Andrés López Forastier

History
dNotes on 160-167

1. The Republic Collapses

a. Economic Turmoil
i. Gap between rich and poor widens as Roman Republic grows.
ii. Farmers and former soldiers lose to large estates and become homeless.
iii. Two tribunes, Tiberius and Gaius, try to help the poor, but are murdered.
iv. Civil war—conflict between groups within the same country begins.
b. Military Upheaval
i. Military becomes less disciplined and disloyal.
ii. Soldiers recruited from the poor; show loyalty only to their generals.
c. Julius Caesar Takes Control
i. Julius Caesar is elected consul in 59 B.C.
ii. Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey form a triumvirate—a group of three leaders.
iii. Military victories give Caesar increasing popularity and power.
iv. Pompey fears Caesar’s growing power and challenges him.
v. Caesar defeats Pompey’s armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt
vi. Caesar is named dictator for life in 44 B.C.
d. Caesar’s Reforms
i. Caesar makes reforms: grants wider citizenship, creates jobs for the poor.
ii. Group of senators opposes Caesar and murders him on March 15, 44 B.C.
e. Beginning of the Empire
i. Caesar’s supporters take control; become Second Triumvirate.
ii. Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus alliance ends in jealousy and violence.
iii. Mark Antony and Cleopatra’s forces are defeated at Actium.
iv. Octavian accepts title of Augustus, “exalted one,” and rules Rome.
2. A Vast and Powerful Empire
a. Pax Romana
i. Under Augustus, Rome moves from a republic to an empire.
ii. Power no longer resides with citizens, but in a single ruler.
iii. Rome enjoys 200 years of peace and prosperity known as (2A).
b. A Sound Government
i. Augustus, Rome’s ablest ruler, creates a lasting system of government.
1. Glorifies Rome with beautiful public buildings.
2. Sets up a civil service to administer the empire.
c. Agriculture and Trade
i. Agriculture is the most important industry in the empire; 90% of Romans farm.
ii. Common coin, denarius, makes trade within empire easier.
iii. Rome has a vast trading network which includes China and India.
iv. Network of Roman roads link the empire to Persia and Russia.
3. The Roman World
a. Slaves and Captivity
i. Slavery is a significant part of Roman life in both cities and farms.
ii. Some slaves become gladiators; forced to fight to the death.
b. Gods and Goddesses
i. Early Romans honored guardian spirits and gods Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva.
ii. Worship of emperor becomes part of official religion of Rome.
c. Society and Culture
i. Rich live well; most people are poor, receive grain from government.
ii. 150 holidays and Colosseum events were created to control the masses.
iii. Christianity would develop and later become one of the dominant religions of the world.