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Chapter 39
生物醫學暨環境生物學系
Dr. 黃斌 分機:2704
huangpin2@yahoo.edu.tw
Lectures by
Erin Barley
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
CELL CYTOPLASM
WALL
Receptor
Hormone or
environmental
stimulus Plasma membrane
Reception
• Internal and external signals are detected by
receptors, proteins that change in response to
specific stimuli
• In de-etiolation, the receptor is a phytochrome
capable of detecting light
CYTOPLASM Transcription
factor 1 NUCLEUS
Plasma cGMP P
membrane Protein
kinase 1
Second Transcription
Phytochrome messenger factor 2
P
Cell
wall
Protein
kinase 2 Transcription
Light
Translation
Ca2
Post-Translational Modification of
Preexisting Proteins
• Post-translational modification involves
modification of existing proteins in the signal
response
• Modification often involves the phosphorylation
of specific amino acids
• The second messengers cGMP and Ca2+
activate protein kinases directly
RESULTS
Shaded
Control side
Light
Illuminated Boysen-Jensen
side
Light
Light
Gelatin Mica
(permeable) (impermeable)
Growth-promoting
chemical diffuses
into agar cube
Control
(agar cube
lacking Offset
Control chemical) cubes
A Survey of Plant Hormones
• Plant hormones are produced in very low
concentration, but a minute amount can greatly
affect growth and development of a plant organ
• In general, hormones control plant growth and
development by affecting the division, elongation,
and differentiation of cells
RESULTS
Cell 1
100 m Cell 2
Epidermis
Cortex
Phloem
Xylem 25 m
Basal end
Pith of cell
The Role of Auxin in Cell Elongation
• According to the acid growth hypothesis, auxin
stimulates proton pumps in the plasma
membrane
• The proton pumps lower the pH in the cell wall,
activating expansins, enzymes that loosen the
wall’s fabric
• With the cellulose loosened, the cell can
elongate
“Stump” after
removal of
apical bud
Axillary buds
(a) Apical bud intact (not shown in photo) (c) Auxin added to decapitated stem
Anti-Aging Effects
• Cytokinins slow the aging of some plant organs by
inhibiting protein breakdown, stimulating RNA and
protein synthesis, and mobilizing nutrients from
surrounding tissues
Stem Elongation
• Gibberellins are produced in young roots and leaves
• Gibberellins stimulate growth of leaves and stems
• In stems, they stimulate cell elongation and cell division
Fruit Growth
• In many plants, both auxin and gibberellins must be
present for fruit to develop
• Gibberellins are used in spraying of Thompson seedless
grapes
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 39.10
Coleoptile
Maize mutant
Drought Tolerance
• ABA is the primary internal signal that enables
plants to withstand drought
• ABA accumulation causes stomata to close
rapidly
ein mutant
ctr mutant
Phototropic effectiveness
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Wavelength (nm)
(a) Phototropism action spectrum
Light
Time 0 min
Time 90 min
(b) Long-day
(short-night) plant
Flash
of light
• Red light can interrupt the nighttime portion of
the photoperiod
• A flash of red light followed by a flash of far-red
light does not disrupt night length
• Action spectra and photoreversibility
experiments show that phytochrome is the
pigment that receives red light
R FR
R FR R
R FR R FR
Short-day Long-day
Critical dark period (long-night) (short-night)
plant plant
• Some plants flower after only a single exposure
to the required photoperiod
• Other plants need several successive days of
the required photoperiod
• Still others need an environmental stimulus in
addition to the required photoperiod
– For example, vernalization is a pretreatment
with cold to induce flowering
Graft
Video: Gravitropism
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 39.24
Statoliths
20 m
Side of pulvinus
with flaccid cells
Leaflets
after Side of pulvinus
stimulation with turgid cells
Pulvinus Vein
(motor
organ)
0.5 m
(c) Cross section of a leaflet pair in the stimulated state (LM)
Environmental Stresses
• Environmental stresses have a potentially
adverse effect on survival, growth, and
reproduction
• Stresses can be abiotic (nonliving) or biotic
(living)
• Abiotic stresses include drought, flooding, salt
stress, heat stress, and cold stress
• Biotic stresses include herbivores and
pathogens
Vascular
cylinder
Air tubes
Epidermis
100 m 100 m
(a) Control root (aerated) (b) Experimental root (nonaerated)
Salt Stress
• Salt can lower the water potential of the soil
solution and reduce water uptake
• Plants respond to salt stress by producing
solutes tolerated at high concentrations
• This process keeps the water potential of cells
more negative than that of the soil solution
4 Signal 5
Hypersensitive Signal
6
3 response transduction
pathway
2 Signal transduction pathway
7 Acquired
resistance
1
R protein
Avirulent
pathogen
Avr effector protein
CELL CYTOPLASM
WALL Plasma membrane
Hormone or
environmental Relay proteins and Activation
stimulus of cellular
second messengers responses
Receptor
Figure 39.UN03
Figure 39.UN05