Paper No.
671
aggregates also. Cement-treated sub base (CTSB)
is a strong layer for asphalt pavements. It may
consist of natural soil and/or aggregates blended
with prescribed quantities of cement and water.
It allows road making agencies to create a strong
sub base for projects with specified durability and
strength requirements, and thus can reduce the
overall thickness of the layer. Variability associated
with construction of Cement Treated Base
(CTB) would prove very beneficial to pavement
designers, but the literature is generally absent of
such information. The existing publications mainly
focus on laboratory testing and field performance
of CTB materials (2-9).
Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is the term
given to removed and/or reprocessed pavement
materials containing asphalt and aggregates. These
materials are generated when asphalt pavements
are removed for reconstruction, resurfacing, or to
obtain access to buried utilities. When properly
crushed and screened, RAP consists of high-quality,
well-graded aggregates coated by asphalt cement.
Use of RAP may require addition of a stabilizing
agent such as Portland cement to achieve the
desired engineering properties (10, 11). Reduced
spatial variability in RAP content, cement content,
and time between mixing and compaction are
needed to ensure more uniform performance of
the pavement sections (12). The structural layer
coefficient of the foamed asphalt stabilized base
materials is estimated to be 0.18, which indicates
the promise of this recycled base material in
pavement construction (12). The properties of
materials were found to be dependent on the
method of mix design also. The South African
method of mix design treats the RAP material
as a black aggregate and does not consider the
influence of softening of aged bitumen present in
RAP. On the other hand, the mix design procedure
developed in the United States has RAP material
with higher percentage of aggregates coated with
binder as pavements in the United States have
thick bituminous layer supported by base and sub-
base layer (13-16). Research suggests that milling
plans should be utilized to achieve RAP contents
in the range of 50 to 75 percent, and a cement
content of 1.0 percent should be specified for this
material. Cement contents less than 1.0 percent are
not sufficient to stabilize the material, and greater
110 Journal of the indian Roads Congress, July - September, 2017
cement contents may cause cracking (17,18).
The main objective of this study is to design
and carry out comparative evaluation of flexible
pavementswith different combination of crust
thicknesses for the given conditions of traffic and
soil subgrade CBR. Following types of pavements
are considered.
(i) A conventional pavement with granular sub-
base (GSB) and base (Wet Mix Macadam,
WMM) layers and conventional bituminous
base course and wearing course.
(ii) A pavement with Cement Treated Sub-Base
(CTSB) and other layers as in the case of con-
ventional pavement.
(iii) A pavement with foamed bitumen stabilized
RAP layer and other layers as in conventional
pavement.
(iv) A Pavement with cement treated subbase and
foam bitumen stabilized RAP.
The above mentioned pavements are designed
using IITPAVE (1) software. The performance of
the individual pavement layer material is evaluated
in the laboratory is also based on rutting and fatigue
criteria, and results are compared.
2. MATERIALS USED
Aggregates used in the present work were procured
from a nearby stone crusher. These were of basalt
type having physical properties like impact value,
water absorption, stripping value and flakiness
and elongation indices within permissible limits
as specified in Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways Specifications (19) for road works.
The bitumen used in the laboratory study was
Viscosity Grade 40 (VG 40) type having viscosity
of 784 cp at 135oC as determined through Brook
field viscometer as per AASHTO T 316. The
foam bitumen used had the properties as shown in
Table 1.
Table 1 Foaming Characteristics of Foam Bitumen
Water Test temperature 180ºC Test temperature 170ºC
content, %
Expansion Half Life Expansion Half Life
Ratio (sec) Ratio (sec)
3 6 16 8 14
5 12 15 14 12
7 16 8 18 10