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St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Saint John, New Brunswick.
St. John's
City
City of St. John's
St John's Newfoundland Collage.jpg
Flag of St. John's
Flag Official logo of St. John's
Logo
Nickname(s): "City of Legends", "Newfiejohn", "Sin Jawns", "Town"[1][2][3][4]
Motto(s): Avancez (English: "Go forward")
St John's (red), in relation to nearby communities.
St John's (red), in relation to nearby communities.
St. John's is located in Newfoundland St. John'sSt. John's
Location of St. John's in Canada
Show map of Newfoundland
Show map of Canada
Show all
Coordinates: 47�33'41?N 52�42'45?W
Country Canada
Province Newfoundland and Labrador
Census division 1
Historic countries Kingdom of England
Kingdom of Great Britain
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Dominion of Newfoundland
Founded 24 June 1497
Established 5 August 1583 by Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I
Incorporated 1 May 1888
Government
� Type City Council
� Mayor Danny Breen
� Governing body St. John's City Council
� MPs
List of MPs[show]
� MHAs
List of MHAs[show]
Area[5]
� City 446.06 km2 (172.2 sq mi)
� Urban 166.0 km2 (64.1 sq mi)
� Metro 804.63 km2 (310.7 sq mi)
Elevation 0�192 m (0�630 ft)
Population (2016 census[6])
� City 108,860
� Density 244.1/km2 (632.1/sq mi)
� Urban 178,427
� Urban density 1,074.9/km2 (2,784/sq mi)
� Metro 205,955
� Metro density 255.9/km2 (663/sq mi)
20th Largest metropolitan area in Canada
Time zone NST (UTC-03:30)
� Summer (DST) NDT (UTC-02:30)
Postal code A1A�A1H
Area code(s) 709
NTS Map 001N10
GNBC Code ABEFS
Dwellings 47,640 (2016)[7]
Median income $75,930 CDN[8]
Website www.stjohns.ca
Coordinates: 47�33'41?N 52�42'45?W

St. John's is the capital and largest city in Newfoundland and Labrador. It is on
the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the large Canadian island, Newfoundland.
[9] The city spans 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is North America's
easternmost city, excluding those of Greenland.[10][11][12][13]

Its name has been attributed to the Nativity of John the Baptist, when John Cabot
was believed to have sailed into the harbour in 1497 and to a Basque fishing town
with the same name. Existing on maps as early as 1519, it is one of the oldest
European settlements in North America. It was officially incorporated as a city in
1888. With a metropolitan population of approximately 219,207 (as of July 1, 2017),
the St. John's Metropolitan Area is Canada's 20th largest metropolitan area and the
second largest Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) in Atlantic Canada, after Halifax.
[14][15]

The city has a rich history, having played a role in the French and Indian War, the
American Revolutionary War, and the War of 1812. Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi
received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St. John's.[16] Its history and
culture have made it into an important tourist destination.[17]

Contents
1 History
1.1 Early history (1500�1799)
1.1.1 The oldest European settlement in North America controversy
1.2 Modern history (1800�present)
2 Geography
2.1 Climate
3 Cityscape
4 Demographics
4.1 Religion
5 Economy
6 Culture
6.1 Museums
6.2 National Historic Sites
6.3 Urban parks
7 Sports
7.1 Hockey
7.2 Other sports
8 Law and government
8.1 Crime
9 Infrastructure
9.1 Transportation
9.2 Medical centres and hospitals
10 Education
11 Local media
12 Notable people
13 Sister cities
14 See also
15 References
15.1 Notes
15.2 Bibliography
16 External links
History
Further information: Timeline of St. John's history
Early history (1500�1799)
St. John's is one of North America's oldest European settlements, with fishermen
setting up seasonal camps in the early 16th century.[13] Sebastian Cabot declares
in a handwritten Latin text in his original 1545 map,[18] that St. John's earned
its name when he and his father, the Venetian explorer John Cabot became the first
Europeans to sail into the harbour, in the morning of 24 June 1494 (against British
and French historians stating 1497),[19] the feast day of Saint John the Baptist.
[11] However, the locations of Cabot's landfalls are disputed.[20][21] A series of
expeditions to St. John's by Portuguese from the Azores took place in the early
16th century, and by 1540 French, Spanish and Portuguese ships crossed the Atlantic
annually to fish the waters off the Avalon Peninsula. In the Basque Country, it is
a common belief the name of St. John's was given by Basque fishermen because the
bay of St. John's is very similar to the Bay of Pasaia in the Basque Country, where
one of the fishing towns is called St. John (in Spanish, San Juan, and in Basque,
Donibane).[12]

The earliest record of the location appears as S�o Jo�o on a Portuguese map by
Pedro Reinel in 1519. When John Rut visited St. John's in 1527 he found Norman,
Breton and Portuguese ships in the harbour. On 3 August 1527, Rut wrote a letter to
King Henry on the findings of his voyage to North America; this was the first known
letter sent from North America. St. Jehan is shown on Nicolas Desliens' world map
of 1541 and San Joham is found in Jo�o Freire's Atlas of 1546.[22]

A plaque commemorating Humphrey Gilbert's landing, and the beginning of Britain's

overseas empire.
On 5 August 1583, an English Sea Dog, Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed the area as
England's first overseas colony under Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I.[23] There
was no permanent population, however, and Gilbert was lost at sea during his return
voyage, thereby ending any immediate plans for settlement.[12] The Newfoundland
National War Memorial is on the waterfront in St. John's, at the purported site of
Gilbert's landing and proclamation.

By 1620, the fishermen of England's West Country controlled most of Newfoundland's

east coast.[24] In 1627, William Payne, called St. John's "the principal prime and
chief lot in all the whole country."

Sometime after 1630, the town of St. John's was established as a permanent
community.[25] Before this they were expressly forbidden by the English government,
at the urging of the West Country fishing industry, from establishing permanent
settlements along the English controlled coast.

The population grew slowly in the 17th century: St. John's was Newfoundland's
largest settlement when English naval officers began to take censuses around 1675.
[22] The population grew in the summers with the arrival of migratory fishermen.
[12] In 1680, fishing ships (mostly from South Devon) set up fishing rooms at St.
John's, bringing hundreds of Irish men into the port to operate inshore fishing
boats.[22]

The town's first significant defenses were likely erected due to commercial
interests, following the temporary seizure of St. John's by the Dutch admiral
Michiel de Ruyter in June 1665.

The inhabitants fended off a second Dutch attack in 1673, when it was defended by
Christopher Martin, an English merchant captain. Martin landed six cannons from his
vessel, the Elias Andrews, and constructed an earthen breastwork and battery near
Chain Rock commanding the Narrows leading into the harbour. With only 23 men, the
valiant Martin beat off an attack by three Dutch warships. The English government
planned to expand these fortifications (Fort William) in around 1689, but
construction didn't begin until after the French admiral Pierre Le Moyne
d'Iberville captured and destroyed the town in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign
(1696). When 1500 English reinforcements arrived in late 1697, they found rubble
where the town and fortifications had stood.

In 1762, the British and French fought in the Battle of Signal Hill. It was the
last battle of the North American theatre in the Seven Years' War.
The French attacked St. John's again in 1705 (Siege of St. John's), and captured it
in 1708 (Battle of St. John's), devastating civilian structures with fire on each
instance.[22] The harbour remained fortified through most of the 18th and 19th
centuries.[12] The final battle of the Seven Years' War in North America (the
French and Indian War) was fought in 1762, in St. John's.[12] Following a surprise
capture of the town by the French early in the year, the British responded and, at
the Battle of Signal Hill, the French surrendered St. John's to British forces
under the command of Colonel William Amherst.[22][26]

The oldest European settlement in North America controversy

There has been some controversy regarding which European settlement is the oldest
in North America. As mentioned above, while English fishermen had set up seasonal
camps in St. John's in the 16th century, they were expressly forbidden by the
English government, at the urging of the West Country fishing industry, from
establishing permanent settlements along the English-controlled coast. As a result,
the town of St. John's was not established as a 'permanent' community until after
the 1630s.[25] With respect to the oldest surviving permanent English settlements
in North America, it was preceded by Jamestown, Virginia (1607),[27] the Cuper's
Cove colony at Cupids (1610), St. George's, Bermuda (1612)[28] and the Bristol's
Hope colony at Harbour Grace (1618).[29]

Modern history (1800�present)

The United Irish Uprising began with rumours in April 1800 that as many as 400 men
took a secret oath of the Society of United Irishmen and rebelled against the
British Army.[30]

The 18th century saw major changes in Newfoundland: population growth, beginnings
of government, establishment of churches, reinforcement of commercial ties with
North America and development of the seal, salmon and Grand Banks fisheries. St.
John's population grew slowly. Although it was primarily a fishing station, it was
also a garrison, a centre of government and a commercial hub. St. John's served as
a naval base during the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.[22]

St. John's shortly after the Great Fire of 1892. The fire destroyed a significant
portion of the city.
The core of the city was destroyed by fire several times, the most famous of which
was the Great Fire of 1892.[31]

Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St. John's on
12 December 1901 from his wireless station in Poldhu, Cornwall.[16] St. John's was
the starting point for the first non-stop transatlantic aircraft flight, by Alcock
and Brown in a modified Vickers Vimy IV bomber, in June 1919, departing from
Lester's Field in St. John's and ending in a bog near Clifden, Connemara, Ireland.
[32] In July 2005, the flight was duplicated by American aviator and adventurer
Steve Fossett in a replica Vickers Vimy aircraft, with St. John's International
Airport substituting for Lester's Field (now an urban and residential part of the
city).[33]

During the Second World War, the harbour supported Royal Navy and Royal Canadian
Navy ships that were engaged in anti-submarine warfare. It was the site of an
American Army Air Force base, Fort Pepperrell, that was established as part of the
"Lend-Lease" Destroyers for Bases Agreement between the United Kingdom and United
States.[12] The base included several US-manned coast defence guns, and a Canadian-
manned battery of two Lend-Lease 10-inch M1888 guns was at Fort Cape Spear.[34][35]
The base was transferred to Canadian control in 1960 and is now known as CFS St.
John's. The Knights of Columbus Hostel fire in December 1942 saw 99 military and
civilian lives lost.[36]

St. John's, and the province as a whole, was gravely affected in the 1990s by the
collapse of the northern cod fishery, which had been the driving force of the
provincial economy for hundreds of years.[37] After a decade of high unemployment
rates and depopulation, the city's proximity to the Hibernia, Terra Nova and White
Rose oil fields led to an economic boom that spurred population growth and
commercial development. As a result, the St. John's area now accounts for about
half of the province's economic output.[38][39]

As of 2012, St. John's contained 21 National Historic Sites of Canada.[40][41]

Geography

Located on the northeast coast of the Avalon Peninsula, St. John's is North
America's most easterly city.
St. John's is along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon
Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland.[9] The city covers 446.04 square kilometres
(172.22 sq mi) and is North America's most easterly city, excluding Greenland;[10]
it is 475 kilometres (295 mi) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton,
Alberta.[42] The city of St. John's is a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259
mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly identical latitude across the
Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and
the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia.[43] Its
downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the
city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west.

Coniferous trees such as black spruce, white spruce, and balsam fir dominate the
native vegetation. The largest deciduous tree is white birch; species of lesser
stature include alder, cherry and mountain ash. Of introduced tree species,
sycamore maple is most abundant and Norway maple is common. Blue spruce, common
horsechestnut, European beech and littleleaf linden are among the other non-native
species grown.[44]

Climate
St. John's has a humid continental climate (K�ppen Dfb), with lower seasonal
variation than normal for the latitude, which is due to Gulf Stream moderation.

Despite this maritime moderation, average January maximum temperatures are slightly
lower in St. John's than in Kelowna, British Columbia, an inland city that is near
the more marine air of the Pacific, demonstrating the cold nature of Eastern
Canada. Mean temperatures range from -4.9 �C (23.2 �F) in February to 16.1 �C (61.0
�F) in August, showing somewhat of a seasonal lag in the climate. The city is also
one of the areas of the country most prone to tropical cyclone activity, as it is
bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, where tropical storms (and sometimes
hurricanes) travel from the United States. The city is one of the rainiest in
Canada outside of coastal British Columbia. This is partly due to its propensity
for tropical storm activity as well as moist, Atlantic air frequently blowing
ashore and creating precipitation.

Fog settling over The Battery, a neighbourhood in St. John's. The city is the
foggiest city in Canada.
Of major Canadian cities, St. John's is the foggiest (124 days),[45] windiest (24.3
km/h (15.1 mph) average speed),[46] and cloudiest (1,497 hours of sunshine).[47]
Precipitation is frequent and often heavy, falling year round. On average, summer
is the driest season, with only occasional thunderstorm activity, and the wettest
months are from October to January, with December the wettest single month, with
nearly 165 millimetres of precipitation on average. This winter precipitation
maximum is unusual for humid continental climates, which typically have a late
spring or early summer precipitation maximum (for example, most of the Midwestern
U.S.). Most heavy precipitation events in St. John's are the product of intense
mid-latitude storms from the Northeastern U.S. and New England states, and these
are most common and intense from October to March, bringing heavy precipitation
(commonly 4 to 8 centimetres of rainfall equivalent in a single storm), and strong
winds.

In winter, two or more types of precipitation (rain, freezing rain, sleet and snow)
can fall from passage of a single storm. Snowfall is heavy, averaging nearly 335
centimetres per winter season. However, winter storms can bring changing
precipitation types. Heavy snow can turn into heavy rain, melting the snow cover,
and possibly back to snow or ice (perhaps briefly) all in the same storm, resulting
in little or no net snow accumulation. Snow cover in St. John's is variable, and
especially early in the winter season, may be slow to develop, but can extend well
into the spring months (March, April). The St. John's area is subject to freezing
rain events (called "silver thaws"), the worst of which paralyzed the city in April
1984 and April 2017.

The highest temperature ever recorded in St. John's was 33.9 �C (93 �F) on 14
August 1876.[48] The coldest temperature ever recorded was -29.4 �C (-21 �F) on 16
February 1875.[49]

[show]Climate data for St. John's International Airport, 1981�2010 normals,

extremes 1874�present[a]
Cityscape
Main article: Architecture of St. John's
See also: List of neighbourhoods in St. John's and List of tallest buildings in St.
John's, Newfoundland and Labrador

Coastline of the Waterside neighbourhood. Some residences, storage shacks, and

wharves are primarily made of wood.
St. John's architecture has a distinct style from the rest of Canada, and its major
buildings are remnants of its history as one of the first British colonial
capitals. Buildings took a variety of styles according to the means available to
build them.

Starting as a fishing outpost for European fishermen, St. John's consisted mostly
of the homes of fishermen, sheds, storage shacks, and wharves constructed out of
wood. Like many other cities of the time, as the Industrial Revolution took hold
and new methods and materials for construction were introduced, the landscape
changed as the city grew. The Great Fire of 1892 destroyed most of the downtown
core, and most residential and other wood-frame buildings date from this period.
[31]

Houses in St. John's are typically painted in bright colours.

Often compared to San Francisco due to the hilly terrain and steep maze of
residential streets, housing in St. John's is typically painted in bright colours.
[54] The city council has implemented strict heritage regulations in the downtown
area, including restrictions on the height of buildings.[55] These regulations have
caused much controversy over the years. With the city experiencing an economic boom
a lack of hotel rooms and office space has seen proposals put forward that do not
meet the current height regulations. Heritage advocates argue the current
regulations should be enforced while others believe the regulations should be
relaxed to encourage economic development.[56][57][58][59]

To meet the need for more office space downtown without compromising the city's
heritage, the city council amended heritage regulations, which originally
restricted height to 15 metres in the area of land on Water Street between Bishop's
Cove and Steer's Cove, to create the "Commercial Central Retail � West Zone". The
new zone will allow for buildings of greater height. A 47-metre, 12-storey office
building, which includes retail space and a parking garage, was the first building
to be approved in this area.[60]

View of Downtown St. John's from Signal Hill.

Demographics
Historical populations[61]
Year Pop. �%
1986 103,079 �
1991 104,659 +1.5%
1996 101,936 -2.6%
2001 99,182 -2.7%
2006 100,646 +1.5%
2011 106,172 +5.5%
2016 108,860 +2.5%
Mother tongue language, 2006[62]
Language Population Percentage
English only 95,555 96.10%
Other languages 3,420 3.43%
French only 355 0.35%
Both English and French 95 0.09%
Ethnic Origin, 2006[63]
Ethnic Origin Percentage
English 45.5
Canadian 41.1
Irish 31.3
Scottish 8.3
French 4.6
German 2.1
As of the 2006 Census, there were 100,646 inhabitants in St. John's itself, 151,322
in the urban area and 181,113 in the St. John's Census Metropolitan Area (CMA).[64]
Thus, St. John's is Newfoundland and Labrador's largest city and Canada's 20th
largest CMA.[65] Apart from St. John's, the CMA includes 12 other communities: the
city of Mount Pearl and the towns of Conception Bay South, Paradise, Portugal Cove-
St. Philip's, Torbay, Logy Bay-Middle Cove-Outer Cove, Pouch Cove, Flatrock, Bay
Bulls, Witless Bay, Petty Harbour-Maddox Cove and Bauline.[64] The population of
the CMA was 192,326 as of 1 July 2010.[66]

As of 2011, there were 4,205 members of visible minorities in the city. The largest
visible minority group were South Asians (1.2%), followed by Chinese Canadian
(1.0%), and Blacks (0.9%). There were 4,305 Aboriginals in St. John's, comprising
4.1% of the city's population. First Nations people made up 2.9% of the city's
population, Inuit comprised 0.8% of St. John's population, and 0.6% were M�tis.[67]

Religion

The Basilica of St. John the Baptist is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese
of St. John's. Catholicism is the largest religion in the city.
The information below is from the 2001 Canadian Census.[68] and the National
Household Survey 2011[69]
Predominantly Christian, the population of St. John's was once divided along
sectarian (Catholic/Protestant) lines. In recent years, this sectarianism has
declined significantly, and is no longer a commonly acknowledged facet of life in
St. John's. St. John's is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of St. John's,
and the Anglican Bishop of Eastern Newfoundland and Labrador. All major Christian
sects showed a decline from 2001�2011 with a large increase in those with no
religion from 3.9% to 11.1%.

Religion 2001 (%) 2011 (%) 2011 (Total)

Roman Catholic 48.9% 48.4% 50,370
Anglican 22.8% 16.1% 16,745
United Church 15.0% 12.8% 13,345
Pentecostal 2.3% 2.3% 2,390
No religion 3.9% 11.1% 11,505
Economy
See also: List of companies headquartered in St. John's

An oil platform in the Terra Nova oil field. A number of offshore oil developments
lie off the coast of St. John's.
St. John's economy is connected to both its role as the provincial capital of
Newfoundland and Labrador and to the ocean. The civil service which is supported by
the federal, provincial and municipal governments has been the key to the expansion
of the city's labour force and to the stability of its economy, which supports a
sizable retail, service and business sector.[70] The provincial government is the
largest employer in the city, followed by Memorial University.[71][72] With the
collapse of the fishing industry in Newfoundland and Labrador in the 1990s, the
role of the ocean is now tied to what lies beneath it � oil and gas � as opposed to
what swims in or travels across it.[73] The city is the centre of the oil and gas
industry in Eastern Canada and is one of 19 World Energy Cities.[74] ExxonMobil
Canada is headquartered in St. John's and companies such as Chevron, Husky Energy,
Suncor Energy and Statoil have major regional operations in the city.[75][76] Three
major offshore oil developments, Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose, are in
production off the coast of the city and a fourth development, Hebron, is expected
to be producing oil by 2017.[77][78]

The economy has been growing quickly in recent years. In 2010 and 2011, the metro
area's gross domestic product (GDP) led 27 other metropolitan areas in the country,
according to the Conference Board of Canada, recording growth of 6.6 per cent and
5.8 per cent respectively.[79] At $52,000 the city's per capita GDP is the second
highest out of all major Canadian cities.[80] Economic forecasts suggest that the
city will continue its strong economic growth in the coming years not only in the
"oceanic" industries mentioned above, but also in tourism and new home construction
as the population continues to grow. In May 2011, the city's unemployment rate fell
to 5.6 per cent, the second lowest unemployment rate for a major city in Canada.
[81]

St. John's is also becoming known as an entrepreneurial city. In a 2009 report by

the Canadian Federation of Independent Business, Communities in Boom: Canada�s Top
Entrepreneurial Cities, St. John's was ranked the best major city in Atlantic
Canada and 19th overall in Canada for providing a good environment for small
business development.[82]

Culture
The downtown area is the cultural hub of St. John's and is a major tourist
destination in Newfoundland and Labrador and Atlantic Canada. Water Street and
Duckworth Street are known for their brightly coloured low rise heritage buildings,
housing numerous tourist shops, clothing boutiques, and restaurants.
Water Street is known for their boutiques, and restaurants.
George Street, a downtown side-street above the western end of Water Street, is the
predominant home of the city's nightlife. It holds numerous annual festivals
including the George Street Festival in August and the Mardi Gras Festival in
October. The street can be credited with kick-starting the careers of many musical
acts and is busy nearly every night of the week.[83][84]

The city has a symphony orchestra, a string quartet, and several choirs. In
addition the School of Music of Memorial University of Newfoundland has several
ensembles, including a chamber orchestra. St. Johns also plays host to the
Tuckamore Festival of chamber music, which has been held every August since 2001.
Opera on the Avalon puts on performances of opera, over several days, in the summer

The LSPU Hall is home to the Resource Centre for the Arts. The "Hall" hosts a
vibrant and diverse arts community and is regarded as the backbone of artistic
infrastructure and development in the downtown.[85] The careers of many well-known
Newfoundland artists were launched there including Rick Mercer, Mary Walsh, Cathy
Jones, Andy Jones and Greg Thomey. The St. John's Arts and Culture Centre houses an
art gallery, libraries and a 1000-seat theatre, which is the city's major venue for
entertainment productions.[86]

The Nickel Film Festival and the St. John's International Women's Film Festival are
two independent film festivals held annually in St. John's.[87]

Museums

Located in downtown St. John's, The Rooms houses the provincial art gallery and
museum.
The Provincial Museum of Newfoundland and Labrador (c. 1892�93) was located on
Duckworth Street in a building designated as a heritage site by the City of St.
John's.[88] In 2005 the museum, along with the Art Gallery of Newfoundland and
Labrador and the Provincial Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador, moved into The
Rooms. The Rooms is Newfoundland and Labrador's cultural facility, and is located
in the downtown area.[89]

Other museums include the Railway Coastal Museum, a transportation museum located
in the 104-year-old Newfoundland and Labrador train station building on Water
Street.[90] The Johnson Geo Centre is a geological interpretation centre located on
Signal Hill.[91] The centre is designed to teach the public about the history of
the earth through the unique and complex geological history of Newfoundland and
Labrador. The East Rider Motorcycle Museum showcases over 110 years of
Newfoundland's Motorcycle History, with two floors of bikes, memorabilia, and biker
culture. Located downtown St. John's (above East Rider Motorcycle Gear Shop).

National Historic Sites

The Murray Premises is a National Historic Site located in downtown St. John's.[92]
The buildings once served as a fishery premises, with facilities for drying and
packaging fish and warehouses for fish, barrels and other items. The oldest of the
buildings is the one facing on Beck's Cove. It was built after the 1846 fire and
for a time served as both shop and house. The Murray Premises was renovated in 1979
and now contains office suites, restaurants, retail stores and a boutique hotel.
[93][94]

Cabot Tower overlooks the city from Signal Hill. The hill was named a National
Historic Site due to its association with Canada's defence and communication
history.
Another National Historic Site is Signal Hill is a hill which overlooks the city of
St. John's. It is the location of Cabot Tower which was built in 1897 to
commemorate the 400th anniversary of John Cabot's discovery of Newfoundland, and
Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. The first transatlantic wireless transmission was
received here by Guglielmo Marconi on 12 December 1901.[95] Today, Signal Hill is a
National Historic Site of Canada and remains incredibly popular amongst tourists
and locals alike; 97% of all tourists to St. John's visit Signal Hill. Amongst its
popular attractions are the Signal Hill Tattoo, showcasing the Royal Newfoundland
Regiment of foot, c. 1795, and the North Head Trail which grants an impressive view
of the Atlantic Ocean and the surrounding coast.[96]

Urban parks
Pippy Park is an urban park in the east end of the city; with over 3,400 acres (14
km2) of land, it is one of Canada's largest urban parks. The park contains a range
of recreational facilities including two golf courses, Newfoundland and Labrador's
largest serviced campground, walking and skiing trails as well as protected habitat
for many plants and animals. Pippy Park is also home to the Fluvarium, an
environmental education centre which offers a cross section view of Nagle's Hill
Brook.[97]

Bowring Park, located in the Waterford Valley, is one of the most scenic parks in
St. John's. Entrance to the park is via Waterford Bridge Road, passing a sculptured
duck pond and a statue of Peter Pan. The park land was donated to the city in 1911
by Sir Edgar Rennie Bowring on behalf of Bowring Brothers Ltd. on their 100th
anniversary of commerce in Newfoundland. The park was officially opened by His
Royal Highness, the Duke of Connaught on 15 July 1914.[98]

Bannerman Park is a Victorian-style park located near the downtown. The park was
officially opened in 1891 by Sir Alexander Bannerman, Governor of the Colony of
Newfoundland who donated the land to create the park.[99] Today the park contains a
public swimming pool, playground, a baseball diamond and many large open grassy
areas. Bannerman Park plays host to many festivals and sporting events, most
notably the Newfoundland and Labrador Folk Festival and St. John's Peace-a-chord.
The park is also the finishing location for the annual Tely 10 Mile Road Race.[100]

Sports

Mile One Centre is an multi-purpose indoor arena. It is used as the home arena for
the NBLC's St. John's Edge and the future home of the ECHL's St. John's team.
Hockey
St. John's has been home to several professional hockey franchises. The St. John's
Maple Leafs were an American Hockey League (AHL) team from 1991 to 2005. The team
left after the 2004�05 season to Toronto due to the desire of its parent team, the
Toronto Maple Leafs, to reduce travel costs and to have a tenant for its Ricoh
Coliseum.[101]

Shortly after, the Maple Leafs were replaced by the St. John's Fog Devils of the
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). The team left St. John's in 2008 after
just three seasons due to a poor lease arrangement with the city over the use of
Mile One Centre and poor attendance.[102][103]

From 2011 until 2017, it was home to the St. John's IceCaps in the AHL.[104] The
IceCaps operated under two separate franchises and affiliations during its time in
St John's; the first owned by the Winnipeg Jets' True North Sports & Entertainment
and the second by the Montreal Canadiens' Molson family. Both franchises were
relocated to be closer to their parent team.

In 2018, the ECHL approved a team for St. John's to begin in the fall of 2018. The
ECHL team is expected to become the ECHL affiliate of the Toronto Maple Leafs
bringing the Leafs back to St. Johns for the first time since 2005.
Other sports
The St. John's Edge is a Canadian professional basketball team based in National
Basketball League of Canada that launched as an expansion team for the 2017�18
season at the Mile One Centre.[105] The team is owned by Atlantic Sport Enterprises
Ltd. headed by John Graham with Irwin Simon and Robert Sabbagh.[106] The team
replaced the IceCaps as the primary tenant at the Mile One Centre after their
departure.

The rugby union team The Rock is the Eastern Canadian entry in the Americas Rugby
Championship. The Rock play their home games at Swilers Rugby Park, as did the
Rugby Canada Super League champions for 2005 and 2006, the Newfoundland Rock. The
city hosted a Rugby World Cup qualifying match between Canada and the USA on 12
August 2006, where the Canadians heavily defeated the USA 56�7 to qualify for the
2007 Rugby World Cup finals in France. The 2007 age-grade Rugby Canada National
Championship Festival was held in the city.[107]

St. John's is host to North America's oldest annual sporting event, the Royal St.
John's Regatta.
St. John's is home to North America's oldest annual sporting event, the Royal St.
John's Regatta, which dates back to at least 1816. The event is important enough in
the life of the city that the day of the Regatta (the first Wednesday in August,
weather permitting) is a civic holiday � one of the few weather-dependent holidays
in the world.[108]

The Tely 10 is an annual 10-mile (16 km) road race that starts in Paradise and
finishes at Bannerman Park. The race draws in excess of 2,500 runners. It began in
1922, which makes it one of the oldest road races in Canada.[109]

St. John's was where the Canada men's national soccer team qualified for their only
FIFA World Cup on 14 September 1985, when they defeated Honduras 2�1, at King
George V Park.[110]

Curling has gained prominence in St. John's over the years. The 2005 Scott
Tournament of Hearts, the Canadian women's curling championship, was held at Mile
One Centre from 19 to 27 February 2005.[111] The 2006 Olympic gold medalist men's
curling team, skipped by Brad Gushue, is based in St. John's at the Bally Haly Golf
& Curling Club.[112] Gushue and his team launched a campaign to return the Brier to
the province for 2017, a successful bid. They would go on to win the Brier as well
as representing Canada at the World Championships three weeks later going
undefeated and winning the gold medal. The Brier win was the second for the
province (1976) and the second time as event host (1972). The city has two curling
clubs, the St. John's Curling Club and the Bally Haly.

The St. John's Avalon Harps are the local Hurling and Gaelic Football team, that
compete in Canadian GAA events.

Law and government

See also: St. John's City Council and List of mayors of St. John's, Newfoundland
and Labrador
St. John's is governed by a mayor-council system, and the structure of the
municipal government is stipulated by the City of St. John's Act.[113][114] The St.
John's City Council is a unicameral legislative body composed of a mayor, deputy
mayor and nine councillors. The mayor, deputy mayor and four of the councillors are
elected at large while the five other councillors represent geographical wards
throughout the city. The mayor and members of the city council serve four-year
terms without term limits.[115]

Elections in St. John's are held every four years on the last Tuesday in September.
The current city council was elected in the municipal election held on 24 September
2013. The Mayor of St. John's is Dennis O'Keefe, who has served in the position
since 2008.[116] The St. John's City Hall, located on New Gower Street, has housed
municipal offices and Council Chambers since being officially opened in 1970.[93]
[117]

The province's House of Assembly meets in St. John's, at Confederation Building.

St. John's served as the capital city of the Colony of Newfoundland and the
Dominion of Newfoundland before Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province in
1949.[118] The city now serves as the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador,
therefore the provincial legislature is located in the city.[119] The Confederation
Building, located on Confederation Hill, is home to the House of Assembly along
with the offices for the Members of the House of Assembly (MHAs) and Ministers.
[119] The city is represented by ten MHAs, four who are members of the governing
Progressive Conservative Party, three that belong to the New Democratic Party
(NDP),[120] and three that belong to the Liberal Party.[121] Lorraine Michael,
leader of the NDP since 2006, represents the district of Signal Hill-Quidi Vidi.
[122]

St. John's is represented in the House of Commons by two members of Parliament,

both from the Liberal Party. Nick Whalen represents St. John's East[123][124] and
Ryan Cleary, elected 2011, represents St. John's South�Mount Pearl.[125][126]

The Newfoundland and Labrador office for the regional federal minister is in
downtown St. John's. Regional offices for federal government departments and
agencies are throughout the city.[127][128]

Crime

A Royal Newfoundland Constabulary (RNC) police car on patrol. The RNC serves as the
primary policing body for the metropolitan area.
Police services for the city are provided by the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary,
which serves as the primary policing body of the metropolitan area.[129] The B
Division headquarters of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is located in the
Pleasantville neighbourhood but the RCMP primarily operate in the rest of
Newfoundland and Labrador and not St. John's.[130]

St. John's has traditionally been one of the safest cities in Canada to live;
however, in recent years crime in the city has steadily increased. While nationally
crime decreased by 4% in 2009, the total crime rate in St. John's saw an increase
of 4%. During this same time violent crime in the city decreased 6%, compared to a
1% decrease nationally.[131][132] In 2010 the total crime severity index for the
city was 101.9, an increase of 10% from 2009 and 19.2% above the national average.
The violent crime severity index was 90.1, an increase of 29% from 2009 and 1.2%
above the national average. St. John's had the seventh-highest metropolitan crime
index and twelfth-highest metropolitan violent crime index in the country in 2010.
[133]

According to Statistics Canada's Juristat reports (1993�2007), the metropolitan

area reports an average homicide rate of approximately 1.15 per 100,000 population;
an average of two homicides per year. An all-time high rate of 2.27 was reported in
1993 (four homicides). This figure is far below the national average and ranks
amongst the lowest rates for any metropolitan area in Canada.[134]

Infrastructure
Transportation

CCGS Henry Larsen in St. John's Harbour. A number of Canadian Coast Guard vessels
uses St. John's as a home port.
St. John's has a substantial harbour. Among other things, the harbour is the base
for the following Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) ships:

CCGS Ann Harvey � icebreaker

CCGS George R. Pearkes � icebreaker
CCGS Henry Larsen � icebreaker
CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent � icebreaker
CCGS Terry Fox � icebreaker
CCGS Cygnus � patrol vessel
CCGS Leonard J. Cowley � multi role
CCGS Sir Wilfred Grenfell � multi role

St. John's International Airport serves as the international airport for the
metropolitan area. It is the second busiest airport in Atlantic Canada.
St. John's is served by St. John's International Airport (YYT), located 10 minutes
northwest of the downtown core.[135] In 2011, roughly 1,400,000 passengers
travelled through the airport making it the second busiest airport in Atlantic
Canada in passenger volume.[136][137] Regular destinations include Halifax,
Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, as well as destinations throughout the province.
International locations include Dublin, London, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Glasgow
and Varadero. Scheduled service providers include Air Canada, Air Canada Jazz, Air
Saint-Pierre, Air Transat, United Airlines, Porter Airlines, Provincial Airlines,
Sunwing Airlines and Westjet.[138]

St. John's is the eastern terminus of the Trans-Canada Highway, one of the longest
national highways in the world.[139] The divided highway, also known as "Outer Ring
Road," runs just outside the main part of the city, with exits to Pitts Memorial
Drive, Topsail Road, Team Gushue Highway, Thorburn Road, Allandale Road, Portugal
Cove Road and Torbay Road, providing relatively easy access to neighbourhoods
served by those streets. Pitts Memorial Drive runs from Conception Bay South,
through the city of Mount Pearl and into downtown St. John's, with interchanges for
Goulds, Water Street and Hamilton Avenue-New Gower Street.

The St. John's Cycling Master Plan was officially launched in July 2009. Its first
phase will consist of 43 kilometres (27 mi) of on-road painted bike lanes, signs on
an additional 73 kilometres (45 mi) of roadway, the installation of 20 bicycle
parking facilities and the addition of bike racks on the fleet of 53 Metrobuses.
[140]

Metrobus Transit is responsible for public transit in the region.[141] Metrobus has
a total of 19 routes, 53 buses and an annual ridership of 3,014,073.[142]
Destinations include the Avalon Mall, The Village Shopping Centre, Memorial
University, Academy Canada, the College of the North Atlantic, the Marine
Institute, the Confederation Building, downtown, Stavanger Drive Business Park,
Kelsey Drive, Goulds, Kilbride, Shea Heights, the four hospitals in the city as
well as other important areas in St. John's and Mount Pearl.[143]

St. John's was the eastern terminus of the Newfoundland Railway from 1898 until the
abandonment and closure of the railway in September 1988.[144]

Medical centres and hospitals

St. John's is served by Eastern Health, Newfoundland and Labrador's largest health
authority.[145] The city's major hospitals include the Health Sciences Centre, St.
Clare's Mercy Hospital, Waterford Hospital and the Janeway Children's Health and
Rehabilitation Centre.[146]

Education
Memorial University of Newfoundland is the largest university in Atlantic Canada by
enrolment.
St. John's is served by the Eastern School District, the largest in Newfoundland
and Labrador by student population.[147] There are 36 primary, elementary and
secondary schools in the city of St. John's, including three private schools.[148]
St. John's has one school that is part of the province-wide Conseil Scolaire
Francophone (CSF), the Francophone public school district. It has two private
schools, St. Bonaventure's College and Lakecrest Independent.[149][150]

Atlantic Canada's largest university, Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN), is

in St. John's.[151] MUN provides comprehensive education and grants degrees and its
historical strengths in engineering, business, geology, and medicine make MUN one
of the top comprehensive universities in Canada.[152][153] The Fisheries and Marine
Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland (MI or simply Marine Institute) is
a post-secondary ocean and marine polytechnic in St. John's and is affiliated with
Memorial University of Newfoundland. MUN offers the lowest tuition in Canada
($2,644, per academic year).[154]

The College of the North Atlantic (CNA) is the public college of the province and
operates two main campuses in the city.[155] CNA provides career, trade, and
university-transfer programs for St. John's residents.[156]

The city hosts several private colleges and post-secondary schools; Academy Canada,
Eastern College, and Keyin College are the largest of these.[157]

Local media
Main article: Media in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
St. John's has one daily newspaper, The Telegram.[158] Other local papers include
The Muse, The Gazette, Le Gaboteur, The Scope, The Business Post and The Current.
St. John's also receives the nationally distributed newspaper The Globe and Mail.
[159][160][161][162]

CJON-DT, known on air as "NTV", is an independent station. The station sublicenses

entertainment programming from Global and news programming from CTV and Global,
rather than purchasing primary broadcast rights. Rogers Cable has its provincial
headquarters in St. John's, and their community channel Rogers TV airs local shows
such as Out of the Fog and One Chef One Critic. CBC has its Newfoundland and
Labrador headquarters in the city and their television station CBNT-DT broadcasts
from University Avenue.

The city is home to 15 AM and FM radio stations, two of which are French-language
stations. St. John's is the only Canadian city served by radio stations whose call
letters do not all begin with the letter C. The ITU prefix VO was assigned to the
Dominion of Newfoundland before the province joined Canadian Confederation in 1949,
and three AM stations kept their existing call letters. However, other commercial
radio stations in St. John's that went to air after 1949 use the same range of
prefixes (CF�CK) currently in use elsewhere in Canada, with the exception of VOCM-
FM, which was permitted to adopt the VOCM callsign because of its corporate
association with the AM station that already bore that callsign. VO remains in use
in amateur radio.

allNewfoundlandLabrador is the city's daily online newspaper, which focuses on

business news from across the province.[163]

Notable people
Main article: List of people from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Sister cities
Portugal �lhavo, Portugal[164]
Republic of Ireland Waterford, Ireland[165]
See also
St. John's portal
List of municipalities in Newfoundland and Labrador
Parkway (St. John's)
Category:People from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
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Notes
Based on station coordinates provided by Environment Canada, climate data was
collected in the area of downtown St. John's from 1874�1956,[50] and at St. John's
Airport from 1942 to the present day.[51]
Bibliography
Harding, Les. Historic St. John's: The City of Legends. Jesperson, 1993. ISBN 0-
921692-52-8
Galgay, Frank. Olde St. John's: Stories from a Seaport City. St. John's: Flanker,
2001.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. John's.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for St. John's.
City of St. John's
St John's - Visitor's Guide
Early Newfoundland Settlement Schemes
Newfoundland and Labrador's Provincial Register of Historic Places
Documentary film Rain, Drizzle, and Fog
Trail Canada Guide
St. John's - Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, vol. 5, p. 26-33
[show]
Places adjacent to St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
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St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
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Authority control
WorldCat Identities VIAF: 146006117 GND: 4105199-3 BNF: cb12217337v (data)
Categories: St. John's, Newfoundland and LabradorPort cities and towns on the
Canadian Atlantic coastPopulated coastal places in CanadaPopulated places
established in the 1490s1497 establishments in North AmericaFormer colonial
capitals in CanadaCapitals of former nations
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