DEFLECTION IN BEAM

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

BFC 20903

GROUP MEMBER :

NAME STUDENT I/D

MUHAMMAD IRFAN BIN YUSRI AF150042
MOHAMAD AMIRUL QAIYUM BIN RASHID DF 160011
AHAMAD NUR HAZIQ BIN ROSDI AF 160114
MUHAMMAD SANUSI SYAZNAN BIN AB KARIM DF160092
MOHD AZAM BIN ISMAIL AF 150211

SECTION : SECTION 5

GROUP : GROUP 11

LECTURE NAME : PROF IR DR ABDUL AZIZ

1) TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE
1) Table of Contents 1
2) Abstracts 2
3) Introduction 2
a) Objective of Study 3
b) Scope of Study 4
4) Literature Review 5
5) Methodology 8
a) Study of the Flow Chart 8
b) Clarification of the Flow Chart 9
6) Analysis and Discussion 10
7) Conclusion 10
8) References 12
9) Appendix 12
9.1) Work Progress 12
9.2) Minutes of Meeting 13
9.3) Others 15

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 Deflection in Beam

Muhammad Irfan Bin Yusri1, Mohamad Amirul Qaiyum Bin Rashid2, Ahamad Nur Haziq Bin
Rosdi3, Mohd Fauzi Naim bin Abdullah4, Mohd Azam bin Ismail5

Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400
Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia

2) ABSTRACTS

Bending moment occur when an external force or moment is applied to any of structural element
and causing the element to bend. In this case, we are focused more on the most common and
simplest structural element which is beam in a simply supported at both ends. Tensile and
compressive stresses increase proportionally with bending moment, but also depend on the second
moment of area of the cross-section of a beam which is rectangular. With the highest load of 120N
applied to our beam it gives the deflection reading -21.23mm. At 130N of the load, the beam has
reached its limit and the beam slipped from the support then caused a failure. From the data that
we obtained, that shown the beam failure at the support because the beam was slipped when we
used pinned support at the both side. That performed laboratory session on bending moments and
shear forces requires good understanding and sufficient knowledge of axial forces. We should
grab the opportunity provided by the university to conduct research related to the engineering of
study.

Keywords: Flexural Member, Deflection

3) INTRODUCTION

Bending moment occur when an external force or moment is applied to any of structural
element and causing the element to bend. But in this study, we are going to focus more on the most
common and simplest structural element which is beam in a simply supported at both ends. Simply
supported here means that each end of the beam can rotate therefore there is no bending moment
at each end support.

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 Tensile and compressive stresses increase proportionally with bending moment, but also
dependent on the second moment of area of the cross-section of a beam which is rectangular.
Failure in bending will occur when bending moment is sufficient to induce tensile stresses greater
than the yield stress of the material throughout the entire cross-section. In structural analysis, this
bending failure is called a plastic hinge, since the full load carrying ability of the structural element
in shear may occur before failure in bending, however the mechanics of failure in shear and in
bending are different.

Coincide with our goal in this study, we are going to examine how bending moment varies with
an increasing point load and learn to apply the engineering knowledge in practical application.

a) Objective of Study

Figure 1

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b) Scope of Study

i) Design of Sample

Our design sample is in RHS or also known as Rectangular Hollow Section.

Dimension: b=3cm, d=3cm and L=50cm

Figure 2

ii) Type of Testing

Beam deflection test.

Sample

Support

Load

iii) Type of Analysis

Moment area method

This method is a technique used in structural analysis to determine the deflection in framed
structure by use of the moment area curve.

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4) LITERATURE REVIEW

Flexural strength, also known as modulus of rupture, or bend strength, or transverse rupture
strength is a material property, defined as the stress in a material just before it yields in a flexure
test. The transverse bending test is most frequently employed, in which a specimen having either
a circular or rectangular cross-section is bent until fracture or yielding using a three point flexural
test technique. The flexural strength represents the highest stress experienced within the material
at its moment of failure. It is measured in terms of stress.

The flexural strength would be the same as the tensile strength if the material were
homogeneous. In fact, most materials have small or large defects in them which act to concentrate
the stresses locally, effectively causing a localized weakness. When a material is bent only the
extreme fibers are at the largest stress so, if those fibers are free from defects, the flexural strength
will be controlled by the strength of those intact 'fibers'. However, if the same material was
subjected to only tensile forces then all the fibers in the material are at the same stress and failure
will initiate when the weakest fiber reaches its limiting tensile stress. Therefore, it is common for
flexural strengths to be higher than tensile strengths for the same material. Conversely, a
homogeneous material with defects only on its surfaces (for example, due to scratches) might have
a higher tensile strength than flexural strength.

If we do not take into account defects of any kind, it is clear that the material will fail under a
bending force which is smaller than the corresponding tensile force. Both of these forces will
induce the same failure stress, whose value depends on the strength of the material. The three
points bending flexural test provides values for the modulus of elasticity in bending, flexural stress,
flexural strain and the flexural stress-strain response of the material. The main advantage of a
three-point flexural test is the ease of the specimen preparation and testing. However, this method
has also some disadvantages which is the results of the testing method are sensitive to specimen
and loading geometry and strain rate.

Bend or flexure testing is common in springs and brittle materials whose failure behaviours are
linear such as concretes, stones, woods, plastics, glasses and ceramics. Other types of brittle
materials such as powder metallurgy processed metals and materials are normally tested under a
transverse flexure. Bend test is therefore suitable for evaluating strength of brittle materials where

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interpretation of tensile test result of the same material is difficult due to breaking of specimens
around specimen gripping. The evaluation of the tensile result is therefore not valid since the failed
areas are not included in the specimen gauge length. Smooth rectangular specimens without
notches are generally used for bend testing under three-point or four-point bend arrangements as
shown in Figure 3a) and 3b) respectively.

Figure 3

Moment area method (the double integration method) is a technique used in structural
analysis to determine the deflection in a faramed structure by use of the moment area curve. Use
of moment area method is very convenient for cases of beams acted upon with point loads in which
case bending moment area consists of triangles and rectangulars. In the case of distrubeted load
the determination of the position of centroid itself involves intergaration and as such it no longer
remains simpler than Macaulay method . The moment-area method is useful for determining the
slope or deflection of a beam at a specified location. It is a semi graphical method in which the
integration of the bending moment is carried out indirectly, using the geometric properties of the
area under the bending moment diagram.

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 Figure 4

Moment area method is a familiar topic within many ‘mechanics of solids’ modules forming
part of mechanical, aerospace and civil engineering undergraduate degree programmed [1]. This
allows calculation of the transverse deflection, v(x), by integrating relatively simple functions
twice with respect to the axial coordinate, x. In practice, the integration is performed with respect
to the argument of the bracket, rather than x, in order to keep the bracket and its meaning intact
moment area method is ideal for the calculation of the deflection of beam structures subject to a
variety of loads along their span, including statically indeterminate systems. While the method is
widely attributed to moment area [2], his being the first English-language description,
Weissenburger [3] Application of the moment-area theorems is practical only if the area under the
bending moment diagrams and its first moment can be calculated without difficulty. [4]The key to
simplifying the computation is to divide the bending moment diagram into simple geometric
shapes (rectangles, triangles, and parabolas) that have known areas and centroid coordinates. [5]
Sometimes the conventional bending moment diagrams lends itself to such division, but often it is
preferable to draw the bending moment diagram by parts, with each part of the diagrams
representing the effect of one load. (Consider different EI).

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 Figure 5 moment area method

5) METHODOLOGY

a) Study of the Flow Chart

• Group meeting to discussion about the work division.

i

• Study the shape of the beam design and material need to be use.
ii

• Begin the construction process of the design.

iii

• Test the design.

iv

• Start calculating from the result of the test.

v

• Finalize the report and submit.

vi

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 b) Clarification of the Flow Chart

i. We make a few group meeting to discussion about the work division and progress of our task.
Before proceed with constructing the design, we asked the lecturer the design, material needs and
others.
ii. This process is very important before beginning the next process. We examine how a form suitable
for the “satay beam” to support a heavy load. A few ideas have been described. One of them is
design of the brick wall. This design shows how to arrange the satay stick. So, we make the
decision to use the British wall design.

iii. Next stage, we started

iv. constructing the beam. We use the super-hot glue gun as indicator to combine the satay sticks
according to its dimension that we have been provided (b= 3cm, d= 3cm and L= 50cm).
v. To test the beam, the deflection test was used. From the test, the data that needed which the force
acting of the beam and the deflection were obtained.
vi. Next stage was determined the yield point and ultimate load from the result. Then, calculated the
reaction acting on the beam and constructed the shear force and bending moment diagrams. From

Figure 6

maximum shear force and bending moment diagram, the stress distribution diagram was sketch up
from the values. After that, the deflection maximum were proves from the equation.
vii. Finally, the modulus of elasticity was determined. After all the calculation and result were
obtained, the report were finalize and ready to submit before the due date.

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6) ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

LOAD (N) THE REFLECTION OF THE BEAM (mm)

10 1.05
20 2.14
30 3.15
40 4.35
50 6.00
60 7.15
70 8.55
90 12.10
110 16.45
120 21.23
130 LOAD LIMITED

BEFORE AFTER

Based on the above, the test is to determine the reaction forces on the beam and
investigate relationship between the bending moments with the load added on the beam. The beam
design was square hollow section. Both of the base, b and width, w of the measurement were same
by 3 cm. the length of the beam was 50 cm long. From the data, the beam was support the load or

10
failure when the load reached at 130 N. The maximum deflection of the beam that occur was 21.23
mm when the load added by 120 N. This is because the beam was slipped when the load added at
the maximum (130 N). The slipped may occur due when there is no binder between beam and
support. Furthermore, the beam easily slipped from the support when the load increases applied to
the beam. In addition, another possibility that can be made was the suitability of material used as
a fastener. In the model of the beam, we used hot glue gun instead of using super glue as a fastener
when connected the materials as a beam. Moreover, we also coated the beam model with hot glue
gun and that cause the beam become elastic and slipped at maximum load applied at 130 N.

7.0 Conclusion

In conclusion, we can conclude that this experiment proves that the theory of bending
moments can be proved by an experiment conducted in the laboratory. Things that affect the value
of the bending moment can also be identified such as the detail of structure (the glue used to attach
the stick). If I compare with other group that used three second glue instead of hot glue gun, they
have higher load before the stick beam fail. Our beam could resist the load until 130 N and after
that it fail. We can also conclude that beam should not consist any connection because it failed
because of the connection between the stick. Based on the result, the values of shear force at cut
connection (N) increases when a load moves nearer towards the connection. This is
actually the same thing that should be applied to the actual beam. The stick beam may be fail, but
the hypothesis gained can be applied in real-life situation

The main objective of that laboratory is to provide students with basic experience and
thus, the comparison between calculated and measured values (software) should be demonstrated
to show the ability to apply statics theory from applied mechanics module. Shear forces is the
shearing force at any section of a beam is the algebraic sum of the lateral components of the forces
acting on either side of the section.

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 Figure 7

Bending Moment is defined as the algebraic sum of the moments about the section of all forces
acting on either side of the section. Bending moment is considered to be positive when the total
moment on the right is clockwise, whereas moment is anticlockwise. That type of behavior of
bending moment is called sagging since it makes the beam to become concave upward. The
opposite of sagging is called hogging.

Experimental Apparatus

The provided technical equipment is a very functional device that enables students to perform
laboratory sessions for mechanical, civil and structural engineering students. It helps student to
learn more and create a clear visualization and straightforward proof of the bending moment theory
in a beam. Experiments include the ability to place the load at any point on the load line to measure
the bending moment. The whole apparatus consists of hardware (device itself) and software
(program for determining bending moment).

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7) REFERENCES

[1] P. P. Benham, R. J. Crawford and C. G. Armstrong, Mechanics of Engineering Materials

(2nd edition) (Longman, Harlow, 1996).

[2] W. H. Macaulay, ‘A note on the deflection of beams’, Messenger of Mathematics,

48 (1919), 129.

[3] J. T. Weissenburger, ‘Integration of discontinuous expressions arising in beam theory’,

AIAA Journal, 2(1) (1964), 106–108.

[4] W. H. Wittrick, ‘A generalization of Macaulay’s method with applications in structural

mechanics’, AIAA Journal, 3(2) (1965), 326–330.

8) APPENDIX

Figure 8: Work Progress

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 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
2017/2018
BFC 20903
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Minutes of Meeting 1

Date 29th September 2017

Day Thursday
Time 3.00 p.m. – 4.00 p.m.
Venue Library, UTHM
Present 1. MUHAMMAD IRFAN BIN YUSRI
2. MOHAMAD AMIRUL QAIYUM BIN RASHID
3. AHAMAD NUR HAZIQ BIN ROSDI
4. MUHAMMAD SANUSI SYAZNAN BIN AB KARIM
5. MOHD AZAM BIN ISMAIL
OPENING ADDRESS BY THE GROUP LEADER
The group leader called the meeting to order at 3.00 p.m. and thanked to members for being
present. He mentioned the purpose of the meeting was to discuss about the contents and related
problems.

MEETING ACTIVITIES
The group leader explained each tasks in the project given. He mentioned that members should
have individual tasks for minutes of meeting .We surf internet to seek information for our group
project.

OTHER MATTERS
The group leader asked for the members if they were not satisfied with the decision that had been
made. All members agreed to accept the responsibilities given to them.

CLOSING ADDRESS
The group leader summarized the decision made during the meeting and thanked the members for
working so hard to end up with their decision. The meeting was adjourned at 4.00 p.m.

Prepared by,

……………………………………………………………….
( MUHAMMAD IRFAN BIN YUSRI )

14
 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
2017/2018
BFC 20903
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Minutes of Meeting 2

Date 17th November 2017

Day Thursday
Time 8.00 p.m. – 9.00 p.m.
Venue Library, UTHM
Present 1. MUHAMMAD IRFAN BIN YUSRI
2. MOHAMAD AMIRUL QAIYUM BIN RASHID
3. AHAMAD NUR HAZIQ BIN ROSDI
4. MUHAMMAD SANUSI SYAZNAN BIN AB KARIM
5. MOHD AZAM BIN ISMAIL
OPENING ADDRESS BY THE GROUP LEADER
The group leader called the meeting to order at 12.00 p.m. and thanked to members for being
present. He mentioned the purpose of the meeting was to discuss report progress about the
deflection beam test that has been held on 22th November 2017.

MEETING ACTIVITIES
The group leader asked every member to discuss about our beam failure and why is it happened.

OTHER MATTERS
The group leader asked for the members if there is any suggestion or any objection after the
discussion done.

CLOSING ADDRESS
The group leader summarized the decision made during the meeting and thanked the members for
working so hard to end up with their decision. The meeting was adjourned at 9.00 p.m.

Prepared by,

……………………………………………………………….
( MUHAMMAD IRFAN BIN YUSRI)

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 Figure 9: Load was applied

Figure 10: Observing the deflection that occur on the sample

Figure 11: Data Obtained

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