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Hints and Solutions

1. Ans. C.
We know that
v  x 2n
Surface tension (S) = force/length dv dx dv
2 a  .
(MLT ) dt dt dx
So, S  [ML0 T 2 ]
(L) dv
 a v  ( x 2 n )(2n  x 2 n1)
Energy (E) = Force x displacement dt
 E  [ML2 T 2 ]  a   2n 2 x 4 n1
displacement 4. Ans. B.
Velocity (V)  Given, mA = 4 kg
time MB = 2kg  mc =1 kg
1
 (v)  [LT ]
a b c
As, S  E v T
Where, a, b, c, are constants.
[LHS] = [RHS]
 [ML0 T 2]  [ML2 T 2 ]a [LT 1]b[T]c So total mass of the system (M)
= 4 + 2 + 1 = 7 kg
 [ML0 T 2 ]  [MaL2ab T 2ab  c ] Force (F) = 14N
Equating the power on both sides, we get F = Ma  14 = 7a  a = 2m/s2
a=1 2a + b = 0, b = 2 FBD of block A,
 - 2a – b + c = - 2
 c = (2a + b) – 2 = 0 – 2 = - 2
So, [S] = [Ev-2T-2] = [Ev-2T2]
2. Ans. B.
It is clear from the diagram that the shortest
distance between the ship A and B is PQ. F – F’ = 4a  F’ = 14 – 4 2  F’ = 6N
5. Ans. D.
FBD of block A,

T – m1a = Fk ……….(i)
FBD of block B,

PQ
Sin450 
OQ
Here, 1
 PQ  100 x  50 2 m m2g –T = m2a ……….(ii)
2 Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii) we get
m2g – m1a = m2a + fk
Also,  m2g – m1a = m2a +  k m1g
So, time taken for them reach short path is
(m2   k m1 )g
PQ 50 2  a
t   5h m1  m2
v AB 10 2
From Eq. (ii),
3. Ans. B.
Given,
T  m2(g  a)
 (m2   k m1 ) 
 m2 1  g
 m1  m2 

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m1m2 (1   k ) v2 k 2k
T  g   tv t
m1  m2 2 m m
6. Ans. C. Now, force on the particle is given by
Given, KP> KQ 1
In case (a), the elongation is same dv d  2kt  2
m m 
dt  m 
i.e.x1 =x2 = x F=
So, dt
1  1 1 
WP  KP x 2 2km.  t 2 
2 =
2 
1
WQ  KQx2 mk  12
2 .t
=
WP K 2
 P 1 9. Ans. C.
WQ KQ
1 1
 WP  WQ Total initial energy= m1u12  m2u22 Since,
2 2
In case (b), the spring force is same after collision one particle absorb energy .
i.e. F1 = F2 = F
1 1
F F  Total final energy= m1v12  m2v22  
So, x1  , x2  2 2
KP KQ From conservation of energy,

1 1 F2 1 F2 1 1 1 1
 WP  KPx12  KP 2  m1u12  m2u22 = m1v12  m2v22  
2 2 KP 2 KP 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 F2 1 F2  m1u1  m2u2 -  = m1v1  m2v2
and WQ  KQx22  KQ. 2  2 2 2 2
2 2 KQ 2 KQ 10. Ans. D.
As the weight w balances the normal reactions.
WP K
 Q 1
WQ KP
 WP  WQ
7. Ans. A.
From work energy theorem,
So, w=N1 + N2 .. (i)
Work done =Change in KE
Now balancing torque about the COM,
 W = Kf - K i i.e. anti-clockwise momentum
x2 1 = clockwise momentum

 Kf = W + K i =  x1
Fxdx 
2
mv2  N1 x N2 (d-x)
Putting the value of N2 from Eq.(i) we get
N1x = (w-N1) (d-x)
30 1  N1x = wd – wx – N1d + N1x
=  20
0.1.xdx 
2
 10  102  N1d = w(d-x)
 x2 
30 w(d  x)
0.1    500 N1 =
= d
 2 20 11. Ans. C.
= -0.05[302 – 202] + 500 Conserving angular momentum
= -0.05[900-400]+500 Li = Lf
 Kf = -25 + 500 = 475 J
 R0 
8. Ans. A. 
As the machine delivers a constant power So F.v =
mv0R0 = mv’  2 
constant= k (watts)  v’ = 2v0
dv So, final kinetic energy of the particle is
 m .v  k
dt 1 1
Kf = mv '2  m(2v0 )2
k 2 2
  vdv  m  dt
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1 45R
= 4 mv20  2mv20 or, x = = 7.5R
2 6
12. Ans. D. 15. Ans. B.
The total moment of inertia of the system is We know from Weins displacement law
 mT =constant
1
So, T 
m
As,  r>  g>  v
So, Tr<Tg<Tv
Given P  vmax, Q  rmax, R  gmax
I = I1 + I2 + I3 Hence, TQ< TR< TP
i.e. Tp> TR> TQ
1 16. Ans. B.
Here, I1 = mr 2
2 Given d = 2700 m
p = 103 kg/m3
1 Compressibility = 45.4 x 10-11 per pascal
I2 = I3 = mr2  mr2 [from parallel axis
2 The pressure at the bottom of ocean is given by
theorem] P = pgd
= 103 X 10 X 2700 = 27 X 106 Pa
5
= mr 2 So, fractional compression = compressibility x
3 pressure
From Eq. (i) = 45.4 X 10-11 X 27 X 106 = 1.2 X 10-2
17. Ans. D.
1 5  2 10 
mr2 + 2  mr 2 = mr2   Here,  T1 = 110 -100 = 10° C
I=
2 3  3 3 
dQ1
I = 4mr2
13. Ans. B.
dt = 4 J/s
The gravitational force of attraction between the  T2 = 210-200 = 10°C
planet and sun provide the centripetal force dQ2
GMm mv2 GM dt = ?
ie., 2
 v
r r r As the rate of heat flow is directly proportional to
The time period of planet will be the temperature difference and the temperature
difference in both the cases is same i.e. 10°C. So,
2 r the same rate of heat will flow in the second case.
T=
v dQ2
2 2
4 r 2 3
4 r Hence, = 4 J/s
 dt
 T2 = GM GM 18. Ans. C.
From Bernoulli's theorem
r
Also from Kepler’s third law 1 2 1
T2 = Kr3
P1  Pv1  P2  pv22
2 2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii) we get where, p1, p2 are pressure inside and outside the
42r3 roof and v1, v2 are velocities of wind inside and
 Kr3  GMK  42 outside the roof . Neglect the width of the roof.
GM Pressure difference is
14. Ans. C.
1
Suppose, the smaller body cover a distance x P1  P2  P(v22  v12 )
before collision, then 2
1
=  1.2(402  0)  960N / m2
2
Force acting on the roof is given by
F = (p1 - p2) A = 960 x 250
= 24 X 104 N = 24 X 106 N
Mx = 5M(9R-x) As the pressure inside the roof is more than
or, x = 45R – 5x outside to it. So the force will act in the upward
direction.
i.e. F = 24 x 105 N- upward.

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19. Ans. C. Q1 T1
Since, initial and final points are same
Now 
Q2 T2
Q1 9
 
Q2  W 10
 10Q1 = 9Q1 + 9W
 Q1 = 9W = 9 x 10 = 90 J
21. Ans. B.
For a diatomic gas,

So, UA BC  UA C

Also A  B is isochoric process
So dWA B = 0
and dQ= dU+ dW
So, dQA B = dUA B = 400 J The change in internal energy of gas in the
Next B  C is isobaric process transition from A to B is
U  nCvdT
So, dQB  C = dUBC + dWBC
 5R 
= dUBC + pVBC
= n  T  TA 
 2  B
 100= dUBC +6 X104 (2X10-3)
5  PBVB PA VA 
 dUBC = 100 -120 = -20 J nR 
From Eq. (i),
=
2  nR nR 
UA BC  UA C 5
=
2

2  103  6  5  103  4 
 UA B  UBC = dQA C  dWA C
5
 400 + (-20) = dQA C =
2

 8  103 
-(p VA + Area of  ABC)
4  104
 20kJ
 dQA C = 380 + =
2
22. Ans. C.
 2  104  2  103 
The specific heat of gas at constant volume in
 1  terms of degree of the freedom n is
   2  103  4  104 
 2  n
Cv  R
= 380 + (40 + 40) 2
dQA C = 460 J Also Cp  C v  R
20. Ans. C.
As, Q1 + W = Q2 n  n
So Cp  R  R  R 1  
1 2  2
Given, 
10  n
R 1  
T1 Cp  2 2
Now, using  1      1
T2 Now, Cv n n
R
1 T 2
So, 1  1 23. Ans. C.
10 T2 Given, Y1 = asin  t
T1 9  
  Y2 = b cos  t = b sin  t  2 
T2 10
The resultant displacement is given by

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y = y1 + y2 = a2  b2 sin(t  ) q2  1 
U  U' U    1
Hence, the motion of superimposed wave is simple 2C  K 
harmonic with amplitude a  b .
2 2
1 1 
CV2   1
24. Ans. B. 2 K 
Let A be the amplitude of oscillation then
Hence, option (d) is incorrect.
v12  2 (A 2  x12 ) …..(i) 27. Ans. C.
Given,
v22  2 (A 2  x2 ) …..(ii)
Subtracting Eq.(ii) from Eq. (i) we get
v12  v22  2 (x22  x12 )

v12  v22
 
x22  x12

2 v12  v22 Here, r = a

 
T x22  x12 1 q
E= . 2
4 0 a
x22  x12
 T  2 From EQ. (i).
v12  v22 1 q
25. Ans. C. . 2 = Aa
The fundamental frequencies of closed and open
4 0 a
pipe are given as  40 Aa3
q=
v 28. Ans. A.
vc =
4l Given l = 4m
v R =potentiometer wire resistance = 8 
vo=
2l' dV
Potential gradient= = 1mV/cm
Given the second overtone (i.e. third harmonic) of dr
open pipe is equal to the fundamental frequency of
So, for 400 cm,  V = 400 x 1 x 10-3 = 0.4 V
closed pipe
Let a resistor RS connected in series, so as
ie., 3vo = vc
v v V
 R
 3  V=
R  RS
2l' 4l
 l’ = 6l = 6 x 20 = 120 cm 2 16
26. Ans. D.  0.4   88R   40
When a parallel plate air capacitor connected to a 8R 0.4
cell of emf V , then charge stored will be  R = 32 
q = CV 29. Ans. A.
q The equivalent resistance between Q and S is given
V= by
C
1 2 q2
Also, energy stored is U = CV 
2 2C
As the battery is disconnected from the capacitor
the charge will not be destroyed i.e. q' = q with the
introduction of dielectric in the gap of capacitor the
new capacitapce will be
C' = CK
q q 1 1 1 21
 V'     
C ' CK R ' 15R 3R 3R
The new energy stored will be  R’ = R
Now, VPQ = VA = IR
q2 Also, VQS = VB = VC = IR
U’ =
2CK Hence, VA = VB = VC
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30. Ans. A.
As the cross-sectional area of the conductor is non- 33. Ans. D.
uniform so current density will be different.
As I = JA .. . (i)
It is clear from Eq. (i), when area increases the
current density decreases so the number of flow of
electrons will be same and thus the current will be
constant.
31. Ans. C.
The magnetic field in the different regions is given
by

Potential difference across PQ is

 0I
av
VP – VQ= B1(a)v=  a
2  x  
 2
Hence, the net potential difference in the loop will
be
Vnet = (VP - VQ) – (VS-VR)
 
0 I  
 (k) 0iaV
B1 =
4 R  1 
1 
= 2   a  a 
 0I   x  2   x  2  
B3 = (k)  
4 R
 0I 1
(i) Thus, Vnet 
B2 =
4R (2x  a)(2x  a)
The net magnetic field at the centre O is 34. Ans. A.
B = B1 + B2 + B3 When a resistor is connected to an AC source. The
power drawn will be
 0I I I
= (2k)  0 (i)   0 (2k  i) Vrms
4R 4R 4R p = vrms .Irms = Vrms .
32. Ans. D. R
2
q  Vrms  PR
As I When an inductor is connected in series with
t
resistor, then the power drawn will be
So, for an electron revolving in a circular orbit of
radius r P' = Vrms. Irmscos 

where,  =phase difference

2
Vrms R2 R
 P' . 2  P.R. 2
R Z Z
2
P.R 2 R
 P' 2
 P 
 Z
q = e and t = T Z
e e e 2ne 35. Ans. B.
 I=     ne The radiation energy is given by
T 2 /  2 2
hc
the magnetic field produced at the centre is E
0I 0ne 
B=  Initial momentum of the radiation is
2R 2r
h E
Pi = 
 c
The reflected momentum is

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h E 
Pr =    sin  
 c a (for small angle)
So, the change in momentum of light is Y 
2E So, 
Plight  Pr  Pi   D a
c
D
thus, the momentum transferred to the surface is  Y 
2E a
Plight  2D
c
Hence, which of central maxima = 2Y =
36. Ans. C. a
 g  15 38. Ans. A.
Given
Given d = 1 mm = 1 x 10-3m
D = 1m
 = 500 nm = 5 x 10-7 m
As width of central maxima= width of 10 maxima
2D  D 
  10 
a  d 
From lens formula for the plano convex lens d 105
 a=   0.2  103 m
1 1 1 5 5
 (  1)    a = 0.2 mm
f  R1 R 2  39. Ans. B.
Here, R1 = R  A  Dm 

and for plane surface R2 = sin 
 2 
1 1  
 f  (15  1)   0 As, we know that A
lens
R  Sin
2
1 0.5
   A  Dm 
flens R sin 
A  2 
When the intervening medium is filled with oil, then  cot 
2 A
focal length of the concave lens formed by the oil Sin
1  1 1 2
 (17  1)    
fconcave  R R A sin  A  Dm 
cot  2 
2 14 2 
= -0.7    A A
R R sin Sin
Here, we have two concave surfaces 2 2
1 1 1   A  A  Dm 
2  sin     sin 
So,
feq f f  2 2  2 
0.5  14  1 14 0.4  A A Dm
2        
=
R 
 R  R R R 2 2 2 2
 Dm =   2A
R 20
 feq   0.4  0.4  50 cm 40.
Dm = 180o-2A
Ans. B.
37. Ans. A. From photoelectric equation
For the condition of maxima hv = W + eV0
(where, W= work function)
hc
So  W  3eV0 …(i)

hc
Also,  W  eV0
2
From the geometry

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hc
  2W  2eV0 …(ii)
2
Subtracting Eq.(i) from Eq. (ii), we get
0 = W – eV0
 W = eV0
From Eq. (i).
The truth table shows that both the inputs are high
hc then we are getting high value of output otherwise
 eV0  3eV0  4eV0 zero. Hence, the combination represents AND gate.

46. Ans. B.
The threshold wavelength is given by We can calculate the number of sigma and pi
hc 4eV0 bonds by drawing the structure of the molecules. A
 th    4 single bond is a sigma bond, a double bond is one
W eV0 sigma + one pi and a triple bond is 1 sigma +2 pi
41. Ans. B. bonds.
The de-Broglie wavelength is given by
h
 
p
 P  h
This equation is in the form of yx = c, which is the
equation of a rectangular hyperbola. Hence, the
graph given in option (b) is the correct one.
42. Ans. B.
Energy of electron in the 3rd orbit of He+ is
Z2 4
E3 = 136  2
eV   136  2 eV
n 3
4
= -136   16  1019 J
9
From Bohr’s model,
1 47. Ans. C.
E3 = -KE3 =  m V2 For isoelectronic species, ionic radii decreases with
2 e
increase in positive charge. Ca2+ ,K+ and Ar are
1 isoelectronic species with 18 electrons.
  9.1  1031  v2
2 48. Ans. C.
Potassium is an important component of the
4 Sodium pump, also known as sodium-potassium
= -136   16  1019
9 pump. This pump is important for generation of
action potential by nerve cells. The process of
2 136  16  4  2  1011 transportation of Na+ and K+ across the cell
 v  membrane is an active process involving the
9  91 hydrolysis of ATP to provide the necessary energy
or, v = 146 x 106 m/s which helps in maintaining the excess of Na+
43. Ans. B. outside the cell and excess of K+ ions on the inside.
Radius of the nucleus is given by 49. Ans. C.
R = R0A1/3  R  A1/3 As metal nitrates are highly soluble in water, they
1/3 1/3 are usually not found as nitrates in their ores. Eg:
R Al A   27  3 KNO3 dissociate completely into K+ and NO3- ions in
  Al   
R Te  A Te   125  5 aqueous solution as shown below:

5 KNO3  K (aq)  NO3 (aq)

R Te  R Al Whereas nitrate anion is resonance stabilized.
3 50. Ans. A.
44. Ans. D. The sulphates become less soluble om going down
As it forward biased so it takes positive value the group.
hence, option (d) is correct. Mg > Ca > Sr > Ba
45. Ans. C. This is due to the decrease in hydration energy
the truth table for the given circuit is from Be2+ to Ba2+ as the size of the cation increase
down the group. The significantly High solubility of
MgSO4 is due to the high enthalpy of hydration of

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the smaller Mg2+ ions. However, the magnitude of * * * *

lattice energy remains almost constant as the size O2   1s2 ,  1s2 ,  2s2 ,  2p2z ( 2p2x   2p2y )( 2p1x   2p0y )
of the sulphate ion is so big that small increase in
10  5 5
the size of the cation from Be to Ba does not make
BO =   2.5
any difference. 2 2
51. Ans. C. * * * *

Zr (atomic radii 160 pm) and Hf (atomic radii 158 O2   1s2 ,  1s2 ,  2s2 ,  2p2z ( 2p2x   2p2y )( 2p1x   2p1y )
pm) have nearly same atomic radii because of the
lanthanoid contration. As a result, the elements of 10  6 4
BO=  2
second and third transition series have almost 2 2
similar atomic radii.
Hence, the correct sequence of bond order is
52. Ans. C.
Formation of Fe(CO)5 does not involve oxidation of O2 < O2 < O2
iron because oxidation state of iron is same. 55. Ans. D.
0 III (a) Both nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide form
(a)
Fe H2O  O2  Fe2 O3.xH2O acid rain i.e. the rain water containing sulphuric
acid and nitric acid.
from air
0 II HNO2  2H2O  O2  4HNO3
(b) Fe CuSO4  Fe SO4  Cu 2SO2  2H2O  O2  2H2SO4
0 0
(b) Both NO2 and SO2 act as a good reducing
(c) Fe 5CO  Fe(CO)5 agent.
0 III (c) both are soluble in water.
(d) Fe H2O  Fe2 O3  H2 (d) SO2 is used in the manufacture of sodium
Steam bisulphite (NaHSO3) .It is used as a preservative
53. Ans. D. for jams, jellies and squashes.
56. Ans. C.
Bond angle can be calculated with the help of
hybridization. NO2+ has maximum bond angle due
to sp hybridization.

Number of electrons in the ions given:

57. Ans. A.
CO23 = 6 + 2 + 24 = 32
  n(n  2) BM
2
SO 3 = 16 + 2 + 24 = 42 𝜇 =2.84 BM
where,𝜇 is Magnetic moment
ClO3 = 17 + 24 + 1 = 42 on substituting the values and solving it,

CO 2
3 = 6 + 24 + 2 = 32 (2.84)2  n(n  2)
NO23 = 7 + 2 + 24 = 33
8  n2 2n

SO23 n2  2n  8  0
Therefore, ClO3 and are isoelectronic and
isostructural (pyramidal). n2  4n  2n  8  0
54. Ans. B.
We can calculate the bond order by writing the
n(n  4)  2(n  4)  0
electronic configuration in terms of molecular n2
orbitals. So, only Ni2+ has 2 unpaired electrons as its atomic
* * * *
O2   1s2 ,  1s2 ,  2s2 ,  2p2z ( 2p2x   2p2y )( 2p2x   2p1y ) number is 28 and configuration is 3d8.
58. Ans. A.
Bond order
3
= number of electrons in BMO  number of electrons ABMO Co(NH3 )6  Cl3  Co(NH3 )6   Cl
2
10  7 3 Co(NH3 )3 Cl3   Co(NH3 )2 Cl3 
  15
2 2
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 62. Ans. B.
Co(NH3 )4 Cl2  Cl  Co(NH3 )4 Cl2   Cl Assume the mass of H2 gas as x g and mass of O2
2 gas 4x g
Co(NH3 )5 Cl Cl2  Co(NH3 )5 Cl  2Cl
As no chloride ions are produced on ionization of
Co(NH3 )3 Cl3  , hence it does not give test
for chloride ions.
H2 : O2
59. Ans. A.
On solving,
[Co(CN)6 ]3 Molar ratio =
nH2 x /2 x  32 4
Co3 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6     4 :1
CN is a strong field ligand due to which it causes
- nO2 4x / 32 2  4x 1
the pairing up of electrons.In an octahedral field,
the d–orbitals split into two sets of orbitals .In case Where n=number of moles of respective gases
of [Co(CN)6]3- ,it may be represented as shown 63. Ans. B.
below. Given, edge length = 361 pm
Z=4
 Structure is FCC
Face diagonal= 4r
On solving,
2  361
2a  4r  r   127pm
4
Since in strong field ligands,∆o is more ,so an r=127 pm
electron cannot jump to higher eg level and prefers 64. Ans. B.
to stay in lower t2g level.Electron filling follow For a first order reaction,
Hund’s rule and Pauli’s exclusion principle. So 0.693
t1/2 =
[Co(CN)6]3- has no unpaired electron and low spin 𝑘
configuration. As half life period is independent of initial
60. Ans. C. concentration of a reactant, it is not affected by
According to Arrhenius equation doubling the initial concentration.
K = Ae -Ea /RT 65. Ans. C.
where, Ea = Activation energy For reaction,
Applying log on both the side, A→B
Ea [B]eq [B]eq
ln k = ln A- K=  1.6  1012 
RT [A]eq [A]eq
Ea Since the value of K is very large, [B]eq >> [A].
or log k =-  log A Hence, mainly products will be present in
2.303RT
equilibrium mixture .
Being a straight line equation, y = mx + c i.e., if a 66. Ans. A.
1 A fuel cell converts energy of combustion of fuels
plot of log K vs is a straight line, the validity of like hydrogen and methane directly into electrical
T energy.
the equation is confirmed. Electrolytic cell converts electrical energy into
Ea chemical energy.
Since slope of the line =  Dynamo is an electrical generator which produces
2.303R direct current with the help of a commutator.
Hence by measuring the slope of the line , value Ea Ni-Cd cell is a type of rechargeable battery which
can be calculated. consists of a cadmium anode and a metal grid
containing NiO2 acting as a cathode.
67. Ans. A.
As  Tb = Kb m i.e.  Tb  m
where m is the molality of the solution
Kb is molal boiling point constant or ebullioscopic
constant.
Also ,  Tb = iKbm or  Tb  i
61. Ans. B. where, i is van't Hoff factor
For an ideal solution,  Smix  0 As  Tb of solution X is greater than  Tb of
solution Y (given) i.e. observed colligative property
whereas  Vmixing = 0,  Hmixing = 0 . is greater than normal colligative property).
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 i of solution X> i of solution Y

Or we can say,
Solution X is undergoing dissociation.
68. Ans. D.
For the equation, Solubility product
KSP = (2S)2 x S = 4s3
Al2(S04)3  2Al3+ + 3SO24 (given KSP = 1.1 x 10-12)
Value of van't Hoff's factor (i) = 5 Ksp
(a) K2SO4  2K+ + SO24 S=
3  0.65  104
4
(b) K3[Fe(CN)6]  3K+ + [Fe(CN)6]3- 
AgCl  Ag++ Cl

(c) Al(NO3)3 Al3+ + 3NO 3 KSP = S x S (given KSP = 1.8 x 10-13)
(d) K4[Fe(CN)6]  4K+ + [Fe(CN)6]3- S= Ksp  1.34  105
Hence, K4 [Fe(CN)6 ] has same value of i as that of

Al2(SO4)3 i.e. i = 5. AgBr  Ag++ Br
69. Ans. B. KSP = S x S (given KSP = 5 x 10-13)
Electronic configuration of Fe2+ = [Ar]3d6 4s0
 Number of d electrons = 6 S= Ksp  0.71  106
Mg - 1s22s22p6 3s2 (6 s electrons)

Cl - 1s22s22p63s23p5 (11 p electrons) AgI  Ag++ I
Fe-[Ar]3d64s2 (6 d electrons) KSP = S x S (given KSP = 8.3 x 10-17)
Ne -1s22s22p6 (6 p electrons)
As Cl has 11p electrons ,it does not match in S= Ksp  0.9  108
number with 6d electrons of Fe2+ .
Since the solubility of Ag2CrO4 is highest, it will
70. Ans. D.
precipitate last.
Bond order of O22  , O2 and O 2 can be calculated 73. Ans. D.
Tyndall effect involves the scattering of light by sol
with the help of Molecular orbital theory.
particles and is not affected by the charge on
O22   1s2*1s22s2* 2s22p2z them.
Coagulation is done by the addition of electrolytes.
 2p  2p 
2
x
2
y Electrophoresis is the movement of colloidal
particles under an applied electric potential.
  2px   2py 
* 0 * 0
Electro osmosis may be defined as a phenomenon
in which the molecules of the dispersion medium
10  4 6 are allowed to more under the influence of an
Bond order=  3 electric field whereas colloidal particles are not
2 4 allowed to move.
O22   1s  1s 2s  2s22p2z
2 * 2 2 * 74. Ans. C.
We know that,
 2p 2
x  2p2y    2px
* 1
x  *2py0y   G=  GO + 2.303 RT log Q
At equilibrium ,  G = 0 and Q = K
10  5 5  
Bond order   2.5 then G= GO + 2.303 RT log K = 0
2 2
Hence,  G° = - 2.303 RT log K
O2  1s  1s 2s2* 2s22p2z
2 2 * 2
75. Ans. D.
Bithional is added for its antiseptic (antibacterial)
 2p 2
x  2p2y    2px
* 2
x  *2py1y  properties as it reduces the odour produced by
bacterial decomposition of organic matter on the
10  7 3 skin .
Bond order   1.5
2 2
So, the correct sequence of bond order is
O22   O2 > O2


71. Ans. A.
Angular momentum of electron in d-orbital can be
calculated using the formula given below, IUPAC Name 2, 2 sulfanediylbis(4, 6-
Angular momentum =√𝑙(𝑙 + 1) ℎ dichlorophenol)
for d-orbital, l = 2 76. Ans. A.
Aniline is produced from nitrobenzene on
= √2(2 + 1) h=√6h
electrolytic reduction under weakly acidic
72. Ans. D.
conditions whereas p-aminophenol under strongly
Let solubility be S
acidic conditions as shown below.
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(C)
Since it is stabilized by resonance, it is more stable
than tertiary carbocation.

77. Ans. C.
Given,
PN2  Ptotal – PH2O (D)
79. Ans. A.
= 725 - 25 = 700 mm Williamson synthesis is the reaction of alkyl halides
According to Duma's method for estimation of with sodium alkoxide or sodium phenoxide to form
Nitrogen, ethers .In this reaction , alkyl halide should be
pVM primary and alkoxide, should be bulkier as it fllows
Weight of nitrogen = SN2 mechanism.
RT
where, p is pressure= 700 mm
V is volume of nitrogen = 40 mL
M is molecular mass of N2 = 28
R = 0.0821 Latm K-1 mol-1
T =300 K
On substituting,
700 X 40 X 28
=
760 X 1000 X 300 X 0.0821
= 0.042 g 80. Ans. A.
0.042 It is an example of electrophilic addition reaction
% of nitrogen =  100  16.573% where proton addition takesplace across the double
0.25 bond resulting in more stable carbocation
78. Ans. C. formation and subsequent addition of nucleophile
The stability of carbocation follows the order 3 o > to form addition product as shown below.
2° > 1° > methyl. As the number of alkyl groups
increase ,stability increases because of +I effect of
alkyl group and hyperconjugation.

(A)
This structure is more stable due to nine a-
hydrogen and (nine hyperconjugative structures) 81. Ans. A.
three +I groups. To obtain the product from ozonolysis, just cleave
the double bond and add =O. In the following
reactants, ozonolysis gives products as shown
below:

(B)
2o carbocation containing, 6 a-hydrogen showing
six hyperconjugative structure along with two +I
group.

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84. Ans. C.
Electrons always displace toward more
electronegative element (here Chlorine).In
structure (c) , all electrons are displaced in one
direction and there is a continuity in the
displacement of electrons.

85. Ans. A.
It is crucial to be able to differentiate between the
keto and enol form of ethyl acetoacetate. Here,
structure shown first is enol form .Also note that
82. Ans. A. sigma and pi bonds are asked (not single and
Methyl Lithium is an organolithium reagent which double bonds) . The enolic form of ethyl
acts as a base and abstracts an acidic proton to acetoacetate has 16 single bonds i.e. 16 single
form methane and intermediate lithium bonds and 2 double bonds i.e. 2  -bonds and 2 
cyclopentanoyl anion. -bonds. Hence, the given structure has 18  -
bonds and 2  -bonds.

83. Ans. C. 86. Ans. D.

Hyper conjugation occurs when H-atoms are For keto-enol tautomerism , keto form should have
present on the carbon atom next to the carbon 𝛼 − 𝐻 (structure I and II).
atom having odd electron or 𝛼-H There are no such
H atoms in the structures I and II. So,
hyperconjugation is possible in structure III only as
shown below:

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In last structure,  - H participates in tautomerism.
87. Ans. B.
A more stable compound has less value of heat of
hydrogenation as the enthalpy of hydrogenation of
given compound is inversely proportional to
stability of compound. Compound (i) is most stable
due to aromaticity, hence least value of heat of
hydrogenation is associated with it.
Hence, correct order is III>II>I
88. Ans. A.
Nylon2-nylon-6
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It is a biodegradable step-growth copolymer.
It is an an alternating polyamide of glycine
(containing two carbon atoms) and amino caproic
acid or 6-aminohexanoic acid (containing six
carbon atoms).
89. Ans. B.
Electrons involved in pi bonds are pi electrons.
Since, there are 4  -bonds in a given structure.
Hence, number of  -electrons is 8 as shown
below:
90. Ans. C.
As X gives phenyl hydrazone , so it must contain a
carbonyl group but it is not a methyl ketone as it
gives negative iodoform test. The carbonyl is not
an aldehyde also because of negative Tollen’s test.
The compound X could be
91. Ans. B.
Phytophthora belongs to Phycomycetes and bear
either unicellular thallus or non-septate coenocytic
mycelium. Like Phytophthora, Mucor also belong to
Phycomycetes. They bear coenocytic and branched
mycelium and reproduce by conjugation. Agaricus
belongs to Basidiomycetes. They are saprophytic
fungi having well septate mycelium.
Alternaria belongs to Deuteuromycetes family and
lacks sexual reproduction.
92. Ans. C.
Mosses and lichens are the first organisms to
colonise a bare rock. Main plant body in bryophytes
is gametophytic, whereas in pteridophytes it is
sporophytic. In gymnosperms, male and female
gametophytes are present within sporangia located
on sporophyte. However, Selaginella species are
heterosporus. In Cycus, small specialised roots
called coralloid roots are present which are
associated with N2- fixing cyanobacteria.
93. Ans. D.
Funaria and Marchantia are Bryophytes. During
reproduction, the gametophytes are fertilised
outside their bodies. Presence of independent free-
living gametophyte helps them for external
fertilization. Pteridophytes also possess free-living
gametophytes. However in Pinus, a well-developed
gametophyte is present and thus, the sperm cells
are fertilised with egg gill within the ovule.
94. Ans. D.
Statement (d) is wrong because it is in
Phaeophyceae class of algae, food is stored in the
form of carbohydrates such as laminarin or
mannitol.
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95. Ans. C.
Archaebacteria comprises of bacteria which can live
in the most harsh habitats. Depending upon the
types of habitat, these bacteria are classified as:
i. Halophiles: Living in salty areas
ii. Thermoacidophiles: Living in hot springs
iii. Methanogens: Living in marshy areas. They are
present in the guts of several ruminant animals
such as cows and buffaloes. The production of
methane or biogas from the dung of these animals
is due the presence of these organisms.
96. Ans. C.
Brown algae or phaeophycea are found in marine
habitats. During sexual reproduction, union of
gametes may take place in water or within the
oogonium. Male gametes are pyriform and are
motile bearing two laterally attached flagella.
Common examples of Brown algae are: Ectocarpus,
Dictyota, Laminaria, etc.
97. Ans. B.
In monocotyledonous plants, cambium is absent in
their vascular bundles. Due to this, they do not
form any secondary xylem and phloem tissues and
hence, are termed as closed.
98. Ans. C.
Floral formula is represented by using some
symbols representing different nature of flower.
The given floral formula
represents the floral formula of flowering plants
belonging to the family Solanaceae. Out of the
given options, only Petunia belongs to this family.
Thus, option (c) is the correct option.
99. Ans. C.
In monocotyledonous plants, cambium is absent in
their vascular bundles. Due to this, they do not
form any secondary xylem and phloem tissues.
This type of vascular bundles is termed as closed.
100. Ans. B.
Keel is a boat like structure formed by the fusion of
two anterior petals of a flower. Flowers of Fabaceae
family have five petals, which are polypetalous,
papilionaceous, consisting of a posterior standard,
two lateral wings, and the two anterior ones
forming a keel. Flowers belonging to this family
are: soyabean, groundnut, indigofera, sunhemp,
etc. Thus, keel is the characteristic feature of
flower of Indigofera.
101. Ans. D.
In a perigynous flower, gynoecium is situated in
the centre and other parts of the flower are located
on the rim of the thalamus almost at the same
level. In this type of flowers, ovary is said to be
half inferior. Perigynous flowers are found in plants
like rose, spinach, plum, etc.
102. Ans. A.
In dry arid regions, leaves of some plants like
Opuntia, become wholly or partially modified into
sharp, pointed structures known as spines. The
purpose for this modification is protection and
prevention of transpirational loss of water. In
Opuntia, the small leaves of the axillary bud are
modified into spines.
103. Ans. B.
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Chloroplasts are chlorophyll containing double
membraneous organelles found in plant cells. The
inner membrane of the chloroplast is called the
stroma. There are a number of organised flattened
membranous sacs called the thylakoids, present in
the stroma. Thylakoids are arranged in stacks
called grana.
104. Ans. B.
Chromosomes can be classified into four types
based on the position of the centromere:
-Metacentric chromosome: This type of
chromosome has middle centromere forming two
equal arms of the chromosome.
- Sub-metacentric chromosome: This type of
chromosome has centromere nearer to one end of
the chromosome resulting into one shorter arm and
one longer arm.
- Acrocentric chromosome: Here, the centromere is
situated close to its end forming one extremely
short and one very long arm.
- Telocentric chromosome: It has a terminal
centromere.
105. Ans. B.
Endoplasmic reticulum are classified into two
types:
1) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER): They bear
ribosomes on their surface. They are actively
involved in protein synthesis and secretion.
2) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER): They are
devoid of ribosomes and appear smooth RER is
frequently observed in the cells. They are the
major site for synthesis of lipid.
106. Ans. A.
Prokaryotic cells lack a well-defined nucleus. The
genetic material in them is not enclosed by a
nuclear membrane. Anabaena is a prokaryotic
blue-green alga showing no true nucleus and
membrane bound organelles. Mucor, Vaucheria and
Volvox belong to eukaryotic fungi and algae. In
eukaryotic cells, an organized nucleus is present
which is differentiated into nuclear envelope,
chromatin, one or more nucleoli and nucleoplasm.
107. Ans. D.
Inclusion bodies are non-membranous bodies
containing reserve material which are stored in the
cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. Some of these
inclusion bodies are: phosphate granules,
cyanophycean granules and glycogen granules.
Polysome on the other hand, is not an inclusion
body found in prokaryotes. They are cluster of
ribosomes bound to mRNA molecule which are
helpful in translation.
108. Ans. B.
The best contribution for water movement is shown
by the process of transpiration. During this
process, water evaporates through the stomata.
This results in pulling of water molecules by the
leaves, from the xylem. Now the concentration of
water vapour is lower in the atmosphere as
compared to the substomatal cavity and
intercellular spaces. Due to this water from the
surface of leaves diffuse into the surrounding air.
This creates a ‘pull’ that create pressures sufficient
www.gradeup.co
to lift a xylem sized column of water over 130
metres high.
However, root pressure works in an opposite way
as compared to transpirational pull. The major
contribution of root pressure in the process of
water transport in plants is that it re-establishes
the continuous chains of water molecules in the
xylem. But this connection often breaks under the
enormous tensions. Thus, both transpirational pull
and root pressure exerts pressure in opposite
directions that helps in the transport of water in
upward and downward transport of water
respectively, in a plant.
109. Ans. A.
Plants require certain nutrients for their growth and
development. These nutrients are broadly classified
into two groups depending upon the need of these
elements:
(i) Macronutrients: These are generally present in
plant tissues in large amounts and include carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur,
potassium, calcium and magnesium.
(ii) Micronutrients or trace elements: These are
needed in very small amounts and include iron,
manganese, copper, molybdenum, zinc, boron,
chlorine and nickel.
Apart from these nutrients, there are some
beneficial elements such as sodium, silicon, cobalt
and selenium required by higher plants.
110. Ans. D.
When green plants are exposed to light they
respond to it by growing towards the light source.
This is called phototropism. This bending is due to
the presence of auxins in the tip of the growing.
They are accumulated in the shaded side which
results in a greater auxin concentration that allows
the shaded side to grow faster, causing the shoot
to bend towards the light.
111. Ans. B.
Girdling or ring barking is the technique of
complete removal of a strip of bark from the entire
circumference of branch or trunk of trees. This
removes the vascular bundles; phloem. In absence
of phloem, the flow of sugars from the top to the
roots is stopped and as a result of this nutrients
start collecting above the ring. Due to this the bark
swells up and may give rise to adventitious roots.
However, the tissues below the ring show stoppage
of growth due to lack of nutrients and also begin to
shrivel. In absence of nutrients, roots begin to
starve first and die leading to death of the entire
plant.
112. Ans. A.
Typical growth curve in plants is sigmoid, which is
a characteristic of all living organism growing in a
natural environment. It is typical for all cells,
tissues and organs of a plant. It has three phases:
i. Initial growth phase or log phase: Here, the
growth rate is very slow
ii. Log or exponential phase: Here, the growth rate
increases rapidly due to cell division
iii. Stationary phase: In this phase, due to limited
nutrient supply, the growth slows down leading to
a permanent stop in the growth.
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113. Ans. B.
The active potassium transport theory is the most
valid and recent explanation for stomatal
movements. It was put forth by Fujino which was
later elaborated by Levitt and Reska in 1975. The
theory states that the opening and closing of
stomata is due to the accumulation and loss of K+
ions, respectively in the guard cells of stomata.
114. Ans. A.
Hilum is the region where the body of an ovule
fuses with the funicle, in a flower. It actually
represents the area between the ovule and the
funicle. It forms a scar on the seed, when
separated from its funicle or placenta during the
formation of seed.
115. Ans. A.
Geitonogamy is a type of croos pollination where
transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the
stigma of another flower of the same plant takes
place. Since the pollen grains are from the same
plant, this type of pollination is functionally similar
to autogamy irrespective of the fact that it requires
a pollinating agent for cross-pollination to take
place.
116. Ans. D.
Honey is a sweet liquid formed by honey bees from
the nectar of flowers. Honey bees collect sweet
sugar-rich nectar from the flowers and store them
in their stomach. Inside the stomach, nectar gets
mixed with the digestive juices that convert them
into honey which is then deposited into the bee
hive.
117. Ans. B.
Style of a flower is the elongated slender part
beneath the stigma. Styles are of two different
types:
i. Hollow: This type of style contains a wide canal
lined by canal cells.
ii. Solid: In this type of style, there is a central
region of transmitting tissue. This tissue consists of
densely cytoplasmic cells having intercellular
mucilage through which pollen tube grow.
118. Ans. A.
In plants, vegetative parts such as runner,
rhizome, sucker, tuber, offset, bulb are all capable
of giving rise to new plant. These parts are called
vegetative propagules and the phenomenon is
called vegetative propagation. In ginger,
vegetative propagation occurs through rhizome,
which grows horizontally under the ground.
119. Ans. B.
Animals such as moths, butterflies, wasps, bees,
birds, etc., acts as pollinating agents in many
plants. These agents are attracted to flowers by
their bright colour, fragrance, sweet nectar and
nutrient rich pollen grains. Some flowers also
secrete foul odours to attract these animals. In
order to sustain continuous animal visits for
pollination, flowers have to provide rewards to
them such as nectar and pollen grains.
120. Ans. D.
During his experiments with Pea plant, Mendel
selected 14 true-breeding varieties, as pairs. These
pairs were similar except for one character with
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contrasting traits. These contrasting characters are
listed below:
121. Ans. D.
Recombination is the most common mechanism of
genetic variation in the population of a sexually
reproducing organism. During sexual reproduction,
genetic recombination occurs as a result of
crossing over between two non-homologous
chromosomes during pachytene stage of meiotic
cell division. Genetic recombination leads to
variations. Apart from this, random union of
gametes also contributes in forming new
combinations of characters resulting variation.
122. Ans. B.
A technique of micropropagation is Somatic
embryogenesis. In somatic embryogenesis, a plant
embryo is derived from a single or group of
somatic cells. During micropropagation, a plant is
grown from a single meristematic tissue or somatic
cells of plants in presence of suitable nutrient
media under controlled conditions.
123. Ans. C.
The movement of a gene from one linkage group to
another is called translocation. It is a type of
chromosomal mutation or abnormality where
rearrangement of chromosomal parts between
non-homologous chromosomes occurs.
124. Ans. C.
In ABO blood grouping, there are more than two
alleles are governing a single character. Thus, ABO
blood grouping is a good example of multiple
alleles. Multiple alleles are present at the same
locus of the chromosome.
125. Ans. C.
In India, Government has set up certain
organisations such as Genetic Engineering Approval
Committee (GEAC) that decides the validity of GM
research and the safety of introducing GM-
organisms for public services.
126. Ans. A.
A bacterium named Bacillus thuringiensis produces
a toxin called Bt toxin. This toxin exists as inactive
protoxins inside the bacterium. The inactive toxin,
if ingested by an insect, the alkaline pH of the
insect gut solubilises it and converts it into an
active form of toxin. Active toxin, create pores at
the epithelial cells of the insect midgut leading to
cell lysis and eventually killing the insect.
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127. Ans. D.
Glyphosate is a herbicide used to kill weeds. The
genetically engineered crop for glyphosate
develops a resistant to the herbicide.
128. Ans. D.
DNA is not present in ribosomes. Ribosomes are
the site of translation and hence, they are often
associated with m-RNA forming a chain called
polysome or polyribosomes.
129. Ans. B.
Protoplast fusion is a technique of genetic
modification in plants where the protoplasts of two
different plants are fused together to form a new
hybrid plant with the characters of both the plants.
Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and sodium nitrate
induces this technique.
130. Ans. B.
The UN Conference of Parties on climate change in
the year 2011 was held in South Africa.
131. Ans. B.
Biotic community includes all the plants, animals
and other living beings in a specific area. Vertical
distribution of different species occupying different
levels in a biotic community is called stratification.
132. Ans. A.
In in-situ conservation, the entire ecosystem and
its biodiversity at all levels is protected. It involves
the creation of protected areas such as national
parks, biosphere reserves, Wildlife sanctuary, etc.
In ex-situ conservation, endangered or threatened
plants and animals are protected from becoming
extinct in an environment outside their natural
habitat such as zoo, botanical garden, etc.
133. Ans. B.
Ecological succession is the gradual change in the
species composition of a given area. Succession
can be of two types:
i. Primary succession: Succession could in the
areas where no living organisms ever existed, e.g.
bare rock.
ii. Secondary succession: Succession in the areas
that has lost all the living organisms that existed
there and areas where natural biotic communities
have been destroyed such as in abandoned farm
lands, burned or cut forests, etc.
134. Ans. D.
Depending on the source of food and nutrients,
organisms occupy a specific place in the food
chain. These levels are known as trophic level.
Each of these trophic levels has a certain mass of
living material at a particular time called as the
standing crop. Thus, standing crop referred to the
mass of living organisms in a unit area.
135. Ans. B.
Productivity in an ecosystem is the rate of biomass
production. It is of two types:
i. Gross primary productivity (GPP): It is the rate of
production of organic matter during
photosynthesis.
ii. Net primary productivity (NPP): It is the
available biomass for the consumption to
heterotrophs.
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136. Ans. C.
Insects belongs to the phylum Arthropoda. Their
body is covered by chitinous exoskeleton. Presence
of exoskeleton is a distinctive feature of Arthropods
that is responsible for diversification of insects on
land.
137. Ans. C.
Trichinella spiralis is a nematode parasite
commonly known as roundworm. It causes
Trichinellosis disease in humans. It is caused by
ingestion of undercooked meat containing
Trichinella larvae. They reproduce sexually by
producing gametes. Male gametes are produced by
amoeboid shaped sperms and female gametes are
produced by eggs. Females are ovo-viviparous i.e,
eggs are produced which is laid only when fully
hatched inside the uterus.
138. Ans. C.
Cyclostomata is a class of phylum Vertebrata.
Members of this class have a sucking and circular
mouth without jaws. Their body is devoid of scales
and paired fins. 6-16 pairs of gill slits are present
as paired appendages for respiration.
139. Ans. C.
Mammals are always viviparous, that is., they give
birth to their young ones. However, few exceptions
are there like: Ornithorhynchus or Platypus is
oviparous.
140. Ans. B.
Erythropoiesis is the process of formation of red
blood cells. All blood cells develop in the bone
marrow. However, during the process of
embryogenesis, until the bone marrow is formed,
RBC’s are first developed in the mesoderm of the
yolk-sac. During the third and fifth month of foetal
development, erythropoiesis takes place in liver
followed by spleen. And after the seventh month of
gestation, the process is taken over by bone
marrow.
141. Ans. C.
In cockroach, the entire body is covered by a hard
chitin rich exoskeleton which has hardened plates
called sclerites, in each segment. The dorsal
sclerites are called tergites and the ventral sclerites
are called sternites. Sclerites join together by a
thin, flexible articular membrane called arthrodial
membrane.
142. Ans. D.
Nuclear envelope is a derivative of rough
endoplasmic reticulum. It consists of two parallel
membranes with a space called perinuclear space
of about 10-50 nm between them. The outer
membrane usually remains continuous with the
rough endoplasmic reticulum bearing ribosomes.
143. Ans. C.
Cytochromes are iron containing proteins present
on the cristae of mitochondria. They are primarily
responsible for generation of ATP during electron
transport chain.
144. Ans. D.
Competitive inhibitors are those inhibitors which
resembles closely with the substrate and inhibits
the activity of the enzyme. The substrate and the
inhibitor compete for the active binding site of the
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enzyme, due to their similarities. As a result, the
substrate cannot bind to the active site and hence,
enzyme action declines, thereby, increasing the km
of the enzyme for the substrate.
145. Ans. B.
In the zygotene phase of meiosis I, homologous
chromosomes align together by the process called
synopsis.
During G-2 phase of cell cycle, proteins are
synthesized.
During pachytene phase of meiosis I, crossing over
takes place which is an enzyme mediated process
that involves the enzyme, recombinase.
During anaphase I of meiosis, the homologous
chromosomes separate, while sister chromatids
remain associated at their centromeres.
146. Ans. C.
During S phase of cell cycle, DNA synthesis (or
replication) takes place due to this the amount of
DNA per cell doubles. But the chromosome number
remains the same, that is; if the cell had diploid
(2n) number of chromosomes at G1, even after S
phase the number of chromosomes remains 2n. A
somatic cell usually has 2n number of
chromosomes and 2X amount of DNA. Hence,
somatic cell that has just completed the S-phase of
its cell cycle, as compared to gamete of the same
species has twice the number of chromosomes and
four times the DNA content.
147. Ans. A.
Brunner’s gland are present in the submucosa of
duodenum that secrete an alkaline mucus which
provide an alkaline medium for enzyme actions on
the slightly acidic chime.
148. Ans. C.
Alongwith pepsinogen and lipase, gastric juice of
infants also contain enzyme renin which helps in
the digestion of milk proteins.
149. Ans. B.
Rythmic regulation of respiration in our body is
controlled by a specialised centre present in the
medulla region of the brain called respiratory
rhythm centre. Adjacent to the rhythm centre, lies
a chemosensitive area which is highly sensitive to
CO2 and hydrogen ions. When there is an increase
in these substances, the centre gets activated
which then signals the rhythm centre to make
necessary adjustments in the respiratory process in
order to eliminate them. Increase in CO2 and H+ is
also recognized by the receptors present on the
aortic arch and carotid artery which send signals to
the rhythmic centre for action.
150. Ans. C.
Blood pressure in the mammalian aorta is
maximum during systole of the left ventricle during
ventricular systole which is 120mmHg. During
ventricular systole, ventricles contracts, forcing a
large volume of blood to move into the aorta which
then flows through the circulatory pathways.
151. Ans. D.
Blood is a connective tissue which is composed of a
fluid matrix, plasma and formed elements. Formed
elements consist of erythrocytes, leucocytes and
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platelets. Plasma contributes to 55 % and the
formed elements contribute to 45%, of blood.
152. Ans. A.
During urine formation, reabsorption of glomerular
filtrate takes place in the proximal convulated
tubule(PCT). 70-80 % of electrolytes and all
essential nutrients alongwith water are reabsorbed
in the PCT. If the proximal convoluted tubule is
removed from the nephron then selective
reabsorption will not take place resulting in the
formation of more diluted urine.
153. Ans. C.
The sliding filament theory gives the best
explanation for the mechanism of muscle
contraction. It states that contraction of a muscle
fibre takes place by the sliding of the thin filaments
over the thick filaments. This was proposed by
Hugh Huxley and Lean Hanson in 1954. According
to the theory, during a muscle contraction, thin
myofilaments show sliding towards H-zone,
shortening the sacromere, and the cross bridge of
thick myofilaments connect with portions of thin
myofilaments and move on the surface of the thin
myofilaments. This results in the sliding of thin and
thick myofilaments over each other. However, the
length of the actin filaments donot change.
154. Ans. D.
Pectoral girdle is formed of two halves, each having
a clavicle and a scapula. A slightly elevated ridge
called as acromion is seen in scapula, with which
clavicle articulates. Below the acromion lies the
glenoid cavity which articulates with the head of
the humerus to form the shoulder joint.
155. Ans. B.
A layer of cells that covers the cerebral hemisphere
of forebrain called cerebral cortex, is referred to as
the grey matter. It contains motor areas, sensory
areas and large regions called as the association
areas which are neither fully sensory nor motor in
action. These areas are responsible for complex
functions like intersensory associations, memory
and communication. Thus, language
comprehension is a function of cerebral cortex.
156. Ans. B.
A gymnast is able to balance his body upside down
even in the total darkness because of vestibular
apparatus. Vestibular apparatus is located above
the cochlea of inner ear. Specific receptors called
macula and crista, are present in the vestibular
apparatus which are responsible for maintenance of
balance of the body and posture.
157. Ans. C.
Epinephrine or adrenaline is a hormone secreted by
the adrenal medulla. They are secreted in response
to stress and emergency situation which increase
alertness, piloerection, sweating, etc. It also acts
as a neurotransmitter which transmits nerve
impulse across a synaptic left.
158. Ans. C.
The regulation of glomerular filtration rate is
maintained by some built-in mechanism in the
kidneys. A special sensitive region formed by
cellular modifications in the distal convoluted
tubule and the afferent arteriole at the location of
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their contact called as juxta glomerular apparatus
(JGA) performs one of such mechanism. When
there is a fall in glomerular filtration rate, juxta
glomerular cells to release renin. Renin can
stimulate the glomerular blood flow back to
normal.
159. Ans. A.
Capacitation is the process of maturation of sperms
to penetrate into the egg for fertilization.
Capacitated sperm can digest zona pellucida of egg
cell by releasing enzymes from their acrosomes in
order to penetrate inside it.
160. Ans. D.
Parturition is the process of delivery of the foetus.
The fully developed foetus and the placenta induce
mild uterine contractions called foetal ejection
reflex which activates maternal pituitary to release
oxytocin. Oxytocin causes stronger uterine
contractions which again stimulates the secretion
of more oxytocin. This process of uterine
contraction and oxytocin secretion is a continuous
event leading to expulsion of the baby out of the
uterus.
161. Ans. C.
Diseases which are transmitted through sexual
intercourse are collectively called sexually
transmitted diseases (STD). Some of the common
sexually transmitted diseases are gonorrhoea,
syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis, genital
warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis-B and AIDS.
Chikungunya is a disease caused by the bite of
Aedes aegypti mosquito.
162. Ans. C.
In human, the immature male germ cells called
spermatogonia produce sperms by the process of
spermatogenesis. The spermatogonia are present
on the seminiferous tubules of the testes. They
multiply by mitotic division to increase in numbers.
Each spermatogonium is diploid cells having 46
chromosomes.
163. Ans. A.
Hysterectomy is the surgical removal of uterus.
Surgical removal of prostate gland is called
prostatectomy. In vasectomy, a small area of vas
deferens is removed or tied up. The removal of
mammary glands is called mammectomy.
164. Ans. D.
Diseases which are transmitted through sexual
intercourse are collectively called sexually
transmitted diseases (STD). Some of the common
sexually transmitted diseases are gonorrhoea,
syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis, genital
warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis-B and AIDS.
Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain.
It is caused by bacteria, virus or other pathogens.
165. Ans. B.
During cell division of germ cells in females, if
there is a failure in the segregation of chromatids,
then there is a gain of chromosome number in the
ova. This condition is called non-disjunction of
sister chromatids. When an ovum with an extra X
chromosome fuses with a normal sperm, it results
in an abnormal baby having trisomy with XXX
chromosome.
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166. Ans. C.
Alleles are the different molecular forms of a single
gene, which code for a pair of contrasting
character. For example: Height is a trait that is
coded by two alternate forms of the same gene-Tt
where T codes for tallness and t codes for
dwarfness.
167. Ans. C.
A man with blood group A marries a woman with
blood group B then possible blood groups of their
offsprings will be A, B, AB and O.
168. Ans. B.
Regulation of Lac operon by a repressor molecule is
called negative regulation. This is because, the
repressor molecule binds to the operator site of lac
operator which prevents RNA polymerase enzyme
to bind with the operator, thereby, preventing the
transcription process. However, in presence of an
inducer, the repressor undergoes structural
changes. As a result, the inducer falls off from the
operator site. RNA polymerase binds with the
operator and transcription occurs.
169. Ans. C.
According to Chargaff's rule, in a double stranded
DNA, the ratios between Adenine and Thymine,
and Guanine and Cytosine are constant and equals
to 1.
i,e., (A + T) = (G + C) =1
Given, amount of cytosine present = 17%
Consider that (A+ G + C + T) = 100, G = C, A = T
(A+ G + C + T) = 100
⇒ (A+ 17+ 17+T) = 100
⇒ (A+ T) + 34 = 100
⇒ (A+ T) = 66
Now, A =T = 66/2 = 33%
170. Ans. D.
In the course of human evolution, there is seen a
gradual change in the brain capacities of early
human beings. Homo habilis had the smallest brain
capacity between 650-800cc. The next stage of
human evolution, Homo erectus had a brain
capacity of 800-1300 cc. Homo neanderthalensis
had the brain capacity of 1300-1600cc and Homo
sapiens showed a slight reduction in brain capacity,
about 1300-1600 cc.
171. Ans. A.
According to Hardy-Weinberg’s principle, the gene
frequencies in a population are stable and is
constant from generation to generation. This is
called genetic equilibrium. Hardy-Weinberg’s
genetic equilibrium is affected by five factors: gene
migration or gene flow, genetic drift, mutation,
genetic recombination and natural selection. Thus,
we can say that a population will not exist in
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if individuals mate
selectively.
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172. Ans. C.
Tuberculosis vaccine contains an attenuated,
harmless strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
Whooping cough vaccine contains a killed strain of
bacteria Bordetella pertussis, Diphtheria vaccine is
an inactivated toxin and Polio vaccine consists of
an attenuated strain of virus or harmless polio
virus.
173. Ans. C.
During the early stage of AIDS infection, HIV
enters into the macrophages where its RNA
replicates to form viral DNAs. A large number of
viral DNAs are synthesized which then forms
mature viral particles that enters into helper T-
lymphocytes where they continue to produce
progeny viruses which attacks other helper T-
lymphocytes present in the blood. This leads to
progressive decrease in the T-lymphocytes. As a
result of this decrease in the number of helper T-
lymphocytes, the person starts suffering from
infections due to lack of immunity.
174. Ans. A.
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite
which cause amoebiasis. The trophozoites of
Entamoeba can partially digest the mucosa,
submucosa and blood capillaries of the colon
wall by secreting a proteolytic enzyme. This causes
serious ulceration in the colon walls.
175. Ans. B.
Biological oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of
oxygen to oxidize all the organic matter present in
a water body by microorganisms. BOD indirectly
measures the amount of organic matter present in
the water. The greater value of BOD of any water
body indicates water is more polluted.
176. Ans. D.
Tropical rain forest has the maximum species of
vascular plants. For example: The Tropical
Amazonian rain forest of South America, has the
greatest biodiversity on earth. Its biome consists of
more than 40,000 species of plants. Because of the
presence of a large diversity in plants, the biome is
covered mostly with tree dwellers.
177. Ans. B.
As shown in the graph, the population of B has an
increase growth due to better adaptation with their
environment as compared to population B.
Population B have adapted with their surroundings
for survival and attainment of food resources. This
has led to an increase in their numbers by
interbreeding among their members.
178. Ans. B.
Cryopreservation is a technique of ex-situ
conservation of threatened animals and plants
where preservation of gametes of the threatened
species in viable and fertile condition is done by
keeping the gametes under a low temperature of -
196°C.
179. Ans. A.
An environmental book named, “Silent Spring” is
documented on the detrimental effect of the
environment due to extensive usage of pesticides.
The book was written by Rachel Carson.
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180. Ans. D. blindness cataract, etc. Such exposure may

Release of some chemical compounds called permanently damage the cornea. It also causes
chlorofluorocarbons has led to decline in the ozone deficient functioning of immune system, etc.
layer of stratosphere. This has created a thinned However, liver cancer is not caused due to
ozone layer called as ozone hole. Due to this, most exposure to UV radiation.
of the UV- radiations are absorbed by the earth’s
atmosphere instead of reflecting back. UV can
cause aging of skin, damage to skin cells and
various types of skin cancers. High dose of UV-B
causes inflammation of cornea, called snow-

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