Dear Students of Class XI

As you all know the practical’s are an important part of CBSE curriculum and they have 30%
weightage in the final score. In most of the schools the practical are going on a regular basis
and the exams will be conducted along with the final exams in the months of February-
March

So I wish to give you all some guidelines about the practical’s, projects and the viva voice so
that you can improve your scores.

In XI class practicals are taken by Chemistry teachers of your school. So please follow the
instructions given by your school teachers and as I always say, always respect and obey your
school teachers they are your guiders and know more than you, never argue with them
during practical’s or viva.

I will try to cover all the requirements of practicals in some post. In this post and I am giving
you the scheme of exam and the methodology of writing the practical’s in the exams(please
follow the instructions of your school teachers as there can be slight difference and do
what they expect)

Although project is to be submitted in XII class only, but in some schools students are
asked to submit the project in XI.

I am also giving list of some projects that can be written and submitted for CBSE
investigatory project (4-Marks), for the details of the projects if required you can contact
me at JLN centre or on phone.

I will try to scan and upload some of the projects for you soon.

Syllabus for XI Chemistry Practical’s 2014-2015

Contents Marks

Volumetric Analysis (titration) - 8

Salt Analysis - 8

Content Based Experiment - 6

Class Record and Viva - 4

Investigatory Project - 4

Total - 30

The Practical Exam paper contains three practical questions-

Q.1 Based on Titration-

VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
 Molarity: - Molarity of a solution may be defined as the number of grams moles of solute per
litre of the solution. It is donated by M. Mathematically , It may be expressed as:

Gram moles of solute

Molarity =
Volume of solution (in litre)
OR
Grams of solute per litre of solution
Grams molecular mass of the solute
End Point: -It is the point where the reaction between the two solutions is just complete.

Indicator: - A substance which indicates the attainment of end point. Indicator undergoes
a change in colour at the end point.

 Titrations are of many types-Acid –Base Titrations, Redox Titrations etc.

 As you know the type of titration in our course is Acid-Base Titration which involves
titrating Acid with Base or vice- versa

Acid –Base Titrations-

 In acid base titrations the amount of substance is determined by titrating it against a

standard solution of acid or base.
 The chemical reaction involved in acid base titration is called neutralisation reaction. It
involves-
H3O++ OH- 2 H2O
 Selection of indicator can be made according to the solution used for titration-
 For strong acid and strong base titration Phenolphthalein is used
 For strong acid and weak base titration Methyl Orange is used
 For weak acid and strong base titration Phenolphthalein is used

Derivation of the normality equation-

Consider an acid - alkali neutralization reactions. Let V1 cm3 of an acid solution of N1 normality
require V2 cm3 of base of N2 normality.

By the law of equivalents, at the end point

N1V1 = N2V2
In term of molarities we can proceed as

[ ( ) ( )] .
=
( ) ( ] .

For a reaction between HCl and Na2CO3

Na2CO3 +2HCl →2NaCl + CO2 + H2 O

1mole 2mole
( )
Thus ( )
=

Note :
1. An indicator should be added by means of glass dropper.

2. Always use one or two drops of the indicator. Large amount of indicator will not give sharp

end point

3. The same number of drops of indicator should be used for each titration.

4. Do not use burette with rubber stopper as Acid can react with rubber.

5. Always read the lower meniscus of burette with colourless solution.

Experiment

 Calculate the weight of the crystals required for preparation of required

concentration and volume of solutions by using molarity formula.

Molarity =
×

 Prepare the required solutions and perform the titration.

How And what to write in answer booklet (for titration)-

Aim-

Requirements-
Apparatus required-

Chemicals required-

Theory-
Ionic or Chemical equation of titration reaction-

Calculation for preparation of required solutions-

Indicator-

End Point-

NOTE- Procedure not required to be written in exam (but you have to write
in lab record work).

Observation-
Weight of Watch glass-

Weight of salt required-

Weight of salt + watch glass-

Volume of solution prepared-

Volume of acid or base taken for each titration-

Observation Table-
S.No. Initial Burette Final Burette Volume of solution
Reading Reading used(ml)

Concordant Volume- x ml
Note-
 You have to take 4-5 readings till the last two are exactly same, it is known as
concordant volume
 Concordant volume will be used in further calculations.

Calculation-
By the law of equivalents, at the end point

N1V1 = N2V2

In term of molarities we can proceed as

[ ( ) ( )] .
( ) ( ]
= .

For a reaction between HCl and Na2CO3

Na2CO3 +2HCl →2NaCl + CO2 + H2 O

1mole 2mole
( )
Thus ( )
=

Result-
The given Acid Or Base solution has molarity – M

The given Acid Or Base solution has strength- g/l

Precautions- (At least 3)

1. Always wear lab coat, gloves and eye protection while working with
chemicals/acids
2. Do not touch Acids or bases with hands without wearing gloves.
3. Rinse all the apparatus with distil water before starting the experiment.
4. Pipette out acids or bases carefully so that they must not enter into
mouth.