A.coverslipis athin square of lass that you put over a specimen on a microscope slide. The cover sip stops the specimen from drying out, and squishes itso that light can get though it easier antibacterial improvemente-wveigh fixed / known amount plant ; 2, measured/known volume of ethanol / knowin ‘concentration of ethanol ; 3. shake / leave for known / stated time ; 4. standardised crushing method ; 5. separation / filtration /eq : 6. use same part of plant / same strain / variety of the plant ; measurement: 1. graph paper tracing / {mean / average} diameter reqs 2. count squares / calculate area / eq; 3. subtract area of {well / paper} / eq Enzymes- risk!. respiration / breathing problems / eq ; 2. use coated enzymes / eq / wear mask 5 3: possible skin reaction to enzyme /eq ; 4. wear gloves / wash with copious water / wash bench down / dry up soils; 5. getting enzyme into blood through cut ; 6, wear plaster / gloves ; T. high level of alkali damages skin / eves : 8. gloves / goggles as appropriate ; 9. reference to enzyme damage to eyes 10. wear goggles / eq reliability of graph: reference to wide range / variability of data ; 2. greater reliability for data at {1% / 4% /5% / eas 3. reference to more data needed for 1.55 to allow better assessment of reliability 4, reference to outliers / anomalies economic implications: reference to (idea of) best concentration {0 use lignore value} 2. reference to no improvement above this concentration ; 3. enzyme costs money ; 4. reference to reduced cost effectiveness at higher concentrations ; ‘conservation: bias: check for ary bias of sponsor (e.g. funding source) :low ph results and validity of evidence and that graph in: incroase in lactic acid concentration causes fall inheart rate /e9 ; 2. low pH has an effect on enzymes / slows dovin / inhioits muscle contraction {dea that more lactic acid lowers pH 2. these data show that lowering pH depresses heart rate in rats as in Daphnia / eq ; 3. published in peer-reviewed journal therefore valiaity is likely to be good ; 4. but rat is vertebrate / (many) differences (in physiology) between rat and Daphnia / eq : 5. rat heart is isolated, Daphnia whole organism / eq; cell membrane: why equal sized cylinders of beetroot: same {amount / volume /eq] of pigment / same face area / number of cells on surface /e colorimeter: Then any two fro + shake before measurement + se of appropriate colour filter zeroing against blank + clean cuvettes + wiping cuvettes * Uansparent side REJECT smooth side + measure absorbance / transmission + eriough liquid to allow light go through how variable could be controlled: volume of water (in tre boiling tube) 2. suitable method e.g. measuring cylinder, pipette / eq ; 3, reference to rinsing + 4. until clear / for fixed time for all 5. similar {variety / Gensity / eq} of beetroot ; 6. method to ensure same variety e.g. same beetroot 5 7. pre-treatment e.g. storage 8, detail of above | 9. (use same) part of beetroot / eq : 40, detail e.g. cut from middle, peeling ; how temperature affected: freezing / condensation effect at low temperature explained 2. correct reference to effect of temperature on membrane permeability ; 43, correct reference to effect of temperature on membrane component ;4. {all / 25 much} pigment es possible gone et €0 °C / idee of high temperature destroys pigment dea: Ethical implication gene testing: For example: + invasive procedure + elimination / disposal / storage of unused embryos J right to life ‘eugenics / designer babies / discrimination ‘nto should have access + igh cost (false positive + distress - abortion not justified Stross - worry about baby / not having children when not a problem + distress - about abortion that was not needed (alse negatives) + shock of diseased baby born + false confidence right to know or not: Diagram A 4. most peaple have definite opinions ({few / enly 2) nat sure, na response % low) : 2. the idea that {a majority / most} Unink somebody nas a right to know /2q : Diagram B 2, more think that medical practitioners shuld know than think commercial insurers should ACCEPT corverse ; “4, more people are unsure / no respence / eq about medical practitioners knowing than about ‘commercial insurers : 5. anywhere within lines 95 and 65, ‘what u would look more forraiabilty of evidence: Credit any two appropriate questions For example. + ninat research is being done on treatments for TSD 1 iat is gene therapy + what progress on gene therapy (in relation to named diseases) seit available Internet search engine / scentfic Journals / gazines / reference to specialist brary / erence torelevant experts / eqma ref tissue culture: how growth controlled: idea of concentration of {mineral salt / auxin / cytokinin eqy i 2, reference to same {mass / eq) of chemical; 3. idea of adding to known volumeof {water / medium / eq } : oR 1. temperature (of incubation) ; 2. water bath / incubator / eq: 3, sensible temperature value e.g.15-30.C; OR Le light ; 2. idea of same light source e.g light bulb ; 3. idea of how same intensity / wavelength obtained e.g same distance, same wattage, same filter ; OR pH; 2! use’a buffer / eq ; 3. Idea of buffer content or appropriate pH e.g. 6 to 8 ; OR 1. humidity / eq ; 2! idea of closed container used idea of reduces evaporation Reliability: idea that SD indicates reliability 2. idea of that (all) these results are reliable ; 53. idea that 2 small SD means bettor reliability ; 4, idea that SDs do not overlap advan and disadvan of gm crops: Maximum of three from the following 1. Idea of crops resistant t0 (disease [pests / insects / ec} j a Ficea of survive adverse abiotic factors e.g. drought, weather ; 3. less use of chemicals e.g. agrocherricals, pesticides, insecticides 4, saves money ; 5. Idea of recucing sol erosion / eq 6. idea of bigger yiolds ; 7. improved nutritional value ; 8, might help with food shortage / raduce famine makeLEDCs more {self sufficient / economically steble); Disadvantages Maximum of three from the following 9. escape of (resistant / eq) genes / alleles ; 10.expense (especially to LEDC farmers) of seeds ; Loss of beneficial insects / birds / ea 12.'idea of damage due to increased use of glyphosphate ; environmental implications of gm cropsreduce agro-chemical use / eq ; 2. idea of reduced impact on environment described e.g. nontarget organisms survive, less pesticide in food chains ; 3. idea of use of GM reduces need for{cleansing soil / fallow fields} 4. idea of reduces {erosion / loss} of sol (when feds fallow); 5. idea of escape of (GM resistant / ea) genes into wild population ; 6. idea of consequences on organisms in the ecosystzm ; 7. idea of toxin present in GM crop gets into food chain; 8. effect on food chain described e.g. loss of beneficial insects / detail (acybirds /Incawings birds) + heart rate: why daphnia: simple nervous system invertebrate: reduced awareness of pain/eq.: ‘warsparent: heart visible without need for dissection’eg; abundant in nature; no threat toi ris Gepenudent species (food chains). bred for fh food sllthue dia anjnay:or may be clones: therefore no loss of genetic variation max temp min temp: lover temp leads to inactivity lreezing: higher temp leads to enzyme denaturation reliability: controling temperature/eq improvement: accuracy; the graphs. interpretation: reference to kinetic effects on enzymes and the substrate; increase rate of respiration increases oxygen demandiincreased rate of reaction increases heart muscle activityleg, ‘Above 30°C enzymesiproteins begin to denature: Reduced heart rate because of heart made of proteinfea; Daphnia become exhausted; ethics of drug: ethical; ethics of drug trials discussed (informed consent): social: implications of drug trials discussed (payment / encourages less wall off volunteers (students etc.) ; economics; comment on high costs / long time: how to make better data to be published: discussion of use of sub-headings: suggestion for 1 or 2 such sub-headings: suggestion for atleast one visual aid; detail of visual aid; flow charts Explain how a respirometer you have used is designed to overcome this problem and describe how it could be used to measure the volume of ‘oxygen taken up by respiring tissue in a human-carbon dioxide is absorbed in the apparatus / eq : named absorber (2.9. sodium hydroxide/potassium hydroxidelsoda lime) ; ‘therefore there will be a decrease in volumelpressure which can be measured / 09 ; Explain how temperature was controlled when using your respirometer.: use of water bath /eq ; allow to equilibrate before sealing apparatus ; suitable named temperature (20 = 40-C) [Reject room temperature Describe the measurements you would take when using a respirometer and any calculations necessary to determine the rato of oxygen uptake in 2 sample of respiring fissue-measure movement of liquid in capilaryimanometerU tube ; ina fixed time measure diameteriradius of tube ; volume = x ra (|= distance moved by liquid in tube / eq) : (volume) divided by time to give rate;