Learning Outcomes

* Discuss domestic violence and how it leads to abuse

* Define child abuse and identify warning signs
* Describe and explain child abuse categories
* Describe the procedures for child abuse reporting
* Identify ways to communicate with parents about child abuse and neglect

Domestic Violence
* Daily violent crimes are announced
* Most involve women and children
* Major health problem
* Victims of domestic violence are victims of abuse or their children are victims of
abuse
* 5 types: sexual, physical, stalking, psychological/emotional aggression, and control
of reproductive or sexual health.
* Patrick Stewart talks about domestic violence Domestic violence is among us,
although it commonly goes unnoticed. Government intervention needs to take the
initiative in violence of women. Nearly 50% of women in the UK have claimed they
have been apart of some form of violence.
Effects of Domestic Violence on Children
* 30–60 percent of individuals who are violent toward their partner also abuse their
children
Early Warning Signs of Abusers
* Tells you to stop seeing your friends and family
* Tells you to stop participating in things that interest you
* Gets upset and aggressive easily
* Requires to know where you are at all times
* Does not respect your space

Organizations Against Domestic Violence

* National Coalition Against Domestic Violence: the mission is to organize for
cellective power by advancing transformative work, thinking and leadership of
communities and individuals working to end the violence in our lives.

* National Center on Domestic Violence, Trauma and Mental Health: The mission is
to develop and promote accessible, culturally relevant, and trauma-informed
 responses to domestic violence and other lifetime trauma so that survivors and
their children can access the resources that are essential to their safety and well-
being.

* Stand! For Families Free of Violence: ...breaking the multi-generational cycle of

violence, promoting safe and strong relationship, and rebuilding lives.
Defining Child Abuse
* Physical or mental injury
* Sexual
* Negligent treatment or maltreatment of a child under the age of 18
* National Response: By 1967 all 50 states had legislation to facilitate the reporting
of child abuse.
* National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect: was created in 1974 by P.L 93-247.
The NCCAN disseminates information through the clearinghouse on child abuse
and neglect.
* Public Law 93-247

Why is there abuse?

* Inappropriate expectations: Abusive parents often perceive the child’s abilities to
be greater than they are.
* Lack of empathy : Abusive parents often did not experience loving care when
they were growing up, so they do not have a model to follow.
* Belief in physical punishment : belief that physical punishment is necessary to
rear their children without spoiling them.
* Parent-child role reversal: Children are looked upon by the parents as providing
the love and support that the parents needs.
* Social isolation: Is recognized by most child abuse researchers as factor that
perpetuates neglect and abuse.
* Difficulty experiencing pleasure : In other abusing families, the parents do not
enjoy life.
* Intergenerational ties: the majority of maltreated children do not maltreat their
own children.

Child Abuse in a Global Context

* Hauschka – Who Lived Here? | #ENDviolence Against Children | UNICEF
* Maltreatment :
* Neglect: Child neglect and physical neglect and emotional neglect.
* Exploitation:
* Physical labor: welt, cuts, bruises, burns, or fractures.
* Commercial sex exploitation:
* Child wedlock
* Child soldiering
* Child trafficking
Who are the victims?
* Youngest children most at risk : 5.8 million children were involved in 3.2 million
 child abuse reports.

* Children with disabilities: Are more likely to be abuse not only in the united states
but also around the world.

* Who are most likely to be the perpetrators: : 80% are victims parents. Harsh
discipline seems to be relevant in abusive parents.

Child Abuse Categories

* Neglect: Fail to care properly.
* The Science of Neglect
* Educational neglect:: parents fail to make sure their child attends school, or fail to
tend to any special educational needs of the child.
* Emotional neglect:: refusal to provide psychological help if the child needs ti.
Physical Abuse
* Repetition of injury
* Bruises on unusual places
* Burns
* Fractured burns
* Laceration
* Abrasions
* Shaken Baby Syndrome: the force in which an angry adult might shake a child is 5
to 10 times greater than if the child had simply fallen.

Emotional Abuse
* Terrorizing
* Continued rejection of the child
* Refusal to provide needed nurturance
* Refusal to provide help for a child’s psychological problems
* Lack of needed mental or physical stimulation
* Forced involvement with drugs, criminal activities, and other corruptive forces

Sexual Abuse
* Incest
* Pedophilia
* Exhibitionism
* Molestation
* Sexual intercourse
* Rape
* Sexual sadism
* Child pornography
* Child Prostitution
Responsibility to Report
* Reporting Child Abuse and Neglect: Laws in each state require them to report.
* Who Reported Maltreatment Cases?: medical, legal, and human-service
professionals, and educators.
* Parent and Child Behaviors as Indications of Abuse and Neglect Abuse: physical
abuse, physical neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional maltreatment.
* The Child of Preschool Age: fear of parents, missing often, evidence of physical
abuse, behavior changes, sores, bruises, cuts, inadequately dressed, “mother.”
* The Child of Elementary School Age: aggressive disruptive, miss classes, bear
evidence, lack social skills, learning problems that can’t be diagnosed, sensitive,
inadequately dressed, tired, malnourished.
* The Secondary-Level Student: assumed too much responsibility, overly controlled
behavior, regulating rules and policy, communication problems, act out sexually,
does the student lack freedom and friends.

Responsibility to Report
* The School System and Child Abuse:
* Better Information and Education on Reporting:
* Internet Safety: preventative software.
* Bullying and Violence in Schools: Bullying is a relationship-based form of
aggression, which involves the use of various behaviors to humiliate, dominate,
and oppress others.
* Awareness of Abuse, Child to Child: bullying or teasing.
* Can Teachers Make a Difference?: Teachers are extremely important to a child’s
feeling adequate, competent, and cared for.
* Corporal Punishment in Schools: by 2007 29 states had banned corporal
punishment.
* 1. Get a copy of the discipline code
* 2. Write a letter and have a pediatrician sign it.
* 3. If the child has a disability, ask to have a statement included in the IEP that prohibits the child
from receiving corporal punishment.
* 4. If a child is injured, take the child to a physician or emergency room and ask that pictures be
taken of the injury.
* 5. Talk with the child to make sure he or she doesn't feel blame for the punishment
* 6. Organize a ban in the school district on corporal punishment.

Responsibility to Report
* Why Do Abuse and Neglect Continue to Happen?: Family income, gender, family
size, race or ethnicity, type of community, exposure to violence.
* Characteristics and Risk Factors of Abusive Parents: The psychological model,
the sociological, and the parent child interaction model.
* Development of Policies: School districts and childcare centers need to develop
the policies and training programs vital to successful child abuse interventions.
* Needs Assessment: must determine the prevention and protections delivery
 systems.
* Policy: should be written in compliance with the requirements of each state’s
reporting statue,details of which may be learned by consulting the state’s attorney
general.

Reporting Sources
Communication with Families
* How to Talk with Children and Parents

Programs to Prevent Abuse

* Parent Education
* Caring Programs
* The Community Caring Project.
* Support Offered by Schools
* Checklist for Schools and Centers

Programs after Recognizing Abuse

* Parents Anonymous: self-help program that gives parents the chance to share
their feeling with others
* Community Help: help by parent-aides, homemakers, and health visitors.