Type of High-Rise Structure

1. Braced Frame
2. Rigid Frame Structure
3. Infilled Frame Structure
4. Flat Plate and Flat Slab Structure
5. Shear wall structure
6. Coupled wall structure
7. Wall-frame structure
8. Framed tube structure
9. The trussed tube
a. Tube in tube or Hull core structure
b. Bundled tube structure
c. Core and Outriggers system
10. Hybrid structure
Braced Frame
 Braced frames are cantilevered vertical trusses resisting laterals
loads primarily through the axial stiffness of the frame members.
 The effectiveness of the system, as characterized by a high ratio of
stiffness to material quantity, is recognized for multi-storey building
in the low to mid height range.
 Generally regarded as an exclusively steel system because the
diagonal are inevitably subjected to tension for or to the other
directions of lateral loading.
 Able to produce a laterally very stiff structure for a minimum of
additional material, makes it an economical structural form for any
height of buildings, up to the very tallest.
Advantages:-
 Girders only participate minimally in the lateral bracing action-Floor
framing design is independent of its level in the structure.
 Can be repetitive up the height of the building with obvious
economy in design and fabrication.
Disadvantages:-
 Obstruct the internal planning and the locations of the windows and
doors; for this reason, braced bent are usually incorporated
internally along wall and partition lines, especially around elevator,
stair, and service shaft.-
 Diagonal connections are expensive to fabricate and erect

ACT Tower, Himatsu Japan

Rigid Frame Structure
Consist of columns and girders joined by moment resistant connections.
Lateral stiffness of a rigid frame bent depends on the bending stiffness of the
columns, girders, and connection in the plane of the bents. Ideally suited for
reinforced concrete buildings because of the inherent rigidity of reinforced
concrete joints. Also used for steel frame connections in steel tend to be
costly. While rigid frame of a typical scale that serve alone to resist lateral
loading have an economic height limit of about 25 stories, smaller scale rigid
frames in the for of perimeter tube typically rigid frames in combination with
shear walls or braced bents, can be economic up top much greater heights.

Advantages:-
 May be place in or around the core, on the exterior, or throughout the
interior of the building with minimal constraint module.
 The frame may be architecturally exposed to express the grid like nature
of the structure.
Disadvantages
 The spacing of the columns in a moment resisting frame can match that
required for gravity framing. Only suitable for building up to 20 to 30
stories only; member proportions and materials cost become
unreasonable for building higher than that. buildings, but moment

Fig. WTC OSAKA JAPAN

In-filled Frame Structure
Most usual form of construction for tall buildings up to 30 stories in height.
Column and girder framing of reinforced concrete, or sometimes steel filled by
panels of brickwork, block work, or cast-in-place concrete. Because of the in-
filled serve also as external walls or internal partitions, the system is an
economical way of stiffening and strengthening of the structure. The complex
interactive behaviour of the infill in the frame, and the rather random quality of
masonry, has made it difficult to predict with accuracy the stiffness and strength
of an infilled frame.