Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 12

IELTS General Training Reading Task Type 5 (Matching Headings) – answer

keys

Key to Exercise 1
1. What is a heading? What is its purpose?
A heading gives you an idea what a text or a part of a text is about. Its purpose is to give you this
information before you read so that you know what to expect.
2. Which paragraph do you not need to find a heading for? What should you do with heading ix?
You do not need a heading for paragraph C so cross out this heading ix.
N.B. There may not be an example in all tasks.
3. Can you use the headings more than once? No, each heading must only be used once.
4. How many paragraphs are there? How many headings are there? What does this mean?
There are seven paragraphs and nine headings, so you will not need to use two headings.
N.B. In this task type, candidates are usually asked to match no more than seven or eight headings,
and there may be up to three headings that are not needed.

Key to Sample Task


27. v // Split location for newspaper production
28. vii // Getting the newspaper to the printing centre
29. iv // The LGVs’ main functions
30. i // Robots working together
31. viii // Controlling the robots
32. iii // Looking ahead

© UCLES 2009. This material may be photocopied (without alteration) and distributed for classroom
use provided no charge is made. For further information see our Terms and Conditions
IELTS General Training Reading Task Type 5 (Matching Headings) – Sample
Task

Questions 27 – 32
The text has seven paragraphs A-G.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A, B and D-G from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i Robots working together


ii Preparing LGVs for take-over
iii Looking ahead
iv The LGVs’ main functions
v Split location for newspaper production
vi Newspapers superseded by technology
vii Getting the newspaper to the printing centre
viii Controlling the robots
ix Beware of robots!

27 Paragraph A
28 Paragraph B

Example
Paragraph C ix

29 Paragraph D
30 Paragraph E
31 Paragraph F
32 Paragraph G

© UCLES 2009. This material may be photocopied (without alteration) and distributed for classroom
use provided no charge is made. For further information see our Terms and Conditions
ROBOTS AT WORK
A
The newspaper production process has come a long way from the old days when the paper was written,
edited, typeset and ultimately printed in one building with the journalists working on the upper floors and
the printing presses going on the ground floor. These days the editor, sub-editors and journalists who put
the paper together are likely to find themselves in a totally different building or maybe even in a different
city. This is the situation which now prevails in Sydney. The daily paper is compiled at the editorial
headquarters, known as the pre-press centre, in the heart of the city, but printed far away in the suburbs at
the printing centre. Here human beings are in the minority as much of the work is done by automated
machines controlled by computers.
B
Once the finished newspaper has been created for the next morning’s edition, all the pages are
transmitted electronically from the pre-press centre to the printing centre. The system of transmission is
an update on the sophisticated page facsimile system already in use on many other newspapers. An
image-setter at the printing centre delivers the pages as film. Each page takes less than a minute to
produce, although for colour pages four versions, once each for black, cyan, magenta and yellow are
sent. The pages are then processed into photographic negatives and the film is used to produce
aluminium printing plates ready for the presses.
C
A procession of automated vehicles is busy at the new printing centre where the Sydney Morning Herald
is printed each day. With lights flashing and warning horns honking, the robots (to give them their
correct name, the LGVs or laser guided vehicles) look for all the world like enthusiastic machines from a
science fiction movie, as they follow their own random paths around the plant busily getting on with their
jobs. Automation of this kind is now standard in all modern newspaper plants. The robots can detect
unauthorised personnel and alert security staff immediately if they find an “intruder”; not surprisingly, tall
tales are already being told about the machines starting to take on personalities of their own.
D
The robots’ principal job, however, is to shift the newsprint (the printing paper) that arrives at the plant in
huge reels and emerges at the other end some time later as newspapers. Once the size of the day’s
paper and the publishing order are determined at head office, the information is punched into the
computer and the LGVs are programmed to go about their work. The LGVs collect the appropriate size
paper reels and take them where they have to go. When the press needs another reel its computer
alerts the LGV system. The Sydney LGVs move busily around the press room fulfilling their two key
functions - to collect reels of newsprint either from the reel stripping stations, or from the racked supplies
in the newsprint storage area. At the stripping station the tough wrapping that helps to protect a reel of
paper from rough handling is removed. Any damaged paper is peeled off and the reel is then weighed.

© UCLES 2009. This material may be photocopied (without alteration) and distributed for classroom
use provided no charge is made. For further information see our Terms and Conditions
E
Then one of the four paster robots moves in. Specifically designed for the job, it trims the paper neatly
and prepares the reel for the press. If required the reel can be loaded directly onto the press; if not
needed immediately, an LGV takes it to the storage area. When the press computer calls for a reel, an
LGV takes it to the reel loading area of the presses. It lifts the reel into the loading position and places it
in the correct spot with complete accuracy. As each reel is used up, the press drops the heavy
cardboard core into a waste bin. When the bin is full, another LGV collects it and deposits the cores into
a shredder for recycling.
F
The LGVs move at walking speed. Should anyone step in front of one or get too close, sensors stop the
vehicle until the path is clear. The company has chosen a laser-guide function system for the vehicles
because, as the project development manager says “The beauty of it is that if you want to change the
routes, you can work out a new route on your computer and lay it down for them to follow”. When an
LGV’s batteries run low, it will take itself off line and go to the nearest battery maintenance point for
replacement batteries. And all this is achieved with absolute minimum human input and a much reduced
risk of injury to people working in the printing centres.
G
The question newspaper workers must now ask, however is, “how long will it be before the robots are
writing the newspapers as well as running the printing centre, churning out the latest edition every
morning and distributing the papers to sales outlets?”

© UCLES 2009. This material may be photocopied (without alteration) and distributed for classroom
use provided no charge is made. For further information see our Terms and Conditions
Academic Reading sample task – Matching headings

Questions 1 – 5

Sample Passage 6 has six sections, A-F.

Choose the correct heading for sections A-D and F from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number i-ix in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i The probable effects of the new international trade agreement


ii The environmental impact of modern farming
iii Farming and soil erosion
iv The effects of government policy in rich countries
v Governments and management of the environment
vi The effects of government policy in poor countries
vii Farming and food output
viii The effects of government policy on food output
ix The new prospects for world trade

1 Section A

2 Section B

3 Section C

4 Section D

Example Section E vi

5 Section F
Academic Reading sample task – Matching headings

Section A
The role of governments in environmental management is difficult but inescapable. Sometimes,
the state tries to manage the resources it owns, and does so badly. Often, however,
governments act in an even more harmful way. They actually subsidise the exploitation and
consumption of natural resources. A whole range of policies, from farm-price support to
protection for coal-mining, do environmental damage and (often) make no economic sense.
Scrapping them offers a two-fold bonus: a cleaner environment and a more efficient economy.
Growth and environmentalism can actually go hand in hand, if politicians have the courage to
confront the vested interest that subsidies create.

Section B
No activity affects more of the earth's surface than farming. It shapes a third of the planet's land
area, not counting Antarctica, and the proportion is rising. World food output per head has risen
by 4 per cent between the 1970s and 1980s mainly as a result of increases in yields from land
already in cultivation, but also because more land has been brought under the plough. Higher
yields have been achieved by increased irrigation, better crop breeding, and a doubling in the
use of pesticides and chemical fertilisers in the 1970s and 1980s.

Section C
All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for
agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilisers and pesticides may
contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend
to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of
crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might
have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the
productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, where the most careful
measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was
losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil's productivity. The country subsequently
embarked upon a program to convert 11 per cent of its cropped land to meadow or forest.
Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America.

Section D
Government policies have frequently compounded the environmental damage that farming can
cause. In the rich countries, subsidies for growing crops and price supports for farm output
drive up the price of land. The annual value of these subsidies is immense: about $250 billion,
or more than all World Bank lending in the 1980s. To increase the output of crops per acre, a
farmer's easiest option is to use more of the most readily available inputs: fertilisers and
pesticides. Fertiliser use doubled in Denmark in the period 1960-1985 and increased in The
Netherlands by 150 per cent. The quantity of pesticides applied has risen too: by 69 per cent in
1975-1984 in Denmark, for example, with a rise of 115 per cent in the frequency of application
in the three years from 1981.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s some efforts were made to reduce farm subsidies. The most
dramatic example was that of New Zealand, which scrapped most farm support in 1984. A
study of the environmental effects, conducted in 1993, found that the end of fertiliser subsidies
had been followed by a fall in fertiliser use (a fall compounded by the decline in world
commodity prices, which cut farm incomes). The removal of subsidies also stopped land-
clearing and over-stocking, which in the past had been the principal causes of erosion. Farms
began to diversify. The one kind of subsidy whose removal appeared to have been bad for the
environment was the subsidy to manage soil erosion.
Academic Reading sample task – Matching headings

In less enlightened countries, and in the European Union, the trend has been to reduce rather
than eliminate subsidies, and to introduce new payments to encourage farmers to treat their
land in environmentally friendlier ways, or to leave it fallow. It may sound strange but such
payments need to be higher than the existing incentives for farmers to grow food crops.
Farmers, however, dislike being paid to do nothing. In several countries they have become
interested in the possibility of using fuel produced from crop residues either as a replacement
for petrol (as ethanol) or as fuel for power stations (as biomass). Such fuels produce far less
carbon dioxide than coal or oil, and absorb carbon dioxide as they grow. They are therefore
less likely to contribute to the greenhouse effect. But they are rarely competitive with fossil fuels
unless subsidised - and growing them does no less environmental harm than other crops.

Section E
In poor countries, governments aggravate other sorts of damage. Subsidies for pesticides and
artificial fertilisers encourage farmers to use greater quantities than are needed to get the
highest economic crop yield. A study by the International Rice Research Institute of pesticide
use by farmers in South East Asia found that, with pest-resistant varieties of rice, even
moderate applications of pesticide frequently cost farmers more than they saved. Such waste
puts farmers on a chemical treadmill: bugs and weeds become resistant to poisons, so next
year's poisons must be more lethal. One cost is to human health. Every year some 10,000
people die from pesticide poisoning, almost all of them in the developing countries, and another
400,000 become seriously ill. As for artificial fertilisers, their use world-wide increased by 40 per
cent per unit of farmed land between the mid 1970s and late 1980s, mostly in the developing
countries. Overuse of fertilisers may cause farmers to stop rotating crops or leaving their land
fallow. That, in turn, may make soil erosion worse.

Section F
A result of the Uruguay Round of world trade negotiations is likely to be a reduction of 36 per
cent in the average levels of farm subsidies paid by the rich countries in 1986-1990. Some of
the world's food production will move from Western Europe to regions where subsidies are
lower or non-existent, such as the former communist countries and parts of the developing
world. Some environmentalists worry about this outcome. It will undoubtedly mean more
pressure to convert natural habitat into farmland. But it will also have many desirable
environmental effects. The intensity of farming in the rich world should decline, and the use of
chemical inputs will diminish. Crops are more likely to be grown in the environments to which
they are naturally suited. And more farmers in poor countries will have the money and the
incentive to manage their land in ways that are sustainable in the long run. That is important.
To feed an increasingly hungry world, farmers need every incentive to use their soil and water
effectively and efficiently.
Academic Reading sample task – Matching headings

Answers:

1 v
2 vii
3 ii
4 iv
5 i
IELTS Reading: Matching Headings Practice 1

Pangolins

A) Pangolins, often called “scaly anteaters,” are covered in tough, overlapping scales. These burrowing
mammals eat ants and termites using an extraordinarily long, sticky tongue, and are able to quickly
roll themselves up into a tight ball when threatened. Eight different pangolin species can be found
across Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Poaching for illegal wildlife trade and habitat loss have made these
incredible creatures one of the most endangered groups of mammals in the world.

B) Pangolin species vary in size from about 1.6kg (~3.5 lbs) to a maximum of about 33kg (~73 lbs). They
vary in colour from light to yellowish brown through olive to dark brown. Protective, overlapping
scales cover most of their bodies. These scales are made from keratin — the same protein that forms
human hair and finger nails. Overlapping like artichoke leaves, the scales grow throughout the life of
a pangolin just like hair; scale edges are constantly filed down as pangolins dig burrows and tunnel
through the soil in search of termites and ants. Pangolin undersides do not have scales, and are
covered with sparse fur. Unlike African pangolins, Asian pangolins also have thick bristles that emerge
from between their scales. With small conical heads and jaws lacking teeth, pangolins have amazingly
long, muscular, and sticky tongues that are perfect for reaching and lapping up ants and termites in
deep cavities. Pangolins have poor vision, so they locate termite and ant nests with their strong sense
of smell.

C) There are eight pangolin species. All pangolins belong to the genus Manis in the family Manidae,
which is the only family within the order Pholidota. Pangolins’ closest living relatives are the
Xenarthrans – anteaters, armadillos, and sloths.

D) Pangolins are found in a variety of habitats including tropical and flooded forests, thick brush,
cleared and cultivated areas, and savannah grassland; in general they occur where large numbers of
ants and termites are found. Asian pangolins in particular are threatened by loss of habitat due to
expanding agriculture and other human uses. Pangolins dig deep burrows for sleeping and nesting
that contain circular chambers. Large chambers have been discovered in terrestrial pangolin burrows
that were big enough for a human to crawl inside and stand up. Some pangolin species such as the
Malayan pangolin also sleep in the hollows and forks of trees and logs.

E) These solitary mammals are nocturnal and highly secretive, thus it is difficult for scientists to study
them in the wild, and many mysteries remain about their habits. Some pangolin species such as the
Chinese pangolin sleep in underground burrows during the day, and others including African tree
pangolins and Malayan pangolins are known to sleep in trees. They emerge in the evening to forage
for insects. Pangolins are well adapted for digging: they dig burrows with their strong front legs and
claws, using their tails and rear legs for support and balance. Tunnelling underground, they excavate
the sides and roofs of passages by pushing up and from side to side with their tough scaled bodies.
They use their front and hind feet to back accumulated soil toward the burrow entrance, and
vigorously kick dirt out of the entrance up to a meter or more. Pangolin scales provide good defence
against predators. When threatened, pangolins can quickly curl into a ball, protecting their
defenceless undersides. They also deter predators by hissing and puffing, and lashing their sharp
edged tails.

F) Pangolins live predominantly on a diet of ants and termites, which they may supplement with
various other invertebrates including bee larvae, flies, worms, earthworms, and crickets. This specialist
diet makes them extremely difficult to maintain in captivity—they often reject unfamiliar insect
species or become ill when fed foreign food. Wild pangolins locate insect nests using a well developed

www.ieltsliz.com
IELTS Reading: Matching Headings Practice 2

sense of smell. Voraciously digging ants and termites from mounds, stumps, and fallen logs with their
claws, they use their extremely long sticky tongues to capture and eat them.

G) Pangolins are hunted for food, for use in traditional medicine and as fashion accessories, and for a
rampant illegal international trade in scales, skins, and meat. There is high demand for nearly all of
their body parts, principally from China. The large-scale illegal trade in Asian pangolins is drastically
driving down their numbers throughout Southeast Asia. Rapid loss and deterioration of available
habitat places added pressure on the dwindling numbers of remaining pangolins.

Matching Headings

Choose the correct heading from the list below (i - xi)

i) The Asian pangolin


ii) Distribution and habitat
iii) Pangolin behaviour
iv) Taxonomy
v) Pangolin burrows
vi) The pangolin trade
vii) Comparison of pangolin species
viii) What is a pangolin?
ix) Description of a pangolin
x) Why pangolins are endangered
xi) The pangolin diet

Questions 1 - 7

1. Paragraph A =
2. Paragraph B =
3. Paragraph C =
4. Paragraph D =
5. Paragraph E =
6. Paragraph F =
7. Paragraph G =

www.ieltsliz.com
Aptis Exam Reading Task 4

Read the text below. Match the headings A-F to the paragraphs 1- 6. Your answers:

A Controversial Olympics 0) 5

B Black athletes not given their deserved and true recognition 19)

C Noteworthy athletes in the Olympics 20)

D There is a first for everything. 21)

E The Olympics as a groundbreaking event 22)

F The Olympics as a unifier? 23)

G The expected and the unexpected 24)

1. It is generally agreed that the first black athlete to compete and win a medal in the Olympic Games was
George Poage, an American, who was awarded a bronze medal in the 400m hurdle. It was 1904, the third
modern Olympics since the games had been resurrected by Pierre de Coubertin in 1896. In the same afternoon,
another African-American, Joseph Stadler, received a silver medal for the high jump event and the following
day Poage secured another bronze, this time for the 200m hurdle.

2. This was the triumphant start of what would be countless victories for black athletes at the Olympic Games.
Since 1904, many black athletes representing countries including those in which they are usually part of a
minority ethnic group (for example, countries in North America, Europe and Asia) have achieved outstanding
success. Notable athletes include: Jesse Owens, winner of four gold medals for the USA at the 1936 Berlin
Olympics; Wilma Rudolph (USA), who received three gold medals at Rome in 1960, Mohammed Ali (then
Cassius Clay) (USA), who was awarded with the light-heavyweight boxing title also in 1960; Daley Thompson for
Great Britain who obtained a gold medal for the decathlon event in 1980 at Moscow and another at the 1984
Los Angeles Olympics; Linford Christie (GB), who won gold in the 100m sprint at Barcelona in 1992; Denise
Lewis (GB) winning gold in the heptathlon event at Sydney in 2000; and Kelly Holmes (GB), who was awarded
two gold medals in 2004 at the Athens Olympics.

3. Despite the undeniable success of numerous black athletes in the Olympic Games throughout the twentieth
century, their situation both on and off the field has sometimes proven difficult. A significant number of black
athletes have felt they had to negotiate the often complex issues of representing a country in which they are
ethnically a minority. The participation of minority black athletes in the Olympic Games has often revealed and
mirrored inequalities in society as a whole. For instance, before (and during) the Civil Rights Movement,
African-American athletes were members of the USA Olympic team, and revered within this role, yet when
they returned to the USA they were unable to share public spaces with white people or even drink from the
same water fountains. Furthermore, some athletes have used the Olympics as a stage for protest against racial
prejudice within and outside of their own countries.
4. At the same time, a considerable proportion of people (of different ethnicities as well as athletes and non-
athletes) would argue that sport - in particular Olympic participation - has the power to diminish ethnic and
racial inequalities, and has been significant in overcoming problems of racial discrimination. After all, the
Olympic Games is an environment where people from a broad range of ethnic, cultural and socio-economic
backgrounds compete together and are watched by an equally diverse audience. On the other hand, some
would (and have) argued that the involvement of minority black athletes in the Olympic arena, and in particular
scrutiny of their successes within this field, has exacerbated existing racial prejudices and stereotypes in ways
which intensify social, economic and cultural divisions between ethnic groups.

5. It was in Berlin in 1936, a unique point in time for the Olympic Games, that Jesse Owens triumphed in the
face of extreme racial prejudice through his successes on the field. Germany was under Nazi occupation, and
Chancellor Adolf Hitler was eager not only to promote the city of Berlin, but also to demonstrate Aryan athletic
'superiority'. Owens, then 22, was one of a number of black athletes in the USA team which also included
Cornelius Johnson, who would go onto win gold for the high jump.

6. Somewhat surprisingly given the context, the black athletes enjoyed more freedom in Nazi Germany than
they did back home in the USA, and were able to mix freely with the white majority population. Unsurprisingly,
however, Hitler appeared to purposely snub the black athletes, refusing to congratulate the black winners,
although a different version of events claims that he was merely fulfilling his role as host to remain neutral
(Barry, 1975).

7. What is certain is that Hitler was extremely displeased with the defeat of German athletes by black
Americans in several key track and field events, as recalled by his architect Albert Speer (Speer, 1970). Owens
and his other winning black team-mates, through their success in the Olympic arena had unsettled Hitler's
racial purity propaganda, especially as the German audience were undoubtedly enamoured with Owens (Barry,
1975). Although this was a relatively small victory, particularly in light of the Nazi's atrocities, it is however an
important example of how the Olympic Games have acted as a stage for playing out the struggle for racial
equality.

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi