Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
2015/10/27
Jieh-Tsorng Wu
A = Area q ∝ A× E V=
E×d
D = Distance
A
⇒ q ∝ ×V
E = Electrical Field d
Q = Total Charge ⇒ q= C ×V
6. Capacitors and Inductors 3 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
Capacitor
A capacitor is a passive element designed to store energy in its electric field.
A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulator (or
dielectric).
Capacitance is the ratio of the charge on one plate of a capacitor to the voltage
difference between the two plates, measured in farads (F).
q = C ×v
εA
C=
d
ε = Permittivity
Trimmer Capacitor
q Linear q Nonlinear
Slope = C
v v
t
dq dv dv 1
q (=
t ) C × v (t ) ⇔ = C× ⇔=i C ⇔ v= ∫ idt
dt dt dt C −∞
t0 t t
1 1 1
v (t ) = ∫ i ( )
τ dτ + ∫ i ( )
τ dτ =+
v ( 0 ) ∫ i (τ ) dτ
t
C −∞ C t0 C t0
q ( t0 )
( t0 ) = Initial Condition
v=
C
A capacitor is an open circuit to dc
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(𝑖𝑖 = 𝐶𝐶 =0).
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
The voltage on a capacitor cannot
change abruptly.
The energy w is stored in the electric field that exists between the plates of the
capacitor.
This energy can be retrieved.
6. Capacitors and Inductors 8 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
Capacitor Example 1
C 2m
= 100m + 100(t − 2m) =
−100m + 100t (V)
6. Capacitors and Inductors 10 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
Capacitor Example 3
3
i=
= × 6 2 mA ⇒ v1 = i × 2k = 4 V v2 = i × 4k = 8 V
3+ 2+ 4
1 1
=w1 = C1v12 × (2m)=× 42 16 mJ
2 2
1 1
=w2 = C2 v22
× (4m) × 82 = 128 mJ
2 2
6. Capacitors and Inductors 11 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
Two Capacitors in Parallel
dv dv dv
=i C= eq i1 C= 1 i2 C2
dt dt dt
dv dv dv
i= i1 + i2 ⇒ Ceq =C1 + C2 ⇒ Ceq =C1 + C2
dt dt dt
Current Divider
i1 C1
= i= i1 + i2
i2 C2
C1 C2
⇒ i1 = i × i2 = i ×
C1 + C2 C1 + C2
6. Capacitors and Inductors 12 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
Parallel-Connected Capacitors
i = i1 + i2 + + iN
dv dv dv dv
Ceq = C1 + C2 + + CN
dt dt dt dt
dv
= ( C1 + C2 + + CN )
dt
⇒ Ceq = C1 + C2 + + CN
Current Divider
Ck
ik = i ×
C1 + C2 + + CN
6. Capacitors and Inductors 13 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
Two Capacitors in Series
t t t
1 1 1
v(t ) v=
(t0 ) + ∫
Ceq t0
idt v1 (t ) v=(t
1 0 ) + ∫
C1 t0
idt v2 (t ) v (t
2 0 ) + ∫
C 2 t0
idt
v=
(t ) v1 (t ) + v2 (t ) v=
(t0 ) v1 (t0 ) + v2 (t0 )
t t t
1 1 1 1 1 1 C1C2
Ceq t∫0 C1 t∫0 C2 t∫0
⇒ idt = i dt + idt ⇒ = + ⇒ Ceq = C1‖C2 =
Ceq C1 C2 C1 + C2
Voltage Divider. Assume v=
(t0 ) v=
1 (t0 ) v2=
(t0 ) 0, then
t
v1 1/ C1 C2
Q(t ) = ∫ idt = Ceq v(t ) = C1v1 (t ) = C2 v2 (t ) ⇒ = =
t0
v2 1/ C2 C1
1/ C1 C2 1/ C2 C1
v v1 + v= ⇒ v1 v × = v× = v2 v × = v×
1/ C1 + 1/ C2 C1 + C2 1/ C1 + 1/ C2 C1 + C2
2
1
t
1 1 1
t
∫
Ceq t0
idt = +
C1 C2
++ ∫ idt
C N t0
1 1 1 1
⇒ = + ++
Ceq C1 C2 CN
⇒ Ceq =
C1‖C2‖‖CN
Voltage Divider
1/ Ck
If v1 (t0=
) v1 (t0= = vN (t0 ) = 0, then vk = v ×
)
1/ C1 + 1/ C2 + + 1/ CN
6. Capacitors and Inductors 15 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
Combined Capacitor Example 1
A=Cross-Section Area
l=Length
N=Number of Turns
B=Magnetic Field
Φ=Magnetic Flux
For a solenoid,
N dφ
Magnetic Field =B ∝ ×i Magnetic Flux φ=
= =B × A V N×
l dt
N 2 × A di di
V∝ × ⇒ V=
L×
l dt dt
6. Capacitors and Inductors 18 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
Inductor
An inductor is a passive element designed to store energy in its magnetic field.
An inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire.
Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits opposition to the change of
current flowing through it, measured in henrys (H).
di
v = L×
dt
µN2A
L=
l
+ v - µ = Permeability
i i
6. Capacitors and Inductors 19 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
Inductors
Solenoidal-Wound
Chip Inductor
v Linear v Nonlinear
Slope = L
di/dt di/dt
t
di 1
=v L ⇔ i = ∫ vdt
dt L −∞
t0 t t
1 1 1
i= ∫ vdt + ∫ vdt = i ( 0 ) ∫ vdt
t +
L −∞ L t0 L t0
i ( t0 ) = Initial Condition
−∞ −∞
dt i ( −∞ )
2 i ( −∞ )
2 2
Assume no current through the inductor at t = −∞, i.e, i (−∞) = 0,
1 2
w = Li
2
10 (1 − t ) V L =
v(t ) = 2 H i (0) =
2A
t t
1 1
i=
(t ) ∫ = i ( 0 ) + ∫ v ( t ) dt
vdt
L −∞ L0
t
1
=2 + ∫ 10 (1 − t ) dt =2 + 5t − 2.5t 2 A
20
At t = 4, i ( 4 ) = −18 A
12
=
i iL= = 2A
1+ 5
5
vC = 12 × = 10 V
1+ 5
1 2 1
=
wC = CvC ×102 50 J
×1=
2 2
1 2 1
wL = LiL = × 2 × 22 = 4 J
2 2
di di di
=v Leq = v1 L=1 v2 L2
dt dt dt
di di di
v= v1 + v2 ⇒ Leq = L1 + L2 ⇒ Leq =L1 + L2
dt dt dt
Voltage Divider
v1 L1
= v= v1 + v2
v2 L2
L1 L2
⇒ v1 = v × v2 = v ×
L1 + L2 L1 + L2
6. Capacitors and Inductors 26 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
Series-Connected Inductors
v = v1 + v2 + + vN
di di di di
Leq = L1 + L2 + + LN
dt dt dt dt
di
= ( L1 + L2 + + LN )
dt
⇒ Leq = L1 + L2 + + LN
Voltage Divider
Lk
vk = v ×
L1 + L2 + + LN
t t t
1 1 1
Leq t∫0 L1 t∫0
i (t ) i=
(t0 ) + vdt i1 (t ) i=
1 (t0 ) + vdt i2 (t ) i2 (t0 ) + ∫ vdt
L2 t0
i= i1 + i2 i=
(t0 ) i1 (t0 ) + i2 (t0 )
t t t
1 1 1 1 1 1 L1 L2
⇒ ∫
Leq t0
vdt = ∫
L1 t0
vdt + ∫
L2 t0
vdt ⇒ = +
Leq L1 L2
⇒ Leq = L1‖L2 =
L1 + L2
Current Divider. Assume =
i1 (t0 ) = i2 (t0 ) 0,=
then L1i1 (t ) L2i2 (t )
i1 1/ L1
= i= i1 + i2
i2 1/ L2
1 / L1 L2 1/ L2 L1
⇒ i1 i=
× =
i× i2 i =
× i×
1/ L1 + 1/ L2 L1 + L2 1 / L1 + 1 / L2 L1 + L2
6. Capacitors and Inductors 28 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
Parallel-Connected Inductors
i = i1 + i2 + + iN
Let i (t0 )= i1 (t0 ) + i2 (t0 ) + + iN (t0 )
t t t t
1 1 1 1
∫
Leq t0
vdt = ∫
L1 t0
vdt + ∫
L2 t0
vdt + + ∫
LN t0
vdt
1
t
1 1 1
t
∫
Leq t0
vdt = + + +
L1 L2
∫ vdt
LN t0
1 1 1 1
⇒ = + ++
Leq L1 L2 LN
⇒ Leq =
L1‖L2‖‖LN
Current Divider
1/ Lk
If i1 (t0=
) i1 (t0= = iN (t0=
) ) 0, then ik = i ×
1/ L1 + 1/ L2 + + 1/ LN
6. Capacitors and Inductors 29 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
Combined Inductor Example 1
(t ) 4 ( 2 − e −10t ) mA
i=
i2 (0) = −1 mA
Find i1 (0), v(t ), v1 (t ), v2 (t ), i1 (t ), i2 (t )
t
1
or vo (t ) = vo (0) −
τ ∫ v dt
0
i τ = RC
d (vi − va ) va − vo dvi vo
iC ==iR va 0 ⇒ C = ⇒ C =
−
dt R dt R
dvi dvi
vo = − RC × = −τ × τ= RC
dt dt
6. Capacitors and Inductors 35 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
Differentiator Example