (click here)
78. Some principles of cancer pharmacotherapy - Answer (click here)
79. Cell type-specific antitumor drugs - Answer (click here)
80. The cell cycle - Answer (click here)
81. Alkylating agents - Answer (click here)
82. Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
83. Antimetabolites - Answer (click here)
84. Inhibitors of mitosis - Answer (click here)
85. Monoclonal antibodies in tumour therapy - Answer (click here)