Week 13

EE-231 Electronics I
Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, TOPI 23460
hadeed@giki.edu.pk
May 4, 2018
Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources May 4, 2018 1 / 25
1 AC analysis of BJT
Cascaded systems
Darlington configuration as emitter follower
AC input impedance of Darlington configuration
AC current gain of Darlington configuration
AC output impedance of darlington pair
2 Feedback pair
Input Impedance Zi
Current gain
Voltage gain
Output Impedance
AC analysis of BJT Cascaded systems
Cascaded systems
In cascaded amplifier systems the gain of individual amplifiers are
multiplied for the overall gain of the system.
AvT = Av 1 · Av 2 · Av 3 ..... (1)

Zi1
AiT = −AvT (2)
RL
In a cascaded network the amplifier 2 is acting like a load to amplifier 1.

Therefore, the no-load gain given in two port system has to be converted
into the loaded gain.
Example 5.14
Determine a). The loaded gain for each stage. b). The total gain for the
system, Av and Avs . c). The total current gain for the system.
Example 5.14
AC analysis of BJT Darlington configuration as emitter follower
Darlington configuration as emitter configuration

A Darlington amplifier used in an emitter-follower configuration is shown
below.
In this case the input impedance is high, also the current gain is high but
voltage gain remains around 11. Practically remains slightly less than 1.
There are now two base-to-emitter voltage drops to include and the beta
of a single transistor is replaced by the Darlington combination (βD ).
Vcc − VBE1 − VBE2

IB1 = (3)
RB + βD RE
The emitter current of Q1 is equal to the base current of Q2 so that
IE2 = β2 IB2 = β2 IE1 = β2 (β1 IE1 ) = β2 β1 IB1 (4)
IC2 ≈ IE2 = βD IB1 (5)

VC1 = VC2 = VCC (6)
Emitter voltage of Q2 is
VE2 = IE2 RE (7)
the base voltage of Q1 is
VB1 = Vcc − IB1 RB = VE2 + VBE1 + VBE2 (8)
the collector-emitter voltage of Q2
VCE2 = VC2 − VE2 = VCC − VE2 (9)
AC analysis of BJT AC input impedance of Darlington configuration
The ac input impedance can be determined using the ac equivalent

network as shown below.
AC analysis of BJT AC input impedance of Darlington configuration
Zi2 = β2 (re2 + RE ) (10)

Zi1 = β2 (re1 + Zi2 ) (11)
Zi1 = β1 (re1 + β2 (re2 + RE )) (12)
Using some assumptions like RE >>re2
Zi1 = β1 (re1 + β2 RE ) (13)
β2 RE >>re1
Zi1 ≈ β1 β2 RE (14)
Zi = RB ||Zi (15)
Zi = RB ||β1 β2 RE = RB ||βD RE (16)
AC analysis of BJT AC current gain of Darlington configuration

The current gain is determined using the equivalent network. The output
impedance is ignored.
The output current is
Io = Ib2 + β2 Ib2 = (β2 + 1)Ib2 (17)
Where, Ib2 is
Ib2 = β1 Ib1 + Ib1 = (β1 + 1)Ib1 (18)
The output current is
Io = (β2 + 1)(β1 + 1)Ib1 (19)
Using the CDR on the input circuit

RB RB
Ib1 = Ii = Ii (20)
RB + Zi RB + β1 β2 RE

RB
Io = (β2 + 1)(β1 + 1) Ii (21)
RB + β1 β2 RE
therefore,
Io (β1 + 1)(β2 + 1)RB
Ai = = (22)
Ii RB + β1 β2 RE
using β1 , β2 >>1
Using β1 , β2 >>1
Io β1 β2 RB
Ai = ≈ (23)
Ii RB + β1 β2 RE
Io βD RB
Ai = ≈ (24)
Ii RB + βD RE
AC voltage gain of Darlington configuration
For the input and output voltage is given as
Vo = Io RE (25)
Vo = Ii (RB ||Zi ) (26)

βD RB RE
RB ||Zi = RB ||βD RE = (27)
RB + βD RE

Vo Io RE RE
Av = = = (Ai ) (28)
Vi Ii (RB ||Zi ) RB ||Zi
RE
βD RB βD R B R E
Av = (29)
RB + βD RE RB + βD RE
Av is approximately equal to 1. In practice it is less than one.
AC analysis of BJT AC output impedance of darlington pair

The input Vi is set to zero, therefore RB is effectively shorted as shown in
the circuit below.
Applying KCL at point a result in Io + (β2 + 1)Ib2 = Ie , therefore,
Io = Ie − (β2 + 1)Ib2 (30)
Applying KVL on the outer loop of this circuit
Vo = −Ib1 β1 re1 − Ib2 β2 re2 (31)
Using the expression Ib2 = (β1 + 1)Ib1
Vo = −Ib1 β1 re1 − (β1 + 1)Ib1 β2 re2 = −Ib1 [β1 re1 + (β1 + 1)β2 re2 ] (32)
−Vo
The value of Ib1 = β1 re1 +(β1 +1)β2 re2 and the value of Ib2 is =(β1 + 1)Ib1
Vo = −Ib1 β1 re1 − (β1 + 1)Ib1 β2 re2 = −Ib1 [β1 re1 − (β1 + 1)β2 re2 ] (33)

−Vo
and Ib1 = β1 re1 +(β1 +1)β2 re2 ,
−V0
Ib2 = (β1 + 1)[ ] (34)
β1 re1 + (β1 + 1)β2 re2
Therefore,
β1 + 1
Ib2 = −Vo (35)
β1 re1 + (β1 + 1)β2 re2
Now, as we know Io = Ie − (β2 + 1)Ib2 can be expressed as

(β1 + 1)Vo
Io = Ie − (β2 + 1) (36)
β1 re1 + (β1 + 1)β2 re2
Vo (β1 + 1)(β2 + 1)Vo

Io = + (37)
RE β1 re1 + (β1 + 1)β2 re2
and Using assumption that beta is very large than 1,

Vo β1 β2 Vo Vo Vo
Io = + = + re1 (38)
RE β1 re1 + β1 β2 re2 RE β2 + re2
The current divides into two paths as shown below.

re1
In general RE >> β2 + re2 ,
therefore,
re1
Zo = + re2 (39)
β2
Feedback pair Input Impedance Zi
Input Impedance Zi
The ac equivalent circuit of feedback pair is given below.
The input impedance is Zi‘ = VI ‘i then, applying KCL at node a and

i
defining Ic = Io .
Ib1 + β1 Ib1 − β2 Ib2 + Io = 0 (40)
with Ib2 = −β1 Ib1 the above equation becomes
Ib1 + β1 Ib1 − β2 (−β1 Ib1 ) + Io = 0 (41)

Input Impedance Zi
In Fig.19 Io is given as
Io = −Ib1 − β1 Ib1 − β1 β2 Ib1 = −Ib1 (1 + β1 ) − β1 β2 Ib1 (42)
with β1 >>1
Io = −β1 Ib1 − β1 β2 Ib1 ) = −Ib1 (β1 + β1 β2 ) = −Ib1 β1 (1 + β2 ) (43)
Io ≈ −β1 β2 Ib1 (44)

here,
Vi − β1 β2 Ib1 RC
Ib1 = (45)
β1 re1
therefore,
Vi = Ib1 (β1 re1 + β1 β2 RC ) (46)
Input Impedance Zi
Using the above expression

Vi
Ib1 = Ii‘ = (47)
β1 re1 + β1 β2 RC
and then
Vi Vi
Vi‘ = = (48)
Ii‘ Vi
β1 re1 +β1 β2 RC
Therefore,
Zi‘ = β1 re1 + β1 β2 RC (49)
Usually,β1 β2 RC >>β1 re1
Zi‘ ≈ β1 β2 RC (50)
Zi = RB ||Zi‘ (51)
Feedback pair Current gain
Current gain
In Fig.19 Ib1 = Ii‘ , therefore,
Io
A‘i = = −β1 β2 (52)
Ii‘
Io Io I ‘
Ai = = ‘ i (53)
Ii Ii Ii
For the input side
RB Ii RB Ii
Ii‘ = ‘
= (54)
RB + Zi RB + β1 β2 RC
Using (52)
−β1 β2 RB
Ai = (55)
RB + β1 β2 RC
The negative sign shows that both the currents are entering the network.
Feedback pair Voltage gain
Voltage gain
Voltage gain is given as,
Vo −Io RC (−β1 β2 Ii‘ )RC

Av = = ‘ ‘ =− ‘ (56)
Vi Ii Zi Ii (β1 re1 + β1 β2 RC )
β2 RC
Av = (57)
re1 + β2 RC
Using approximation β2 RC >>re1 For the input side
β2 RC
Av ≈ =1 (58)
β2 RC
Feedback pair Output Impedance
Output Impedance
Setting Vi equal to zero, Fig below shows the equivalent circuit.
Using the fact that Io = −β1 β2 Ib1

Vo Vo
Zo‘ = = (59)
Io −β1 β2 Ib1
−Vo
Ib1 = (60)
β1 re1
Feedback pair Output Impedance
Output Impedance
Vo β1 re1
Zo‘ = −Vo
= (61)
−β1 β2 ( β1 re ) β1 β2
1
re
Zo‘ = 1 (62)
β2
therefore,
re1
Zo = RC || (63)
β2
r
Because RC >> βe21
re1
Zo = RC || (64)
β2

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EE-231 Electronics I

Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher

AvT = Av 1 · Av 2 · Av 3 ..... (1)

In a cascaded network the amplifier 2 is acting like a load to amplifier 1.

Darlington configuration as emitter configuration

Darlington configuration as emitter configuration

Vcc − VBE1 − VBE2

IE2 = β2 IB2 = β2 IE1 = β2 (β1 IE1 ) = β2 β1 IB1 (4)

IC2 ≈ IE2 = βD IB1 (5)

Darlington configuration as emitter configuration

the base voltage of Q1 is

VB1 = Vcc − IB1 RB = VE2 + VBE1 + VBE2 (8)

the collector-emitter voltage of Q2

VCE2 = VC2 − VE2 = VCC − VE2 (9)

AC input impedance of Darlington configuration

The ac input impedance can be determined using the ac equivalent

AC input impedance of Darlington configuration

Zi2 = β2 (re2 + RE ) (10)

Zi1 = β1 (re1 + β2 RE ) (13)

AC current gain of Darlington configuration

The output current is

Io = Ib2 + β2 Ib2 = (β2 + 1)Ib2 (17)

AC current gain of Darlington configuration

The output current is

Io = (β2 + 1)(β1 + 1)Ib1 (19)

Using the CDR on the input circuit

AC current gain of Darlington configuration

AC voltage gain of Darlington configuration

For the input and output voltage is given as

Vo = Ii (RB ||Zi ) (26)

AC output impedance of darlington pair

AC output impedance of darlington pair

Applying KCL at point a result in Io + (β2 + 1)Ib2 = Ie , therefore,

Io = Ie − (β2 + 1)Ib2 (30)

Applying KVL on the outer loop of this circuit

Vo = −Ib1 β1 re1 − Ib2 β2 re2 (31)

Using the expression Ib2 = (β1 + 1)Ib1

AC output impedance of darlington pair

Vo (β1 + 1)(β2 + 1)Vo

AC output impedance of darlington pair

and Using assumption that beta is very large than 1,

The current divides into two paths as shown below.

The input impedance is Zi‘ = VI ‘i then, applying KCL at node a and

Ib1 + β1 Ib1 − β2 (−β1 Ib1 ) + Io = 0 (41)

Io = −Ib1 − β1 Ib1 − β1 β2 Ib1 = −Ib1 (1 + β1 ) − β1 β2 Ib1 (42)

Io = −β1 Ib1 − β1 β2 Ib1 ) = −Ib1 (β1 + β1 β2 ) = −Ib1 β1 (1 + β2 ) (43)

Io ≈ −β1 β2 Ib1 (44)

Using the above expression

Voltage gain is given as,

Vo −Io RC (−β1 β2 Ii‘ )RC

Using the fact that Io = −β1 β2 Ib1

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