COPY NO HOLDER’S NAME ISSUE NO.

ISSUE DATE
1. Risk Assessment (RA) and Risk Management (RM)................................................................................3
1.1. Definitions...........................................................................................................................................................3
1.2. Introduction........................................................................................................................................................4
1.3. Scope and objectives.......................................................................................................................................5
1.4. Responsibilities and accountabilities.........................................................................................................5
1.5. When to do a Risk Assessment....................................................................................................................6
1.6. Risk Assessment (RA) Procedure................................................................................................................7
1.6.1. Identifying Risk.....................................................................................................................................................7
1.6.2. Initiate RA.............................................................................................................................................................7
1.6.3. Distribution of Risk Assessments' results........................................................................................................8
1.6.4. Approval and Re-assessment of RAs..............................................................................................................8
1.6.5. Risk Assessment follow-up................................................................................................................................8
1.6.6. Potential Problems..............................................................................................................................................8
1.7. Use of RA Libraries...........................................................................................................................................9
2. The Risk Assessment (RA) process by using the form RA 001.....................................................................9
Step 1: Problem definition and system description.............................................................................................11
Step 2: Hazard / Potential incident & hypothetical scenarios identification methods................................11
Step 3: Evaluation of Probability and Consequence under existing Control measures............................13
Step 4: Risk Assessment and presentation...........................................................................................................15
Step 5: Assessment of the level of the risk using risk criteria..........................................................................17
Step 6: New control (Prevention / Mitigation (P&M) or alternative) measures.............................................17
Step 7: Follow up...........................................................................................................................................................19
3. Records..............................................................................................................................................................20
4. Health Risk Assessment (HRA)...................................................................................................................20
1. Risk Assessment (RA) and Risk Management (RM)

1.1. Definitions
Consequence The outcome of an accident/event. Consequence can be expressed as the number of
people affected (injured or killed), property damaged, amount of spill, area affected,
outage time, mission delay, dollars lost, etc.
Controls Measures which reduces the probability of realizing a hazard's potential for harm and /
or its consequence. Controls are the measures taken to prevent hazards from causing
undesirable events. Controls can be physical (safety shutdowns, safety devices, etc.),
procedural (operating procedures, inspections, etc.) and can address human factors
(employee selection, training, supervision), prevention and mitigation measures,
alternative measures, etc.
Cost - Benefit Is a measure of the risk reduction to the amount of money spent.
Event An event is an occurrence that has an associated outcome. There are typically a
number of potential outcomes from any one initial event which may range in severity
from trivial to catastrophic, depending upon other conditions and add-on events.
Frequency The frequency of a (potential) undesirable event is expressed as events per unit time,
usually per year. The frequency should be determined from historical data if a
significant number of events have occurred in the past. Often, however, risk analyses
focus on events with more severe consequences (and low frequencies) for which little
historical data exist. In such cases, the event frequency can be calculated using
appropriate risk assessment methodologies.
Hazard Any real or potential event that can cause personal ill health, injury or death, property
damage, reputation degradation, damage to environment, financial losses, or a
combination of these. It may be a physical situation (e.g. a shuttle tanker is a hazard
because it may collide with the production installation), an activity (e.g. crane
operations are a hazard because the load might drop) or a material (e.g. fuel oil is a
hazard because it might catch fire).
Mitigation Limitation of the undesirable effects of a particular event.
Incident It is an event or chain of events which cause, or could have caused, injury, illness and/
or damage (loss) to assets, the environment or 3 rd parties. It may include personal
injury, fires, explosions, releases of toxic/flammable vapors, oil/chemical spills,
damages, etc.
Risk An evaluation of hazard in terms of probability and consequence.
Risk Assessment A process for identifying hazards and assessing the risk posed by each and a review
(RA) as to acceptability of this risk, based on comparison with risk criteria.
Risk It is a two-way process that (1) allows all stakeholders the opportunity to provide input
communication into the process, and (2) provides a means of showing the value of decisions to
others, which is important when dealing with regulatory agencies or the public.
Risk evaluation Judgment, on the basis of risk analysis, of whether a risk is tolerable.
Risk Management Is the process of selecting appropriate risk reduction measures (controls) regarding a
(RM) specific activity and implementing them in the (on-going) management of this activity.
 Residual Risk Risk remaining after controls have been identified and selected.
Tolerable Risk Risk which is accepted in a given context based on the current values of society.

1.2. Introduction
One key element of effective management systems is the systematic approach to the identification
of hazards and the assessment of the associated risks in order to provide information to aid
decision-making on the need to introduce risk-reduction measures.

Shipping is recognized as a dangerous industry and therefore any hazard identified should be
treated as an intolerable risk that is likely to occur. Risk from shipping operations can be to health,
safety, environment, public disruption, Company’s reputation and/or economics. Decisions made
everyday are based upon risk.

Company’s vision is to develop an environment in which every individual is motivated to

personally manage risk in everything he/she does on and off duty, thus enabling successful
completion of all operations and activities with the minimum amount of risk.

The Risk Assessment (RA) process is intended to be a careful examination of what, as far as any
Company’s activity is concerned, could cause harm, so that decisions can be made as to whether
enough precautions have been taken or whether more should be done to prevent harm.

The Risk Management (RM) process is intended to limit a hazard to a manageable level.
Comprehensive RM can reduce or eliminate safety, health, environmental, security and other risks,
mitigate the consequences of incidents by providing essential information for decision making or
prevent incidents that could lead to or cause accidents, health problems, environmental damage,
etc. The Risk Management process:
a. Is a decision making tool used to increase operational effectiveness by identifying, assessing
and managing risks. By reducing the potential for loss, the probability of a successful operation
is increased.
b. Increases Company’s ability to make informed decisions.
c. Minimizes risks to acceptable levels, commensurate with works accomplishment. Correct
application of the RM process will reduce accidents and associated costs, resulting in more
efficient use of resources.

Risk is managed by identifying hazards, assessing consequences and probabilities and evaluating
and implementing prevention and mitigation measures. Risk (R) is a function of the severity of the
possible Consequences (C) for a hazard and the Frequency/Probability of occurrence (P) of that
particular hazard. Both C and P are functions of various parameters, such as human factors,
operational factors, management factors, engineering factors and time. It is normal to use a simple
relation between C and P, i.e. the product of the two, to calculate the risk (R):

Risk (R) = Consequence (C) × Frequency (R=C×P)

(P)

Given this knowledge, estimated risk of hazards can be used to make reliable decisions in terms of
improving safety by reducing the risk, and risks can be reduced by reducing the severity of the
consequences, reducing the frequency/probability of occurrence or a combination of the two.
1.3. Scope and objectives
The purpose of the RA (and RM) is to minimize risk to personnel, property and the environment. In
this respect, all activities that could adversely effect Company’s and managed vessels operations
and performance are evaluated and appropriate measures are taken to ensure that risk is either
reduced or maintained at an acceptable level. This procedure describes the Risk Matrix
methodology adopted by the Company, as a tool for analyzing risk scenarios and evaluating
proposed prevention / mitigation actions or alternative (control) measures. The Risk Matrix
methodology estimates the probability and consequences of a (hypothetical) risk scenario or
hazard, as well as the reduction of risk after additional/new control measures.

1.4. Responsibilities and accountabilities

Identification and response to potential hazards is an on-going responsibility of all
personnel. Responsibilities for preventive / mitigate or alternative (control) measures should be
assigned, implemented and monitored to ensure completion in a timely manner.

The General Manager is responsible to propose and approve RAs and control measures.

The DPA is responsible for the development, communication, efficient execution and ongoing
effectiveness of the RA and RM procedures, as well as for stewarding implementation of control
measures. He shall include RM in the orientation and training of all personnel and address the RM
process in safety, training and lessons learned reports.

Department heads and Masters must ensure the health and safety of the crew, the protection of
the environment, the safety of the ship and the property, etc. by the application of certain principles
including the evaluation of risks and the taking of actions to reduce them. They should make
sufficient assessment of the risks arising in the routine and non-routine course of the ships
operations and seafarers’ works or duties, for the purpose of identifying:
- Seafarers and other persons on board at particular risk in the performance of their duties.
- Measures to be taken for avoiding any undesired event involving fatality, injury, ship loss or
damage, other property loss or damage or environmental damage.
Department heads/Masters shall provide guidance for identifying areas where existing procedures
can be augmented with RM and shall provide information, data and technical support for the
resolution of hazards under their responsibility. They shall ensure that:
- Potential risks in vessel’s activities or works are identified and adequately administered.
- Control measures are developed and implemented to avoid accidents or hazards in respect of
risks identified.

Risk Assessment team: Hazards and risk assessment is normally performed by a team, but for
some operations it may be undertaken by an individual. The RA team, consisted by the Master,
Chief Engineer, Chief Officer and 2nd Engineer, upon their embarkation and taking over
responsibilities will study and evaluate the “Risk Library” and sign for verification purposes.
Thereafter all risk assessments will be taken into consideration prior the execution of any related
task. The RA team should inform the Management about the residual risks, as well as to what
hazards cannot be controlled or mitigated at their level or if risk outweighs benefit or if assistance is
required to implement controls, etc.

Responsibilities are assigned as follows:

 Identification of Risk All employees

Request for RA All employees through DPA / Department heads / Master

Initiate RA (form RA 001) DPA / Department heads / Master / RA Team

Perform RA (through form RA 001) Appointed RA team

Implementation of control measures DPA / Department heads / Master / RA Team

Verification of control measures Qualified appointed persons

Review form RA 001 DPA / Department heads

Approval of control measures General Manager (if required) / DPA / Department heads

Record keeping DPA / Master

1.5. When to do a Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment should be seen as a continuous process. In practice, the risks in the workplace
should be assessed before work begins on any task for which no valid risk assessment exists. An
assessment must be reviewed and updated as necessary, to ensure that it reflects any significant
changes of equipment or procedure.

Risks which are not included into RA Library should be conducted prior the execution of work by
the RA Team. These could include all ongoing operations, new projects, etc. in order to identify and
address potential hazards to personnel, facilities, the public and the environment, as well as:

(a) In case of temporary and/or permanent changes to procedures or equipment. These changes
can include:
- Technical / maintenance issues, changes to equipment.
- Work methods.
- Operating conditions.
- New technologies, etc.
(b) In case of incidents, accidents, serious near misses, etc.
(c) Prior to the introduction of new procedures.
(d) For preparation of complex or high risk jobs and projects.
(e) In case of new operations or routine and new/non-routine future tasks.

Risks in the following areas are normally considered:

- Personnel safety.
- Hazardous chemicals / materials exposure or release.
- Occupational health hazards.
- Security issues (see Ship Security Assessment / Plan).
- Human factors.
- Regulatory compliance requirements.
- Environmental aspects.
- New projects. It must be noted that hazards should be identified and managed early in the
design of new projects.

1.6. Risk Assessment (RA) Procedure

RA and RM is directed at systematically identifying potential hazards and managing risks, including
those relating to health and hygiene and maintaining procedures for assessment of risks and
implementation of necessary control measures. The Company’s methodology for hazard
identification and RA is proactive rather than reactive and:
(a) provides for the classification of risks and identification of those that are to be eliminated or
controlled by risk control measures;
(b) provides input into the determination of workplace requirements, identification of training
needs and / or development of operational controls; and
(c) provides for the monitoring of required actions to ensure both the effectiveness and
timeliness of their implementation.

1.6.1. Identifying Risk

All seagoing personnel and shore staff are encouraged to identify potential risks and hazards and
bring them to the attention of their Master / Department head for review and evaluation.

1.6.2. Initiate RA
Request for RA can be derived from any crewmember through the Master or from any shore staff
through the relevant Department head. If the Master/Department head decides that further
assessment is not required, he may not process the request. In case a Master / Department head
wish to proceed with a RΑ, he should prepare the form RA 001 and forward it to DPA.

The DPA, in consultation with the relevant Master / Department head evaluates the submitted RA
and, if necessary, appoints a RA team to review it further. The RA team will conduct the RA (ref.
para. 2) and forward the form RA 001 to the DPA to be endorsed.

Achievable targets should be set for close out of the control measures identified. The DPA keeps
an active file and the Management Review Committee investigates any delays. The RA and RM
process incorporates the following three principles:
a. Accept No Unnecessary Risk. Acceptance of risk does not equate to the imprudent
willingness to gamble. Only take risks that are necessary to accomplish the mission.
b. Anticipate and Manage Risk by Planning. Risks are more easily controlled when they are
identified early in the planning process.
c. Make Risk Decisions at the Right Level. Prudence, experience, judgment, intuition and
situational awareness of leaders directly involved in the planning and execution of the activity
under examination are the critical elements in making effective RM decisions. When the RA
team determines that the risk associated with an activity cannot be controlled at this level,
they shall elevate the decision to the Top Management. The RA process should also identify
any residual risks that require Management attention.

If the control measures are of nature whereby the RA team, the relevant Department head / Master
or the DPA feel that they have any legal implications, they will indicate the need for legal review to
be made. This need will be finally approved by the General Manager.
After the RA process is underway, any changes to the conditions, requirements or deliverables
shall be documented and approved, as appropriate.

1.6.3. Distribution of Risk Assessments' results

Open communication of the results of the RA will improve understanding of the operation under
study and its associated risks. The outcome of the RA must be shared with all interesting parties
within the Company and, when appropriate, with third parties. Results of RAs are also considered
in the preparation and review of emergency response procedures.

1.6.4. Approval and Re-assessment of RAs

RAs and their application across the fleet are reviewed and updated during the annual
Management Review Committee meeting and as changes occur, as well as in order to incorporate
lessons learned.

Relevant documents are reissued in part, or as a whole, if required, after each review.

A full report of all RAs conducted will be presented by the DPA at each Management Review
Committee meeting for review and close out. The Committee reviews the validity of all RA (form
RA 001 to check that standards are consistent. Furthermore, the Committee reviews all Company’s
and industry incidents (including accidents, serious near misses, etc.) in order to evaluate them for
potential initiation of the RA process. The Company identifies best practices for common areas of
RA and ensures that these are applied / shared across the fleet.

1.6.5. Risk Assessment follow-up

All RAs are reviewed by Company’s staff possessing sufficient marine and technical knowledge
and background. A follow-up process ensures that RAs and associated control actions / measures
are documented, approved, prioritized and communicated to those affected and monitored to close
out. The follow-up action plan includes priorities, responsibilities and planned timing in order to
ensure that RM decisions have been implemented.

Deviations from the RAs follow-up action plan are reviewed and approved by the same level of
management that approved the original plan.

1.6.6. Potential Problems

Typical problems which can be encountered when conducting Risk Assessments include:
(a) Inadequately analysis, scope and objectives.
(b) Using quantitative methods where qualitative approaches would suffice.
(c) Overworking the problem. Analyzing more cases and using more complicated models than
needed to produce the information needed for a decision.
(d) Selecting inappropriate analysis techniques.
(e) Using inexperienced or incompetent RA team.
(f) Choosing absolute results when relative results would suffice.
(g) Not providing sufficient resources.
(h) Not providing for sufficient data input and review.
(i) Having unrealistic expectations or being overly conservative.
(j) Failing to acknowledge the importance of the analysis assumptions and limitations.
(k) Misapplying the results. Results will be operation-specific and it is often difficult to apply
specific Risk Assessments results to other related operations.

1.7. Use of RA Libraries

Vessels are provided with RA libraries, which contain prepared and elaborated examples of Risk
Assessment and Risk Management, applicable to a multiplicity of specific shipboard operational
cases.

The vessels’ Masters, Chief Engineers, Chief Officers and 2nd Engineers upon undertaking
command must become fully aware of the libraries’ contents and acknowledge this by
signing the specific statement provided.

Based on the above awareness, the Master should refer to the RA library prior to conducting any
relevant task. If the example contained in the library covers adequately the situation of the task,
then:
- The proposed by the RA mitigating / corrective measures to be taken, are communicated to the
involved personnel;
- Reference to the specific RA code numbering from the library is made in the Bridge Log Book
and no further RA elaboration is required.

Where a task with risk potential is not adequately covered by an existing RA, a new RA should be
conducted by the Master or the appointed by him team (form RA 001), as detailed in the following
section.

2. The Risk Assessment (RA) process by using the form RA 001.

RA is the process of calculating the risk of an identified hazard or a hypothetical scenario. Risk
Management (RM) is the process of using the results obtained in the Risk Assessment and
introducing of additional prevention/mitigation or alternative measures (risk control or control
options), in order to reduce or eliminate the risk. A diagram for this process is illustrated here
below:
 1. Problem definition and system
identification

2. Hazard identification and Hypothetical

scenario

3.1. Determine 3.2. Determine

Frequency (P) Consequence (C)

4. Risk estimation and presentation

5. Assessment using risk

criteria

6. New control measures or 6. New control measures or

risk control options or NO NO risk control options or
prevention/ Risk prevention/
mitigation/alternative controlled? mitigation/alternative
measures to be measures to be
implemented implemented

YES

7. Follow up, evaluate the outcome,

conclusions and recommendations

Fig.1 The process of Risk Assessment and Risk Management

One of the objectives of RA training is to develop sufficient proficiency in applying a process such
that RA becomes an automatic or intuitive part of our decision-making methodology. While it
would be preferable to perform a deliberate or in-depth RM for all evolutions, the time and
resources to do so are not always be available.
The Company has developed a formal process by using the form RA 001, in order to implement a
common RA approach based on the Risk Matrix methodology. This form should be completed by
the RA team by using the following steps:

Step 1: Problem definition and system description

 The first step in the process of RA is to define the vessel and/or the activity whose risks are to
be studied. Before initiating a RA, all parties involved should have a common understanding of
the goals, the methods to be used, the resources required and how the results will be applied.

Step 2: Hazard / Potential incident & hypothetical scenarios identification methods

The second step is to identify real or potential incidents, hazards or scenarios using a
systematic approach. This process usually focuses on human action/inaction, process
equipment, utilities, instrumentation and external factors which may cause an incident to occur.
The hazard may exist in the current operation or it may result from changes to the current
operation.

In this step, a detailed hypothetical risk scenario can also be deployed, describing the
sequence of events leading to the incident, e.g. fire, vapor release, liquid spill, explosion and
the consequences of the incident e.g. persons injured, environmental impact, economic impact.

An indicative list of hazards, which may contribute to unwanted incidents, is given in Table 1.

Table 1: Typical Hazards, which may contribute to an Unwanted Incident

HAZARD UNWANTED INCIDENT

1. Human Error Hazards Incorrect sampling or draining, bypass of shutdown devices during startup, non-familiarity
with new control system, insufficient/poor training, insufficient/poor procedure, inattention,
failure to follow procedures, improper maintenance, fatigue.

2. Equipment Failure Failure of pump/compressor seal, corrosion of line/vessel, poisoning of catalyst,

Hazards compressor over speed, rotating equipment hazards, electrical equipment hazards,
lifting equipment hazards, defective equipment, impact by foreign objects, loss of
process control computer, failure of safety critical device.

3. Utilities Failure Hazards Loss of steam, electricity, plant air, nitrogen, (hydraulic) power.

4. External Forces Hazards Lightning, heavy storm runoff, toppling of crane during on-site work, other vessels
sharing the same waterway, shallow water or underwater objects (e.g. wrecks), man-
made obstacles (e.g. bridges, navigation buoys, piers), floating natural obstacles such
as icebergs., diving operations, uncharted submerged objects.

5. Port Operations Hazards Tides and currents. Hazards associated with cargo operations. Vessel approach and
docking or mooring procedures.

6. Endogenous Hazards Design limitation in structural capability, design limitation in static load distributions and
stability, openings in watertight boundary, machinery hazards, cargo hazards,
inventory of flammable materials, occupational heath and safety hazards, poor
ergonomic design of workplace, human and Managerial errors, vessel failures.

7. Process-related Hazards High pressure liquids and gas, hydrocarbons under pressure, temperature (high or
very low), hydrocarbons and other flammable materials, toxic substances, storage of
flammable or hazardous materials, internal erosion/corrosion, seal or containment
failures, cargo loading/discharging, vent and flare conditions, ignition sources,
operator error, safety system failure.
HAZARD UNWANTED INCIDENT

8. Environmental Hazards Corrosive atmosphere, sea conditions, severe weather (storms, etc.), earthquakes or
other natural disaster, bottom scouring, exhaust emissions, hazardous material
discharge, noise, pollution due to oil discharge, sewage discharge, vapor cloud
release, cargo emissions, air pollution.

9. Personnel Quarters Gas releases, fires, dropped objects, flammable materials/internal fires, toxic
Hazards construction materials, inadequate escape routes and lifesaving equipment,
emergency system failures, bacterial hazards, drinking water supply, food preparation
and delivery, living conditions, waste disposal.

10. Materials and Equipment Crane and lifting operations, elevated objects, storage of equipment and supplies,
Handling Hazards chemical/flammable storage, static electricity, respiratory hazards (exhaust, chemicals,
confined spaces, etc.), active or stored energy sources (electrical and mechanical),
explosives.

11. Simultaneous Activities Release of flammable hydrocarbons, hot work (welding, grinding, cutting), proximity of
Hazards other operations.

12. Personnel Safety Hazards Inadequate PPE, improper use of equipment, slipping and tripping hazards, working at
heights, friction, sparks or flames, D&A, exposure to weather, fatigue, housekeeping,
living conditions (see Personnel Quarters, above), asbestos inhalation, burns from
caustic liquids and acids, electric shock and electrocution, falling overboard, pilot
ladder/pilot hoist operation.

13. Hazardous substances
onboard ship
Accommodation areas: combustible furnishings, cleaning materials in stores, oil/fat in
galley equipment.
Deck Areas: cargo, paint, oils, greases etc. in deck stores.
Machinery spaces: cabling, FO and DO for engines, boilers and incinerators fuel, lub.
and hydraulic oil in bilges, savealls, etc. refrigerants, thermal heating fluid systems.

14. Potential sources of General: electrical arc, friction, hot surface, incendive spark, naked flame, radio
ignition waves.
Accommodation areas (including bridge): electronic navigation equipment, laundry
facilities - irons, washing machines, tumble driers, etc.
Deck areas: deck lighting, funnel exhaust emissions, hot work sparking.
Machinery spaces: air compressor units, generator engine exhaust manifold.

15. Change Hazards New process, equipment, procedure, or supplier leading to the above hazards.

Examples of hazards and potential accidents are provided here below:

HAZARD ACCIDENT

Operations in restricted waterways or near exposed reef Groundings, Bottom scouring.

Bad weather Loss of crew overboard, Damage to vessel.
Handling toxic substances Spill, Personnel exposure, Improper waste handling.
Hot work started without authorization Fire, Injury to personnel, Vessel damage.
Allision (impact with a fixed object), Collision due to
inattention, Collision due to mechanical failure, Collision
due to other ship's fault, Drift grounding caused by
Material Casualties mechanical failure, Engine room/machinery space fire,
Explosion on board, Galley fire, Hard docking resulting in
damage, Powered grounding, Hose failures, Seal and
flange separations, Other shipboard fire.
Crew injury involving machinery, Crew injury while
alongside or getting underway (e.g. line handling injuries,
Personnel Casualties
dock- jumping injuries, falling into water), Man overboard,
Medical emergency, Slips, trips, and falls.

Step 3: Evaluation of Probability and Consequence under existing Control measures

In order to evaluate Probability and Consequence of identified hazards, frequency analysis and
consequence modeling is used as follows:

a. Probability (or frequency) Determination

Frequency analysis is used to estimate how likely it is that the various incidents or hazards will
occur (i.e. the probability of occurrence). The probability is determined based on the sequence
of events in the hypothetical scenario. The Risk Matrix defines five probability levels based on
the frequency at which the hypothetical scenario is likely to occur:

Table 2: Probability Descriptions and Frequencies

Probability Descriptions and Frequencies

Frequency classes
Frequent - Possibility of repeated
5 incidents
Probable - Possibility of isolated
4 incidents
Occasional - Possibility of
3 occurring sometime
2 Remote - Not likely to occur
Very unlikely - Practically
1 impossible
Quantification
More often than once per voyage.
Once per year - The mishap scenario has occurred
in the past and/or is expected to occur in the future.
Once per 5 years - The mishap scenario might
occur. It would not be too surprising if it did.
Once per 10 years - The mishap scenario is
considered unlikely. It could happen, but it would be
surprising if it did.
Once per 30 years or more.

In selecting the frequency, the RA team should discuss the scenario and reach a consensus.
When a consensus cannot be reached, the higher probability description under consideration
should be selected. The team may either discuss the scenario as a whole to determine the
frequency or it may discuss and determine the frequency of the initiating event and the
probability of each subsequent event to arrive at the scenario frequency. Discussing individual
event frequency/probability may be helpful when it is difficult to reach consensus.
 The RA team should use their experience about the frequency of similar events within the
Company in arriving at a probability level. When there is a lack of knowledge of similar
Company events, knowledge of similar industry events may be used.

b. Consequence (or Severity) Assessment

Consequences are grouped into four general categories: health and safety of employees and
the public, environment, economics/assets and reputation/public disruption. A severity level is
assigned for each of the 4 categories based on the consequences specified in the hypothetical
scenario, as shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Consequence Categories and Severity Levels

REPUTATION
PERSONNEL HEALTH / ENVIRONMENTAL
SEVERITY ASSETS / PUBLIC
SAFETY IMPACT
DISRUPTION
1 Minor Few minor injuries (Minor Minimum pollution / Minimum cost / damage Zero impact
(Any failure that does not impact on personnel, Little or no response < $10.000 (Minimal to
degrade the overall temporary discomfort, first needed (Slight/Minor hull none).
performance beyond aid case, etc.). (10 – 100 ltrs, indents, equipment
acceptable limits – one unacceptable funnel damage easy to repair
of the nuisance variety). emissions, etc.). by ship’s force, etc.).
2 Major Number of minor injuries / Little pollution / Little cost or damage Slight impact
(Any failure that will Medical treatment for Limited response of ($10.000 – $100.000) (Minor
degrade the system personnel (No impact on short duration (Minor damages not disruption).
beyond acceptable limits public, laceration burns, (100 – 1000 ltrs, oil affecting ship’s structural
but can be adequately concussion, serious spills contained integrity or
counteracted or sprains, deafness, onboard). seaworthiness. Damage
controlled by alternative dermatitis, works related to equipment/systems
means). disorders or other injuries needing extensive
leading to minor disability). repairs).
3 Critical Serious injury to personnel Moderate pollution / Moderate cost or Considerable
(Any failure that will (Limited impact on public). Significant damage ($100.000 – impact
degrade the system resources $1.000.000) (Significant
beyond acceptable limits commitment (1000 – disruption to
and create a safety 10.000 ltrs). small
hazard). Community).
Major National
4 Catastrophic Human losses / Fatalities Major pollution / Full Extensive / high cost
& International
(Any failure that can (Amputations, major scale response damage >$1.000.000
impact
result in deaths or fractures, multiple injuries, (More than 10.000 (Loss of the ship or
(Significant
injuries or prevent of the poisoning or other injuries ltrs, extended damages affecting ship’s
disruption to
intended mission). leading to permanent duration). structural integrity and/or
Large
disabilities). seaworthiness).
Community).
Health and safety is defined by the extent of injury to workers or the public.

The level of response anticipated could best judge environmental impact. Both the
amount of material released and the environmental sensitivity of the area in which it is released
will set this level. When a scenario includes an impact on oil spills, this should be factored into
the severity, which will depend on the size of the community and the extent of disruption.
Assets are measured by the business loss due to the damage.

The scope of the disruption and the size of the population affected defines public
disruption and reputation issues. Public disruption may also be judged by the extent of
media coverage. Major disruption to large communities might be expected to receive
continuing national attention (Severity 4). Other levels might be brief national mention (3), local
coverage (2), or minimal to no coverage (1).

When the (hypothetical) scenario or hazard is identified, possible consequences in each of the
four categories should be considered. If there are consequences in more than one category,
then severity levels should be assigned for each applicable category. The overall severity
should be assigned based on the highest severity level from among the four categories. For
instance, the economic impact of a non-gusseted, small pipe break on an acid pump would be
low (1) but, depending on the scenario, the health effect could be high (3). The higher level
would be selected as the scenario severity.

When consequences in two separate categories have the same severity level, it does not mean
that the consequences are equal. The purpose of providing different categories is to allow
different types of consequence to be assigned a severity level and to be further evaluated; it is
not to equate health, environmental, public disruption or economic consequences with each
other.

Step 4: Risk Assessment and presentation

Once the hazards and potential mishaps or events have been identified for a system or
process, and the frequencies/consequences associated with these events have been
estimated under the existing control measures, we are able to evaluate the relative risks
associated with the events. The Risk Matrix can be used as a mechanism for assigning risk
(and making risk acceptance decisions), using a risk categorization approach. Each cell in the
Risk Matrix corresponds to a specific combination of frequency and consequence and can be
assigned a priority number.

The Risk Matrix (Table 4) provides a traceable framework for explicit consideration of the
frequency and consequences of hazards. This may be used to rank them in order of
significance, screen out insignificant ones or evaluate the need for risk reduction of each
hazard.
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Table 4: RISK MATRIX

C O N S E Q U E N C E S P R O B A B I L I T Y
S E V E R I T Y

Personnel
Health/Safety
Few minor injuries
(Minor impact on personnel,
temporary discomfort, first
aid case, etc.).
1 L (1)
1 2 3 4 5
Very unlikely - Remote - not likely to Occasional - Probable - possibility Frequent - possibility
practically impossible occur possibility of of isolated incidents of repeated incidents
Reputation -Public (once per 30 years or (once per 10 years - The occurring sometime (once per year - The mishap (more often than once per
Environment impact Assets
disruption more). mishap scenario is (once per 5 years - The scenario has occurred in the voyage).
considered unlikely. It could mishap scenario might past and/or is expected to
happen, but it would be occur. It would not be too occur in the future).
surprising if it did). surprising if it did).
Minimum pollution / Minimum cost / Zero impact
Little or no response damage < $10.000 (Minimal to none).
needed (Slight/Minor hull indents,
(10 – 100 ltrs, equipment damage easy
L (2) L (3) M (4) M (5)
unacceptable funnel to repair by ship’s force,
emissions, etc.). etc.).

Number of minor Little pollution / Little cost or damage Slight impact

injuries / Medical
treatment for personnel
(No impact on public,
laceration burns,
2 L (2)
concussion, serious sprains,
deafness, dermatitis, works -
related disorders or other
injuries leading to minor
disability).
Limited response of
short duration
(100 – 1000 ltrs, oil spills
contained onboard).
($10.000 – $100.000) (Minor disruption).
(Minor damages not
affecting ship’s structural
integrity or seaworthiness.
M (4) M (6) H (8) H (10)
Damage to
equipment/systems
needing extensive
repairs).

Serious injury to Moderate pollution / Moderate cost or Considerable impact

personnel Significant resources damage (Significant disruption to
(Limited impact on public). commitment small Community).
($100.000 –
3 (1000 – 10.000 ltrs). $1.000.000) L (3) M (6) H (9) H (12) H (15)

Human losses / Major pollution / Full Extensive / high cost Major National &
Fatalities scale response damage >$1.000.000 International impact
(Amputations, major (More than 10.000 ltrs, (Loss of the ship or (Significant disruption to
4 fractures, multiple injuries, extended duration). damages affecting ship’s Large Community). M (4) H (8) H (12) H (16) H (20)
poisoning or other injuries structural integrity and/or
leading to permanent seaworthiness).
disabilities).

High=Intolerable Risk Medium=Tolerable Risk Low=Negligible Risk

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Step 5: Assessment of the level of the risk using risk criteria

The RA team shall evaluate the level of risk based on the severity and probability as estimated
by the RA process and categorize their possible combinations to be High, Medium or Low risk
within the Risk Matrix. Once the risk level has been determined, the response can be defined
by the RA team in the following RISK CATEGORIES / ACTION AND TIMESCALE table (Table
5). Higher risk levels require a greater level of response. The Company uses this table as a
guideline to assess the level of Risk by using risk criteria.
High / Intolerable Risk: Goal is to take steps to reduce risk to at least a medium level.
Medium / Tolerable Risk: Perform RA and identify risk control measures.
Low / Negligible Risk: Address as part of normal, on-going improvement processes.

Table 5: This table indicates the actions required and the timescale for response in order to
address and reduce the Risk. Risk Categories are the basis for deciding whether improved
control measures are required and the timescale for action. The outcome of a RA should be an
inventory of actions, in priority order, to devise, maintain or improve control measures to be
implemented.

RISK CATEGORIES ACTION AND TIMESCALE

No further additional controls / preventive and mitigative (P&M) or alternative

actions is necessary, but consideration should be given to cost-effective
LOW

ACCEPTABLE (1-3) solutions or improvements that impose minimal or no additional cost.

Monitoring is required to ensure that the controls are maintained. In case that
the value of risk is 1 – 3, the assessment is terminated.
MEDIUM

Efforts should be made to reduce risk, but the costs of prevention should be
TOLERABLE (4-9) carefully measured and limited. Risk reduction measures should normally be
implemented within a defined period of time.

Work should not be started or continued until the risk level has been reduced
and risk numbers enters the Yellow or the Green area. While the additional
control measures should be cost-effective, the Company’s duty to reduce the
HIGH

INTOLERABLE (>9)
risk is absolute. If the control measures are not possible to reduce the risk,
even with unlimited resources, then the work must not be started or must
remain prohibited.

Step 6: New control (Prevention / Mitigation (P&M) or alternative) measures

The most important step in the RA process is the identification of risk control measures to
reduce or eliminate the identified risks. Risk can be reduced by:
1) Prevention steps that reduce the probability of one or more events in the scenario (which
reduces the overall probability of the scenario) or the frequency of failures through better
design, procedures, organizational policies, training, etc.
2) Mitigation steps, which reduce the severity/consequences of accidents or the effect of
failures, in order to prevent accidents.
3) Measures that reduce both the probability (frequency) mitigate the severity/consequences
of accidents.
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4) Alleviating the circumstances in which failures may occur.

5) Alternative measures.
Where multiple control measures are being considered, these should be assessed to
determine which have the greatest impact in reducing risk. Following the selection of the
appropriate NEW control measures, the Risk ranking process should be repeated in order to
evaluate if the risk is reduced to a lower Category e.g. from High to Medium in case of
implementing the selected new control measures. The process should be repeated again in
order to reach the lowest possible Category.

In this step, the decided new control measures, the Department(s)/person(s) in charge for their
implementation, the target date (completion), the action date (the date of commencement of
establishing the decided control measures) as well as the outcome of the NEW Risk score after
evaluating the new probability and the new consequence should be described.

Control measures should be assessed to determine whether they are technically viable and
have significant effect. The effort required implementing a risk-reducing measure in terms of
cost, time, difficulty, necessary resources, etc. needs to be considered against the benefit likely
to be achieved. Factors that will influence the selection of measures to reduce the risk include:
- The technical feasibility of the risk reducing measure.
- The contribution of the risk reducing measure.
- The costs and risks associated with implementing the measure, etc.
Attention should be given first to those measures which have greatest effect in risk reduction
for least effort. Successive evaluations or risk-reducing measures are undertaken until a point
is reached where all the screening criteria have been satisfied and no further risk-reducing
measures are reasonable.

Evaluation of new control measures should always be based on sound engineering principles
and common sense. The following aspects should also be observed: local conditions and
circumstances, the state of scientific and technical knowledge relating to the particular situation
and the estimated costs and benefits. Fire and gas detection systems, fire-water systems,
active and passive fire protection, temporary refuge, evacuation systems, oil clean-up and
recovery equipment and procedures, PPE, etc. are all examples of control measures.

The following measures can be used to eliminate hazards or reduce the degree of risk:
(1) Engineering Controls that use engineering methods to reduce risks by design, material
selection or substitution when technically or economically feasible.
(2) Administrative Controls that reduce risks through specific administrative actions, such
as:
- Providing suitable warnings, markings, placards, signs, and notices.
- Establishing written policies, instructions and standard operating procedures.
- Training personnel to recognize hazards and take appropriate precautionary
measures.
- Reducing the exposure to a hazard (either reducing the number of assets or
personnel or the length personnel are exposed).
(3) Personal Protective Equipment - Serves as a barrier between personnel and a hazard.
Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) is a technique used to assist in the decision-making
process by allowing the direct comparison of the benefits arising from a particular new
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control measure with the costs. CBA is used to identify benefits and costs associated with
the implementation of each control measure identified and consist of the following stages:
- arrange the control measures in a way to facilitate understanding of the costs and
benefits resulting from the adoption of each measure;
- estimate the pertinent costs and benefits for all control measures;
- estimate and compare the cost effectiveness of each new control measure, in terms of
the cost per unit risk reduction, by dividing the net cost by the risk reduction achieved
as a result of implementing the measure; and
- rank each new control measure from a cost-benefit perspective in order to facilitate
the decision making recommendations (e.g. to screen those which are not cost
effective or impractical).

An approach widely used is to evaluate the effort and cost involved in a number of different
control measures. By evaluating the cost or effort necessary to arrive at a common level of
reduction, it is often possible to identify those measures which are clearly more effective in risk
reduction.

Costs should be expressed in terms of life cycle costs, and may include operating, training,
inspection, certification, etc. Benefits may include reductions in the costs associated with
fatalities, injuries, casualties, environmental damage and clean-up, indemnity of third party
liabilities, etc.

The analysis starts with the definition of a particular course of action which is predicted to give
rise to some benefit. This may be a changed operational procedure, improved equipment
performance, higher training or experience levels for operators, changed inspection or
maintenance frequencies, etc. The benefit of the measure expressed in monetary terms is
compared with the cost of undertaking the particular measure. The output comprises:
- costs and benefits for each new control measure from an overview perspective;
- cost effectiveness expressed in terms of net cost per unit risk reduction.

In order to make decisions on the results of a RA, screening criteria need to be established.
The screening criteria:
- should be appropriate to the hazards identified;
- should reflect best practice as contained in national or international standards, but should
be aimed at fitness for purpose and not be unduly prescriptive;
- should be easy to communicate and neutral in respect to the favoured concept or proposed
solution;
- should be set at an appropriate level to reflect strategic and organizational objectives;
- should take local conditions into consideration in order to reflect differing approaches to
RM; factors which may have an effect on the criteria are geographical location,
environmental conditions, political an/or economic constraints and societal attitudes;
- should be acceptable to the Company, the regulators and society in general and should
reflect broadly held views of tolerability.

Step 7: Follow up
In this step, implementation of the new control measures is followed up and recorded. If for any
reason completion date will be later than target date, the person in charge should inform the
DPA in advance for his actions. In this step the Company shall:
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- Conduct follow-up evaluations of the controls to ensure they remain in place and have the
desired effect.
- Monitor for changes, which may require further Risk Assessment.
- Take corrective action when necessary.

3. Records

The DPA and the vessels’ Masters are responsible to maintain a database of all ship and shore-
generated Risk Assessments (form RA 001).

Form RA 001: “Risk Analysis - Risk Assessment”. This form shall be completed by the RA team
onboard or ashore.

4. Health Risk Assessment (HRA)

The Company provides all necessary resources for conducting health surveillance, which includes
periodic vessels’ occupational health and hygiene surveys and employees’ medical screening.
Adverse reports for medical conditions, indicating long or short term effects related to handling of
hazardous materials, are thoroughly investigated and assessed. Information on the potential
hazards of materials is kept current and a process for the management of occupational health is in
place. Based upon assessed risk to personnel, exposures are monitored, proper protective and
preventive measures are implemented and communicated, early detection and diagnosis are
provided and pertinent health data are recorded and reviewed.

The Company undertakes vessel health-risk assessments and monitoring of physical hazards such
as noise levels, insufficient lighting, inventorying hazardous materials and assessing human factors
are carried out on a regular basis and documented. A wide approach is adopted with consideration
to all aspects which could have an adverse effect on health:
- chemical effects such as exposure to toxic gases, contact with corrosive chemicals, lack of
oxygen, exposure to airborne particles especially asbestos, etc. Tolerable exposure limits for
chemical hazards are defined in various National/International Standards;
- biological hazards such as microorganisms;
- physical effects i.e. temperature, noise, vibration and motion, radiation, pressure, etc;
- ergonomic effects such as tripping, strains due to lifting, repetitive actions, etc;
- psychological effects such as stress, effects of height, etc.

After identifying the hazards arising from each task, the severity of the possible hazardous situation
is assessed and used in health risk management decision-making.

Contingency measures to limit the effects of a hazardous event and precautionary measures to
reduce probability/frequency should also be investigated. This may include the provision of special
rescue arrangements, emergency medical facilities including specific antidotes, etc.

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are effective tools in identifying health hazards and
appropriate precautionary measures to be used when using or handling hazardous substances.
MSDS are usually based upon the best available information relating to the particular hazard, and
need to be kept up to date. MSDS may be produced by national or international bodies or by the
Company, and form a "checklist" of aspects relating to the particular material, process or task.
Although the exact form of the MSDS varies, the following data are normally included:
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- specification of the material, process or task covered by that particular data sheet;
- definition of the range of materials or situations for which the data sheet is valid;
- hazards associated with the material, process or task;
- precautionary measures to be taken;
- contingency measures considered to guard against the possible realization of the hazards;
- abnormal situations which give rise to particular hazards, e.g. effect of weather, etc.

Tables 6 and 7 here below provide guidance which may be used for the identification of hazards
and the assessment of their possible effects. This categorization of the hazards reflects the
category considered likely to be most important for that particular hazard, but should not be taken
to mean that other categories may not be more important in certain applications. Moreover, the
inclusion of one hazard category does not preclude other categories also being relevant.

Hazards described below are to be considered as applicable to the type of vessel.

Table 6: The hazards and effects checklist

Safety hazards Health hazards Environmental hazards
F = Flammable B = Biological agent D = Discharge hazards
MH = Major Hazard C = Chemical agent R = Use of natural resources
Se = Security hazard E = Ergonomic agent Pr = Presence
WP = Work Practice P = Physical agent
LS = Life style agent
Psy = Psychological agent
M = Medical issue

Hazard Environ-
Hazard description Safety Health Sources
Number mental
01 Hydrocarbons
01.1 Oil under pressure MH C D Flowlines, pipelines, pressure vessels and piping
01.2 Hydrocarbon gas MH C D Oil/gas separators, compressors, gas pipelines
01.3 Oil at low pressures MH C D Oil storage tanks
01.4 Wax F C D Filter separators, well tubulars, pipelines
01.5 Coal F P R Fuel source
02 Refined hydrocarbons
02.1 Lube and seal oil - C D Engines and rotating equipment
02.2 Hydraulic oil - C D Hydraulic pistons, hydraulic reservoirs and pumps
02.3 Diesel fuel F C D Engines, storage
02.4 Petroleum spirit/gasoline F C D Storage
03 Other flammable materials
03.1 Cellulosic materials F - - Packing materials, wood planks, paper rubbish
03.2 Pyrophoric materials F C D Metal scale from vessels in sour service, scale on
filters in sour service, iron sponge sweetening
units
04 Pressure hazards
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Hazard Environ-
Hazard description Safety Health Sources
Number mental
04.1 Bottled gases under pressure WP - - Welding and metal cutting operations
04.2 Water under pressure in WP - - Water disposal, water floods and injection
pipeworks operations, strength testing of pipeworks
04.3 Non-hydrocarbon gas under MH - - Purging and leak testing of facilities
pressure in pipeworks
04.4 Air under high pressure WP - - Air guns and related piping
04.5 Oil and hydrocarbon gas under WP - D Flowlines, pipelines, pressure vessels and piping
pressure
05 Hazards associated with differences in height
05.1 Personnel at height >2 m MH - - Work involving scaffolding, suspended access,
ladders, platforms, towers, stacks, roofing, working
overboard, working on monkey board
05.2 Personnel at height <2 m WP - - Slippery/uneven surfaces, climbing/descending
stairs, obstructions, loose gratings
05.3 Overhead equipment MH - - Objects falling while being lifted/handled or
working at a height over people, equipment or
process systems, elevated work platforms, slung
loads
05.4 Personnel under water MH - - Objects falling onto divers from operations
overhead
06 Objects under induced stress
06.1 Guy and support cables, anchor chains, tow and
Objects under tension WP - -
barge tie-off ropes, slings
06.2 Spring-loaded devices, such as relief valves and
Objects under compression WP - -
actuators, and hydraulically operated devices
07 Dynamic situation hazards
07.1 On-water transport (boating) WP - - Boat transport to and from locations and camps,
transporting materials, supplies and products
07.2 Boat collision hazard to other MH - - Shipping lane traffic, transport vessels, supply &
vessels maintenance barges/ boats, drifting boats
07.3 Equipment with moving or WP - - Engines, motors, compressors
rotating parts
07.4 Use of hazardous hand tools WP - - Workshop, construction sites, maintenance sites,
(grinding, sawing) rotating equipment
07.5 Use of knives, machetes and WP - - Galley
other sharp objects
07.6 Transfer from boat to ship WP - - Basket transfer, rope transfer
08 Environmental hazards
08.1 Weather WP - - Winds, temperature extremes, rain, etc.
08.2 Sea state MH - - Waves, tides or other sea states
09 Hot surfaces
09.1 Engine and turbine exhaust WP P - Power generation, refrigeration compression,
systems engine-driven equipment i.e. forklifts
09.2 Steam piping WP P - Sulfur plants, power boilers, waste heat recovery
systems, heat tracing and jackets
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Hazard Environ-
Hazard description Safety Health Sources
Number mental
10 Hot fluids
10.1 Temperatures 100°-150°C WP P - Low quality steam systems, cooling oils, galley
10.2 Temperatures greater than150°C MH P - Power boilers, steam generators, waste heat
recovery units, hot-oil heating systems,
regeneration gases used with catalysts and
desiccants
11 Cold surfaces
11.1 Process piping between - 25°C MH P - Cold ambient climate, propane refrigeration
and - 80 °C systems
12 Open flame
12.1 Heaters with fire tube F P D Boilers, heaters
12.2 Direct-fired furnaces F P D Hot oil furnace, incinerators, boilers
12.3 Flares - P D Pressure-relief and blowdown systems
13 Electricity
13.1 Voltage> 50 V to 440 V in cables MH - - Power cables, temporary electrical lines
13.2 Voltage> 50 V to 440 V in WP - - Electric motors/switchgear, power generation,
equipment welding machines, transformer secondary
13.3 Voltage> 440 V MH - - Power lines, power generation, transformer
primary, large electrical motors
13.4 Lightning discharge WP - - Major lightning-prone areas
13.5 Electrostatic energy WP - - Non-metallic storage vessels and piping, product
hoses, wiping rags, unearthed equipment,
aluminium/steel, high-velocity gas discharges
14 Electromagnetic radiation
14.1 Ultraviolet radiation - P - Arc welding, sunshine
14.2 Infrared radiation - P - Flares
14.3 Microwaves - P - Galley
14.4 Lasers - P - Instrumentation, surveying
15 Asphyxiates
15.1 Insufficient oxygen atmospheres - C - Confined spaces, tanks
15.2 Excessive CO2 - C D Areas with C02 firefighting systems
15.3 Drowning - C - Working overboard, water transport
15.4 Halon - C D Areas with halon fire-fighting systems i.e. turbine
enclosures, electrical switchgear, battery rooms
15.5 Smoke - C D Welding/burning operations, fires
16 Toxic gas
16.1 H2S (hydrogen sulfide, sour gas) MH C D Sour gas production, bacterial activity in stagnant
water, confined spaces in sour operations
16.2 Exhaust fumes - C D Enclosed spaces
16.3 S02 - C D Component of H2S flare and incinerator flue gas
16.4 Benzene - C D Component of crude oil, concentrated in glycol
vent emissions
16.5 Chlorine MH C D Water treatment facilities
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Hazard Environ-
Hazard description Safety Health Sources
Number mental
16.6 Welding fumes - C - Metal fabrication/repair, welding toxic metals
(galvanized steel, cadmium-coated steel), metal
cutting, grinding
16.7 Tobacco smoke - LS - Accommodation, office buildings, boats
16.8 CFCs - - D Air conditioning, refrigeration, aerosol sprays
17 Toxic liquid
17.1 Mercury - C D Electrical switches, gas filters
17.2 PCBs - C D Transformer cooling oils
17.3 Biocide (Gluteraldehyde) - C D Water treatment systems
17.4 Methanol - Glycols - C D Gas drying and hydrate control
17.5 Sulfanol - Amines - C D Gas sweetening
17.6 Corrosion inhibitors - C D Additive to pipelines, chromates, phosphates
17.7 Scale inhibitors - C D Cooling and injection water additive
17.8 Odorant additives (mercaptans) - C D Custody transfer facilities for gas, LPG and LNG
17.9 Alcohol-containing beverages WP LS -
17.10 Non-prescribed drugs WP LS -
17.11 Polycyclic aromatic - C D Used engine oils
hydrocarbons
17.12 Grey and/or black water - D Septic systems, camps, detergents
18 Toxic solid
18.1 Asbestos - C D Thermal insulation and construction materials, old
roofing (encountered during removal)
18.2 Man-made mineral fibre - C D Thermal insulation and construction material
18.3 Dusts - C D Grit blasting, sand blasting, catalyst (dumping,
screening, removal, drumming)
18.4 Cadmium compounds and other - C D Welding fumes, handling coated bolts
heavy metals
18.5 Oil-based sludges - C D Oil storage tank cleaning
19 Corrosive substances
19.1 Sulfuric acid WP C D Wet batteries, regenerant for reverse-osmosis
water makers
20 Biological hazards
20.1 Food-borne bacteria (e.g. E.coli) - B - Contaminated food
20.2 Water-borne bacteria (e.g. - B - Cooling systems, domestic water systems
Legionella)
20.3 Parasitic insects (pin worms, bed - B - Improperly cleaned food, hands, clothing, living
bugs, lice, fleas) sites (pin worms, bed bugs, lice, fleas)
20.4 Human Immune Virus (HIV) - B - Contaminated blood, blood products, body fluids
20.5 Other communicable diseases - B - Other people
21 Ergonomic hazards
21.1 Manual materials handling - E - Pipe handling, sack handling in sack store,
manoeuvring equipment in awkward locations
21.2 Damaging noise WP P Pr Releases from relief valves, pressure control
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Hazard Environ-
Hazard description Safety Health Sources
Number mental
valves
21.3 Loud steady noise> 85 dBA - P Pr Engine rooms, compressor rooms, air tools
21.4 Heat stress (high ambient - P - Near flare, on the monkey board under certain
temperatures) conditions, in open exposed areas in certain
regions of the world during summer
21.5 Cold stress (low ambient - P - Open areas in winter in cold climates, refrigerated
temperatures) storage areas
21.6 High humidity - P - Climates where sweat evaporation rates are too
low to cool the human body, personal protective
clothing
21.7 Vibration - P Pr Hand-tool vibration, maintenance worker, boating
21.8 Workstations - E - Poorly designed office furniture and poorly laid out
workstations
21.9 Lighting - P Pr Work areas requiring intense light, glare, lack of
contrast, insufficient light
21.10 Incompatible hand controls - E - Controls poorly positioned requiring workers to
exert excessive force, no proper labels, hand-
operated control valves, i.e. in heavy machinery
21.11 Awkward location of workplaces - E - Machinery difficult to maintain regularly due to
and machinery their awkward positioning, for example valves in
an usually high or low position
21.12 Mismatch of work to physical - E - Requiring older workers to maintain a high level of
abilities physical activity over the course of an 8/12 hour
day, heavy work performed by slight individuals
21.13 Mismatch of work to cognitive - E - Requiring individuals to monitor a process without
abilities trying to reduce their boredom by giving them a
higher task load, asking a worker to supervise
something he is not qualified to do
21.14 Long & irregular working - E - Overtime, night shifts, rollover shifts
hours/shifts
21.15 Poor organization and job design - E - Ambiguity of job requirements, unclear reporting
relationships, over/under-supervision, poor
operator/contractor interfaces
21.16 Work planning issues - E - Work overload, unrealistic targets, lack of clear
planning, poor communications
21.17 Indoor climate (too hot, cold, dry, - E - Uncomfortable climate for permanently manned
humid, draughty) areas
22 Psychological hazards
22.1 Living on the job/away from - Psy - Homesickness, missing family and social events,
family unable to be involved in community, feeling of
isolation and missing part of life. Drifting away
from spouse and family, development of different
interests and friends, threatened by spouse's
independence, wind-down period at start of break.
Inability to support spouse in domestic crisis.
Difficult to turn off in leisure time
22.2 Working and living on a ship - Psy - Awareness that mistakes can be catastrophic,
vulnerable to mistakes of others, responsible for
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Hazard Environ-
Hazard description Safety Health Sources
Number mental
the safety of others. Awareness of difficulty of
escape in an emergency. Awareness of risks in
work, adverse weather
22.3 Post traumatic stress - Psy - Serious incidents, injuries to self and others
22.4 Fatigue - Psy - Physically demanding or arduous work, long or
excessive working hours
22.5 Shift work - Psy - Construction, operations involving 24 hour
working, saturation diving operations, changing
rest and sleep patterns associated with activities
22.6 Peer pressure - Psy - Pressure from others at the work location to
behave in a manner which may affect well-being of
the individual
23 Use of natural resources
23.1 Water - - R Cooling water
23.2 Air - - R Turbines, combustion engines (pump and
compressor drivers)
24 Medical
24.1 Medical unfitness - M - Medically unfit staff for the task
24.2 Motion sickness - M - Marine operations
25 Noise
25.1 High-level noise - M - Plant areas, e.g. turbines, compressors,
generators, etc.
25.2 Intrusive noise - Psy - Intrusive noise in sleeping areas, offices and
recreational areas
26 Entrapment
26.1 Fire / explosion MH - - Blockage of routes to muster location or
contamination of muster area
26.2 Mechanical damage WP - - Objects blocking access I escape routes
26.3 Diving WP - - Snagging of lines / umbilicals

Table 7: Sources - Hazards - Effects

Source Routine Hazards Potential effects
FLARE CH4 Global warming/climate change/atmospheric ozone increase
SOx Acid deposition, water acidification
NOx Atmospheric ozone increase/acid deposition
N20 Global warming/stratosphere ozone depletion/climate change
CO2 Global warming/climate change
CO Health damage
Noise Nuisance/health damage
Light Nuisance/health effects
H2S Health damage/odour nuisance
Odorous compounds Nuisance/odour
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Source Routine Hazards Potential effects

Particulates Health damage/ecological damage/soot deposition
Radiation Health damage/ecological
Heat Nuisance/ecological damage
Trace toxics - metals - PAH Ecological/health damage
ENERGY- CH4 Global warming/climate change/atmospheric ozone increase
GENERATING
EQUIPMENT SOx Acid deposition, water acidification, global cooling
- turbines NOx Atmospheric ozone increase/acid deposition/fertilization
- boilers/heaters N20 Global warming/stratosphere ozone depletion/climate change
- furnaces CO2 Global warming/climate change
- transport (diesel, CO Health damage
- gasoline), etc Noise Nuisance/health damage/wildlife damage
Light Nuisance/health damage/wildlife damage
Odorous compounds Nuisance/odour
Particulates/dust Ecological damage/health damage/soot deposition
Radiation Ecological/health damage
PAH Ecological/health damage
H2S Nuisance, health damage, ecological damage
Heat Health damage, ecological damage
PCB Health damage, ecological damage
Trace toxics (e.g. catalysts, Health damage, ecological damage
heavy metals, chemicals)
VENTING CH4 Global warming/climate change/atmospheric ozone increase
- pressure relief VOC/CxHx Atmospheric ozone increase/health damage/ecological damage
- glycol venting Specific chemicals Health damage/ecological damage
REFRIGERATION CFC Global warming/climate change/stratosphere ozone depletion
FIRE Halons Global warming/climate change/stratosphere ozone depletion
EXTINGUISHERS
FUGITIVES CH4 Global warming/climate change/atmospheric ozone increase
- valves, pumps, etc. VOC/CxHxl specific chemicals Global warming/climate change/atmospheric ozone increase/ health
damage/ ecological damage
WATER, WATER- Oil Floating layer/unfit for drinking recreation/tainting of fish/biological
BASED MUD OIL- damage
BASED MUD
AQUEOUS Soluble organics/dissolved Tainting of fish, damage to aquatic organisms
EFFLUENTS, SITE HC/BTEX
DRAINS
WATER RUN- OFF Heavy metals Accumulation in living organisms and sediments, adverse effects on
organisms
PRODUCED WATER Salts Biological damage
COOLING WATER Barite (mud) Smothering/damage to sea bed and biota
TANK-BOTTOM Nutrients Eutrophication
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Date: 01/06/2014
RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT MANUAL Rev. No.: 00
Rev. Date: 01/06/2014

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Source Routine Hazards Potential effects

WATER Odour Nuisance
Chemicals/corrosion Damage to aquatic organisms
inhibitors/biocides/ fungicides
Fresh-water discharge Decreased salinity
Suspended solids Decreased transparency, damage to coral reefs, damage to and
bottom organisms, recreation, habitat
PAH Damage to aquatic organisms
Grease Damage to bottom sediments
Salts/brine Increased salinity, damage to aquatic organisms
Acids/caustics Damage to aquatic organisms
Temperature change Change in oxygen concentration, damage to aquatic organisms,
increased growth/blooms
Detergents Eutrophication/toxicity
BLACK WATER Pathogens Health damage
AND/OR GREY Anoxia (deoxygenation) Biological damage
WATER (SEWAGE
AND WASH WATER) Nutrients Eutrophication
Specific chemicals Damage to aquatic organisms
Odorous compounds Nuisance odour/smell
SACRIFICIAL Heavy metals Damage to aquatic organisms
ANODES
DETONATORS Noise/pressure waves Damage to aquatic organisms/repellent
CHEMICALS Paints Biological toxic or chronic damage/global warming
Solvents Health/biological toxic or chronic damage/global warming
Cleaners Biological toxic or chronic damage
ERODED MATERIALS Soil sediments Smothering, biological damage
SOLID/LIQUID Hazardous wastes toxic Water contamination
WASTES, MEDICAL substances
WASTE, SPENT
CATALYST
HOUSEHOLD, FOOD/ Organic and specific wastes Water contamination damage to health
KITCHEN AND pathogens
OFFICE WASTE
HUMAN RESOURCES Presence of workforce with Socio/cultural effects; employment increase/decrease;
different socio/cultural demands on local resources/surfaces
Backgrounds during construction
and operation; community
intrusion
NEED FOR ENERGY Energy take Loss of energy resources
- heaters/boilers
- power generation
- steam generation
- cooling
Water take Damage to wetlands
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ECONAV S.A. Issue No.:03
Date: 01/06/2014
RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT MANUAL Rev. No.: 00
Rev. Date: 01/06/2014

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Source Routine Hazards Potential effects

- cooling Draw-down of ground-water level/damage to water-well users
- process Impact on downstream users
- drinking water
- waste waters
- recharge/pressure
Maintenance
NEED FOR Use of nonrenewable raw Depletion of raw materials
CONSUMABLES materials
Any indented (-) are covered by all aspects in the adjacent columns.