Women Abuse Throughout The History

Simple language Important issue
SALEM MOHAMMED AL-JEFRI
Notice :- (if you want to say your opinion and comment about this research
please feel free to write to this Email (salem-313@hotmail.com).
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(QURAN, chapter 20 verse 25)

May peace and salutation from God be upon all the prophets and messengers of
God Amen
***
"O mankind! We created you from a single (pair) of a

male and female, and made you into nations and tribes
that you may recognize each other (Not that you despise
each other). Verily, the most honorable of you in the
sight of Allah is (he who is) the most righteous of you.
And Allah has full knowledge and well acquainted (With
all things)" (Q 49:13)
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For some time ago , and as I have been passing in my way of learning English
language and studying my comparative religion, I have heard a lot about the abuse of
women and women rights and the controversy about the Issues of woman. Actually it
was something natural to me that every human being should have his rights. But what
gave me a shock is that some people are trying to say that Islam was responsible for
women abuse in the past and present time, Especially those who came from the west
or have studied or lived there. In fact, that was just the opposite of the result of my
studies. This encouraged and enabled me to make a comprehensive research of
woman abuse and I covered the issue from these aspects.
1- The abuse of woman in ancient ages.

2- Women status in Judaism, Christianity and Islam, in comparative views.
3- The abuse of woman in modern life .
4- The factual conclusion.
It is undoubted that throughout history women have been loaded much more
responsibilities and difficulties of everyday life than that of men. In every
country you can hear the same story, from east to west. Starting from Japan
and passing through China, India, Persia, Arabia, Greece, and Rome to France
ending with some other western countries.
In Japan in the medieval ages, when it was influenced by Confucian

teachings, women were treated much like servants. Her duty was to serve her
husband and not even to eat with him. The delicious foods were only allotted
for him. While they both (husband and wife) are walking, the wife can not
walk beside him but behind him.
In ancient China, woman for them was like sore water that wash away the
happiness and wealth. The infant girl, when she had just been born, she would
be put on the ground for three days to symbolize her low status. Also, it is a
right for the Chinese man to sell his wife. If the wife became a widow she
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becomes the husband's family property. Furthermore, the Chinese man can
bury his wife alive
India, women were treated in subjection. Describing the status of the Indian
women Encyclopedia Britannica states:
In India, subjection was a cardinal principle . . . the

rule of inheritance was agnatic, that is descent traced
through males and females. In Hindu scriptures, the
description of a good wife as follows: "a woman
whose mind, speech and body are kept in subjection,
acquires high renown in this world ,and in the next,
the same abode with her husband.
Also in the Indian teachings we read: "Not a long-suffering, wind, death, hell,
poison, snakes, nor fire are worse than women." Indians thought that a man
can't gain knowledge and wisdom unless he abandoned his family. In Manu
law women have no right of dependence at all. It was common if her husband
died she had to die in the same fire that her husband's body was burnt in. This
habit lasted until the seventeenth century when it was outlawed unwillingly
from the Indian religious men.
About the Persians in their great old civilization men where allowed to marry
their mothers and sisters was allowed. And when the woman is in the state of
menstruation she was taken out of the city to a faraway place and nobody
mixed them except those who serve food to them. In addition, a Persian
woman was under the man's unlimited authority that he can sentence her to
death or grant her life.
In Ancient Arabia, people used to bury their young daughters alive out of
shame. This cruel action was condemned by the Prophet Muhammad –peace
be upon him- when he was sent by God. Instead, the Prophet encouraged
Arabs to love their daughters and to treat their children sons and daughters
equally .he exemplified her as a cover for her father from the hellfire. And
even promised that if someone had a daughter and took care of her that he is
going to live peacefully in paradise.
That was in the East. There was no big difference in the West. The Greeks
(who are supposed to be the source of today's democracy and freedom in the
West) are not like what the today laymen think. Democracy and freedom in
Greece were only limited to the male Greeks. Two people were considered
low human class to them: the non-Greeks and females. The great Greek
philosophers (like Aristotle, Socrates and Plato), who are viewed as heroes in
the West, were actually just like Christopher Columbus, who discovered the
American continent. Columbus was a murderer and made a great massacre to
the original people of America (which was worse than what Hitler did to the
Jews). But instead of viewing him as a big criminal, the West until today
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celebrates his discovery and exalts him as a hero. The same thing happened
with the Greek philosophers.
In the first chapter of her book, "Lifting the Veil: the Feminine Face of
Science" Dr. Linda Jean (1993) showed what Aristotle (384-322 BC) thought
and wrote about women. Aristotle taught that the heaven which is high and
infinite is representing the male. While the female is represented by the earth
which is low, down and corrupt. He presented the relationship between male
and female as the relationship of a master and his slave. Aristotle went further
to say that women are actually deformed men by birth. Women were not only
a deficient male but they has an animal spirit too, as Aristotle pointed. As we
see here that Aristotle put women in the level between humans and animals.
We have to remember that Aristotle and his ideas are the basis of the European
mentality for about 2000 years.
Plato (428-347 BC), who was the teacher of Aristotle, had a little better view
on women. But still he was having the idea of women inferiority. Women to
him are without souls and actually are the reincarnation of fallen and wicked
men in a previous life. In his Timaeus, Plato said:
It is only males who are created directly by the

gods and are given souls. Those who live
rightly return to the stars, but those who are
‗cowards‘ or lead unrighteous lives may with
reason be supposed to have changed into the
nature of women in the second generation.
Plato did not just see women as a state between men and animals as Aristotle
thought, but he thought of women as a state between man and devil! Plato said
again in his Timaeus:
He who lived well during his appointed time

was to return and dwell in his native star, and
there he would have a blessed and congenial
existence. But if he failed in attaining this, at
the second birth he would pass into a woman,
and if, when in that state of being, he did not
desist from evil, he would continually be
changed into some brute who resembled him in
the evil nature which he had acquired.
A person who is without a soul and a result of sins as well as one level above
the devilish beings supposed to be away from virtues Actually, this is what
Plato concluded in his Laws about women. He said: "Woman's nature is
inferior to that of men in capacity for virtue."
Before Aristotle and Plato were other great Greek philosophers, like Socrates
and Pythagoras, who stood at the same line of looking down at women. In his
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book "A Woman's Place?" Dr. C. S. Cowles (Professor of Religion in Point

Loma Nazarene University) quoted what these philosophers said about
women. Professor Cowles said:
Pythagoras (ca. 580-500 B.C.) one of the

earliest Greek philosophers, wrote, "There is a
good principle which created order, light and
man, and an evil principle which created chaos,
darkness and woman." Socrates (ca. 470-399
B.C.) described women as "the weaker sex"
and taught that they were halfway between a
man and an animal. He asked, "Do you know
anything at all practiced among mankind, in
which in all these respects the male sex is not
far better than the female?" . . . The ideal
woman, according to Xylophone, a
contemporary of Aristotle, was one who "might
see as little as possible, hear as little as
possible, and ask as little as possible." A friend
of Xylophone described his wife in these terms:
"She was not yet fifteen when I introduced her
to my house, and she had been brought up
always under the strictest supervision; as far as
could be managed, she had not been allowed to
see anything, hear anything or ask any
questions."
As I said before, if Columbus killed many American souls, the Greek

philosophers killed women's souls.
When the Romans succeeded the Greeks, still women were under the natural
level of humanity. Like the Greeks and Indians, she did not have the right to
own a property. In the Encyclopedia of Britannica, we find a summary of the
legal status of women in the Roman civilization:
In Roman law a woman was even in historic

times completely independent. If married, she
and her property passed into the power of her
husband, and like a slave acquired only for his
benefit. A woman could not exercise any civil
or public office … could not be a witness,
surety, tutor, or curator. She should not adopt
or be adopted, or make will or contract.
Do not think that this way of treating women was lasting with the Romans. It
continued up to the medieval ages and to the Renaissance age. In France, for
example, women did not have personal financial rights until 1938. In UK,
women could not have to own a property except after 1882. Centuries before,
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British women could be sold by her husband as a slave in the market. Between
5th and 11th centuries.
Here we are supposed to see a scholastic view of women status in these

religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) then we can judge and
distinguish easily which one gave women their rights as human being. but
before this I want to emphasize here that what we are dealing with, has
nothing to do with the people (who hold and believe in this or that
religion) because there is a rule that says : (A religion is a proof against
its adherent, but not the reverse ) and that simply means that if you see a
man committing a crime you have no right to judge that this is his
religion's teaching , in other words the religion is not its believers .And to
make it clear we say, if a believer, of any religion, commit a sin, he is
responsible for it not his religion. For example some of The Jews and the
Christian read in their scriptures the prohibition of adultery but they do it
freely and they name it dating or girlfriend. To us whatever you call it, it
remain a great dirty sin likewise the change of Alcoholic drinks it is given
a wonderful name (spiritual drinks) but it remains Alcohol. So certainly
that is not from their religion's teaching, while there are Muslim who
think terrorism is a part of Islam and you are not a perfect Muslim if you
don't terrify the non-Muslim ( of course if he isn't aggressor ) and we say
Islam is free from this misconception and others a lot. So what I am
saying now is that in this chapter we are dealing with these great religions
not with the behavior of its people nor with the poetical games that are
going on the world and that is a very big and common misconception that
is widespread among the people nowadays .
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In Judaism (the teachings of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible),

husband and wife are united in love. We read, "For this reason a man will
leave his father and mother and be united with his wife, and they will
become one flesh." (Genesis 2: 24)
The Old Testament as it teaches that man and woman are one in love it
teaches also that they are not one in states. Male is superior to female.
Actually, the discrimination against women starts as soon as they are
born. If the born child is boy, his mother stays unclean for only one week.
While if the child is a girl, her mother is unclean for two weeks, not only
one week like the boys! Furthermore, the mother, if her child is a son, has
to wait for 33 days until she is purified from bleeding. But if the child is a
daughter then the mother has to wait for double of the boy's time waiting,
which is 66 days! Here is the passage:
"The LORD said to Moses, Say to the Israelites: 'A woman who becomes
pregnant and gives birth to a son will be ceremonially unclean for seven
days, just as she is unclean during her monthly period. On the eighth day
the boy is to be circumcised. Then the woman must wait thirty-three days
to be purified from her bleeding. She must not touch anything sacred or
go to the sanctuary until the days of her purification are over. If she gives
birth to a daughter, for two weeks the woman will be unclean, as during
her period. Then she must wait sixty-six days to be purified from her
bleeding." (Leviticus 12: 1-5)
The girl as a daughter is not treated like the boy. A man can sell his own
daughter into slavery! In Exodus 21: 7 we read: "If a man sells his
daughter as a servant, she is not to go free as menservants do." The
Christian scholar Adam Clarke, in his "Commentary on the Bible" tried to
justify this biblical teaching by simplifying this slavery to 6 years! He
said, "It may appear at first view strange that such a law should have been
given; but let it be remembered, that this servitude could extend, at the
utmost, only to six years." While many Christians today would consider
this an abhorrent act, in the eyes of Adam Clarke that it is a godly as well
as humanitarian action for a father to earn money by selling his daughter
for half a dozen years!
The persecution of the daughter goes on. If a man raped a girl, she is
forcibly married to the one who raped her and she has to be his for the
remainder of her life:
"If a man happens to meet a virgin who is not pledged to be married and
rapes her and they are discovered, he shall pay the girl's father fifty
shekels of silver. He must marry the girl, for he has violated her. He can
never divorce her as long as he lives." (Deuteronomy 22: 28-29)
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So, the rapist only has to pay fifty shekels of silver (to her father and not
for the rapped girl!) without any punishment for this offensive crime. On
the contrary, he will enjoy marring the girl whom he raped and she is
forced to suffer marrying him. While if a girl gets married to someone
and in the first night she was discovered to be not virgin, she has to be
stoned to death:
"If, however, the charge is true and no proof of the girl's virginity can be
found [when a man marry her], she shall be brought to the door of her
father's house and there the men of her town shall stone her to death."
(Deuteronomy 22: 20-21) What if she was not virgin because she had
been raped? What if her virginity was injured by mistake?
As for the case of a Jewish priest; if his daughter committed fornication,
she is to be burnt alive. This case is not to be done with the priest's son:
"If a priest's daughter defiles herself by becoming a prostitute, she
disgraces her father; she must be burned in the fire." (Leviticus 21: 9)
Also there is different between a brother and sister. The priest cannot
touch any dead body nor attend any funeral except for his close relatives.
It is ok for a dead brother but not for his own unmarried sister! We read:
"A priest must not make himself ceremonially unclean for any of his
people who die, except for a close relative, such as his mother or father,
his son or daughter, his brother, or an unmarried sister who is dependent
on him since she has no husband-- for her he may make himself unclean."
(Leviticus 21: 1-3)
As a wife, she is to submit to her man. He has control over her. In the
Bible we read about the role of the wife: "Your desire will be for your
husband, and he will rule over you." (Genesis 3: 16)
The woman actually was treated like inherited items. If her husband dies,
she cannot freely marry anyone. She is inherited to his brother: "If
brothers are living together and one of them dies without a son, his
widow must not marry outside the family. Her husband's brother shall
take her and marry her and fulfill the duty of a brother-in-law to her."
(Deuteronomy 25: 5)
If a woman was divorced then she married another man, then she
becomes widowed or divorced again by the second man, then she cannot
return back to her first husband if she wished because she is unclean. But
the man who has divorced a second woman he can remarry his first wife
because he is clean:
"If a man marries a woman who becomes displeasing to him because he
finds something indecent about her, and he writes her a certificate of
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divorce, gives it to her and sends her from his house, and if after she
leaves his house she becomes the wife of another man, and her second
husband dislikes her and writes her a certificate of divorce, gives it to her
and sends her from his house, or if he dies, then her first husband, who
divorced her, is not allowed to marry her again after she has been defiled.
That would be detestable in the eyes of the LORD. Do not bring sin upon
the land the LORD your God is giving you as an inheritance."
(Deuteronomy 24: 1-4)
While this practice is now considered obsolete once, if a man suspected
his wife of being adulterous, he could find it out through superstitious
means. While if a woman suspects her husband she had no right to do
anything. Look at the following superstition used:
"Then the LORD said to Moses, Speak to the Israelites and say to them:
'If a man's wife goes astray and is unfaithful to him by sleeping with
another man, and this is hidden from her husband and her impurity is
undetected (since there is no witness against her and she has not been
caught in the act), and if feelings of jealousy come over her husband and
he suspects his wife and she is impure--or if he is jealous and suspects her
even though she is not impure-- then he is to take his wife to the priest.
He must also take an offering of a tenth of an ephah of barley flour on her
behalf. He must not pour oil on it or put incense on it, because it is a grain
offering for jealousy, a reminder offering to draw attention to guilt. 'The
priest shall bring her and have her stand before the LORD. Then he shall
take some holy water in a clay jar and put some dust from the tabernacle
floor into the water. After the priest has had the woman stand before the
LORD, he shall loosen her hair and place in her hands the reminder
offering, the grain offering for jealousy, while he himself holds the bitter
water that brings a curse. Then the priest shall put the woman under oath
and say to her, "If no other man has slept with you and you have not gone
astray and become impure while married to your husband, may this bitter
water that brings a curse not harm you. But if you have gone astray while
married to your husband and you have defiled yourself by sleeping with a
man other than your husband"-- here the priest is to put the woman under
this curse of the oath--"may the LORD cause your people to curse and
denounce you when he causes your thigh to waste away and your
abdomen to swell. May this water that brings a curse enter your body so
that your abdomen swells and your thigh wastes away. "" 'Then the
woman is to say, "Amen. So be it." 'The priest is to write these curses on
a scroll and then wash them off into the bitter water. He shall have the
woman drink the bitter water that brings a curse, and this water will enter
her and cause bitter suffering. The priest is to take from her hands the
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grain offering for jealousy, wave it before the LORD and bring it to the
altar. The priest is then to take a handful of the grain offering as a
memorial offering and burn it on the altar; after that, he is to have the
woman drink the water. If she has defiled herself and been unfaithful to
her husband, then when she is made to drink the water that brings a curse,
it will go into her and cause bitter suffering; her abdomen will swell and
her thigh waste away, and she will become accursed among her people.
If, however, the woman has not defiled herself and is free from impurity,
she will be cleared of guilt and will be able to have children." (Numbers 5
: 11-28)
In his book "A Woman's Place?" (1993) Dr. C.S. Cowles (Professor of
Religion in Point Loma Nazarene University) made a brief view on the
women status in Judaism; he said (pp. 46-50):
"A Jewish woman had the legal status of a slave and was regarded as a
possession of her father and then of her husband. She had no legal rights
of her own. This was based on a rabbinical interpretation of the 10th
commandment, which reads: "You shall not covet your neighbor's house;
you shall not covet your neighbor's wife or his male servant or his female
servant or his ox or his donkey or anything that belongs to your neighbor"
(Exodus 20:17, NASB). A woman thus had the same status as a house,
slave, ox, and donkey. She was denied any education other than learning
domestic arts. She could not receive an inheritance nor keep any money
she earned . . . She was not permitted to eat with him [i.e. her husband]
but was to remain standing behind him while he ate . . . She had to turn
over to him all money earned from manual work. She rendered to her
husband unquestioning and absolute obedience in all things. This was a
religious duty. Children were commanded to put respect for their father
before that of their mother. If the family's life was in danger, the husband
was to be saved first, sons second, then mother and daughters . . . Women
had no civil rights, nor could they serve as witnesses in legal proceedings.
Women were regularly described as being in the same class with Gentile
slaves and minor children. Jewish literature is full of expressions of joy
over the birth of a son and sorrow over the birth of a daughter. Two
hundred years before Christ, Jesus ben Sirach lamented the excessive
burdens a father had to bear over his daughter. He concluded, "Better is
the wickedness of a man than a woman who does good; and it is a woman
who brings shame and disgrace." A rabbinic verse-by-verse commentary
on Genesis describes women as "greedy, eavesdroppers, lazy, and jealous
. . . also querulous and garrulous." . . . Rabbi Judah encouraged Jewish
males to utter three thanksgivings daily: "Blessed be He who did not
make me a Gentile ... a woman ... a boor [ignorant of the law]." Another
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version of that popular prayer went, "Blessed be He who did not make me
a Gentile, a dog, a woman" — in that order."
The New Testament contains several compassionate verses in regards to

the male-female relationship. For example, we read: "Husbands, love
your wives, just as Christ loved the church and gave himself up for her."
(Ephesians 5: 25)
However, upon closer inspection, it would seem that this relationship isn't
as rosy as many people would expect. For example, many Christians
think that the Bible teaches equality between man and woman. Actually,
men and women are equal in their relationship with God. But in the case
of relationship between husband and wife, the Bible teaches that the man
enjoys higher rank than woman. It is similar to the relationship between a
master and his slave.
In fact, when Christianity came, it did not change previous Judaic
women's status much. Still, it would seem that women have to submit to
man who is considered her master. We read in the New Testament of the
Bible: "Wives, in the same way be submissive to your husbands . . . For
this is the way the holy women of the past who put their hope in God
used to make themselves beautiful. They were submissive to their own
husbands, like Sarah, who obeyed Abraham and called him her master."
(1 Peter 3: 1-3)
This women's subjugation to men has to be in everything just like a slave
to his master: "Wives, submit to your husbands as to the Lord, for the
husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church, his
body, of which he is the Savior. Now as the church submits to Christ, so
also wives should submit to their husbands in everything." (Ephesians 5:
22-24)
The Bible asks women to demonstrate a sign of their low status. They
have to cover their head as a symbol of their subjugation. St. Paul said:
"Now I want you to realize that the head of every man is Christ, and the
head of the woman is man, and the head of Christ is God . . . And every
woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered dishonors her
head--it is just as though her head were shaved. If a woman does not
cover her head, she should have her hair cut off; and if it is a disgrace for
a woman to have her hair cut or shaved off, she should cover her head. A
man ought not to cover his head, since he is the image and glory of God;
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but the woman is the glory of man. For man did not come from woman,
but woman from man; neither was man created for woman, but woman
for man. For this reason, and because of the angels, the woman ought to
have a sign of authority on her head. . . . Judge for yourselves: Is it
proper for a woman to pray to God with her head uncovered?" (1
Corinthians 11: 3-13)
About these biblical verses, the Christian biblical commentator Albert
Barnes said in his "Notes on the Bible":
"it was regarded everywhere as dishonorable and improper for a woman
to lay aside the appropriate symbol of her sex, and the emblem of
subordination, and to be uncovered in the presence of the man 1Co_11:3-
5; that if a woman was not veiled, if she laid aside the appropriate
emblem of her sex and of her subordinate condition, she might as well
part with her hair, which all knew would be dishonorable and improper
1Co_11:6; that the woman had been created for a subordinate station, and
should observe it 1Co_11:7-9"
He also said on his comment on the verse 7:
"She was made for him; she was made after he was; she was taken from
him, and was ―bone of his bone and flesh of his flesh.‖ . . . This,
therefore, ought to be acknowledged by a suitable manner of attire; and in
his presence this sense of her inferiority of rank and subordination should
be acknowledged by the customary use of the veil."
John Gill who was another biblical Christian expositor has explained why
God commanded women to wear veils, he noted in the verse 7:
"Since being first in the transgression, she who is man's glory has been
the means of his shame and disgrace."
And in regards to verse 10 he said: "The Hebrew name of the veil
signifies dependence."
While the theological scholar John Wesley said in his comment on the
verse 7 (in his "Explanatory Notes"):
"But the woman is only matter of glory to the man, who has a becoming
dominion over her. Therefore she ought not to appear, but with her head
veiled, as a tacit acknowledgment of it."
Regarding verse 9, the well-known Christian commentator Matthew
Henry said:
"She was naturally, therefore, made subject to him, because made for
him, for his use, and help, and comfort. And she who was intended to be
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always in subjection to the man should do nothing, in Christian

assemblies, that looks like an affectation of equality."
Christians nowadays are often accused of having forsaken their religious
practices and biblical teachings in favor of the secular ideology. So, many
argue that Christians now refuse to follow the biblical teachings claiming
that the woman's veil and her subjection to the man was just an old
custom and culture. While St. Paul clearly stated that the veil and women
submission to men is supposed to be the character of good Christian
woman. He declared that the woman has to submit to her husband not
because of culture but because:
1- God is the head of the Christ, and Christ is the head of the man, and
man is the head of the woman (which means God is the first rank then
second is Jesus then in the third rank is the man then after him as last
rank is woman). (1 Corinthians 11 : 3)
2- "Man is the image and glory of God; but the woman is the glory of
man." (1 Corinthians 11 : 7)
3- "For man did not come from woman, but woman from man." (1
Corinthians 11 : 8)
4- For man was not "created for woman, but woman for man." (1
Corinthians 11 : 9)
5- "For Adam was formed first, then Eve." (1 Timothy 2 : 13)
6- For "Adam was not the one deceived; it was the woman who was
deceived and became a sinner." (1 Timothy 2 : 14)
Because of these biblical teachings, the Christians were blaming women
for centuries for being responsible of the Original Sin. In the fifth
century, Saint Augustine (one of the famous Church Fathers) said:
"What is the difference whether it is in a wife or a mother; it is still Eve
the temptress that we must beware of in any woman... I fail to see what
use woman can be to man, if one excludes the function of bearing
children."
Therefore, the New Testament taught that women have neither to teach
men nor to teach in the Church. She has to keep quite like a child. St.
Paul said:
"Women should remain silent in the churches. They are not allowed to
speak, but must be in submission, as the Law says. If they want to inquire
about something, they should ask their own husbands at home; for it is
disgraceful for a woman to speak in the church." (1 Corinthians 14: 34-
35)
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We read in the Bible also:

"A woman should learn in quietness and full submission. I do not permit
a woman to teach or to have authority over a man; she must be silent. For
Adam was formed first, then Eve. And Adam was not the one deceived; it
was the woman who was deceived and became a sinner." (1 Timothy 2 :
11-14)
So, it could easily be interpreted that according to the teachings of the
Bible, the educated women of today as teachers, lawyers, preachers . . .
etc. are considered sinners if they approach men. Matthew Henry in his
commentary on Ch.11 of 1 Corinthians said: "Though she might not
preach even by inspiration (because teaching is the business of a
superior)."
According to the Judo-Christian Scriptures as well as the Quran mankind

is created from Adam and Eve, we read in the holy Quran (Chapter 4:
verse1)." O mankind! Fear your lord, who created you from one soul and
created from it its mate and dispersed from both of them many men and
women". In this Quranic verse is stated that the source of mankind is a
man and woman. When human life began in the earth the woman was the
other part of life. The purpose of the creation of all mankind is to worship
the almighty God. So man and woman have the same purpose of life, also
they are same and equal in the worshiping duties, but with regard to the
system of life man and woman have different duties. Islam teaches that
man and woman are equal in status. The Prophet Muhammad said,
"Women are equal sisters of men." But in Islam, also, each of them is
given which suits his nature, because man and woman are not identical
according to the Quran 3:36"And the male is not like the female" this fact
is given in the holy Quran before fourteen hundred years ago. Now the
advanced medicine confirms what God said in the holy Quran about the
differences between man and woman (physically, emotionally, mentally,
and in their desires) they differ from each other in all these aspects. Of
course these differences have no connection with superiority or
inferiority, the meaning is that each one has his own way in life. Islam
gave the man and the woman their duties in life system according to his
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nature ability. For instance God created man stronger than woman that
suite his duty in the struggle of life, at the same time God provide woman
with more emotion that will help her in the duty of motherhood. This
makes it clear that Islam is a religion which has a very connected system
that if you look at it from one side leaving the other one, then you are
misguided to get the right concept and the true picture of it and its laws.
The same thing goes with regards to the woman status in Islam.
. When speaking or writing about the Islamic position on any issue, one
ought to clearly differentiate between the normative teaching of Islam and
the diversity of cultural practices prevalent among its adherents that may
or may not be consistent with those teaching.
1-Both man and woman have the same spiritual duty which is to believe
in God and his messengers, God created man and woman and then spread
many men and women from them for the purpose of worshipping him.
The more God-fearing the individual is the best in the sight of Allah.
That means both are responsible before God for the religious duties.
2- GOD (Allah) has invested both genders with inherent dignity and has
made men and women, collectively, the trustees of Allah on earth
(Quran17:70 and 2:30).
3- The Quran dose not blame the woman for the "fall of man" (the
original sin of Adam) nor did it view pregnancy and childbirth as a
punishments for "eating from the forbidden tree." The Qumran depicts
both Adam and Eve as equally responsible for their sin in the Garden,
never singling out Eve for blame. Both repented and both were forgiven
(Q 2:36-37 and 7:19-27). On the contrary, in one verse (Q 20:121), Adam
in particular was blamed. The Quran also consider pregnancy and
childbirth as sufficient reasons for the love and respect due to mothers
from childbirth (Q 31:14 and 46:15).
4- Man and woman have the same religious and moral duties and
responsibilities, and both get the same reward. Each human shall face the
consequences of his or her deeds:" And their lord responded to them,
(saying):"Never will I allow to be lost the work of (any) worker among
you, whether male or female; you are of one another…" (Q 3:195)
"Indeed, the Muslim men and Muslim women, the believing men and
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the believing women, the obedient men and the obedient women, the
truthful men and the truthful women, the patient men and the patient
women, the humble men and the humble women, the chartable men
and the chartable women, the fasting men and the fasting women, the
men who guard their private part (from unlawful acts and the women
who do so- for them Allah has prepared forgiveness and great
reward." (Q 33:35) see also 74:38, 16:97, 4:124, 40:40, and 57:12).
5- The Quran is clear about the issue of the claimed superiority or

inferiority of any human, male or female, The sole basis of superiority of
any person over another is piety and righteousness, not gender, color,
nationality or social status (Q 49:13).
6- The absence of women as prophets and messengers of Allah

throughout the history is because of the hardships and the physical
suffering associated with the role of a messenger or prophet. The prophet-
hood is the heaviest troublesome could human being ever hold. The
women absence is out of mercy upon her, it is absolutely not because of
any spiritual inferiority attributed to them.
7- In terms of religious obligations, such as the five daily prayers

(salah), fasting, poor-due, and pilgrimage, woman is no different from
man. In some cases, indeed, woman has certain advantages over
man. For example, the woman is exempted from the daily prayers and
from the fasting in the month of Ramadan during her menstrual
periods and up to forty days after childbirth (or up to 60 days
according to al-shafie juristic view). She is also exempted from fasting
during pregnancy from fasting during pregnancy and when she is
nursing her baby if there is any threat to her health or her child's. She
can make up for the missed days of fasting at convenience. She dose
not have to make up prayers missed during menstruation and post-
partum bleeding. Although women may pray in the mosque (and did
so during the days of the prophet Mohammed and thereafter),
attendance at Friday congregational prayers is optional for them while
it is obligatory for men.
The economic aspects:-
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1- The right to possess personal property: Islam decreed a right of

which woman was deprived both before and after it (even as late as
the 20th century), the right of independent ownership. The shariah
(Islamic law) recognizes the full property rights of women before and
after marriage. The may buy, sell or lease nay or all of their properties
at will. For this reason, Muslim women have traditionally kept their
own family names after marriage, an indication of their independent
property rights legal entities.
2-Financial security: Financial security is assured for women. They

are entitled to receive martial gifts without limit and to keep present
and future properties and income for their own security, even after
marriage. No married woman is required to spend any amount from
her property or income on household. The woman is entitled also to
full financial support during the "waiting period" (iddah) in case of
divorce or widowhood. Thereafter, her nearest male relative
responsible for her maintenance until she remarries then the
responsibility turn to the husband. A woman who conceives a child
within marriage is entitled to child support from the father. Generally,
a Muslim woman is guaranteed support in all stages of her life, as a
daughter, wife, mother or sister.
3- Inheritance laws: A common but erroneous belief is that as a rule,

the woman's share of inheritance is half of the man's share. In fact, a
woman may inherit more than, equal to or less than the man. The
determining factor is her relation to the deceased. There are many
examples of these three different scenarios. They can not be all
covered in a short article; hence the following examples are given for
clarification:
When her share is more than the man:
1- A woman dies and leaves behind a daughter and a husband. The

daughter gets half her mother estate. While the husband gets one
quarter, i.e., the daughter gets double her father's share (Q 4:11-12)
2- A woman dies and leaves behind a husband, a mother, two full

brothers and a half sister from her mother. Her one half gets sixth
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of the estate while both brothers share in one sixth i.e., the half
sister gets the double of each of the woman's brothers.
3- A woman dies and leaves behind a husband, a full sister and a half
brother from her father. The husband gets half the estate and her
sister gets the remaining half after the husband, while her half
brother is excluded and gets nothing, However, if instead of that
brother there was a half sister form the father, then she would get
one sixth, i.e., the half sister from the father gets a share, while the
half brother from the father gets nothing.
When her share equal to the man:
1- a child dies and is survived by both his/her parents. The mother

gets a share equal to that of the father if their child has children one
sixth each. (Q 4:11).
2- A man or a woman dies leaving neither ascendants nor descendants

but has a half brother and a half sister from the mother; each one
gets one sixth of the estate. If there are more than two, then they all
share equally in one third of the estate, i.e., the sister gets an equal
share to that of the brother (Q 4:12).
When her share less than the man:
A parent dies and leaves behind son(s) and daughter(s); the daughter
gets half the share of the brother (Q 4:11). As we went over the
previous rules of inheritance according to the Islamic law there is a
balance. Some people may wonder why daughter half of the son in
this case, but if they studied the case they can see the balance that only
show the advantages which woman has over man in Islam. For
example in this case the son inherits more the daughter because the
advantages accorded to women over men in marriage and in family
have a social counterpart. Males inherit more but ultimately they are
by law financially responsible for many of their relatives: wives,
children, parents, if in need, young brothers and sisters if they have no
income and no other person to provide for them and in some cases
other needy male and female relatives. Females inherit less but may
retain their shares for investment and financial security without any
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legal obligation to spend any of it on themselves or nay one else,

unless they do so voluntarily. To exemplify that the woman has the
advantage in the Islamic law, and to make it even clearer we study this
example: ( A man dies and leaves behind children [son and daughter]
and left estate for them 3000$, in the light of the Islamic law the
daughter takes one thousand dollars and the son takes two thousand.
Supposed they are at the doors of marriage. If the son wants to get
married he is to pay the marriage gift [The dowry] as a duty to the
bride, and let us say it was 2000$ only, now he paid all what he
inherited from his father, and when he gets married the financial
responsibility of his wife is started.
If the daughter got married she is to get the marriage gift as a right of
her. Now, she inherited one thousand from her father. And let us say
the marriage gift is 2000$, she has 3000$, then she is not asked to
spend a cent of her money no matter how rich she is, because her
residence and life expenses are her husband's responsibility as she is
his wife. We can see than the daughter's money increased while the
son's money decreased. The daughter's inheritance remained while the
son inheritance lost in new expenses of his wife. Now who has the
advantage the son or the daughter!!).
It should be noted that in pre-Islamic society, women themselves were

often inherited objects. (See Q 4:19) In some western countries, even
after the advent of Islam, the whole of the deceased passed on to the
eldest son. The Quran made it clear that both man and woman are
entitled to specified share of the estate of their deceased parents or
relatives: "For men is a share of what the parents and close relatives
leave, and for women is a share of what the parents and close
relatives leave, be it little or much an obligatory share" (Q 4:19)
3- Employment: with regard to the woman's right to seek

employment, it should first be stated that Islam regards her role in
society as mother and wife to be her most and essential one. Maids
and baby sitters cannot possibly take the mother's place as educator
of an upright, complex-free and carefully-reared child. Such a
noble and vital role, which largely shapes the future of nations,
Cannot be regarded as "idleness". However, there is no decree in
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Islam that forbids woman from seeking employment whenever

there is necessity for it. Moreover, there is no restriction on
benefiting from women's exceptional talents in any field. Some
early jurists, such as Abu-Hanifah, At-tabari and Ibn-Hazm, uphold
that a qualified Muslim woman may be appointed to the position of
judge. Other jurists hold different opinions. Omar the second caliph
after Prophet Muhammad, appointed a woman (ash-shifaa' bint
Abdullah al-adawiyah) as marketplace supervisor, a position is
equivalent in our world to director of the consumer protection
department. In the 20th century a lot of woman made the
employment their essential duty in life living the home duties to the
dust, though this mostly happen in the western countries, but it also
happen in the Muslim countries by some woman who are appealed
to the western woman and tried to imitate her. Let us study these
statistics and see what happens when the woman leaves her duty of
life:
1-In America"22.4% only of the married women take care about their children
and homes, the others are employees."
www.divorcemag.com/statistics/statsUS.shtml
2-In Britain" two third of the children do not get the daily care from their
mothers."
3- In France"71% of the children do not get the daily care from their mothers."
4- In Germany"9 in 10 of the children under the age of three do not get the
daily care of their mothers."
The economic cooperation& development

organization 2001( The Time American magazine 2006)
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5- In Canada"25% of the boys under the age of fifteen suffer depression and
sadness at least once a weak."
6- In Canada"39% of the girls under the age of fifteen suffer depression and
sadness at least once a weak."
Tipper, Jennifer. The Canadian Girl Child: Determinants of the

Health and Well-Being of Girls and Young Women. Ottawa, ON:
Canadian Institute of Child Health, September 1997.
7- In Canada"60% of the boys who live with their parents feel a deep sadness"
8- In Canada"72% of the girls who live with their parents feel a deep sadness"
9- In Canada "1% of the boys hurt themselves deliberately out of depression"
10- In Canad"18% of the girls hurt themselves deliberately out of depression"
Statistics, Canada. Health Reports, (1996)

11- In American "because the parents are busy with their jobs, Children come
back homes from their schools and close the door in fear or go out to create
problems or become victims of crimes."
An article of Florida university in the title of " Taking Back The

Neighborhood" July 16, 1997 www.napa.ufl.edu/oldnews/safe.htm
This is a quick picture for the suffering of the children in the world
from those mothers who have abandoned their duty of life, or may be
they are too great for their duty. Any way, the created problems of
these women, who see the employment his more important than the
duty of motherhood. And if you look in these women's life from the
very face of it, directly you consider how tired and nervous in their
life they are. God has given the woman the task of bearing the child,
then giving birth which strain their bodies, and some even die from it,
after that the feeding period of child from her body, all these things, of
which no one thing the man do, are not considered. Women have to
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work same as the man does! What is stranger? Is that a lot of women
are interested by the Idea.
The social aspect :-
A) As a daughter: The Quran ended the cruel pre-Islamic practice of

female infanticide with the threat:" And when the girl {who was}
buried alive is asked, for what sin she was killed" (Q 81:8-9). The
Quran went further to rebuke the unwelcoming attitude of some
parents upon hearing the news of the birth of the girl instead of a boy.
"And when one of them is informed of [The birth of] a female, his face
becomes dark, and he suppresses grief. He hides himself from the
people of the ill of which he has been informed. Should he keep it in
humiliation or bury it in the ground? Unquestionably, evil is what they
decide." (Q 16:58-59)
Parents are duty-bound to support and show kindness and justice to

their daughters. Prophet Muhammad said: "whoever has a daughter
and dose not bury her alive, dose not insult her, and dose not favor,
his son over her, Allah will admit into paradise;" and" whoever
support two daughters until they mature, he and I will come on the
day of judgment thus(and he pointed with his two fingers held
together)." (Both hadeeths narrated by Ahmad)
A crucial aspect in the upbringing of daughters that greatly influence

their future is education. Education is not only a right but also a
responsibility for all males and females. Prophet Muhammad [peace and
blessing be upon him] said:" seeking knowledge is an obligation upon
every Muslim." (Narrated by al-Byhaqi and Ibn Majah)
B) AS a wife: Marriage in Islam is based on mutual peace, love and

compassion, and not the mere satisfying of human sexual desire [in
Islam sexual relations are only allowed within marriage]. Among the
most impressive verses in the Quran about marriage is the following:
"And of his signs is: that he created for you from yourselves mates
that you may find tranquility in them; and He placed between you
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affection and mercy. Indeed in that are signs for a people who give
thought."(Q 30:21 see also 42:11 and 2:228)
The female has the right to accept or reject the marriage proposals.
According to Islamic shariah (law), a woman can not be forced to
marry anyone without her consent. The husband the overall leadership
(the Qiwamah in the Islamic terminology) in the family form, which
means the total responsibility of the family (from Financial aspect, to
the maintenance, protection, and health of the family), within the
framework of consultation (Q 2:233) and kindness (Q 4:19). The
mutuality of husband and wife dose not mean "subservience" by either
party to the other. Prophet Muhammad instructed Muslims regarding
women: "I commend you to be kind to women ;"( Narrated by al-
Bukhari and Muslim) and he said: "The best of you is ht best to his
wife" (Narrated by at-Termdhi). The Quran urges husbands to be
kind and considerate to their wives, even if a wife falls out of favor
with her husband or disinclination for her arises with him: "And live
with in kindness." For if you dislike them; perhaps you dislike a thing
and Allah makes therein much good" (Q 4:19). No one can deny the
necessity of the leadership in the family, because there is no
successful company in the world without a director, and the family is a
small company, having to leaders in one place is like having two
drivers in one car, each one wants his way. Of course the result of two
drivers is accident which is here a divorce. Islam gave the leadership
to the man in the Muslim family out of mercy upon the family,
especially the woman (if the husband and the wife realized that). For
so many reasons I will just mention some of them:
1. Because of the duties that relate to the leadership like the hard
work, and the man is stronger than the woman. The woman
gets strained from a certain job more than the man. Dr. Paul
Pabino (the founder of the family relationships American
center) said in the book named (If He only knew): "The man is
stronger than the woman, the man muscles weight 40% of his
body weight. While the woman muscles weight 23% of her
body weight. He added that the Red Blood Cells in the woman
body are less 20% than the man body. The red cells that
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provides the body with Oxygen, for that the woman tire faster
than the man and she is subjected to fainting and stress more
than the man is. He also said that the woman's lung is smaller
than the man's lung and that the (vital capacity) in the woman
is much less than it is in the man."
2. The woman passes through changes in her body while the man
dose not, such as childbirth, confinement and menstruation
periods. It is enough for us to know that the woman tires in her
menstruation period, she pass through a lot of disturbances in
her body (psychological and nervous changes, because of the
hormone's changes, such as the decreasing of oxytocin) one
weak a month, which means quarter of her age! With the hard
work inside and out side the house (Especially in the countries
that force the woman to work, she is subjected to psychological
stresses. (The Society for Women's health research) [it is
American Society] tells us in its main website that: " the
women which get depression equals two or three times the
depressed men". And you read in The American news papers
The " New York Times" in July.1997 in the title (health watch:
Women under stress):" ask any woman fall into a job and the
challenges of the house tasks, if she is sincere then there is a
chance for her to admit that she is suffering from a life full of
depression and stresses". We also read An Article in the main
website of The (Harvard Medical School) it said:(
psychological compression is the feeling that you get when you
try to balance between the increasing duties of the job and the
endless works of the family). When the woman find herself
sounded in that size of suffering she become obliged to do one
of three things: (A) she neglects her job or leave it and care
more about her children( especially when it is hard) (B) she
ignores her house and children (C) she carry all things and
always carry in her bug pills and tranquilizers, with frequent
visits to psychologist. Sadly, a lot of women under the stress of
life willingly or not they overlooked their children, and paid no
enough attention to them, as we saw in the previous statistic
studies. God will question those women who lost their
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motherhood's compassion, about being unjust for their innocent

children, for the sake of competing men in the name of
equality. For me it is not equality, no more than selfishness.
3. The man in general has more roughness and guts (from the
psychological side) than the woman, that enable him to engage
in rough and hard works.
4. God gave the man the Qiwamah [the responsibility of the
family ] to save the woman from these things:
A- From facing the tough works that destroy her body and beauty.
B- From the confusion and stresses from the motherhood duties
and the outside work duties.
C- From the sexual abuse that woman (who works in mixed sexes
places) can face daily [as we will see in the section of modern
abuse].
I say to some pretending men to call for the (Equality) if you want us,
men and women, to be alike in every thing, why do not you first do
what the woman do of giving birth and all the other great motherhood
duties after that we can discuss about equality! And I say to the
women who are appealed to this shining word (equality), sister would
you consider these realistic points I gave you. Is it equality when the
western women is forced to work as the man, while she by her nature
can not help holding the duties of her motherhood, adding to her
heavy task another one. If that is the equality that the woman wants
then she deserves what you face. In Islam the man is forced to work,
while the woman has the option if there is a need, this is the mercy
upon the Muslim woman.
It is also outlawed the pre-Islamic Arabian practice whereby the sons

of the deceased inherited their father's widow(s) (their stepmothers) as
if they were part of the estate. (Q 4:19).
Should marital disputes arise, the Quran encourage couples to resolve

them privately in a spirit of fairness and probity. Under no
circumstances dose the Quran encourage, allow, or condone family
violence or physical abuse. In the extreme case of rebellious wife, and
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whenever a great harm, such as divorce, is a likely option, it allows for

a husband to administer a benign slap to his wife in a way that dose
not touch the face, causes no physical harm to the body nor leaves any
sort of mark, making it more of symbolic measure than a punitive one.
It is no more than psychological warning that sound the alarm of the
about broken home. It may serve, in some cases, to bring to the wife
attention the seriousness of her continued unreasonable behavior, and
may be restored to only after exhausting other steps outlined in the
Quran in 4:34. This solution is considered as the last resort to prevent
the marriage from collapsing. But the original rule for all the Muslims
is to follow their model example the prophet Muhammad -peace be upon
him- he never ever hit any of his wives or any woman, on the contrary,
he said: "They are not the best of you who hit their wives". (Narrated
by Abu-Dawud). In the event that disputes cannot be resolved
equitably between husband and wife in private, The Quran prescribes
mediation between the parties through family intervention on behalf of
spouses, two judges one from the husband family, and one from the
wife family, in that way, the Quran outline an enlightened approach
for the husband and wife to resolve persistent conflict in their marital
life. It is stated in that verse that if they both seek to set things aright,
and wish for peace, Allah will cause their reconciliation. Though a lot
of people try to say bad thing about Islam in this point, but no one can
deny that to save the marriage is better than to break it. Always the
Islamic law (shariah) is seeking to save the marriage from collapsing.
There is a rule which said (remove the big harm by the less) when
there is no other solutions of course. In this point the big harm is
divorce, and the less is the psychological alarming. People in their
psychology are different from one another. There are people who kind
words can work with them while others do not understand this
language, but by psychological scolding, and some other by physical
abuse, this is a fact. If not then all the countries are unjust, there
should be no prisons no punishments because all criminals can be
corrected by kind words! The way of seeing this solution is more like
the way of looking to the solution of Polygamy in Islam, some women
see that it is against their rights. So they get misconception of it, while
in reality when one see it from all aspects, he can see God is providing
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us with normal solution to our normal problem for the good of human
being in general [this issue discussed later].
Divorce is the last resort, when there are no hopes to save the house of
marriage from collapsing. When all the solutions and interventions
have failed, divorce is permissible but not encouraged. Yet the Quran
gives preference to the preservation of faith and the male and the
female individual's right to felicity. Forms of marriage dissolutions
include: (a) an enactment based upon mutual agreement, (b) The
husband initiative, (c) the wife initiative (if included in her, marital
contract), (d) The court's decision on a wife's initiative for a legitimate
reason (e.g. the husband's failure to support his wife, impotence or
abuse), and (e) the wife's initiative (khula , or divestiture) in cases in
which there is "no fault" on the part of the husband but she dislikes
him. This requires that she return her marriage gift or similar
compensation. When the continuation of the relationship is impossible
for any reason, men are still taught in the Quran to seek a gracious end
to it. The Quran states: "And when you divorce women and they have
[nearly] fulfilled their terms [i.e. waiting period] either retain them
according to acceptable terms or release them according to
acceptable terms, and do not keep them, intending to harm, to
transgress [ against them]."(Q 2:231 see also 2:229 and 33:49)
Priority for the custody of young children (up to the age of about
seven) is given to the mother. A judge later may extend the mothers
custody or give the child the choice the mother or the father as his or
her custodian. Custody questions are to be settled in a manner that
balances the interests in both parents and the well-being of children.
(c) As a mother: The Quran elevates kindness to parents and

especially the mothers to a status second only to the worship of
Allah:" And your lord has decreed that you not worship except
him, and to parents, good treatment. Whether one or both reach
old age[ while] with you, say not to them [ so as much as], "uff"[
An expression pf disapproval or irritation] and do not repel them
but speak a noble word. And lower to them the wing of humility
out of mercy and say, " My lord have mercy upon them as they
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brought me up [when I was] small." (Q 17:23-24. see also 31:14,

46:15 and 29:8).
Naturally, Prophet Mohammed specified this behavior for his

followers, rendering to mothers an unequalled status in human
relationships: "the most worthy of kindness is the mother, the
mother, the mother, than the father!"(Narrated by al-Bukhari)
(d) As a sister (in general blood sister or sister in faith: According

to the prophet Mohammed. "Women are but sisters [shaqaiq, or twin
halves] of men"(Narrated by Ahmed and at-Termdhi) this hadeeth is
a profound statement that directly relates to the issue of human
equality between the genders. If the first meaning of shaqaiq is
adopted, it means that male is one half of (society), with the female
the other half. Can "one have" be bigger or better than the other half?
Is there a more simple but profound physical image of equality? If the
second meaning," sisters," is adopted, it implies the same.
Prophet Mohammed taught kindness, care and respect toward women

in general: "I command you to be kind to women" (Narrated by al-
Bukhari and Muslim). It is significant that such instruction of the
prophet was among his final speech and reminders in the "farewell
pilgrimage" address given shortly before his passing away.
(e) Modesty and social interaction: The parameters of proper

modesty for males and females (dress and behavior) are based on
revelatory sources (The Quran and authentic Sunnah) and, as such, are
regarded by believing men and women as divinely-based injunctions
and guidelines with legitimate aims and divine wisdom behind them.
They are neither male-imposed nor socially imposed instructions ( see
Q 24:31, 33:59, 33:32) and also the numerous statement by Prophet
Mohammed on this subject).
The Islamic dress code (the hijab) requires the Muslim woman to
cover her entire body except the face and hands when in public or
when in front of men who are not permanently prohibited to her in
marriage because of blood relationship (Her father, brother, grandfather,
uncles, nephews, sons or grandchildren), A marriage relationship (Her father-
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in-law, son-in-law, stepfather or stepson), and nursing relationship (a

relationship due to being breastfed by same woman five times or more, Such as a
child is treated as her "child-by-nursing" and as "brother/sister-by-nursing" to her
children). The "hijab" is a manifestation of religious devotion as well as
obedience to the command of Allah (God). The wife of the Prophet
Mohammed-peace be upon him- in describing the perfect example of
obedience in the believing women she said:" when the verse [O
Prophet! Tell your wives and your daughters and the women of the
believers to draw their cloaks (veils) all over their bodies](Q 33:59)
The believing women went out, as if there were crows in their heads,
because of the covers over their heads" (Narrated by Abu-dawod). It
is a part of a woman's religious practice, neither a symbol nor political
statement. It also guards women from the harassment of men, giving
them a sense of security and dignity. This sense of security can appear
in the today life. When God in the Quran said, chapter 33:59, in
justifying the reason behind the veil and its wisdom he said:" That
they should be known (as such) and not be molested, and Allah is
oft-forgiving, most merciful". Though, it is not easy for some people
to trust the all-known God in his commands, But Leonard Sax, M.D,
Ph.D. explained the differences between male and female sexual
process and feelings, in his book [Why GENDER MATTERS] page
122, in the title ( Oxytocin, testosterone, and rape): " What's the
relation between love and sex? The neurochemical basis for both
love and sex in female involves the hormone Oxytocin, the same
hormone released when a mother breastfeeds her newborn baby."
Oxytocin effects both [romantic] attachment and sexual behavior
are estrogen dependent and gender specific," observes
neuropsychologist Lisa Diamond, adding that there appear to be"
more extensive oxytocin circuits in female than male brains." In
male brain on the other hand the hormone underlying sexual
attraction is not oxytocin but testosterone, the same hormone that
mediates the aggressive drive". He went further explaining the
differences between male and female sexual behavior, while the
Muslim women obeyed the command of Allah for fourteen years for
their good. We will see in the next section how the women, who
follow the human concepts of life, turning their back to God teachings,
faced the result of their ignorance of the benefit of the veil.
(30)
Accordingly, Islam insists that the Muslim woman covers and protect
herself; no concession is made except to reduce its degree for elderly
women (see Q 24:60). In dressing modesty, a woman also forces
others to judge her by her intellect, integer valued only for her looks.
It should be mentioned here that some Muslim scholars take the view
that the hijab (covering) should also include the face. Their view is
based on more conservative interpretation of the verses in the Quran
and the hadeeths dealing with the dress code for women. It is
supported by the fact that many women at the time of Prophet
Mohammed covered their faces. However, a Muslim woman is
allowed to choose whichever view she is more comfortable with in
particular situation. Hence, when some Muslim women cover their
faces, it is based upon a juristic interpretation and not because of
"customs and traditions" as some uneducated people may assume.
Men are also required to dress modesty, although the extent of

covering is less. Although men and women are equal in the sight of
Allah, Islam acknowledge the fact that men and women are
physically, biologically, and emotionally different, therefore some
aspects of life, including dress, are different for each.
Legal and political aspects:
(A) Equality before the law: Both genders are entitled to specific
rights before the law and court of law. Justice is genderless (Q 5:38,
24: 2 and 5:45). Women also possess an independent legal entity in
financial and other matters.
(B) Testimony: A common but erroneous belief is that as a rule, the

worth of a woman's testimony is half of a man's testimony. A survey
of passages in the Quran relating to testimony, dose not substantiate
this claim. Variation of the number of witnesses appears in the Quran
in the context of financial contracts only (see Q 2:282). The reason is
given in the same passage, to corroborate the female's witness and
prevent unintended errors. However, testimony is a means to an end
and a judge may use the discretion needed to ascertain justice. The
testimony of men and women is fully equated in the Quran in 24:6-9.
(31)
(C) Participation in social and political life: The general rule in

social and political life is the participation and collaboration of male
and female in public affaires (see Quran 9:71). There is sufficient
historical evidence of participation by Muslim women in the choice or
rulers (a right western women only recently obtained). In public
issues, lawmaking, administrative position, scholarship and teaching,
And even in battlefield. Such involvement in social and political
affairs was conducted without the participant's losing sight of
complementary priorities of both gender and without their violating
Islamic guidelines of modesty and virtue.
(D) Women in leadership position: All the rules in Islam are derived
from the Holy Quran and the Sunnah by the scholars of Islam. There
is no text in the Quran and the Sunnah that precluded from any
position of leadership, except in leading prayer, although women may
lead other women in prayer. Another common question relates to the
eligibility of Muslim women to be heads of state. No evidence from
the Quran to preclude women from headship of state. While there is
one particular hadeeth is commonly interpreted by most scholars to
exclude women from the headship of state, other scholars disagree
with that interpretation. This issue, however, is not a matter of
religious dogma.
After all this clarification three facts worth mentioning:
i. Islamic history is with women of great achievement in all walks of

life from as early as seventh century A.D.
ii. It is impossible for anyone to justify the mistreatment of women by
any decree of rule embodied in Islamic shariah, nor can anyone dare
to cancel, reduce, or distort the clear-cut legal rights of women given
in Islamic shariah.
iii. Throughout history, the reputation, chastity and maternal role of
Muslim women have been objects of admiration by impartial
observers.
When assessing the realities of Muslims, the media often overlook the
numerous positive aspects of Muslim societies, such as family stability
(32)
and cohesiveness, the respect and adoration of mother, and the sense of
self-fulfillment of women who may not be frequently seen in public. At
the same time the media paint stereotypical picture of Muslim women as
ignorant, submissive, oppressed and almost totally enslaved by women-
hating chauvinist men. The focus on injustice and on magnifying them
partly based on questionable interpretations of outsiders' observations.
For example, the smaller percentage of career women in many Muslim
societies is interpreted in a western framework and is seen as an
indication of Muslims oppressing women and depriving them of job
opportunities. Little attention, if any, is given to the personal choices [if
they respect personal choices] of Muslim women and their concept of
family happiness, which may not be the same choices and concepts of
those of non-Muslim women. It is also worthwhile to state that the status
which non-Muslim women have attained during the present era was not
achieved due to kindness of men or to natural process. It was rather
achieved through a long struggle and sacrifice on women's part and only
when society felt a need for her work and contribution, especially during
the two world wars, and due to escalation of technological process. In the
case of Islam, woman' unique status was divinely decreed, not because it
reflected the environment of the seventh century, nor due to the pressure
of women in their organizations, but rather because of its intrinsic justice.
If this indicates anything, it would demonstrate the divine origin of the

Quran and the truthfulness of the massage of Islam, which, unlike human
philosophies and ideologies, did not proceed from a human environment.
Its massage, which established such human principles, neither grew
obsolete during the course of times, nor will it become obsolete in the
future. After all, this is the message of the All-wise and All-knowing God
whose wisdom and knowledge are far beyond the "ultimate" in human
thought and progress. May some people would say "yes Islam is great but
the Muslims are not good!" I say that is true, maybe we are not good
Muslims enough as we are supposed to be. But the standing question is
not "why we are Muslims?", nor is it "what problem is in Islam?" The
standing question for us the Muslims men and women is "when are we
returning to our Islam and try our best to be perfect Muslims as best as
ever could be.
(33)
1. Why was Polygamy allowed in Islam?
Associating polygamy with Islam (as if it was introduced by it or is

the norm according to its teaching) is one of the most persistent
myths perpetuated in the western literature and media. Polygamy
has existed in almost all nations and was even sanctioned by
Judaism and Christianity until recent centuries. 1 Islam did not
outlaw polygamy, rather, it regulated it and restricted it, it is
neither required nor encouraged, but simply permitted with
conditions, The Quran is the only "revealed" scripture which has
the statement (marry only one) if you can't do justice between
them. It is the only book that explicitly limited polygamy and
discouraged its practice by imposing stringent conditions. One
reason for not categorically forbidding polygamy is that in different
places at different times, there may exist individual or social
exigencies which make polygamy a better option than either
divorce or a hypocritical monogamy while indulging in illicit
relations. The spirit of Islam shariah also includes dealing with
individual and collective contingencies that may arise form time to
time (e.g., imbalance between the number of male and female
created by war, like in the world war II, some countries were
forced to outlaw polygamy though it is against there rules and
regulations). This provides a moral, practical and humane solution
to the problems of widows and orphans, who would otherwise be
vulnerable in the absence of a husband and father figure. In terms
of economic, companionship, proper child rearing and other needs,
polygamy provides a solution. It is critically important to point that
all parties involved have options; men may choose to remain
monogamous. A considered second wife may reject the marriage
1 see, for example, Westermarck, Edward A., The history of human marriage,(5th Revised
ed), 1925, vol. 3, pp42-43 gives numerous examples of the sanctioning of polygamy among
Jews, Christ ians, and ot hers, also Encyclo pedia Biblia 1925, vol. 3 p 2946.
(34)
proposal if she dose not wish to be party to a polygamy marriage.

A prospective first wife may include in her marital contract a
condition that her husband practice monogamy. If this condition is
accepted, it becomes binding in the husband, should he later violate
this condition, his first wife will be entitled to seek divorce with all
the financial rights connected with it. If such a condition was not
included in the marital contract, and the husband marries a second
wife, the first wife may still seek khula (divestiture).
When I read about the testimonies that have been given upon the prophet
Mohammed the Messenger of Islam (peace be upon him) by the famous people
who were at the same time non-Muslims, I thought about the solutions
that Mohammed offered to the world's problems which made those
famous people in the history of humanity to say what they have said
about him and I felt the necessary need to represent and to give an
obvious exemplifying to these solutions that have been given in Islam
for the world's problems. In this section my dear reader I want to take you
in short trip to know one of what those famous people said about
Muhammad then we will apply the solutions of Muhammad in our
modern life. Focusing in the countries which are supposed to be the
leaders of the civilization, and that is simply because if these solutions are
worthy enough for the advanced counties rationally they will be so for the
other countries in general.
(35)
 George Bernard Shaw, noble prize winner in literature 1950,

he said about Muhammad "I have always held the religion of Muhammad
in high estimation because of its wonderful vitality. It is the only religion
which appears to me to possess that assimilating capacity to the changing
phase of existence which can make itself appeal to every age. I have
studied him-the wonderful man … he must be called THE SAVIOR OF
HUMANITY."
So why George Bernard Shaw called him as (THE SAVIOR OF

HUMANITY)?!!
Now it is time for us to discover why George gave that title about
Mohammed by going across some of the serious problems that the
modern world suffers from their results. It will be represented by the most
advanced countries in our 20th century:
George said that in advanced, because Mohammed offered solutions for

the world problems. And these are:
1. (Women abuse (Violence, Rape & Discrimination)
2. Muhammad & Women
3. Child abuse (Violence, Immorality )
4. human life abuse (Adultery, depression, suicide &

Alcoholism )
But because we are dealing with woman issues we well take only number
one and number two for the sake of abbreviation.
THE 20TH CIVILIZATION:
Today the western countries celebrate what it called democracy, freedom,

human rights, woman rights, animal rights; they are leading countries in
(36)
economical, educational, technological, and medical field. This is what it

called today as western civilization. Actually it is civilization from
material perspective only. From close view to the inside, west,
unfortunately, suffers the highest rates of broken families, domestic
violence, youth problems, pornography, drugs and alcoholic addiction,
celibacy and homosexuality, adultery and out of wedlock relationships,
unwanted young pregnancy, women and children rape and harassment,
marriage infidelity, children kidnap, abortion, racism, violence, and
murdering, depression and suicide, and boring life with lack of
spirituality .we appreciate the material promotion of the west. But
materiality alone makes the person to live a selfish cyclic life. People are
in need, also of spirituality, values and social structure without it life
becoming meaningless.
Part ONE (WOMEN & VIOLENCE)
AMNESTY-British international Organization for human rights

reported:" Violence against woman is a human rights atrocity, from the
battlefield to the bedroom, woman are at risk. Governments are failing to
address the real 'terror' of our world that millions are facing everyday"
- In USA: "1in 3 women is beaten by a domestic partner"
IN USA: "Everyday 4 women die as a result of domestic

violence"
(37)
IN UK:"1 in 2 women have suffered from domestic violence"
IN UK:"2 women are killed every week because of domestic

violence"
IN RUSSIA:" Everyday 36,000 women are beaten by their

partners"
IN RUSSIA:" Every 40 minutes a women is killed by the

domestic violence"
IN SPAIN:" The UN committee which monitors

discrimination against women has altered The Spanish government to the
prevalence of violence against women and the increase in killing"
(38)
IN EUROPE:"25% of all the violent crimes reported involve a

man assaulting his wife or partner"
Part Tow (WOMAN & RAPE)
The sexual intercourse is in the nature of all animal kinds. As a human

beings the normal way to it is by marriage. But when the woman in some
way is forced to this sexual intercourse by someone is indeed one of the
biggest crimes that could be imagined in the human society. Because the
only thing that distinguish between human and other animals breeding is
the system that human has which is the marriage. Without marriage
human life become sort of disorder. When someone commit this crime
he has done a crime not only against that Victim, but it is a crime against
all the society (the Women life rights, the caused Child rights, and the
family's names rights) all that will be mixed up. These crimes that is
mentioned take place by this great crime (RAPING)
IN USA:"1in 6 women is attempted to be raped"
IN USA:"1900 women are raped DAILY"
(39)
IN CANADA:"1400 Women are sexually assaulted DAILY"
IN THE WORLD:"1in 5 Women will be the victim of rape or

attempted to be rape"
Part THREE (WOMAN & DISCRIMINATION)
UNFORTUNATELY, WITH ALL HIGH EFFORTS OF
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, STILL WE FIND WOMAN IS

DESPISED AND IN SOME SITUATION SHE IS WORTHLESS
THAN A DOG!!!
IN UK"A survey found that more people(74%) would

report a person for kicking or mistreating their dog than for kicking or
mistreating their partner(53%)
(40)
IN UK" A survey in 2002 of different schoolchildren found that

1 in 3 boys thought violence against women was acceptable"
IN CANADA:"53% of Women with disabilities from birth have

been raped, abused or assaulted"
IN CANADA:"21% of Women abused by a marital partner

were assaulted during pregnancy"
IN UK:" Home office figures show that of incidents reported,

victims were beaten on average 30 times before seeking help"
(41)
With these statistics we can envision the status of woman in those

countries, regardless the lies being promoted on the media .You may
notice that these statistic information given above are only for daily
incidents but to make it clear for us to imagine these tragedies not only in
woman life but human life in general, we can multiply the number of the
statistic with the number of the year days. That will surely be enough to
clear out any dust from our eyes created by the media and some hireling
organizations. some people related to these organizations try to show
passion and pity for woman status in the eastern countries especially in
the middle eastern countries which most of the them are Muslims, in
other words, they are trying to say that Islam mistreated the woman. For
the truth, woman got no equality from them except the equality with the
material. She also got no freedom from them except that they free her
from the religion and human values. And with regards to the rights that
they are crying about I am asking what they have done to these women
with the fatal statistics, no sign of these problems in their interest aspects.
LAST SECTION (MUHAMMED AND WOMEN)
1400 years ago, the prophet Muhammad taught equality of

women with men. He-peace be upon him- said ((WOMEN ARE EQUAL
SISTERS OF MEN))
Prophet Muhammad added that men should be merciful with women and
he represented women's purity and softness like glasses he said
"BE GENTAL WITH THE GLASSES"
(42)
And Prophet Muhammad was always emphasizing on the well treating of

Women he emphasized to the believers saying:" THE BEST MAN
AMONG YOU IS THE BEST ONE TOWARD HIS FAMILY"
Also he said:" The best believers are the best in conduct, and the
kindest to their wives"
And even in his list sermon, the prophet did not forget to command and
remind men to take care of women he said:" Treat your Women well"
Now what are Muhammad's solutions to the today

overwhelmed woman's rape?
He offered a severe punishment for the offender, to stop anyone who

could think to do that cruel crime. And he also taught that woman should
wear modesty including a scarf for the protection from men lust which
leads them to rape.
A British study found that "A third of people believed that if a woman is
flirtatious she is partially or totally responsible for being raped. More than
quarter of those surveyed believed that a woman was similarly
responsible if she was wearing revealing clothes"
Prophet Mohammed continued to put rules for woman protection and

rights, fourteen hundreds from now this illiterate man-peace and salutation be
upon him- was putting these rule, now the modern science comes to
conform and prove his teaching.
Dr. Leonard sax, M.D., Ph.D said in his book, "why

Gender Matters" P.123:" For many boys, as for some men, the
sexual urge is closely tied to aggression. That is not surprising when you
remember that both sexual urge and the aggressive urge, in males, are
mediated by [The hormone] testosterone. In one carefully designed study,
surprising high percentage – 35 percent – of "normal" college men said
that they not only fantasized about rape, they would actually rape a
woman if they had the chance and they were sure they wouldn't be
caught. In another study of "normal" college men," more than half of the
(43)
men would actually rape a woman if they were assured of being punished
… highly men are intelligent men are no less likely to fantasize about
raping a woman than men of below-average intelligence."
For all that we see that not the sever punishment for the cruel crime of
raping is cruelty as in the advanced studies showed that just only the
fearing of the punishment what hold men from raping, nor modest
clothes and scarves(veils) are to oppress the women but to protect them.
God revealed The Holy Quran to the Prophet Muhammad and in it we see
verses that show the main reason for the veil as in verse 59 chapter 33 it
reads "O prophet, tell your wives and daughters and the believing
women that they should cast their outer garments over their bodies
(when abroad) so that they should be known and NOT
MOLESTED."(33:59).While in the fourth century the famous Christian
Saint Augustine he made this statement which is the (the prominent
pioneer of western theory) he said:" what is the difference whether it is in
a wife or a MOTHER; it is still Eve the temptress that we must beware of
in any woman…. I fail to see what use woman can be to man."
Not only on the early times MOTHERS were disrespected but also today
MOTHERS are thrown to nursing houses.
A man came and asked the prophet Muhammad :('whom should I honor
and be kind with the most? The prophet replied:' Your MOTHER.'
who comes next'. The man asked. The Prophet replied:' Your
MOTHER.' who comes next'. The Prophet replied: ' Your
MOTHER'.' who comes next' the man asked'. the Prophet replied:'
your father'). In this saying of the prophet Muhammad you see the
prophet is emphasizing to the questioning man three times that your
beneficences, gifts, and all the performance of good deeds goes first to
your MOTHER, because the mother in her old age becomes week and
needy for her sons help and care. As we can see clearly that Prophet
Muhammad was ensuring the MOTHERS life financially and
emotionally, because there is no one the old woman feel most of being
comforted with like her own sons whatever was the kindness of the
treatment at nursing house. For centuries and by the teaching of
Muhammad Mothers have been highly respected in the house of Islam
even today you can observe that clearly, in the educated and respected
(44)
Muslim families. The most respected people in the house are the olds.
That is why Prophet Mohammed according to Bernard Shaw should be
called "THE SAVIOR OF HUMANITY".
If you got amazed from the title I gave above, please don't! Because I am
going to use this title to show you some situations in which we are
victims to the media. And how some people (for some benefits they may gain)
are trying their best to make us see these situations as a beautiful things
and part of liberty which can't be deleted. While these situations in the
logic of the human level considered insulting not liberty.
 They insulted her when they ignored the woman's position in the
house life; all the responsibilities which she performs in her house
are overlooked. They force woman to work as the man's do.
Forgetting that the women perform many jobs in life which man
can do none of them like giving birth, nursing, and milking the
babies from their bodies. This man who say that have no
conscience .when his mother carried him in her womb for nine
months, feeding him, taking care of him. He was eating from her
body during this time almost one year, and then the weakness of
her body after given birth and the suckling period, but after all it is
just nothing. In the other hand as we saw in Islam woman has the
choice to work, while her effort is admired in all her motherhood
deeds. And if she is unwilling to work her all expenses of life are
covered by her husband or son as a duty of his saved by the Islamic
law.
 They insulted her when they made her as goods by using her
body attraction to buy goods, sell goods, and show goods even if
you want to buy a car or something which has nothing to do with
woman body, you will find a picture of a bare girl on it that is
called a car girl. In the today's civilization woman body is being
used in trading aims, and yet you can find people who say it is a
nice thing when she is being put in the material level!!!
(45)
They insulted her when they also do not save her motherhood debt,
as soon as she gets old, starting to loss her beauty and when the senility
starts to affect her body, she is thrown to the nursing homes. All her
efforts turn to dust in this particular time, when the elderly people are in
need of their children kindness and care. No one can substitute their
places whosoever he was. As we saw that in the advanced countries the
majority of families put their elderly parents in the nursing homes. IN
USA:"52% of all American women who are now 65 will spend their last
years in nursing houses
 they insulted her when they accepted the mistress system, in the
communities which accept socially the dating and all the sexual
relationships by all names the may gave, they may not realized that
by their licentiousness and immorality, they are not insulting the
woman only by using her but also they insulted all human life. The
only natural way of sex is marriage. But every thing could happen
when the misunderstanding of terms become widespread. Every
woman in the world love the commitment, there is no commitment
with licentiousness, when everyone easily can have sexual
relationships with anyone. Moreover, the problems of the
communities which accepted adultery are increasing. This statistic
study show us the case:
1- "35.7% of the children born out of adultery in 2005, in America"

USA Today, "Births to unmarried women hit record," 28 October 2005,
www.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-10-28-unwed-moms_x.htm?POE=NEWISVA
2- The BBC News reported in the main page of its website 21,
February. 2006 that:
In 2004, 42% of the newborn children in Britain are illegitimate.
In 2004, 33% of the newborn children in Holland are out of adultery.
(46)
In 2004, 45% of the newborn children in France are out of adultery.
In 2004, 55% of the newborn children in Sweden are illegitimate.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4733330.stm
The Bureau office of statistic studies that work for the American
ministry of justice reported that:
11 millions persons in America are living now with lover/ mistress.
1.2 millions Persons in America are living now with same sex lover.
(U.S. Census Bureau, 2000)
39% of unmarried women in Britain are living with lovers.
44% of unmarried men in Britain are living with mistresses.
www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/xsdataset.asp?vlnk=124&Pos=3&Col
Rank=2&Rank=272
25 millions persons died because of AIDS.
Every 14 minutes there is an orphan, whom his parents are AIDS

victims.
Every day more than 14000 new cases of HIV appear.
95% of HIV cases exist in the advanced industrial countries.
www.compassion.com/childadvocacy/getthefacts/HIVandAIDS/hivan
daidsstatistics.htm
(47)
To make my conclusion in this research I want to assure you that there is

no judgment in this conclusion except the one you made in your mind
which happened by the logical system in your brain. It is easy for the
fair-minded people to admit that woman has been loaded too much
throughout the history, though it is not easy to distinguish who swore for
giving her rights as a human being. To what teachings shall we return to?
On whom shall we put our trust? Everyone is claiming to assure her
rights (Especially, with the force of the media and the empty show which
is given on it).It is only the facts and proofs which make the judgment in
every issue that occurs in our life, Not the fabrication and the deceits that
is being marketed on us by various ways on the modern life. It is more
like hammering in a metal, that we are being programmed in how we see
things and what we think about them. Mankind will remain in his
confusion as he did not feel his need to God and substituted his way for
other human ways. But for those who are seeking guidance, God has
promised to offer it to them by little search and true seeking. We can be
guided to the light which is free from the delusions of the world. Only
those people who are capable of searching the truth with heart full of
sincerity after getting ride of the whims and desires of oneself. After that,
they can easily (with the help of God) make their way to the truth.
Finally, I want to state again that in every topic that people make an issue
out of it or get confused with it, the only way for them to reach the truth
is by facts and proofs.
The End
(48)
"The sources"
ENGLISH SOURCES ‫انمراجع انعربية‬
THE HOLY QURAN )ٌ‫انمفصم في أحكاو انمراءة (عبد انكرٌى زٌدا‬

THE HOLY BIBE (NEW INTERNATIONAL )‫عودة انحجاب (يحًد إسًاعٍم انًقدو‬
VERSION)
WHY GENDER MATTERS (LONARD ‫انمراءة بيه انجاههية واإلسالو (يحًد َاصر‬
SAX)
)‫وخونه دروٌش‬
SOME ASPECTS OF PROPHET )‫ماذا عه انمراءة؟ ( َور اندٌٍ عتر‬
MOHAMMED'SLIFE (Tariq Quraishi)
Websites being given in same text )ً‫انمراءة بيه انفقه وانقاووٌ (يصطفى انسباع‬
Woman in Islam (Mostafa Malaekah) )‫رسانة إنى حواء ( يحًد رشٍد انعوٌد‬
Gender Equity in Islam (Jamal Badawi )‫دستور األسرة في ظالل انقرآن (أحًد فائس‬
The status of woman in Islam ( ‫انمراءة بيه طغيان انىظاو انغربي وانتشريع‬
Jamal Badawi) )ً‫ يحًد ريضاٌ انبوط‬/‫انرباوي (د‬
ً‫مكاوة انمراءة في اإلسالو (يحًد يتون‬
)‫انشعراوي‬
‫أضواء عهى انثقافة اإلسالمية (عبد انحكٍى‬
)‫ عهً بٍ يحًد األهدل‬/‫انسروي‬
)‫انقوامة (هاشى انعطاش‬
Acknowledge
All efforts of whose has helped me in my research, advised me, made my way in
finishing this work possible and much easier are turned to Allah Al-mighty to be
rewarded in this life, and in the hereafter as much as his bounty wills, may Allah
cover us all with his mercy and munificence, Amen!
(49)

Women Abuse Throughout The History

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Women Abuse Throughout The History

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Simple language Important issue

SALEM MOHAMMED AL-JEFRI

(QURAN, chapter 20 verse 25)

"O mankind! We created you from a single (pair) of a

1- The abuse of woman in ancient ages.

In Japan in the medieval ages, when it was influenced by Confucian

In India, subjection was a cardinal principle . . . the

It is only males who are created directly by the

He who lived well during his appointed time

book "A Woman's Place?" Dr. C. S. Cowles (Professor of Religion in Point

Pythagoras (ca. 580-500 B.C.) one of the

As I said before, if Columbus killed many American souls, the Greek

In Roman law a woman was even in historic

Here we are supposed to see a scholastic view of women status in these

In Judaism (the teachings of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible),

The New Testament contains several compassionate verses in regards to

always in subjection to the man should do nothing, in Christian

We read in the Bible also:

According to the Judo-Christian Scriptures as well as the Quran mankind

5- The Quran is clear about the issue of the claimed superiority or

6- The absence of women as prophets and messengers of Allah

7- In terms of religious obligations, such as the five daily prayers

The economic aspects:-

1- The right to possess personal property: Islam decreed a right of

2-Financial security: Financial security is assured for women. They

3- Inheritance laws: A common but erroneous belief is that as a rule,

When her share is more than the man:

1- A woman dies and leaves behind a daughter and a husband. The

2- A woman dies and leaves behind a husband, a mother, two full

When her share equal to the man:

1- a child dies and is survived by both his/her parents. The mother

2- A man or a woman dies leaving neither ascendants nor descendants

When her share less than the man:

legal obligation to spend any of it on themselves or nay one else,

It should be noted that in pre-Islamic society, women themselves were

3- Employment: with regard to the woman's right to seek

Islam that forbids woman from seeking employment whenever

The economic cooperation& development

Tipper, Jennifer. The Canadian Girl Child: Determinants of the

9- In Canada "1% of the boys hurt themselves deliberately out of depression"

10- In Canad"18% of the girls hurt themselves deliberately out of depression"

Statistics, Canada. Health Reports, (1996)

An article of Florida university in the title of " Taking Back The

The social aspect :-

A) As a daughter: The Quran ended the cruel pre-Islamic practice of

Parents are duty-bound to support and show kindness and justice to

A crucial aspect in the upbringing of daughters that greatly influence

B) AS a wife: Marriage in Islam is based on mutual peace, love and

motherhood's compassion, about being unjust for their innocent

It is also outlawed the pre-Islamic Arabian practice whereby the sons

Should marital disputes arise, the Quran encourage couples to resolve

whenever a great harm, such as divorce, is a likely option, it allows for

(c) As a mother: The Quran elevates kindness to parents and

brought me up [when I was] small." (Q 17:23-24. see also 31:14,

Naturally, Prophet Mohammed specified this behavior for his

(d) As a sister (in general blood sister or sister in faith: According

Prophet Mohammed taught kindness, care and respect toward women

(e) Modesty and social interaction: The parameters of proper

in-law, son-in-law, stepfather or stepson), and nursing relationship (a

Men are also required to dress modesty, although the extent of

Legal and political aspects:

(B) Testimony: A common but erroneous belief is that as a rule, the