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ENGINEERING SYSTEMS
LABORATORY
Group 02
• RELATIVE
• LIMITED
• SLOW
• BIASED
HUMAN SENSES
• Our ability to sense cold and hot is only
relative, with a selectivity of the order of 1°C
and only over a very limited temperature
range.
• SELFGENERATING
(Passive)
• NON-SELFGENERATING
(Active)
TRANSDUCER TYPES :
• SELFGENERATING (Passive)
•NON-SELFGENERATING (Active)
Requires an auxiliary energy source to convert energy
from one domain into another.
A good example of a modulating transducer which is
found at the input of a system is a strain gauge. This type
of transducer requires an electrical energy source to
become operational. The electrical current flowing in the
strain gauge is modulated by a mechanical force which is
converted into an electrical voltage change via a change
of the resistive elements.
TRANSDUCER TYPES :
Transducer Type description
Transistor Modulating shape transducer
Thermocouple Self-generating input transducer
pH meter Self-generating input transducer
LED display Self-generating output transducer
LCD display Modulating output transducer
Coil Self-generating output transducer
Magnetoresistor Modulating input transducer
Photoconductor Modulating input transducer
A collection of electronic self-generating transducers with examples of 'shape' transducers on
the main diagonal where no energy conversion is involved.
SENSORS :
ENVIRONMENT
TRANSDUCER
an interaction is necessary
between Transducer and OUTPUT
Environment in order to
perform a measurement.
MEASURAND
THE PARTICULAR SYSTEM PARAMETER
/ VARIABLE BEING OBSERVED BY A
TRANSDUCER DURING THE
MEASUREMENT PROCESS IS CALLED
THE MEASURAND
INPUT - OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
DESIRED DESIRED
FD
INPUT OUTPUT
UNDESIRED INPUTS
• INTERFERING INPUTS
• MODIFYING INPUTS
INTERFERING INPUTS :
FMI
INTERFERING INPUT FD
Functional Stages of Measuring Systems:
Most measuring systems consist of the following three stages:
Sensor (or Transducer) is always the 1st stage of every measuring system
and it produces an output to represent the measured quantity (measurand).
INTERMEDIATE TERMINAL
SENSOR
STAGE STAGE
MEASURED
TRANSDUCER DATA
VARIABLE MANIPULATION
Transducer Dynamics,
The ideal I/O dynamics of a transducer is of with “no dynamics”,
that is with a “static characteristics” or simply with an
“instantaneous response”.
R1
+
V Voltmeter
- R2
Loading Effect,
U Rm
Measured Voltage Vm