5/6/2018 Fuzzy Logic > Notes (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Notes to Fuzzy Logic
1. Note that truth-functionality implies that degrees of truth cannot be interpreted as probabilities or degrees of
beliefs, since the latter do not combine functionally: the probability that “The sun shines at noon tomorrow and it
rains at midnight” is not (just) determined by the probabilities of the two indicated events, since they are not
independent in general.

2. The equivalence does not hold for infinite sets of premises. Perhaps surprisingly, the general consequence
relation is nevertheless compact in the usual sense: an infinite set of formulas is satisfiable, i.e., there is an
evaluation evaluating all its formulas to 1, whenever each finite subset is satisfiable.

3. This follows from the residuation property and the intuition that an implication should be true if and only if
the truth value of its consequent is at least as high as that of its antecedent. Indeed: x ≤ y iff x ∗ 1 ≤ y iff
1 ≤ x ⇒ y iff x ⇒ y = 1 .

4. An algebra A with domain [0,1] where ∧, ∨, 0 , 1 are min, max, 0, and 1, respectively, is an MTL-algebra if
¯¯
¯ ¯¯
¯

and only if & is a left-continuous t-norm and → its residuum. Taking any MTL-algebra A and defining
evaluations as homomorphisms from formulas to A , we can introduce the consequence relation ⊨ in a similar A

fashion as done for MTL, that is, as preservation of the designated value 1 . Then Γ ⊢ φ iff Γ ⊨
¯¯
¯
φ for MTL A

each MTL-algebra A .

5. This amounts to require that the formula φ & (φ → ψ) → ψ is a tautology, which is actually the case in usual
fuzzy logics.

6. This is in particular the case for formulations that are based on Łukasiewicz logic, where all connectives have
continuous truth functions. Note, however, that the closeness principle arguably is not compatible with fuzzy
logics like Gödel logic, that only refer to the relative order of truth values, but not to their metric distance.

Copyright © 2017 by
Petr Cintula <cintula@cs.cas.cz>
Christian G. Fermüller <chrisf@logic.at>
Carles Noguera <carles.noguera.clofent@gmail.com>

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https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-fuzzy/notes.html 1/1