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Sumerian and the ancient Egyptians. There is different types or subspecies of garlic, most
some evidence that during the earliest notably hardneck garlic and softneck garlic.
Olympics in Greece, garlic was fed to the Allicin (allyl 2-propenethiosulfinate or
athletes for increasing stamina (Lawson and diallyl thiosulfinate) is the principal bioactive
Bauer, 1998). compound present in the aqueous extract of
Ancient Chinese and Indian medicine garlic or raw garlic homogenate. When garlic
recommended garlic to aid respiration and is chopped or crushed, allinase enzyme is
digestion and to treat leprosy and parasitic activated and produce allicin from alliin
infestation (Rivlrn, 1998).In the medieval (present in intact garlic). Other important
period, garlic was also played an important compounds present in garlic homogenate are
role in the treatment of different diseases. 1 -propenyl allyl thiosulfonate, allyl methyl
Avicenna (1988), in his well-known book, Al thiosulfonate, (E,Z)-4,5,9-trithiadodeca-
Qanoon Fil Tib (The Canon of Medicine), l,6,11-triene 9- oxide (ajoene), and y-L-
recommended garlic as a useful compound in glutamyl-S-alkyl- L-cysteine. The adenosine
treatment of arthritis, toothache, chronic concentration increases several-fold as the
cough, constipation, parasitic infestation, homogenate is incubated at room temperature
snake and insect bites, gynecologic diseases, for several hours.
as well as in infectious diseases (as Another widely studied garlic preparation
antibiotic). With the onset of Renaissance, is aged garlic extract. Sliced draw garlic
special attention was paid in Europe to the stored in 15-20% ethanol for more than 1.5
health benefits of garlic. Garlic has attracted year is refereed to aged garlic extract. This
particular attention of modern medicine whole process is supposed to cause
because of widespread belief about its effects considerable loss of allicin and increased
in maintaining good health. In some Western activity of certain newer compounds, such as
countries, the sale of garlic preparations S-allylcysteine, sallylmercaptocysteine,
ranks with those of leading prescription allixin, N-0 -(Ideoxy- D-fructos- 1 -yl)-L-
drugs. There is appreciable epidemiologic arginine, and selenium which are stable and
evidence that demonstrates therapeutic and significantly antioxidant. Medicinally used,
preventive roles for garlic. Several garlic oil is mostly prepared by steam-
experimental and clinical investigations distillation process. Steam-distilled garlic oil
suggest many favorable effects of garlic and consists of the diallyl, allylmethyl, and
its preparations. These effects have been dimethyl mono to hexa sulfides (Lawson and
largely attributed to i) reduction of risk Bauer, 1998). Botanically, Allium sativum is
factors for cardiovascular diseases, ii) a member of the Lillaceae family, along with
reduction of cancer risk, iii) antioxidant onions, chives, and shallots (Iciek et al.,
effect, iv) antimicrobial effect, and v) 2009; Lanzotti, 2006).
enhancement of detoxification foreign
compound and hepatoprotection (Colín-
González, 2012; Aviello, 2009). In this
review, a survey on current experimental as
well as clinical state of knowledge about the
preventive and therapeutic effects of garlic in
different diseases is given.
Garlic is a bulbous plant; grows up to 1.2
m in height. Garlic is easy to grow and can
be grown in mild climates (Figure). There are Figure 1. Garlic bulbs
cell carcinoma cells by enhancement of the as alliin, allicin, diallyl disulfide, diallyl
levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species trisulfide, diallyl sulfide, S-allyl cysteine,
and DNA damage and by inducing ajoene, and allyl mercaptan. Garlic extracts
endoplasmic reticulum stress and have been reported to be effective in
mitochondria-mediated apoptosis (Wang et reducing insulin resistance (Padiya and
al., 2012). Banerjee, 2013).
(Hitokoto et al., 1980), Trichosporon, and In comparison with the antibacterial action
Rhodotorula (Tansey and Appleton, 1975). of garlic, very little work has been done to
Garlic extracts have been shown to decrease investigate its antiviral properties. The few
the oxygen uptake (Szymona, 1952), reduce studies have reported that garlic extract
the growth of the organism, inhibit the showed in vitro activity against influenza A
synthesis of lipids, proteins, and nucleic and B (Fenwick and Hanley, 1985),
acids (Adetumbi et al., 1986), and damage cytomegalovirus (Meng et al., 1993; Nai-Lan
membranes (Ghannoum, 1988). et al., 1993), rhinovirus, HIV, herpes simplex
A sample of pure allicin was shown to be virus 1 (Tsai et al., 1985), herpes simplex
antifungal. Removal of the allicin from the virus 2 (Weber et al., 1992), viral pneumonia,
reaction by solvent extraction decreased the and rotavirus. Allicin, diallyl trisulfide and
antifungal activity (Hughes and Lawson, ajoene have all been shown to be active
1991). Activity has also been observed with (Hughes et al., 1989; Weber., 1992).
the garlic constituents, diallyl trisulfide, In the case of HIV, it is thought that
against cryptococcal meningitis (Cai, 1991), ajoene acts by inhibiting the integrin
ajoene, and against Aspergillus (Yoshida et dependent processes (Tatarintsev et al.,
al., 1987). Thiol reduced the activity, 1992). Allyl alcohol and diallyl disulfide
suggesting the blocking of thiol oxidation by have also proven effective against HIV-
allicin. Inhibition of respiratory activity is infected cells (Shoji et al., 1993). No activity
thought to be due to inhibition of succinate has been observed with allicin or S-allyl
dehydrogenase. The adhesion of Candida is cysteine. It appears that only allicin and
also greatly reduced in the presence of garlic allicin-derived substances are active. Taken
extract (Ghannoum, 1990). Again, this effect together, the beneficial effects of garlic
is diminished by the addition of thiol extract make it useful in medicine. There are
compounds. The addition of ajoene to some insufficient clinical trials regarding the
fungal growth mixtures, including effects of garlic in preventing or treating the
Aspergillus niger, C. albicans, and common cold. A single trial suggested that
Paracoccidiodes, has resulted in inhibition at garlic may prevent occurrences of the
concentrations lower than that experienced common cold, but more studies are needed to
with allicin. Studies with aged garlic extract validate this finding. This trial randomly
(with no allicin or allicin-derived assigned 146 participants to either a daily
constituents) showed no in vitro antifungal garlic supplement (with 180 mg of allicin
activity. However, when given to infected content) or a placebo for 12 weeks.
mice, the number of organisms that were The investigation revealed 24 occurrences
seen was reduced by up to 80% (Tadi et al., of the common cold in the garlic group
1991a). compared with 65 in the placebo group,
It has been reported that garlic exhibited resulting in fewer days of illness in the garlic
antifungal effects on two species, the air- group compared with the placebo group.
borne pathogen Botrytis cinerea and However, claims of effectiveness of garlic on
Trichoderma harzianum (Lanzotti et al., common cold appear to rely largely on poor
2012). Greater satisfaction with the use of quality evidence (Lissiman et al., 2012).
garlic rather than nystatin was reported by Many countries have used garlic extract for
the patients with denture stomatitis (Bakhshi clinical treatments, but the untoward actions
et al., 2012). of garlic following long-term administration
should be fully noted. Even though many
Antiviral properties studies on garlic and its derivatives have
Conclusion
A recent increase in the popularity of
alternative medicine and natural products has References
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