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ARAVINTHKUMAR.T 714112103302
ARULSENTHURNATHAN.A 714112103303
BALACHANDAR.O.R. 714112103304
HARI.K 714112103306
SIVARAMAKRISHNAN.C 714112103310
THENDRAL.K 714112103312
VISWANATH.B 714112103313
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
APRIL – 2015
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI - 600 025
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Certified that this project report “SURVEY CAMP” is the bonafide work of
Signature Signature
BATCH NO:11
MARKS STAFF
S.NO REG.NO STUDENT NAME
OBTAINED INITIAL
1. 714112103302 ARAVINTHKUMAR.T
2. 714112103303 ARULSENTHURNATHAN.A
3. 714112103304 BALACHANDAR.O.R.
4. 714112103306 HARI.K
5. 714112103310 SIVARAMAKRISHNAN.C
6. 714112103312 THENDRAL.K
7. 714112103313 VISWANATH.B
4
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL:
The survey camp of 2014-2015 was organized by S.G.I.T CAMPUS for the sixth
semester civil engineering students, 66 in number. The duration of the camp was ten days
from 15/12/2014 to 24/12/2014 the places in and around the Rathnagiri Murugan Temple
were chosen for surveying.
5
INSTRUCTIONS
INTRODUCTION:
This manual is intended to guide you through several survey works during survey camp.
Because of the nature of the work, you may have to say in the camp director. All students
everyday to the camp site as planned and arranged by the camp director. All students must
start to the camp site from one place which also will be informed by the camp director/HOD.
Read this manual as well as text books before commencing your work at the field. Being
prepared will help you to finish the field work early. You may require to perform calculations
after regular camp hours. Anticipate and adapt to any unexpected bad weather etc.
All reading must be noted using pen. Pencil should not be used in the field book except
drawing sketch or diagram if needed. Each batch must submit the field book to the camp
director/staff in charge for your batch. At the end of the survey camp, a survey report must be
submitted by each student which is considered to be an engineering technical report. Consider
this manual as only a guideline for preparing the survey report. Students are strictly advised
not to copy the wording, procedure, results, and conclusions given in this manual. As such,
you will be evaluated on your ability to clearly communicate your methodology, results, and
ideas to others. All charts, plots and drawings should be original.
SAFETY:
Safety is our prime concern at all times. If your conduct is deemed to compromise
safety regulations, you may be asked to leave camp and disciplinary action will be taken. Do
not perform unauthorized experiments by yourself. Never leave the survey equipments
unattended in the field. There must be no fooling around in the camp site. The students are
strictly advised to wear shoes during the entire hours of the camp as a measure of safety.
BHATCHES:
The readings are to be done by the batch as grouped by the camp director/HOD and
report should be submitted by each student. Team work is also an important aspect of this
course and it will enhance your performance.
6
FIELD WORK SCHEDULE:
The students must come prepared for their sessions to complete the field work as
scheduled.
Do’s:
Don’ts:
1. Instruments, ranging rods, pegs, arrow, staves etc have to be used only for
field work purposes. Inappropriate use of the above such accessories will
lead to disciplinary action/penalty.
2. Instruments must not be operated in a rough/violent manner.
NO MAKE-UPS:
Students must participate in the camp for all days as scheduled. Camp will not be
arranged for the students who miss it.
7
CONTENTS
1. TRILATERATION
1.1 Introduction 14
1.2 Base Line 14
1.2.1 Selection of Site for Base Line 14
1.3 Stations 14
1.4 Instruments Used 15
1.5 Routine of Trilateration 15
1.6 Reconnaissance 15
1.7 Erection of Signals and Towers 15
1.8 Measurement of Length of the Sides 16
1.9 Checking the Length of the Sides 16
1.10 Astronomical Observations at Laplace Stations 17
1.11 (A) – Observations Using Subtense Bar 18
1.11 (B) - Observation Using Theodolite 18
1.12 Field Measurements 19
1.13 Calculations 19
1.14 Area Calculation 22
1.15 Results 23
1.16 Conclusion 24
8
2.6 Procedure 28
2.7 Corrections 29
2.7.1 Correction For Temperature 29
2.7.2 Correction For Pull 29
2.7.3 Correction For Sag 29
2.7.4 Correction For Tape 29
2.7.5 Standard Values 30
2.8 Observation & Tabulation 30
2.9 Calculations 31
2.9.1 Base Line Of AB Station 31
2.9.2 Vertical Distance Of AB 31
2.9.3 To Find Out Distance Of Sides 31
2.9.4 Area Calculation 35
2.9.5 To Find Intermediate Distance Of Points 38
2.9.6 To Find Out Vertical Distance Of Points 40
2.9.7 Determine The Reduce Level Of Points 41
2.9.8 Determine The Latitude Of Points 42
2.10 Result 46
2.11 Conclusion 46
4. BLOCK CONTOURING
4.1 Introduction 70
4.2 Instruments Used 70
4.3 Reconnaissance 70
4.4 Procedure 70
4.5 Observation & Tabulation 72
4.6 Result 74
4.7 Conclusion 74
5. HIGHWAY PROJECT
5.1 Introduction 76
5.2 Instruments Used 76
5.3 Reconnaissance 76
5.4 Procedure 76
5.5 Observation and Tabulation 77
5.7 Result 100
5.8 Conclusion 100
10
6. TRIANGULATION
6.1 Introduction 102
6.2 Baseline 102
6.2.1 Selection of Site for Baseline 102
6.3 Triangulation Station 102
6.4 Instruments Used 103
6.5 Routine of Triangulation Survey 103
6.6 Reconnaissance 103
6.7 Erection of Signals and Towers 104
6.8 Measurement of Base Lines 104
6.9 Measurement of Horizontal Angles 104
6.10 Astronomical Observations at Place Stations 105
6.11 Observation & Tabulation 106
6.12 Calculations 107
6.13 Results 114
6.14 Conclusion 115
7. RADIAL CONTOURING
7.1 Introduction 117
7.2 Instruments Used 117
7.3 Reconnaissance 117
7.4 Procedure 117
7.5 Observation & Tabulation 119
7.6 Result 122
7.7 Conclusion 122
11
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 8.0 - THE AZIMUTH OF A SURVEY LINE BY OBSERVATION ON THE SUN 124
12
1. TRILATERATION
13
EX. NO:
DATE:
1. TRILATERATION
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Trilateration is a method of calculating the distance between the station points of a
closed traverse. The trilateration work was carried out in the S.G.I.T.campus. In this method,
the lengths of the sides and diagonals of the quadrilaterals are measured and then the
necessary correction are made.
The measurement of base line forms the most important part of the triangulation
operations. The base line is laid down with great accuracy of measurement and alignment as
it forms the basis for the computations of triangulation system.
Since the accuracy in the measurement of the baseline depends upon the site
conditions, the following points be taken into consideration while selecting the site:
The site should be fairly level.
The site should free from obstructions through the whole of the length.
The extremities of the base should be intervisible at ground level.
The ground should be reasonably firm and smooth.
The site should extension to primary triangulation.
1.3 STATIONS:
The selection of stations is based upon the following considerations:
The trilateration station should be intervisible. For this purpose, they should be placed
upon the most elevated ground.
They should from well shaped triangles. No angles should be smaller than 30° or
greater than 120°.
They should be so selected that the length of sight is neither too small nor too large.
14
1.4 INSTRUMENTS USED:
1. Theodolite
2. Ranging rods
3. 30m chain
4. Subtense Bar
Reconnaissance
Computations
1.6 RECONNAISSANCE:
Trilateration was carried out in the S.G.I.T.campus. Reconnaissance survey at the site
was done before starting the work. The area was grassy with some short herbs. There was no
obstruction to the survey work. Food, instruments, transportation was also easier as it was
within our college campus.
A tower is a structure erected over a station for the support of the instrument and
observing party and is provided when the station or the signal or both to be elevated.
Since the survey is done on temporary stations a rigid, smooth and flat surface is
selected and the instrument and observing party are setup over that and the
observations are taken.
15
1.8 MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH OF THE SIDES:
1. At first the instrument is setup at station A and all the temporary adjustments like
centring, levelling, and focusing are done.
2. The venire A is made to 0 and thus venire B as 180 and the instrument is made as face
left. Now the lower clamp of the theodolite is loosened and the targets placed at B
point is bisected for exact bisection. Exact bisection of the station is done using the
lower tangential screw.
3. Through telescope the line AB is ranged and the length AB by using subtense bar for
finding horizontal distance.
4. Similarly, the other sides of the triangle i.e., length AP measured from A to P, and
length BP is measured by ranging and chaining from station B to P.
5. Likewise various triangles are formed within the given quadrilateral plot and the sides
of all other triangles such as ∆𝐴𝑃𝐵, ∆𝐵𝑃𝑄, ∆𝐴𝑄𝐵 are measured by chaining along the
sides of these triangles.
6. The measured length of the sides of the triangles is then noted in observations.
2) The theodolite instrument is kept at the target station A and the initial
adjustments and the side of triangles calculating by using sine rule.
3) The target is kept at the target station B and the ray by observing the
levelling staff in the target the accurate length between the two stations can
be determined.
4) Similarly all other all other length of the sides of the four triangles are
determined.
16
1.10 ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS AT LAPLACE STATIONS:
1. Setup the theodolite and perform all the three temporary adjustments.
3. Keep face left and direct the telescope, bisect the ranging rod at P
4. Now tighter the lower clamp and release the upper lamp
5. Swing the telescope and bring the image of the sun to the I-quadrant of the cross hair
6. For making the vertical and horizontal hair tangential to the image of the sun, use the
upper clamp and vertical circle clamp. Immediately note down the time, horizontal
angle and vertical angle.
7. Change the face and release the upper clamp and vertical circle clamp and being the
image of the sun to the III quadrant, making the horizontal and vertical hairs
tangential to the image. Immediately note down the time, vertical angle and horizontal
circle reading.
8. Average of the concerned two values gives that value corresponding to the sun.
17
1.11 (A) - OBSERVATION USING SUBTENSE BAR:
TABLE – 1.1 FROM C BLOCK TO A BLOCK
HORIZONTAL ANGLE
MEAN
FACE SIGHT TO VERNIER A VERNIER B
0° 0' 0'' 0° 0' 0'' 0° 0' 0''
ALIDADE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LEFT LEFT END 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
RIGHT END 1 57 20 1 54 40 1 56 0
ALIDADE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
RIGHT LEFT END 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
RIGHT END 1 55 0 1 57 20 1 56 10
MEAN= 1 56 5
HORIZONTAL VERTICAL
STADIA ANGLE ANGLE
STATION POINT
READING
REMARK
0º 0’ 0” 0º 0’ 0”
P 0 0 0 1 22 0 Red tower
A Q 1.555 68 5 0 1 56 20 Temple Tower
B 112 1 30 4 21 30 Station Point
A 0 0 0 4 22 0 Station Point
B P 1.395 62 2 35 1 23 35 Red tower
Q 122 4 0 2 4 0 Temple Tower
18
1.12 FIELD MEASUREMENTS:
Where,
𝜃1 = 46°56′ 30′′ α = 112°01′30′′
𝜃2 = 65°05′00′′
𝜃3 = 60°02′35′′ β = 122°04′00′′
𝜃4 = 62°01′25′′
𝜃5 = 180° − (α + 𝜃3) = 7°55′55′′
𝜃6 = 180° − (β + 𝜃1) = 10°59′30′′
1.13 CALCULATIONS:
AB = D = { 206265*(S/θ) }
Where, S = Length of Subtense Bar
θ = Subtended Angle = 1°56'05''
AB = 206265 * (3/ 1°56'05'')
AB = 88.84m
19
1.13.2 To find out distance of side:
i)< 𝐀𝐏𝐁
Θ5= 7°55’55’’
Θ3= 60°02’35’’
α= 112°01’30’’
ii)< 𝐀𝐐𝐁
Θ1 = 46°56’30’’
Θ6 = 10°59’30’’
β= 122°04’00’’
20
To calculate the Distance of BQ:
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑄 𝐴𝑄
= =
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ6 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑄
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ6 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ1
88.84
BQ = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(46°56’30”)
sin(10°59’30”)
BQ = 340.45 m
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑄
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
88.84
AQ= 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(122°04’00”)
sin(10°59’30”)
AQ = 394.86 m
BP = 596.80 m
BQ = 340.45 m
PQ = √ 𝐵𝑃² + 𝐵𝑄 2
PQ = √ 596.8² + 340.45²
PQ = 678.08 m
21
1.14AREA CALCULATION
Formulas:
Area, A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
Where, S =
2
𝐢) < 𝐀𝐏𝐁
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S=
2
557.77+596.80+88.84
=
2
S= 621.71 m
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S=
2
678.08+596.80+340.45
=
2
S= 807.66 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
A =√807.66(129.58𝑋210.86𝑋467.21)
a = PQ = 678.08 m
Area of PQB = 101539.83 m2 b = BP = 596.80 m
Area of PQB = 25.09 Acre c = BQ = 340.45 m
Area of PQB = 10.15 Hectare
22
Total Area = APB + PQB
= 5.68 + 25.09
Total Area = 30.77 Acre
i) Area = 30.77 Acre
ii) Area = 124510.71 m2
iii) Area = 12.45 Hectare
1.15 RESULTS:
AB = 88.84 m BP = 596.80 m
AP = 577.77 m BQ = 340.45 m
AQ = 394.86 m PQ = 678.08 m
Area = 124510.71 m2
23
Figure 2.1 – Trilteration Result
1.16 CONCLUSION:
The angles found by the cosine formula were used to find the co-ordinates of various
stations.
Through trilateration, we learnt to calculate the dimensions of closed traverse. This
finds the application in large survey projects like urban rehabilitation and land use.
24
2. DETERMINATION OF
THE LATITUDE OF THE
PLACE OF
OBSERVATION
25
EX. NO:
DATE:
2.2 TRIANGULATION:
The horizontal control in geodetic survey is established either by triangulation system
consists of number of inter connected triangles in which the length of only one line a/called
the base lines and the angles of the triangles are measured very precisely. Knowing the length
of one side and the three angles, the length of other two sides of each triangle is computed.
The apex of the triangle is called the triangulation station. The main advantage of
triangulation is that it tends to accumulation of errors subsidiary bases are also selected.
26
2.3.2BASE LINE MEASUREMENT:
The measurement of base line forms the most important part of the triangulations.
The base line is laid with great accuracy of measurement and alignment at it terms the basis
for the computation of triangulation system.
1. Three standardized tapes one for fixed measurement and the other two for
standardizing the fixed tape.
2. Straining device, making tripods supporting tripods.
27
3. A steel tape for spacing tripods
4. 6 thermometers – 4 for measuring temperature of field tape and 2 for
standardization.
2.4.2 OTHER INSTRUMENTS USED:
1. Theodolite
2. Invar steel
3. Small tripods
4. Weights – 5,8,10kgs
5. Dumpy level
6. Staff
2.5 ADVANTAGES:
1. Due to greater length of flexible apparatus, a wider choice of base site is
available.
2. The speed of measurement is quicker and thus less expansive, in this project
the invar tape is used to measure the tape.
2.6 PROCEDURE:
To start with the theodolite is set on any one of the stations say A. The work is carried
towards B.
The station B is sighted through the telescope of the theodolite.
The tripods are ranged along the line of the theodolite at approximately equidistant
between them such that the invar tape is divided into segments.
The invar tape is stretched on the knife edge of the tripods and the end is connected to
straining rods. To the other end of the tape weights are put to eliminate sagging of
tape to certain extent.
One thing is too kept in mind that means the main divisions of the tape should rest
over the knife edge of the tripod which helps to read the length directly.
The level staff is kept on top of tripod and levels are taken the difference in level
between two successive tripods is taken as h.
If the base line is too length than the tape the theodolite is shifted and again ranged
towards B and then towards A and the tripods are shifted and placed in the forward
directions.
28
The absolute length of the base line is then obtained by applying corrections of
temperature, slope, sag and pull.
2.7 CORRECTIONS:
2.7.1 CORRECTION FOR TEMPERATURE:
The correction for temperature is given by Ct = ∝ (Tm – To)
Where,
A = co efficient of linear expansion
To=temperature at which the tape is standardized
Tm= temperature measured during measurement
Ct = temperature measured during measurement
29
2.7.5 STANDARD VALUES:
(corresponding to invar tape)
1. Standard temperature = 20c
2. Standard pull = 10kgs
HORIZONTAL VERTICAL
STADIA
STATION POINT ANGLE ANGLE REMARK
READING
0º 0’ 0” 0º 0’ 0”
P 0 0 0 1 4 20 Red tower
Q 19 45 10 1 20 40 Multi drum Tower
R 37 47 10 0 40 40 Yellow Tank
A S 1.225 54 52 10 0 40 0 Green tank Tower
T 64 13 30 0 36 20 Near Black Tower
U 74 4 5 0 26 30 Temple Tower
B 78 2 0 1 22 0 Station Point
A 0 0 0 1 04 0 Station Point
P 19 40 35 0 22 15 Red tower
Q 35 20 0 0 55 0 Multi drum Tower
B R 1.540 37 21 0 0 38 10 Yellow Tank
S 109 0 30 1 36 10 Green tank Tower
T 125 20 30 2 04 0 Near Black Tower
U 171 45 10 0 55 0 Temple Tower
30
2.9 CALCULATIONS:
AB = D = Ks cos2𝜃 + Ccos𝜃
so K=100 & C = 0
D = AB = 189.90 m
Ks sin 2𝜃
V= + C sinθ
2
100𝑋1.86𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑋2°01′22")
=
2
V = 4.43 m
i)< 𝐀𝐏𝐁
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑃 𝐵𝑃
= =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑃
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽1
α 1 = 78º02’00”
189.9
AP = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(19°40’35”) β 1 = 19°40’35”
sin(82°17’25”)
1 = 82º17’25’’
AP = 64.52 m
31
To calculate of distance of AB:
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑃
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1
189.9
BP = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(78º02’00”)
sin(82°17’25”)
BP = 187.44 m
ii)< 𝐀𝐐𝐁
𝐴𝑄 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑄
= =
sin 𝛾 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼2
𝐴𝑄 𝐴𝐵
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽2
189.9
AQ = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(35°20′00")
sin(86°23’10”)
α 2 = 58º16’50’’
AQ = 110.04 m β 2 = 86º23’10”
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑄
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼2
189.9
BQ = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(58°16'50'')
sin(86°23’10”)
BQ = 161.86 m
32
iii)< 𝐀𝐑𝐁
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑅 𝐵𝑅
= =
sin 𝛾 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼3
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑅
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽3
α 3 = 40°14’50”
189.9
𝐴𝑅 = 𝑋 sin(37°21′00”)
sin(102°24 ′ 10”) β 3 = 37°21′00”
3 = 102°24′10”
AR = 117.96 m
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑅
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼3
189.90
𝐵𝑅 = 𝑋 sin(40°14’50”)
sin(102°24′10”)
BR= 125.62 m
iv)< 𝐀𝐒𝐁
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑆 𝐵𝑆
= =
sin 𝛾 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼4
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑆
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽4
189.90
α 4 = 23°09′50”
𝐴𝑆 = 𝑋 sin(109°00′30”)
sin(47°49′ 40”)
β 4 = 109°00′30”
33
To calculate the distance of BS:
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑆
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼4
189.90
𝐵𝑆 = 𝑋 sin(23°09′50”)
sin(47°49′ 40”)
BS = 100.79 m
v)< 𝐀𝐓𝐁
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑇 𝐵𝑇
= =
sin 𝛾 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼5
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑇
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽5
189.90
𝐴𝑇 = 𝑋 sin(125°20′30”)
sin(139°09′ 30”)
AT =236.86 m
α 5 = 13°48′30”
β 5 = 125°20′30”
To calculate the distance of BT:
5 = 139º09’00’’
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑇
=
sin 𝛾 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼5
189.90
𝐵𝑇 = 𝑋sin(13°48′30”)
sin(139°09′ 30”)
BT = 69.30 m
34
vi)< 𝐀𝐔𝐁
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑈 𝐵𝑈
= =
sin 𝛾 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼6
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑈
=
sin 𝛾 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼6
189.90
𝐵𝑈 = 𝑋 sin(3°57′55”)
sin(04°14′55”)
BU = 175.87 m
AU = 364.83 m
Formulas:
a+b+c
Where, S =
2
𝐢) < 𝐀𝐏𝐁
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S=
2
64.52+189.9+187.47
= a = AP = 64.52 m
2
b = AB = 189.90 m
S= 220.945 m c = BP = 187.47 m
35
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
A =√220.495(155.975𝑋30.595𝑋33.025)
a+b+c
S=
2
110.04+189.9+161.86
=
2
S = 230.9 m a = AQ = 110.04 m
b = AB = 189.90 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
c = BQ = 161.86 m
A =√230.9(120.86𝑋41𝑋69.04)
𝐯𝐢)< 𝐀𝐑𝐁
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S=
2
117.96+189.90+125.62
=
2
S = 216.74 m
a = AR = 117.96 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
b = AB = 189.90 m
A =√216.74(98.78𝑋26.84𝑋91.12) c = BR = 125.62m
36
Area of ARB = 7236.06 m2
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S=
2
242.25+189.90+100.79
=
2
S = 266.47 m
A =√266.47(24.22𝑋76.57𝑋165.68)
a = AS = 242.25 m
Area of ASB = 9048.48 m2
b = AB = 189.90 m
Area of ASB = 2.235Acre c = BS = 100.79 m
A =√248.03(11.17𝑋58.13𝑋178.73)
a = AT = 236.86 m
Area of ATB = 5365.09 m2
b = AB = 189.90 m
Area of ATB = 1.326 Acre
c = BT = 69.30 m
Area of ATB = 0.536 Hectare
37
𝐯) < 𝐀𝐔𝐁
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S =
2
364.83+189.90+175.87
=
2
S = 365.30 m
A =√365.30(0.47𝑋175.4𝑋189.43) a = AU = 364.83 m
b = AB = 189.90 m
Area of SEF = 2388.43 m2
c = BU = 175.87 m
Area of SEF = 0.59Acre
= 1.456+2.196+1.788+2.235+1.326+0.59
PQ DISTANCE:
∝ = 19º45’10’’
AP = 64.52 m
AQ = 110.04 m
38
PQ = √𝐴𝑃2 + 𝐴𝑄 2 − 2𝐴𝑝𝑋𝐴𝑄𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
PQ = 53.92 m
QR DISTANCE:
∝ = 18º02’00’’
AR = 117.96 m
AQ = 110.04 m
QR = √𝐴𝑃2 + 𝐴𝑅 2 − 2𝐴𝑄𝑋𝐴𝑅𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
QR = 36.58 m
RS DISTANCE:
∝ = 17º15’10’’
AR = 117.96 m
AS = 242.25 m
RS = √𝐴𝑅 2 + 𝐴𝑆 2 − 2𝐴𝑆𝑋𝐴𝑅𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
RS = 134.05 m
ST DISTANCE:
∝ = 9°21′20"
AT = 236.86 m
AS = 242.25 m
ST = √𝐴𝑆 2 + 𝐴𝑇 2 − 2𝐴𝑆𝑋𝐴𝑇𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
= √242.252 + 236.862 − 2(242.25 𝑋 236.86) 𝑥cos(9°21′20")
ST = 39.43 m
39
TU DISTANCE:
∝ = 9°50′35"
AT = 236.86m
AU = 364.83 m
TU = √𝐴𝑆 2 + 𝐴𝑇 2 − 2𝐴𝑆𝑋𝐴𝑇𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
TU = 137.55 m
VERTICAL DISTANCE AT Q:
V = 𝐷 tan 𝛼 Where,
= 110.04 X tan 01º20’40’’ D = AQ Distance = 110.04 m
V = 2.58 m α = Vertical angle of AP = 01º20’40’’
VERTICAL DISTANCE AT R:
V = 𝐷 tan 𝛼 Where,
= 117.96 X tan 00º40’40’’ D = AR Distance = 117.96 m
V = 1.395 m α = Vertical angle of AP = 00º40’40’’
VERTICAL DISTANCE AT S:
V = 𝐷 tan 𝛼 Where,
= 242.25 X tan 00º40’00’’ D = AP Distance = 242.25 m
V = 2.82 m α = Vertical angle of AP = 00º40’00’’
40
VERTICAL DISTANCE AT T:
V = 𝐷 tan 𝛼 Where,
= 236.86 X tan 00º36’20’’ D = AP Distance = 236.86 m
V = 2.50 m α = Vertical angle of AP = 00º36’20’’
VERTICAL DISTANCE AT U:
V = 𝐷 tan 𝛼 Where,
= 364.83 X tan 00º26’30’’ D = AP Distance = 364.83 m
V = 2.81 m α = Vertical angle of AP = 00º26’30’’
= 100 + 11.895
= 110.67 m
41
Reduce level of S = R.L. of BM + H.I - V
= 100 + 11.895 – 2.82
= 109.075 m
LATITUDE AT POINT P:
Quadrant - IV
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
At point P = N 1W
Reduced Bering = N 19°45'10'' W
L = Distance of AP = 64.52 m
A
Latitude : (+ , - )
= L cos 1
= 64.52 X cos (19°45'10'')
= + 60.72 m
42
LATITUDE AT POINT Q:
Quadrant - IV
2
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
A At point Q = N 2 W
Reduced Bering = N 37°47'10'' W
L = Distance of AQ = 110.04 m
Latitude : (+ , - )
= L cos 2
= 110.04 X cos (37°47'10'')
= +86.96 m
LATITUDE AT POINT R:
Quadrant - IV
3
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
A At point Q = N 3 W
Reduced Bering = N 54°52'10'' W
43
L = Distance of AR = 117.96 m
Latitude : (+ , - )
= L cos 3
= 117.96 X cos (54°52'10'')
= + 67.88 m
LATITUDE AT POINT S:
Quadrant - IV
4
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
A At point Q = N 4 W
Reduced Bering = N 64°13'30'' W
L = Distance of AS = 242.25 m
Latitude : (+ , - )
= L cos 4
= 242.25 X cos (64°13'30'')
= + 105.34 m
44
Latitude At Point T:
Quadrant - IV
T
5
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
At point Q = N 5 W
Reduced Bering = N 74°04'05'' W
L = Distance of AT= 236.86 m
A
Latitude : (+ , - )
= L cos 5
= 236.86 X cos (74°04'05'')
= + 65.02 m
Latitude At Point U:
Quadrant - IV
6
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
At point Q = N 6W
Reduced Bering = N 78°02'00'' W
L = Distance of AQ = 364.83 m
Latitude : (+ , - )
= L cos 6
= 364.83X cos (78°02'00'')
= + 75.64 m
45
2.10 RESULT:
U = 109.085 m
2.11 CONCLUSION:
The latitude is the angular distance of given place on the earth's surface north or south
of the equator, and is measured on the meridian of the place.
46
3. DETERMINATION OF
THE LONGITUDE OF THE
PLACE OF
OBSERVATION
47
EX. NO:
DATE:
3.1 AIM:
The aim of geodetic survey is to establish a certain number of points on the surface whose
relative positions and elevations are determined. The positions of these points are determined
relatively in terms of length and zenith of line joining them absolutely in terms of the co
ordinate latitudes, longitudes and elevation of sea level. These points serve as control points
with reference to which other ordinary topographic survey may be carried out. Hence it is
more accurate the control points wherein primarily angles are measured and the sides
connecting the points are computed with reference to choose accurate base line.
3.2 TRIANGULATION:
The horizontal control in geodetic survey is established either by triangulation system
consists of number of inter connected triangles in which the length of only one line a/called
the base lines and the angles of the triangles are measured very precisely. Knowing the length
of one side and the three angles, the length of other two sides of each triangle is computed.
The apex of the triangle is called the triangulation station. The main advantage of
triangulation is that it tends to accumulation of errors subsidiary bases are also selected.
48
3.3.2 BASE LINE MEASUREMENT:
The measurement of base line forms the most important part of the triangulations. The base
line is laid with great accuracy of measurement and alignment at it terms the basis for the
computation of triangulation system.
49
1. Three standardized tapes one for fixed measurement and the other two
for standardizing the fixed tape.
2. Straining device, making tripods supporting tripods.
3. A steel tape for spacing tripods
4. 6 thermometers – 4 for measuring temperature of field tape and 2 for
standardization.
3.5 ADVANTAGES:
1. Due to greater length of flexible apparatus, a wider choice of base site is
available.
2. The speed of measurement is quicker and thus less expansive, in this
project the invar tape is used to measure the tape.
3.6 PROCEDURE:
To start with the theodolite is set on any one of the stations say A. The work is carried
towards B.
The station B is sighted through the telescope of the theodolite.
The tripods are ranged along the line of the theodolite at approximately equidistant
between them such that the invar tape is divided into segments.
The invar tape is stretched on the knife edge of the tripods and the end is connected to
straining rods. To the other end of the tape weights are put to eliminate sagging of
tape to certain extent.
One thing is too kept in mind that means the main divisions of the tape should rest
over the knife edge of the tripod which helps to read the length directly.
The level staff is kept on top of tripod and levels are taken the difference in level
between two successive tripods is taken as h.
50
If the base line is too length than the tape the theodolite is shifted and again ranged
towards B and then towards A and the tripods are shifted and placed in the forward
directions.
The absolute length of the base line is then obtained by applying corrections of
temperature,slope,sag and pull.
3.7 CORRECTIONS:
3.7.1 CORRECTION FOR TEMPERATURE:
The correction for temperature is given by Ct = ∝ (Tm – To)
Where,
A = co efficient of linear expansion
To=temperature at which the tape is standardized
Tm= temperature measured during measurement
Ct = temperature measured during measurement
HORIZONTAL VERTICAL
STADIA
STATION POINT ANGLE ANGLE REMARK
READING
0º 0’ 0” 0º 0’ 0”
P 0 0 0 1 4 20 Red tower
Q 19 45 10 1 20 40 Multi drum Tower
R 37 47 10 0 40 40 Yellow Tank
A S 1.225 54 52 10 0 40 0 Green tank Tower
T 64 13 30 0 36 20 Near Black Tower
U 74 4 5 0 26 30 Temple Tower
B 78 2 0 1 22 0 Station Point
A 0 0 0 1 04 0 Station Point
P 19 40 35 0 22 15 Red tower
Q 35 20 0 0 55 0 Multi drum Tower
B R 1.540 37 21 0 0 38 10 Yellow Tank
S 109 0 30 1 36 10 Green tank Tower
T 125 20 30 2 04 0 Near Black Tower
U 171 45 10 0 55 0 Temple Tower
52
3.9 CALCULATIONS:
AB = D = Ks cos2𝜃 + Ccos𝜃
so K=100 & C = 0
D = AB = 189.90 m
Ks sin 2𝜃
V= + C sinθ
2
100𝑋1.86𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑋2°01′22")
=
2
V = 4.43 m
i)< 𝐀𝐏𝐁
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑃 𝐵𝑃
= =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑃
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽1 α 1 = 78º02’00”
189.9 β 1 = 19°40’35”
AP = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(19°40’35”)
sin(82°17’25”)
1 = 82º17’25’’
AP = 64.52 m
53
To calculate of distance of AB:
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑃
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1
189.9
BP =
sin(82°17’25”)
𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(78º02’00”)
BP = 187.44 m
ii)< 𝐀𝐐𝐁
𝐴𝑄 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑄
= =
sin 𝛾 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼2
𝐴𝑄 𝐴𝐵
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽2
189.9
AQ = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(35°20′00") α 2 = 58º16’50’’
sin(52°40’10”)
β 2 = 86º23’10”
AQ = 110.04 m
2 = 35º20’00’’
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑄
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼2
189.9
BQ = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(58°16'50'')
sin(86°23’10”)
BQ = 161.86 m
54
iii)< 𝐀𝐑𝐁
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑅 𝐵𝑅
= =
sin 𝛾 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼3
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑅
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽3
189.9
𝐴𝑅 = 𝑋 sin(37°21′00”) α 3 = 40°14’50”
sin(102°21′ 10”)
β 3 = 37°21′00”
AR = 117.96 m
3 = 102°24′10”
To calculate the distance of BR:
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑅
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼3
189.90
𝐵𝑅 = 𝑋 sin(40°14’50”)
sin(102°24′10”)
BR= 125.62 m
iv)< 𝐀𝐒𝐁
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑆 𝐵𝑆
= =
sin 𝛾 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼4
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑆
= α 4 = 23°09′50”
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽4
β 4 = 109°00′30”
189.90
𝐴𝑆 = 𝑋 sin(109°00′30”)
sin(47°49′ 40”) 4 = 47°49′ 40”
AS = 242.25 m
55
To calculate the distance of BS:
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑆
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼4
189.90
𝐵𝑆 = 𝑋 sin(23°09′50”)
sin(47°49′ 40”)
BS = 100.79 m
v)< 𝐀𝐓𝐁
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑇 𝐵𝑇
= =
sin 𝛾 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼5
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑇
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽5
189.90
𝐴𝑇 = 𝑋 sin(125°20′30”)
sin(139°09′ 30”)
α 5 = 13°48′30”
AT =236.86 m β 5 = 125°20′30”
5 = 139°09′30”
To calculate the distance of BT:
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑇
=
sin 𝛾 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼5
189.90
𝐵𝑇 = 𝑋sin(13°48′30”)
sin(139°09′ 30”)
BT = 69.30 m
vi)< 𝐀𝐔𝐁
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑈 𝐵𝑈
= =
sin 𝛾 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼6
56
To calculate the distance of BU:
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑈
=
sin 𝛾 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼6
189.90
𝐵𝑈 = 𝑋 sin(3°51′55”)
sin(04°14′55”)
BU = 175.87 m
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑈 β 6 = 03°51′55”
=
sin 𝛾 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽6
6 = 04°16′ 55”
189.90
𝐴𝑈 = 𝑋sin(171°45′ 10”)
sin(04°16′ 55”)
AU = 364.83 m
Formulas:
a+b+c
Where, S =
2
𝐢) < 𝐀𝐏𝐁
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S=
2
64.52+189.9+187.47
=
2
S= 220.945 m
57
Area of APB = 1.456 Acre
a+b+c
S=
2
110.04+189.9+161.86
=
2
S = 230.9 m
𝐯𝐢)< 𝐀𝐑𝐁
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S=
2
117.96+189.90+125.62
=
2
S = 216.74 m
58
𝐢𝐢𝐢) < 𝐀𝐒𝐁
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S=
2
242.25+189.90+100.79
=
2
S = 266.47 m
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S=
2
236.86+189.90+69.30
=
2
S = 248.03 m
59
𝐯) < 𝐀𝐔𝐁
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S =
2
364.83+189.90+175.87
=
2
S = 365.30 m
a = AU = 364.83 m
A =√365.30(0.47𝑋175.4𝑋189.43)
b = AB = 189.90 m
Area of SEF = 2388.43 m2 c = BU = 175.87 m
Area of SEF = 0.59Acre
= 1.456+2.196+1.788+2.235+1.326+0.59
PQ DISTANCE:
∝ = 19º45’10’’
AP = 64.52 m
AQ = 110.04 m
60
PQ = √𝐴𝑃2 + 𝐴𝑄 2 − 2𝐴𝑝𝑋𝐴𝑄𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
PQ = 53.92 m
QR DISTANCE:
∝ = 18º02’00’’
AR = 117.96 m
AQ = 110.04 m
QR = √𝐴𝑃2 + 𝐴𝑅 2 − 2𝐴𝑄𝑋𝐴𝑅𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
QR = 36.58 m
RS DISTANCE:
∝ = 17º15’10’’
AR = 117.96 m
AS = 242.25 m
RS = √𝐴𝑅 2 + 𝐴𝑆 2 − 2𝐴𝑆𝑋𝐴𝑅𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
RS = 134.05 m
ST DISTANCE:
∝ = 9°21′20"
AT = 236.86 m
AS = 242.25 m
ST = √𝐴𝑆 2 + 𝐴𝑇 2 − 2𝐴𝑆𝑋𝐴𝑇𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
= √242.252 + 236.862 − 2(242.25 𝑋 236.86) 𝑥cos(9°21′20")
ST = 39.43 m
61
TU DISTANCE:
∝ = 9°50′35"
AT = 236.86m
AU = 364.83 m
TU = √𝐴𝑆 2 + 𝐴𝑇 2 − 2𝐴𝑆𝑋𝐴𝑇𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
TU = 137.55 m
VERTICAL DISTANCE AT Q:
V = 𝐷 tan 𝛼 Where,
= 110.04 X tan 01º20’40’’ D = AQ Distance = 110.04 m
V = 2.58 m α = Vertical angle of AP = 01º20’40’’
VERTICAL DISTANCE AT R:
V = 𝐷 tan 𝛼 Where,
= 117.96 X tan 00º40’40’’ D = AR Distance = 117.96 m
V = 1.395 m α = Vertical angle of AP = 00º40’40’’
VERTICAL DISTANCE AT S:
V = 𝐷 tan 𝛼 Where,
= 242.25 X tan 00º40’00’’ D = AP Distance = 242.25 m
V = 2.82 m α = Vertical angle of AP = 00º40’00’’
62
VERTICAL DISTANCE AT T:
V = 𝐷 tan 𝛼 Where,
= 236.86 X tan 00º36’20’’ D = AP Distance = 236.86 m
V = 2.50 m α = Vertical angle of AP = 00º36’20’’
VERTICAL DISTANCE AT U:
V = 𝐷 tan 𝛼 Where,
= 364.83 X tan 00º26’30’’ D = AP Distance = 364.83 m
V = 2.81 m α = Vertical angle of AP = 00º26’30’’
63
Reduce level of S = R.L. of BM + H.I - V
= 100 + 11.895 – 2.82
= 109.075 m
LONGITUTE AT POINT P:
Quadrant - IV
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
At point P = N 1W
Reduced Bering = N 19°45'10'' W
L = Distance of AP = 64.52 m
A
Longitude : (+ , - )
= L sin1
= 64.52 X sin (19°45'10'')
= -21.80 m
64
LONGITUDE AT POINT Q:
Quadrant - IV
2
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
A At point Q = N 2 W
Reduced Bering = N 37°47'10'' W
L = Distance of AQ = 110.04 m
Longitude : (+ , - )
= L sin2
= 110.04 X sin (37°47'10'')
= -67.42 m
LONGITUDE AT POINT R:
Quadrant - IV
3
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
A At point Q = N 3 W
Reduced Bering = N 54°52'10'' W
L = Distance of AR = 117.96 m
65
Longitude : (+ , - )
= L sin3
= 117.96 X sin (54°52'10'')
= - 96.47 m
LONGITUDE AT POINT S:
Quadrant - IV
4
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
A At point Q = N 4 W
Reduced Bering = N 64°13'30'' W
L = Distance of AS = 242.25 m
Longitude : (+ , - )
= L sin4
= 242.25 X sin (64°13'30'')
= - 218.15 m
66
LONGITUDE AT POINT T:
Quadrant - IV
5
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
A At point Q = N 5 W
Reduced Bering = N 74°04'05'' W
L = Distance of AT= 236.86 m
Longitude : (+ , - )
= L sin5
= 236.86 X sin (74°04'05'')
= - 227.76 m
LONGITUDE AT POINT U:
Quadrant - IV
6
Origin - A = 0°0'00''
At point Q = N 6 W
A Reduced Bering = N 78°02'00'' W
L = Distance of AQ = 364.83 m
67
Longitude : (+ , - )
= L sin6
= 364.83 X sin (78°02'00'')
= - 356.90 m
3.10 RESULT:
U = 109.085 m
3.11 CONCLUSION:
The longitude of given place determined from the angle between a fixed reference
meridian called prime meridian.
68
4. BLOCK CONTOURING
69
EX.NO:
DATE:
4. BLOCK CONTOURING
4.1 INTRODUCTION:
Contouring is a method of representing the ground surface from using contour
lines. The block contour is a method by which a given area is divided into a number of blocks
of equal dimensions. The map of the area is drawn using this contour line. The contour lines
are imaginary lines on the ground joining the points of equal elevation. These are drawn by
determining the reduced level of various points within the area. The intermediate points may
be chosen based on the convenience.
4.3 RECONNAISSANCE:
The site selected for contouring was an undulated area outside the S.G.I.T
campus. The area was visited by our team one day before we started the exercise. We found
that the area was most suitable for contouring.
4.4 PROCEDURE:
The site of block contour was selected outside our college campus by
reconnaissance survey.
The dimensions were taken to be size of 12000sqm
Then the area was divided into blocks of size 5m x 5m by using cross
staff , chain and ranging rods.
The dumpy levels are fixed at a station such that all the intersecting
points of the blocks were visible.
70
Then the staff readings were taken by keeping the staff at all the
intersecting points of the blocks.
Then the R.L.is determined by the height of collimation method.
Finally, all the reduced levels are plotted in the A2 size graph sheet.
The contours are drawn by connecting the points having the same
reduced levels.
71
4.5 OBSERVATION & TABULATION:
TABLE - 4 BLOCK CONTOURING:
HEIGHT OF REDUCE
INSTRUMEN SIGHT B.S I. S F.S INSTRUMEN D REMARK
T STATION TO (m) (m) (m) T LEVEL S
(m) (m)
O A1 1.600 101.600 100.000 B.M
A2 1.860 99.740
A3 2.055 99.545
A4 2.310 99.290
A5 2.470 99.130
A6 2.635 98.965
A7 2.790 98.810
O B1 1.890 99.710
B2 2.045 99.555
B3 2.250 99.350
B4 2.420 99.180
B5 2.680 98.920
B6 2.860 98.740
B7 2.955 98.645
O C1 2.045 99.555
C2 2.165 99.435
C3 2.390 99.210
C4 2.600 99.000
C5 2.845 98.755
C6 3.020 98.580
C7 3.030 98.570
O D1 2.200 99.400
D2 2.380 99.220
D3 2.465 99.135
D4 2.765 98.835
D5 2.930 98.670
D6 3.045 98.555
D7 3.150 98.450
O E1 2.320 99.280
E2 2.420 99.180
E3 2.835 98.765
E4 2.945 98.655
E5 3.090 98.510
E6 3.245 98.355
E7 3.235 98.365
72
B.S I. S F.S HEIGHT OF REDUCED
INSTRUMENT SIGHT
INSTRUMENT LEVEL REMARKS
STATION TO
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
O F1 2.585 99.015
F2 2.810 98.790
F3 2.950 98.650
F4 3.090 98.510
F5 3.290 98.310
F6 3.365 98.235
F7 3.300 98.300
O G1 2.575 99.025
G2 2.660 98.940
G3 2.720 98.880
G4 2.925 98.675
G5 2.990 98.610
G6 3.150 98.450
G7 3.305 98.295
O H1 1.735 99.865
H2 1.875 99.725
H3 2.160 99.440
H4 2.210 99.390
H5 2.655 98.945
H6 2.830 98.770
H7 3.410 98.190
O I1 1.700 99.900
I2 2.895 98.705
I3 3.110 98.490
I4 3.235 98.365
I5 3.380 98.220
I6 3.400 98.200
I7 3.430 98.170
Check:
∑B.S - ∑F.S = LAST R.L - FIRST R.L
1.600-3.430 = 98.170 - 100.000
-1.830 = -1.830
Note:
4.7 CONCLUSION:
We gained experience in drawing the contour maps, which can be used for
tracing contour gradients and locating routs, measurements of drainage area and calculating
the reservoir capacity.
74
5. HIGHWAY PROJECT
75
EX.NO:
DATE:
5. HIGHWAY PROJECT
5.1 INTRODUTION:
The highway projects consist of aligning a highway and calculating the earthwork
involved by determining the cross-section of the highway at various intervals. The centerline
was divided into equal intervals. The cross-section of the highway at these regular were found
by cross levelling. The drawing of the cross-section is prepared with formation width and side
slopes. The earthwork involved is calculated from the area of the cross-section.
5.2 INSTRUMENTS USED:
Dumpy level
Levelling staff
Arrows
Chain
Cross staff
Ranging rod
5.3 RECONNAISSANCE:
It is a primary survey that has to be conducted before every survey work.
During this site is visited to get a general idea about how to begin the work.
5.4 PROCEDURE:
Centreline was marked along the alignment of the road.
Assumed road width at ground level was 4m.
Along the centreline the points are marked at 10m interval up to entire length
and named as A, B, C, D, E and F…..
In the traverse direction offsets were marked at 2m interval from each point on both side of
the central line up to edge of the road
1. The staff was kept at all offsets and readings were tabulated.
2. The reduced level of all the offsets is calculated.
3. The cross-section and longitudinal section are drawn in the graph and earth work was
calculated using prismodial formula.
76
5.5 OBSERVATION AND TABULATION:
77
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
STATION SIGHT TO REMARKS
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
E.W - EXTRA
E.W - L 2.270 99.200
WIDENING
120m L 2.230 99.240
C 2.210 99.260
R 2.280 99.190
E.W - EXTRA
E.W - L 2.295 99.175
WIDENING
130m L 2.270 99.200
C 2.230 99.240
R 2.260 99.210
E.W - EXTRA
E.W - L 2.155 99.315
WIDENING
140m C 2.140 99.330
R 2.120 99.350
C 2.170 99.300
L 2.210 99.260
150m C 2.160 99.310
R 2.270 99.200
L 2.340 99.130
160m C 2.250 99.220
R 2.380 99.090
L 2.460 99.010
170m C 2.410 99.060
R 2.440 99.030
L 2.540 98.930
180m C 2.500 98.970
R 2.530 98.940
L 2.540 98.930
190m C 2.460 99.010
R 2.550 98.920
L 2.640 98.830
200m C 2.650 98.820
R 2.700 98.770
L 2.900 98.570
210m C 2.580 98.890
R 2.600 98.870
L 2.710 98.760
220m C 2.650 98.820
R 2.720 98.750
L 2.900 98.570
230m C 2.770 98.700 CURVE POINT
R 2.630 98.840
78
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
STATION SIGHT TO REMARKS
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 2.600 98.870
240m C 2.500 98.970 ELECTRICAL
R 2.550 98.920 POST
L 2.550 98.920
250m C 2.450 99.020
R 2.480 98.990
L 2.520 98.950
260m C 2.420 99.050
R 2.550 98.920
L 2.500 98.970
270m C 2.380 99.090
R 2.440 99.030
L 2.580 98.890
280m C 2.600 98.870
R 2.700 98.770
L 2.450 99.020
290m C 2.400 99.070
R 2.400 99.070
L 2.580 98.890
300m C 2.500 98.970
R 2.550 98.920
L 2.550 98.920
310m C 2.450 99.020 CHANGING
B R 2.230 2.550 101.150 98.920 POINT 1
L 2.210 98.940
320m C 2.170 98.980
R 2.220 98.930
L 2.200 98.950
330m C 2.190 98.960
R 2.140 99.010
L 1.700 99.450
340m C 1.750 99.400 CURVE POINT
R 1.850 99.300
L 1.700 99.450
ELECTRICAL
350m C 1.770 99.380
POST
R 1.690 99.460
L 1.700 99.450
360m C 1.850 99.300
R 2.100 99.050
L 1.700 99.450
370m C 1.800 99.350
R 2.000 99.150
79
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
STATION SIGHT TO REMARKS
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 1.800 99.350
380m C 1.750 99.400
R 1.820 99.330
L 1.950 99.200
390m C 1.980 99.170
R 2.000 99.150
L 2.220 98.930
400m C 2.140 99.010
R 2.100 99.050
L 2.140 99.010
410m C 1.950 99.200 CURVE POINT
R 1.690 99.460
L 1.950 99.200
420m C 1.870 99.280 CURVE POINT
R 1.800 99.350
L 1.800 99.350 ELECTRICAL
430m C 1.770 99.380 POST
R 1.750 99.400
L 1.630 99.520 ELECTRICAL
440m C 1.580 99.570 POST
R 1.630 99.520
L 1.590 99.560
450m C 1.590 99.560
R 1.580 99.570
L 1.400 99.750
460m C 1.400 99.750
R 1.510 99.640
L 1.350 99.800
470m C 1.360 99.790
R 1.470 99.680
L 1.360 99.790
480m C 1.360 99.790
R 1.470 99.680
L 1.390 99.760
490m C 1.390 99.760
R 1.470 99.680
L 1.360 99.790
500m C 1.390 99.760
R 1.470 99.680
L 1.440 99.710
510m C 1.360 99.790
R 1.360 99.790
80
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
STATION SIGHT TO REMARKS
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 1.450 99.700
520m C 1.350 99.800
R 1.360 99.790
L 1.440 99.710
530m C 1.360 99.790
R 1.370 99.780
L 1.400 99.750
540m C 1.320 99.830
R 1.390 99.760
L 1.360 99.790
C 1.300 99.850 CONSTRUCTIO
550m
N ARCH
R 1.390 99.760
L 1.390 99.760 ELECTRICAL
560m C 1.300 99.850 POST
R 1.400 99.750
L 1.370 99.780
570m C 1.300 99.850
R 1.370 99.780
L 1.390 99.760
580m C 1.370 99.780
R 1.390 99.760
L 1.370 99.780
590m C 1.350 99.800
R 1.410 99.740
L 1.340 99.810
600m C 1.360 99.790
R 1.420 99.730
L 1.390 99.760
610m C 1.340 99.810
R 1.400 99.750
L 1.420 99.730
620m C 1.340 99.810
R 1.510 99.640
L 1.400 99.750
630m C 1.400 99.750
R 1.480 99.670
L 1.420 99.730
640m C 1.400 99.750 CHANGING
C R 2.030 1.420 101.760 99.730 POINT 2
L 1.990 99.770
650m C 1.950 99.810 ELECTRICAL
R 2.025 99.735 POST
81
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
STATION SIGHT TO REMARKS
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 2.180 99.580
660m C 1.940 99.820
R 1.995 99.765
L 1.970 99.790
670m C 1.910 99.850
R 1.930 99.830
L 1.890 99.870
680m C 1.855 99.905
R 1.895 99.865
L 1.860 99.900
690m C 1.815 99.945
R 1.840 99.920
L 1.810 99.950
700m C 1.750 100.010
R 1.800 99.960
L 1.860 99.900
710m C 1.750 100.010
R 1.720 100.040
L 1.770 99.990
720m C 1.670 100.090
R 1.700 100.060
L 1.660 100.100
730m C 1.550 100.210
R 1.600 100.160
L 1.560 100.200
740m C 1.570 100.190
R 1.600 100.160
L 1.630 100.130
750m C 1.670 100.090
R 1.670 100.090
L 1.590 100.170
760m C 1.550 100.210
R 1.560 100.200
L 1.620 100.140
770m C 1.560 100.200
R 1.520 100.240
L 1.650 100.110
780m C 1.590 100.170
R 1.560 100.200
L 1.570 100.190
790m C 1.590 100.170
R 2.025 99.735
82
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
STATION SIGHT TO REMARKS
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 1.690 100.070
800m C 1.570 100.190
R 1.600 100.160
L 1.690 100.070
810m C 1.590 100.170
R 1.670 100.090
L 1.690 100.070
820m C 1.630 100.130
R 1.640 100.120
L 1.650 100.110
830m C 1.630 100.130
R 1.690 100.070
L 1.650 100.110
840m C 1.700 100.060
R 1.820 99.940
L 1.340 100.420
850m C 1.730 100.030 CURVE POINT
R 1.710 100.050
L 1.860 99.900
860m C 1.770 99.990
R 1.750 100.010
L 2.100 99.660
870m C 1.890 99.870
R 1.740 100.020
L 2.100 99.660
880m C 1.900 99.860 CURVE POINT
R 1.700 100.060
L 1.900 99.860
890m C 1.800 99.960
R 1.800 99.960
L 1.900 99.860
900m C 1.810 99.950
R 1.830 99.930
L 2.100 99.660
910m C 1.900 99.860
CHANGING
D R 1.650 1.900 101.510 99.860
POINT 3
L 1.300 100.210
920m C 1.600 99.910
R 1.700 99.810
L 1.330 100.180
CONSTRUCTIO
930m C 1.630 99.880
N ARCH
R 1.730 99.780
83
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
STATION SIGHT TO REMARKS
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 1.720 99.790
940m C 1.680 99.830
R 1.750 99.760
L 1.700 99.810 CURVE POINT
950m C 1.650 99.860
R 1.600 99.910
L 1.600 99.910
960m C 1.580 99.930
R 1.720 99.790
L 1.700 99.810
970m C 1.660 99.850
R 1.730 99.780
L 1.500 100.010
980m C 1.510 100.000
R 1.550 99.960
L 1.460 100.050
990m C 1.450 100.060
R 1.500 100.010
L 1.360 100.150
1000m C 1.400 100.110
R 1.500 100.010
L 1.350 100.160
1010m C 1.450 100.060
R 1.550 99.960
L 1.410 100.100
1020m C 1.450 100.060
R 1.560 99.950
L 1.550 99.960
1030m C 1.560 99.950
R 1.620 99.890
L 1.470 100.040
1040m C 1.500 100.010
R 1.600 99.910
L 1.540 99.970
1050m C 1.650 99.860
R 1.610 99.900
L 1.560 99.950
1060m C 1.520 99.990
R 1.590 99.920
L 1.670 99.840
1070m C 1.650 99.860
R 1.710 99.800
84
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
STATION SIGHT TO REMARKS
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 1.750 99.760
1080m C 1.710 99.800
R 1.800 99.710
L 1.840 99.670
1090m C 1.810 99.700
R 1.860 99.650
L 1.940 99.570
1100m C 1.890 99.620
R 1.910 99.600
L 1.920 99.590
1110m C 1.820 99.690
R 1.810 99.700
L 2.000 99.510
1120m C 1.900 99.610
R 1.950 99.560
L 2.025 99.485
1130m C 1.960 99.550
R 1.950 99.560
L 1.950 99.560
1140m C 1.960 99.550
R 1.960 99.550
L 2.100 99.410
1150m C 2.085 99.425
R 2.125 99.385
L 2.130 99.380
1160m C 2.120 99.390
R 2.140 99.370
L 2.200 99.310
1170m C 2.180 99.330
R 2.300 99.210
L 2.260 99.250
1180m C 2.270 99.240
R 2.250 99.260
L 2.370 99.140
1190m C 2.410 99.100
R 2.270 99.240
L 2.410 99.100
1200m C 2.270 99.240
R 2.500 99.010
L 2.150 99.360 CURVE POINT
1210m C 2.200 99.310 ELECTRICAL
R 2.025 99.735 POST
85
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
STATION SIGHT TO REMARKS
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
ELECTRICAL
L 2.200 99.310 TRANSFORME
1220m R
C 2.400 99.110
R 2.270 99.240
L 2.470 99.040
1230m C 2.440 99.070
CHANGING
E R 1.280 2.300 100.490 99.210
POINT 4
L 1.420 99.070 ITALI INDIA
1240m C 1.310 99.180 (P) LTD.
R 1.280 99.210
L 1.540 98.950
1250m C 1.460 99.030
R 1.450 99.040
L 1.570 98.920
1260m C 1.540 98.950
R 1.640 98.850
L 1.480 99.010
1270m C 1.500 98.990
R 1.560 98.930
L 1.480 99.010
1280m C 1.470 99.020
R 1.490 99.000
L 1.500 98.990
1290m C 1.490 99.000
R 1.495 98.995
L 1.520 98.970
1300m C 1.500 98.990
R 1.525 98.965
L 1.500 98.990 PENGUIN
1310m C 1.480 99.010 COMPANY
R 1.500 98.990
L 1.540 98.950
1320m C 1.550 98.940
R 1.570 98.920
L 1.550 98.940
1330m C 1.560 98.930
R 1.525 98.965
L 1.625 98.865
1340m C 1.590 98.900
R 1.570 98.920
L 1.600 98.890
1350m C 1.550 98.940
R 2.025 99.735
86
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
STATION SIGHT TO REMARKS
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 1.570 98.920
1360m C 1.540 98.950
R 1.550 98.940
L 1.570 98.920
1370m C 1.520 98.970
R 1.575 98.915
L 1.640 98.850
1380m C 1.580 98.910
R 1.575 98.915
L 1.660 98.830
1390m C 1.610 98.880
R 1.625 98.865
L 1.695 98.795
1400m C 1.625 98.865
R 1.640 98.850
L 1.620 98.870
1410m C 1.630 98.860
R 1.645 98.845
L 1.490 99.000
1420m C 1.525 98.965
R 1.630 98.860
L 1.410 99.080 CURVE POINT
1430m C 1.430 99.060
R 1.500 98.990
L 1.450 99.040
1440m C 1.400 99.090
R 1.450 99.040
L 1.390 99.100
1450m C 1.325 99.165
R 1.390 99.100
L 1.295 99.195
1460m C 1.245 99.245
R 1.285 99.205
L 1.260 99.230
1470m C 1.240 99.250
R 1.290 99.200
L 1.250 99.240
1480m C 1.210 99.280
R 1.240 99.250
L 1.215 99.275
1490m C 1.110 99.380
R 2.025 99.735
87
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
STATION SIGHT TO REMARKS
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 1.120 99.370
1500m C 1.100 99.390
R 1.150 99.340
L 1.110 99.380 CURVE POINT
1510m C 1.140 99.350 3 - ROAD CROSS
F R 1.850 1.200 101.140 99.290 CHANGING POINT 5
L 1.840 99.300
1520m C 1.795 99.345
R 1.790 99.350
L 1.850 99.290
1530m C 1.810 99.330
R 1.810 99.330
L 1.730 99.410
1540m C 1.810 99.330
R 1.805 99.335
L 1.640 99.500
CURVE POINT
1550m C 1.730 99.410
R 1.830 99.310
L 1.545 99.595
CURVE POINT
1560m C 1.620 99.520
R 1.715 99.425
L 1.550 99.590
1570m C 1.595 99.545
R 1.650 99.490
L 1.345 99.795
1580m C 1.405 99.735
R 1.525 99.615
L 1.390 99.750
1590m C 1.395 99.745
R 1.460 99.680
L 1.370 99.770
1600m C 1.415 99.725
R 1.480 99.660
L 1.265 99.875
1610m C 1.325 99.815
R 1.410 99.730
L 1.200 99.940
1620m C 1.270 99.870 CHANGING
G R 2.430 1.400 102.170 99.740 POINT 6
L 2.325 99.845
1630m C 2.390 99.780 ELECTRICAL
R 2.025 99.735 TOWER
88
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
STATION SIGHT TO REMARKS
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 2.210 99.960
1640m C 2.230 99.940
R 2.295 99.875
L 2.080 100.090
1650m C 2.100 100.070
R 2.200 99.970
L 1.900 100.270
1660m C 1.945 100.225
R 2.010 100.160
L 1.770 100.400
1670m C 1.790 100.380
R 1.865 100.305
L 1.645 100.525
1680m C 1.650 100.520
R 1.670 100.500
L 1.550 100.620
1690m C 1.520 100.650
R 1.415 100.755
L 1.410 100.760
1700m C 1.400 100.770
R 1.410 100.760
L 1.385 100.785
1710m C 1.400 100.770
R 1.405 100.765
L 1.490 100.680
1720m C 1.450 100.720
R 1.390 100.780
L 1.525 100.645
1730m C 1.530 100.640
R 1.575 100.595
L 1.660 100.510
1740m C 1.950 100.220
R 1.610 100.560
L 1.680 100.490
1750m C 1.685 100.485
R 1.700 100.470 ELECTRICAL
L 1.700 100.470 TOWER &
1760m C 1.770 100.400 CHANGING
H R 1.265 1.810 101.625 100.360 POINT 7
L 1.245 100.380
1770m C 1.230 100.395
R 2.025 99.735
89
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
STATION SIGHT TO REMARKS
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 1.320 100.305
1780m C 1.300 100.325
R 1.275 100.350
L 1.350 100.275
1790m C 1.305 100.320
R 1.345 100.280
L 1.420 100.205
1800m C 1.370 100.255
R 1.385 100.240
L 1.495 100.130
1810m C 1.395 100.230
R 1.375 100.250
L 1.560 100.065
1820m C 1.470 100.155
R 1.460 100.165
L 1.550 100.075
1830m C 1.475 100.150
R 1.560 100.065
L 1.565 100.060
1840m C 1.505 100.120
R 1.550 100.075
L 1.535 100.090
1850m C 1.505 100.120
R 1.565 100.060
L 1.455 100.170
1860m C 1.405 100.220
R 1.405 100.220
L 1.400 100.225
1870m C 1.370 100.255
R 1.375 100.250
L 1.530 100.095
1880m C 1.465 100.160
R 1.485 100.140
L 1.585 100.040
1890m C 1.530 100.095
R 1.570 100.055
L 1.545 100.080
1900m C 1.560 100.065 CHANGING
I R 2.365 1.585 102.405 100.040 POINT 8
L 2.390 100.015
1910m C 2.460 99.945
R 2.520 99.885
90
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
STATION SIGHT TO REMARKS
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 2.185 100.220
1920m C 2.225 100.180
R 2.290 100.115
L 2.085 100.320
1930m C 2.100 100.305
R 2.160 100.245
L 2.115 100.290
1940m C 2.110 100.295
R 2.155 100.250
L 2.030 100.375
1950m C 2.000 100.405
R 2.045 100.360
L 2.050 100.355
1960m C 2.070 100.335
R 2.100 100.305
L 2.000 100.405
1970m C 2.020 100.385
R 2.050 100.355
L 1.930 100.475
1980m C 1.925 100.480
R 1.970 100.435
L 1.785 100.620
1990m C 1.810 100.595
R 1.795 100.610
L 1.665 100.740
2000m C 1.705 100.700
R 1.730 100.675
L 1.635 100.770
2010m C 1.640 100.765
R 1.665 100.740
L 1.515 100.890 CURVE POINT
2020m C 1.545 100.860
R 1.600 100.805
L 1.420 100.985
2030m C 1.450 100.955
R 1.480 100.925
L 1.280 101.125
2040m C 1.290 101.115
R 1.350 101.055
L 1.190 101.215
2050m C 1.170 101.235
R 1.240 101.165
91
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
STATION SIGHT TO REMARKS
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 1.185 101.220
2060m C 1.235 101.170
R 1.265 101.140
L 1.350 101.055
2070m C 1.335 101.070
R 1.380 101.025
L 1.350 101.055 CURVE POINT
2080m C 1.425 100.980
R 1.470 100.935
L 1.445 100.960
2090m C 1.485 100.920
R 1.535 100.870
L 1.545 100.860
2100m C 1.510 100.895
R 1.520 100.885
L 1.490 100.915
2110m C 1.600 100.805 CHANGING
J R 1.355 1.600 102.160 100.805 POINT 9
L 1.340 100.820
2120m C 1.350 100.810
R 1.360 100.800
L 1.375 100.785
2130m C 1.325 100.835
R 1.315 100.845
L 1.410 100.750
2140m C 1.355 100.805
R 1.345 100.815
L 1.460 100.700
2150m C 1.430 100.730
R 1.435 100.725
L 1.445 100.715
2160m C 1.450 100.710
R 1.500 100.660
L 1.455 100.705
2170m C 1.430 100.730
R 1.480 100.680
L 1.500 100.660
2180m C 1.470 100.690
R 1.490 100.670
L 1.500 100.660
2190m C 1.470 100.690
R 1.500 100.660
92
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
STATION SIGHT TO REMARKS
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
L 1.505 100.655
2200m C 1.515 100.645
R 1.525 100.635
L 1.545 100.615
2210m C 1.560 100.600
R 1.600 100.560
L 1.610 100.550
2220m C 1.610 100.550
R 1.625 100.535
L 1.700 100.460
2230m C 1.690 100.470
R 1.740 100.420
L 1.760 100.400
2240m C 1.730 100.430
R 1.800 100.360
L 1.850 100.310
2250m C 1.830 100.330
R 1.870 100.290
Check:
Note:
Where,
93
TABLE 5.2 - LONGITUDINAL SECTION:
94
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
STATION SIGHT TO REMARKS
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
390m C 1.980 99.170
400m C 2.140 99.010
410m C 1.950 99.200
420m C 1.870 99.280
430m C 1.770 99.380
440m C 1.580 99.570
450m C 1.590 99.560
460m C 1.400 99.750
470m C 1.360 99.790
480m C 1.360 99.790
490m C 1.390 99.760
500m C 1.390 99.760
510m C 1.360 99.790
520m C 1.350 99.800
530m C 1.360 99.790
540m C 1.320 99.830
550m C 1.300 99.850
560m C 1.300 99.850
570m C 1.300 99.850
580m C 1.370 99.780
590m C 1.350 99.800
600m C 1.360 99.790
610m C 1.340 99.810
620m C 1.340 99.810
630m C 1.400 99.750
CHANGING
C 640m C 1.400 99.750
POINT 2
650m C 1.950 101.760 99.810
660m C 1.940 99.820
670m C 1.910 99.850
680m C 1.855 99.905
690m C 1.815 99.945
700m C 1.750 100.010
710m C 1.750 100.010
720m C 1.670 100.090
730m C 1.550 100.210
740m C 1.570 100.190
750m C 1.670 100.090
760m C 1.550 100.210
770m C 1.560 100.200
780m C 1.590 100.170
790m C 1.590 100.170
800m C 1.570 100.190
95
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
STATION SIGHT TO REMARKS
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
810m C 1.590 100.170
820m C 1.630 100.130
830m C 1.630 100.130
840m C 1.700 100.060
850m C 1.730 100.030
860m C 1.770 99.990
870m C 1.890 99.870
880m C 1.900 99.860
890m C 1.800 99.960
900m C 1.810 99.950
CHANGING
D 910m C 1.900 101.510 99.860
POINT 3
920m C 1.600 99.910
930m C 1.630 99.880
940m C 1.680 99.830
950m C 1.650 99.860
960m C 1.580 99.930
970m C 1.660 99.850
980m C 1.510 100.000
990m C 1.450 100.060
1000m C 1.400 100.110
1010m C 1.450 100.060
1020m C 1.450 100.060
1030m C 1.560 99.950
1040m C 1.500 100.010
1050m C 1.650 99.860
1060m C 1.520 99.990
1070m C 1.650 99.860
1080m C 1.710 99.800
1090m C 1.810 99.700
1100m C 1.890 99.620
1110m C 1.820 99.690
1120m C 1.900 99.610
1130m C 1.960 99.550
1140m C 1.960 99.550
1150m C 2.085 99.425
1160m C 2.120 99.390
1170m C 2.180 99.330
1180m C 2.270 99.240
1190m C 2.410 99.100
1200m C 2.270 99.240
1210m C 2.200 99.310
1220m C 2.400 99.110
96
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
STATION SIGHT TO REMARKS
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
CHANGING
E 1230m C 2.440 100.490 99.070
POINT 4
1240m C 1.310 99.180
1250m C 1.460 99.030
1260m C 1.540 98.950
1270m C 1.500 98.990
1280m C 1.470 99.020
1290m C 1.490 99.000
1300m C 1.500 98.990
1310m C 1.480 99.010
1320m C 1.550 98.940
1330m C 1.560 98.930
1340m C 1.590 98.900
1350m C 1.550 98.940
1360m C 1.540 98.950
1370m C 1.520 98.970
1380m C 1.580 98.910
1390m C 1.610 98.880
1400m C 1.625 98.865
1410m C 1.630 98.860
1420m C 1.525 98.965
1430m C 1.430 99.060
1440m C 1.400 99.090
1450m C 1.325 99.165
1460m C 1.245 99.245
1470m C 1.240 99.250
1480m C 1.210 99.280
1490m C 1.110 99.380
1500m C 1.100 99.390
CHANGING
F 1510m C 1.140 101.140 99.350
POINT 5
1520m C 1.795 99.345
1530m C 1.810 99.330
1540m C 1.810 99.330
1550m C 1.730 99.410
1560m C 1.620 99.520
1570m C 1.595 99.545
1580m C 1.405 99.735
1590m C 1.395 99.745
1600m C 1.415 99.725
1610m C 1.325 99.815
CHANGING
G 1620m C 1.270 102.170 99.870
POINT 6
97
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
STATION SIGHT TO REMARKS
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
98
B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
STATION SIGHT TO REMARKS
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
Note:
Reduced Level Of Given Bench Mark = 100.000 m.
Where,
99
5.7 RESULT:
FROM GRAPH:
5.8 CONCLUSION:
The highway project that means profile levelling of the highway total quantity of
earthwork determined to be involved in the respective projects etc.
100
6. TRIANGULATION
101
EX.NO:
DATE :
6. TRIANGULATION
6.1 INTRODUCTION:
6.2 BASELINE:
The measurement of base line forms the most important part of the triangulation operations.
The base line is laid down with great accuracy of measurement and alignment as it forms the
basis for the computations of triangulation system.
Theodolite : Used to focus the station and for measuring the horizontal angles
Tripodstand:The theodolite is fixed on it and leveled at the station points
Tape : It is used measure the distance of the base line
Arrows and Pegs
Ranging rods: To range the intermediate points in the survey line
6.6 RECONNAISANCE:
103
6.7 ERECTION OF SIGNALS AND TOWERS:
A signal is a device erected to define the exact position of an observed station.
Daylight or non luminous signal i.e., flags tied to posts (ranging rods), are used as
signals at the different four stations.
A tower is a structure erected over a station for the support of the instrument and
observing party and is provided when the station,or the signal,or both to be
elevated.Since the survey is done on temporary stations a rigid, smooth and flat
surface is selected and the instrument and observing party are setup over that and the
observaions are taken.
The base line is established to a length of 61.25m approximately. The base line
length is accurately measured using a total station. Thus the base line ends are P and Q.
104
Then the instrument is shifted to the other stations Q,R and S and all
intermediate angles between the station lines are observed and the
angular readings are tabulated.
Setup the theodolite at S and perform all the three temporary adjustments.
Set vernier A to read O and tighten upper clamp.
Keep face left and direct the telescope to bisect the ranging rod at P.
Now tighten the lower clamp and release the upper clamp.
Sawing the telescope and bring the image of the sun to the I – quadrant of the
cross hairs
For making the vertical and horizontal hair tangential to the image of the sun, use
the upper tangent screw and vertical circle tangent screw after tightening the upper
clamp and vertical circle clamp. Immediately note down the time, horizontal angle
and vertical angle.
Change the face and release the upper clamp and vertical circle clamp and bring
the image of the sun to the III- quadrant, making the horizontal and vertical hairs
tangential to the image of the sun. Immediately note down the time, vertical angle
and horizontal circle reading.
Average of the concerned two values gives that value corresponding to the sun.
105
6.11 OBSERVATION & TABULATION:
HORIZONTAL VERTICAL
STADIA ANGLE ANGLE
STATION POINT REMARK
READING
0º 0’ 0” 0º 0’ 0”
TOP - 2.75
MIDDLE -
C - BLOCK HEAD ROOM
2.42 0 0 0 2 2 30
BOTTOM -
FRONT
A 2.09
106
6.12 CALCULATIONS:
SA = D = Ks cos2𝜃 + Ccos𝜃
When analytical lense is fixed
so K=100 & C = 0
D = 100x0.66xcos2 (2°02’30”)
D = 100x1.2x0.9987
D = SA = 65.92 m
KS sin 2𝜃
V= + C sinθ
2
100𝑋0.66𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑋2°8′00")
=
2
V = 2.45 m
i)< 𝑆𝐴𝐵
𝑆𝐴 𝑆𝐵 𝐴𝐵
= =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1
𝑆𝐴 𝑆𝐵
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽1
65.92
SB = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(116°40’30”)
sin(5°22’00”)
SB = 629.79 m
AB = 597.44 m
107
ii)< 𝐒𝐁𝐂
𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝐶 𝐵𝐶
= =
sin 𝛾 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼2
𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝐶
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽2
629.79
SC = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(88°30′20")
sin(52°40’10”)
SC = 791.77 m
α2 = 38º48’30’’
β2 = 88º30’20’’
To calculate the distance of BC:
γ2 = 52º40’10’’
𝑆𝐵 𝐵𝐶
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾2
629.79
BC = 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(38°48'30'')
sin(52°40’10”)
BC = 496.38 m
iii)< 𝐒𝐃𝐂
𝑆𝐶 𝑆𝐷 𝐶𝐷
= =
sin 𝛾 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼3
𝑆𝐶 𝑆𝐷
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽3
791.77
𝑆𝐷 = 𝑋 sin(46°33′00”)
sin(45°30′ 00”)
SD = 805.90 m
108
To calculate the distance of CD:
𝑆𝐶 𝐶𝐷
= α3 = 81º57’00’’
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼3
β3 = 46º33’00’’
791.77
𝐶𝐷 = 𝑋 sin(81°57’0”) γ3 = 45º30’30’’
sin(45°30′ 30”)
CD = 1109.38 m
iv)< 𝐒𝐃𝐄
𝑆𝐷 𝑆𝐸 𝐷𝐸
= =
sin 𝛾 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼4
805.90
𝑆𝐸 = 𝑋 sin(44°24′00”)
sin(64°24′ 00”)
SE = 625.24 m
𝑆𝐷 𝐷𝐸 α4 = 71º12’00’’
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼4 β4 = 44º24’00’’
805.90 γ4 = 64º24’00’’
𝐷𝐸 = 𝑋 sin(71°12′00”)
sin(64°24′ 00”)
DE = 845.95m
v)< 𝐒𝐄𝐅
𝑆𝐸 𝑆𝐹 𝐸𝐹
= =
sin 𝛾 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼5
𝑆𝐸 𝑆𝐹
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽5
109
625.27
𝑆𝐹 = 𝑋sin(15°00′00”)
sin(113°47′ 40”)
SF =176.86 m
𝑆𝐸 𝐸𝐹
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼5
625.27
𝐸𝐹 = 𝑋sin(51°12′20”) α5 = 51º12’20’’
sin(113°47′ 40”)
β5 = 15º00’00’’
EF = 532.58m γ5 = 113º47’40’’
vi)< 𝐒𝐅𝐀
𝑆𝐹 𝑆𝐴 𝐹𝐴
= =
sin 𝛾 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼6
𝑆𝐹 𝐹𝐴
=
sin 𝛾 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼6
176.86
𝑆𝐹 = 𝑋 sin(52°51′40”)
sin(106°10′ 00”)
SF = 146.79 m
𝑆𝐴 𝐹𝐴
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼6
65.92
𝐹𝐴 = 𝑋sin(52°51′ 40”) α6 = 52º51’40’’
sin(20°58′ 20”)
β6 = 20º58’20’’
FA = 146.82 m γ6 = 106º10’00’’
110
6.12.3 Area Calculating:
Formulas:
Area, A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
Where, S =
2
𝐢) < 𝐒𝐀𝐁
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S= 2
65.92+629.79+597.44
=
2
S = 646.58 m
a = SA = 65.92 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) b = SB = 629.79 m
c = AB = 594.44 m
A =√646.58(579.66𝑋15.79𝑋48.14)
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S= 2
629.79+791.77+496.38
=
2
S = 958.97 m
a = SB = 629.79 m
A =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
b = SC = 791.77 m
A =√958.97(329.18𝑋167.2𝑋462.59) c = BC = 496.38 m
111
Area of SBC = 156255.56 m2
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S= 2
791.77+805.90+1109.38
=
2
S = 1353.53 m
A =√1353.53(561.76𝑋547.63𝑋244.15)
A =√1138.55(332.65𝑋513.31𝑋845.95)
112
𝐯) < 𝐒𝐄𝐅
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S= 2
625.24+176.86+532.58
=
2
S = 667.34 m
A =√667.34(42.10𝑋490.48𝑋134.76)
a = SD = 625.24 m
Area of SEF = 43092.91 m2
b = SE = 176.86 m
Area of SEF = 10.65 Acre c = DE = 532.58 m
𝐯𝐢)< 𝑆𝐹𝐴
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S= 2
176.86+65.92+146.79
=
2
S = 194.79 m
A =√194.79(17.93𝑋128.87𝑋48.00)
113
Total Area = SAB+SBC+SCD+SDE+SEF+SFA
= 4.35+38.61+78.79+58.94+10.65+1.15
Total Area = 192.47Acre
6.13 RESULTS:
SA = 65.92 m AB = 597.44 m
SB = 629.79 m BC = 496.38 m
SC = 791.77 m CD = 1109.38 m
SD = 805.90 m DE = 845.95 m
SE = 625.24 m EF = 532.58 m
SF =176.86 m FA = 146.79 m
= 778908.11 m2
= 77.89 Hectare
114
Figure 6.2 – Triangulation Results
6.14 CONCLUSION:
Thus the triangulation was completed by measuring the horizontal angles at various
stations. Viewed from each of the four stations P,Q,R,S for each angle six set of readings
were taken and they are tabulated. The average of the three set of face left readings was
calculated similarly the average face right observations were calculated. The average of these
two averages gives the required horizontal angle. These angles were used to calculate the
distance between various fixed stations P,Q,R,S.
The experience gained by triangulation is to be obtain the horizontal control over the
required stations which are at distances that cannot be measured by direct means. These
triangles may form a frame work to which cadastral, topographical, hydrographical
engineering and other surveys may be referred.
115
7. RADIAL CONTOURING
116
EX.NO:
DATE:
7. RADIAL CONTOURING
7.1 INTRODUCTION:
Contouring is a method of representing the ground surface from using contour
lines. The radial contouring is the method by which intermediate points are taken on the
radial lines whose reduced levels are used to draw the contour maps. The radial lines are
those lines which radiate from a fixed point with some uniform angle (30°). The leveling staff
is held at various points on the radial lines and the staff readings are noted. From those, the
reduced levels can be determined.
7.3 RECONNAISSANCE:
The area given to us was a small hill. We can get the contour lines at some
particular intervals. During the survey, we decided that where the instrument should be
placed and which direction the staff man should go along the radial lines.
7.4 PROCEDURE:
The transit theodolite,is placed exactly over the station point
The temporary adjustment namely centering,leveling,focusing the eye
piece and the object glass are done perfectly.
The staff reading over the bench mark is noted down.
The vernier face are adjusted such that vernier A line.
The upper,middle and the lower hair readings are noted down and the
vertical angles if necessary.
117
Similarly various readings are observed along the same line and by
varying the distances approximately at equal intervals.
The telescope is turned clockwise by 30° and focused along B line: the
same procedure is repeated.
Using the above observations, the distance between the instrument
station and the staff station and the R.L. of all points are calculated and
the contours are plotted.
118
7.5 OBSERVATION & TABULATION:
TABLE 7 - RADIAL CONTOURING
O A1 1.46 0° 0° 00' 00'' 1.525 1.510 1.490 0.035 3 1.510 101.460 100.000
A2 0° 0° 12' 40'' 1.945 1.920 1.885 0.060 6 1.942 99.518
A3 0° 0° 46' 20'' 2.425 2.380 2.340 0.085 9 2.490 98.970
A4 0° 0° 01' 00'' 2.980 2.920 2.860 0.120 12 3.140 98.320
A5 0° 0° 02' 00'' 3.340 3.265 3.190 0.150 15 3.840 97.620
O B1 30° 0° 00' 00'' 1.465 1.450 1.440 0.025 3 1.450 100.010
B2 30° 1° 22' 40'' 1.575 1.535 1.505 0.070 6 1.581 99.879
B3 30° 1° 16' 00'' 1.790 1.745 1.705 0.085 9 1.933 99.527
B4 30° 1° 22' 20'' 2.010 1.950 1.890 0.120 12 2.237 99.223
B5 30° 0° 48' 00'' 2.330 2.250 2.175 0.155 15 2.740 98.720
O C1 60° 0° 00' 00'' 1.470 1.455 1.400 0.070 3 1.455 100.005
C2 60° 0° 14' 20'' 1.490 1.460 1.430 0.060 6 1.485 99.975
C3 60° 0° 28' 30'' 1.510 1.465 1.415 0.095 9 1.543 99.917
C4 60° 1° 15' 10'' 1.725 1.665 1.600 0.125 12 1.938 99.522
C5 60° 1° 42' 30'' 2.080 2.010 1.935 0.145 15 2.442 99.018
119
VERTICAL STADIA HAIR READING
STAFF
SIGHT HORIZONTAL ANGLE S.I H.D V.D H.I R.L
STATION READING REMARKS
TO ANGLE TOP MIDDLE BOTTOM (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
(m)
(m) (m) (m)
0° 0' 0''
O D1 90° 0° 00' 00' 1.630 1.620 1.605 0.025 3 1.620 99.840
D2 90° 0° 20' 30'' 2.160 2.130 2.100 0.060 6 2.165 99.295
D3 90° 0° 48' 00'' 2.585 2.540 2.495 0.090 9 2.665 98.795
D4 90° 1° 36' 30'' 3.175 3.115 3.055 0.120 12 3.452 98.008
D5 90° 1° 04' 30'' 3.735 3.660 3.585 0.150 15 4.203 97.257
O E1 120° 0° 00' 00'' 1.785 1.770 1.755 0.030 3 1.770 99.690
E2 120° 0° 29' 40'' 2.535 2.505 2.475 0.060 6 2.557 98.903
E3 120° 0° 58' 20'' 3.210 3.165 3.120 0.090 9 3.318 98.142
E4 120° 1° 30' 00'' 3.680 3.620 3.560 0.120 12 3.934 97.526
E5 120° 1° 42' 00'' 3.945 3.860 3.795 0.150 15 4.305 97.155
O F1 150° 0° 00' 00'' 1.950 1.935 1.920 0.030 3 1.935 99.525
F2 150° 0° 22' 00' 2.315 2.270 2.225 0.090 6 2.383 99.077
F3 150° 0° 43' 20'' 2.600 2.570 2.540 0.060 9 2.610 98.850
F4 150° 1° 04' 30'' 3.615 3.595 3.495 0.120 12 3.820 97.640
F5 150° 1° 48' 30'' 3.735 3.665 3.590 0.145 15 4.122 97.338
O G1 180° 0° 00' 00' 1.760 1.730 1.690 0.070 3 1.730 99.730
G2 180° 0° 14' 20'' 2.400 2.350 2.250 0.150 6 2.413 99.047
G3 180° 0° 52' 30'' 3.000 2.850 2.700 0.300 9 3.310 98.150
G4 180° 1° 22' 00'' 3.440 3.290 3.100 0.340 12 4.100 97.360
G5 180° 1° 40 40'' 3.700 3.490 3.260 0.440 15 4.769 96.691
120
STADIA HAIR READING
STAFF VERTICAL
SIGHT HORIZONTAL ANGLE S.I H.D V.D H.I R.L
STATION READING REMARKS
TO ANGLE TOP MIDDLE BOTTOM (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
(m)
(m) (m) (m)
0° 0' 0''
O H1 210° 0° 00' 00'' 1.500 1.460 1.420 0.080 3 1.460 100.000
H2 210° 0° 10' 30'' 1.730 1.650 1.570 0.160 6 1.700 99.760
H3 210° 0° 29' 00'' 1.990 1.870 1.730 0.260 9 2.090 99.370
H4 210° 1° 51' 30'' 2.300 2.140 1.970 0.330 12 2.634 98.826
H5 210° 1° 14' 00'' 2.590 2.350 2.130 0.460 15 3.340 98.120
O I1 240° 0° 00' 00'' 1.440 1.400 1.360 0.080 3 1.400 100.060
I2 240° 0° 19' 20'' 1.600 1.520 1.450 0.150 6 1.604 99.856
I3 240° 0° 48' 40'' 1.760 1.640 1.510 0.250 9 1.935 99.525
I4 240° 1° 12' 20'' 2.110 1.990 1.750 0.360 12 2.747 98.713
I5 240° 1° 36' 36'' 2.470 2.250 2.010 0.460 15 3.534 97.926
Note:
Reduced Level Of Given Bench Mark = 100.000 M.
Reduced Level = R.L Of Bench Mark + Height Of Instrument - Vertical Distance - Middle Hair Reading
Where,
Thus the staff readings and the R.L. of the intermediate points calculated are tabulated.
The radial lines were connected with an angular spacing of 30°, starting from 0º to 360°. Smooth
curves of various contour lines were drawn connecting points of equal elevation and the contour map
is prepared.
7.7 CONCLUSION:
The contour lines joining the point of equal elevation represented in the contour map
can be used for selecting the appropriate route for the highway alignment and to determine the
quantity of earthwork to be involved in the respective projects etc.
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8. DETERMINATION OF THE
AZIMUTH OF A SURVEY LINE BY
OBSERVATION ON THE SUN
123
EX NO :
DATE:
8.1 AIM:
8.2APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Azimuth is the horizontal angle, a celestial body makes with the pole.
8.3 PROCEDURE:
1. Set the instruments over the station mark and level it accurately.
2. Clamp both the plates to zero and sight to reference mark (R.M).
3. Turn to the sun observe altitude and horizontal angle with sun in quadrant of cross wire
system. The motion in the azimuth is slow and vertical hair is kept in contact by the upper
screw (slow motion),the sun being allowed to make contact with the horizontal hair. The
time of observation is also noted.
4. Using the two tangent screws as quickly as possible being the sun into quadrant III of the
cross wire and again read the horizontal and vertical angle. Observe also the chronometer
time.
5. Turn to RM, reverse the face and take another sight on RM.
6. Take two more observation of the sun precisely in the same way as in steps 3&4, but this
time sun is in quadrant II&IV. Note the time of each observation.
7. Finally bisect the RM to see the reading is zero.
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8.4 OBSERVATION & TABULATION:
TABLE 8 - THE AZIMUTH OF A SURVEY LINE BY OBSERVATION ON THE SUN
RM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Quadrant I 95 05 20 06 0 95 05 40 20 06 40 07 00 20 06 50
Left A Quadrant IV 97 55 20 55 0 97 55 10 14 45 20 45 20 14 45 20
Quadrant II 97 13 40 12 40 97 13 10 15 20 00 20 00 15 20 00
96
Quadrant III 43 40 43 40 96 43 40 17 20 20 20 20 17 20 20
RM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
95
Quadrant I 52 20 54 20 95 53 10 17 45 00 44 20 17 44 40
B
Quadrant IV 97 45 20 45 40 97 45 20 14 57 00 57 00 14 57 00
Right B
98
Quadrant II 35 40 35 20 98 35 10 17 40 00 40 00 17 40 00
Quadrant III 96 30 40 30 40 96 30 40 18 20 40 20 00 18 20 20
WHERE,
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8.5 CALCULATIONS:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
cos 𝐴 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2 𝑄𝐼 +2 𝑄 𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝛼=
2
Face Left:
2 X 20°06′ 50"+2 X 17°20′20"
α= = 37°27′10"
2
sin39°26′ − sin37°27′10"sin11°1′
cos A =
cos37°27′10" cos11°1′
sin39°26′ − sin30°05′20"sin11°1′
cos A =
cos30°05′20" cos11°1′
Face Right:
2 X 17°44′ 40"+2 X 18°20′20"
α= = 36°05′00"
2
sin39°26′ − sin36°05′10"sin11°1′
cos A =
cos35°25′00" cos11°1′
sin39°26′ − sin32°37′55"sin11°1′
cos A =
cos32°37′00" cos11°1′
SUN
49°29'18.09"
W E
8.6 RESULT:
127