NEWS

Kenya Power and Lighting Company commissioned

a 450 kilometer fiber optic cable system

July/August 2010

CONTENTS
Infrastructure & Industry...........1-10
Mining…….......….…..............11-13
Awards..........................................14
People............................................15
Energy.....................................16- 21
Technology ...................................22
Water & Irrigation....................23-26
GIS...........................................27-29
IEK…………...........................30-32

Magazine of the Institution of Engi-

neers of Kenya
Registered Office: MOPW &H
Building, P O Box 41346, Energy Minister Kiraitu Murungi unveils a plaque during the official commissioning of
Nairobi the 35 megawatts Olkaria II unit three power station in Naivasha
The 2.5billion shillings system will replace ability of the interconnection between na-
Correspondence should be addressed the existing one that is obsolete. Accord- tional and regional KPLC centers at all times
to the Institution. Kenya Engineer is ing to KPLC Managing Director Joseph including during total power outages.
published every two months. Views Njoroge, the new system control is suitable The system which uses fibre technology will
expressed in this Journal are those for the fast growing electricity infrastructure also be pivotal in reinforcing the country’s
of the writers and do not necessarily network. fibre penetration.
reflect those of the Institution. The European Investment Bank is financ- According to European investment bank
©Copyright: Reproduction of any ing the fibre optic link to Nairobi as part vice president Plutarchos Sarkellaris 880
article in part or in full is strictly of its contribution to essential energy and million shillings will further be released to
prohibited without written permission communications infrastructure in Africa. expand the KPLC fibre network on the west
from the Institution of Engineers of KPLC has been in the process of upgrading of the country. The 800KM Nairobi - Tororo
Kenya. and expanding its network after a feasibility network is already complete and undergoing
study carried out in 2003/2004 determined commissioning test.
Editorial Committee: that the current system that is critical to the There are 24 pairs of optic fibres in KPLC’s
A A McCorkindale – Chairman management of power was obsolete. cable, out of which the company will use
F W Ngokonyo - Vice-Chairman The study also found the system facing the six pairs for its operations, while the rest
J N Kariuki challenges of technological advancement will be leased out to telecommunications
Prof M Kashorda and unable to keep up with the requirements companies.
S M Ngare of the fast growing electricity network. Already, Safaricom Ltd., Jamii Telecommu-
Allan Muhalia SCADA EMS or the system control and data nications Ltd., Wananchi Group and Kenya
A W Otsieno acquisition and energy management system Data Networks, have leased optic fibres on
S K Kibe is however expected to ensure high avail- the Mombasa/Nairobi route.
R Mwaura
J Kimani
Beside, KenGen man-
Published by: aging director, Eddy
Intercontinental Publishers Ltd Njoroge (left) takes
P O Box 45754 Nairobi Energy minister,
Tel: 4443649/50/72 Kiraitu Murungi and
Fax: 4443650 other guests through
Email: info@kenyaengineer.or.ke/ the new 35 mega-
ken-eng@africaonline.co.ke watts Ol Karia unit
three power station in
Printed by: Naivasha
Ramco Printing Works Ltd
P O Box 27750- 00100
NAIROBI

Kenya Engineer - July/August 2010 1

 NEWS
Expansion of Nairobi- Thika Road from 4 to 8-Lane
Super Highway takes shape
A perspective o f Nairobi Thika road at the Ruaraka round about
The $ 330million project is well on course
to be ready for use in 12 months. The
project involves widening of University
Way to eight lanes from six, four lane fly
over across Globe Roundabout, widening
of Murang’a Road to six lanes, underpass
at Pangani, flyover on Muthaiga roundabout
and provision of footpaths.
On the Forest Road – Museum Road
– Museum Hill roundabout section,
construction works involves widening of
Forest Road to six lanes from four lanes,
widening of Museum Hill road to six lanes,
provision of forked fly-over on Limuru
Road and provision of footpaths.
The Muthaiga roundabout-KU section has
been designed as a high-speed highway with
limited access and exits. The improvements
on this section include widening of
carriageway to eight lanes- (Muthaiga –
Kasarani) and 6 lanes (Kasarani – KU).
Provision of service roads intermittently,
construction of underpasses at Kahawa
and KU, provision of interchange at GSU
New KPLC look coming soon
Kenya Power & Lighting Company Limited
(KPLC) has appointed a consortium of
consultants to spearhead the planned re-
branding and organizational culture change
programme. The consortium is made up
of, Ogilvy East Africa, McKinney Rogers
and SBO Research. The consortium’s
mandate is to develop and roll out a strategy
and implementation programme for the
organizational culture change and corporate
re-branding (Project Mwangaza).
2 Kenya Engineer - July/August 2010
roundabout, flyovers at Kasarani and
Githurai roundabouts, underpass at former
Nakumatt Thika Road site, subway at Survey
of Kenya and provision of footpaths.
KU-Thika section includes widening
the carriageway to six lanes up to Juja
and maintaining the existing provision
of service roads, construction of six lane
flyover at Eastern Bypass, intermittent
service roads, underpass at Ruiru sports
club and at Mang’u High School as well as
provision of footpaths.
The widest section of the Nairobi-Thika
highway, between Muthaiga roundabout
and Roysambu, just beyond the Moi
International Sports Centre, Kasarani,
consists of four express lanes on either side
as well as two-lane service roads on each
side. Construction on the 50km highway has
been going on day and night and the three
Chinese contractors are within schedule,
according to a senior engineer at the Roads
ministry.
The highway, which was mainly necessitated
KPLC Managing Director and CEO, Eng
Joseph Njoroge said the appointment of
the consortium marks a major milestone
in the history of KPLC and signals the
beginning of a new chapter that will
see KPLC aggressively re-evaluate its
existing corporate identity , prevailing
corporate culture and vision, among key
stakeholders.
Leading the consortium is Ogilvy East Africa,
an integrated marketing communications
by perennial traffic snarl-ups, has six
projects within it that are being worked on
simultaneously. Multiple interviews with
engineers at the Ministry of Roads and the
contractor, but who are not allowed to give
official statements on behalf of the project,
also revealed the highway could drive
“ordinary matatus” out of the road.
“It is a road that will not accommodate the
chaos and traffic indiscipline exhibited by
matatu operators,” said the government
engineer. Already, Kenya Engineer learnt
that a plan is being worked out on how
matatus on the highway routes could be
phased out and allowed to form a public
transport company that will use buses. Such
buses will be at various stages (bus bays) at
an interval of five to 10 minutes.
“The owners, who will be shareholders,
will be paid as per the kilometre travelled
and not number of trips,” says the highly
placed engineer. However, he added, this
could take several months after the highway
is opened.
consultancy, with advertising, public
relations and media planning and buying
capabilities. The other members of the
consortium are McKinney Rogers, a global
business consultancy with a proven track
record for transforming performance, and
SBO Research a marketing and social
research consultancy that also offers training
solutions through its sister company SBO
Training Limited.
Source STIMA News
 NEWS

KPC Awards Tenders for Construction of a Parallel Pipeline

Kenya Pipeline Company has awarded the
contracts for construction of a 14 inch, 325
Km parallel Multi-Product Oil Pipeline
from Nairobi to Eldoret to China Petroleum
Pipeline Engineering Corporation (CPPE)
at a cost of US $ 179,353,678. A consortium
of Shengli Engineering and Consulting
Company Limited and Runji and Partners
Consulting Engineers are the Project
Consultants while M/S Floweserve of
Netherlands will supply the mainline pumps
at a cost of Euros 4,118,480. The main
contract was signed on 30th October 2009
with a contract commencement date of 16th
November 2009.
Speaking during the monthly prayer
meetings at the KPC Recreational Gardens,
the Managing Director Mr. Selest Kilinda
said work for the construction was in
progress.
Mr. Kilinda said he was happy the project
was finally coming to fruition, adding that:
“It has taken a while for this project to see
the light of the day, but with the progression
made so far, I have no doubt in my mind that
the project will see the light of day”.
A contractor onsite during the laying down of Nairobi-Eldoret Pipeline
New port terminal on
schedule
Detailed designs for the construction of a second container
terminal at the Mombasa port will be ready August, Kenya
Ports Authority (KPA) has said. “These designs will pave
way for actual construction works for the new terminal,
west of Kipevu at a total cost of Sh16 billion,” the port
operator said in a statement.
The government plans to construct a second 1.2 million
TUE capacity terminal to help match a steady increase of
container traffic at the facility that serves Kenya and other
countries in the hinterland such as Uganda and South Sudan
as well as those in the Great Lakes Region.
The second terminal, whose first phase should be operational
in 2013, will be financed by a Japan International Co-
operation Agency (JICA) loan. “Kenya Ports Authority
has witnessed increased growth in container traffic over the
years hence the need to establish a second facility to meet
the demand,” the port handler said while projecting further
growth at the port this year as business activity across most
world markets picked up on improved economic climate.
Despite poor global market conditions, overall throughput
at the port of Mombasa grew by 16.1 per cent in 2009 to
post the best ever performance of 19.06 million tonnes.
Container volumes throughput on the other hand reached
618,816 tonnes in 2009, nearly a 40 per cent increase in
just five years while total freight handled by the port rose
by over 10 per cent from 16.41 million tonnes in 2008 to
19.06 million tonnes in 2009.
Over a quarter of the total throughput, or 4.98 million
tonnes, was transit cargo. Ugandan goods accounted for
just under 80 per cent. According to KPA the new facility
will be operated by a private concessionaire a position that
could help stir efficiency and competition.
 Project Management Office E.A. Ltd
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T.O. Box 12389 – 80117, Mombasa,Kenya
Tel: +254 20 210 7669
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 NEWS
Mombasa oil Refinery
Upgrading of Mombasa based oil refinery
Upgrading of Mombasa based oil refinery
is set to begin in the first quarter of 2011,
this will see the refinery produce more
environment friendly products efficiently.
The project will involve building of a new
cracking unit and a desulphurization facility
and is expected to cost $ 450 million.
KBC Process Technology Ltd. has been
contracted to undertake final configuration
and a feasibility study to be presented to
the government of Kenya and Essar Energy
Overseas Ltd. The scope of the work entails
putting up of bulk liquefied petroleum gas
storage facility to be reviewed by the same
consulting firm once production has been
established depending on the technology
preferred.
The desulphurization plant will enable the
refinery to produce a diesel of very low
carbon and sulphur content. A cording to
the Hydrocarbons Management Consultant
the sulphur level could go upto less than
0.5 percent in the final diesel product. This
is quite in line with the global trends. ‘The
upgrade has to include a thermal cracking Mombasa oil refinery
unit to increase the yield of the white of which a report is due at end of August Ltd (17.1 per cent) and Chevron Global
products from fuel oil,’ said Mr. Robert 2010. The upgrading is expected to start by Energy Inc (15.8 per cent).
Permanent secretary of Ministry Energy, the begging of the first quarter of 2011,’ he Kenya Petroleum Refineries projects an
Mr. Patrick Nyoike said recently that the confirmed. This will only happen after the increase in LPG production to 120,000
planned upgrading is intended to modernize approval of necessary funding needed. metric tonnes annually upon completion of
the plant to increase its efficiency. ‘A Essar acquired 17.1 per cent of shares of the upgrading process. This is expected to
configuration study is currently on-going Shell Petroleum Company Ltd, BP Africa take place within a period of four years.

Dar-Tanga-Mombasa natural gas pipeline study starts

The East African Community Secretariat
has signed a contract with COWI Consulting
firm from Denmark, (COWI Tanzania
Limited and Runji & Partners of Kenya)
to carry out the feasibility study on the Dar
es Salaam - Tanga - Mombasa Natural Gas
Pipeline project at a cost of half a million
US dollars.
The EAC Director for Productive and Social
Sector, Dr.. Caleb Nyamajeje Weggoro said
that the study is expected to be completed
by February 2011.He made the revelation
at the opening of the fifth meeting of the
EAC Sectoral Council on Energy in Arusha,
Tanzania.
The meeting that ended 18th of June was
aimed at reviewing progress being made
in implementing council decisions in
the sector and to consider other issues of
regional importance in the areas of new and
renewable energy and energy conservation
and efficiency, Fossil Fuels and power
sub-sectors.
Dr.. Weggoro disclosed that the need to
develop a Fossil Fuels Master Plan remains
a high priority in the community, adding that
the secretariat had consolidated the Terms
of Reference for the Fossil Fuels Master
Plan and those of the hydrocarbons and
infrastructure study.
The new terms define the scope that will
result in the formulation of a comprehensive
plan for exploration, development,
production, utilization and conservation of
the fossil fuel resources in the region.”We
have intensified efforts to seek funding as
we recognise the urgent need to have this
plan in place,” he said. In this context, the
Norwegian Government and the African
Union Commission (AUC) and the African
Energy Commission (AFREC) as well
as the Venezuelan Government had been
approached for support.
He said that preparations for the 5th East
African Petroleum Conference & Exhibition
(EAPCE’11) had already commenced.
He said the conference and exhibition to be
held on theme “Harnessing East Africa’s
Oil and Gas Potential and Utilising the
Resources to Create Lasting Value”, will be
held in Kampala from February 2 to 4 2011.
He urged both the steering and national
organizing committees to deliver an event
of international standard with the unique
East African identity.
Dr.. Weggoro reiterated that all the projects
and programmes being undertaken under
the sector were in line with the region’s
vision and mission to have a prosperous,
competitive, secure and politically united
East Africa.
The mission also includes the widening and
deepening of economic, political, social and
cultural integration in order to improve the
quality of life of the people of East Africa
through increased competitiveness, value
added production, trade and investment.
“The energy sector plays a facilitative and
catalytic role for the achievement of these
broad objectives” he noted.

Kenya Engineer - July/August 2010 5


Founded in 1966, SDMO based in Brest
France is the second largest manufacturer
of generators world wide. SDMO is rep-
resented in Kenya by Ryce Engineering, a
business division of Ryce East Africa Ltd.
In the last decade Ryce Engineering has
come a long way in learning the intrica-
cies of this niche. It has especially been
involved in installing and servicing gen-
erators for the telecommunications sector
to power the communications masts across
the country.
It is very crucial for the communication
towers to be up and operational 24 hours
a day. This requires Ryce engineers and
technicians to be well- knowledgeable and
equipped to respond to sites as quickly as
possible and at the same time be able to
quickly diagnose and trouble shoot very
fast. In some cases, the installations are off
the power grid and run the SDMO genera-
tors full time.
This experience with this sector has en-
abled Ryce Engineering to develop its ca-
pacity in terms of technical skills, equip-
ment and facilities. It is this capacity that
has now become the strength for Ryce to
deliver high standards of services to its
wider clients.
Remote Monitoring Innovation
SDMO has an active Research and Devel-
opment arm that works with its distributors
SDMO GENERATORS FROM RYCE
to develop unique solutions
for the local needs.
Among the innovations of
SDMO generators are con-
trol panels that enable re-
mote site monitoring. The
panels can communicate
the engine parameters to
an off site station on say a
desktop in the office. The
control panel has commu-
nication ports that can be
linked to the internet, fax
or telephone system. The
same control panel has a
memory that records the
activities throughout time
line. This information can
then be downloaded onto a
flash disk
Overload and /or short circuit
Other features include user-
Active/Reactive power return
friendly drop-down menus,
Oil pressure
pictograms, backlit screens
Overspeed
for easy visibility and user
Underspe
help guides.
Ryce Engineering has a crew of trained technicians with
full understanding of the products. The crew are always
Safety Features include;
on stand-by, 24 hours a day and they are ready to re-
Min/Max alternator
spond and trouble shoots at any site in the country.
voltage
Ryce Engineering also undertakes site maintenance for
Min/Max alternator fre-
all types and makes of installations. The full mainte-
quency
nance includes maintaining the grounds and servicing
Min/Max battery volt-
the air conditioning and maintaining aviation lights, in
age
the case of communication towers.
Kenya Engineer - July/August 2010 7
 NEWS

Jomo Kenyatta International Airport

General repairs to cost Sh 480 million
The European Investment Bank (EIB) has
launched a Sh480 million ($6 million)
support programme to minimise disruptions
as upgrading of the Jomo Kenyatta
International Airport enters the second
phase. The grant will help ensure a smooth
transition of airport operations during
rehabilitation of terminals one, two and
three and the arrivals hall as well as the
construction of Terminal four.
Vice president Prof Plutarchos Sakellaris
on June 14th said that the consultants
will coordinate expansion of the existing
terminal to ensure minimal disruption to
passengers, airlines and airport operations.
The grant has been financed through the EU-
Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund that aims
to promote regional infrastructure schemes
that foster wider African development,
added Prof Sakellaris.
The money is, however, not part of the
Sh7.4 billion loans that the Kenya Airports
Authority has negotiated with EIB for the
actual upgrading and rehabilitation works at Terminal four at the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport Narobi
the country’s premier gateway he clarified. minimal inconvenience for passengers will benefit East Africa’s leading transport hub and
Another Sh7.4 billion loan will come improve links to the wider world,” he said.

from the French Development Agency (AFD) while the

Kenyan Government through KAA will contribute Sh9.6
billion.
Speaking at the signing ceremony at the KAA offices,
Prof Sakellaris said, “The European Investment Bank
is financing the upgrading of JKIA as part of our
wider strategy of investing in key infrastructure across
Africa.”
The expansion of the airport, the EIB Vice president
said, would provide an efficient transport link that acts
as a key building block for strong economic growth in
Kenya.“Successful completion of the project and ensuring

Airport Cargo
terminal upgrade to
cost Shs1.6bn
Ksh 1.6 billion cargo terminal expansion at Jomo
Kenyatta International Airport to handle more freighters
is underway. Kenya Airport Authority Managing
Director said that this would increase capacity by
providing additional parking for five wide body aircraft
and parking area for 180 motor vehicles.
When completed the expanded cargo apron will bring
the total area under freighting business to 90,000
square meters, he said. The airport, ranked number two
in Africa in cargo business, which has lately gained
popularity with a higher number of cargo freighters
showing interest in. JKIA has five cargo facilities with
capacity to handle 200,000 tonnes of cargo annually.

8 Kenya Engineer - July/August 2010

 NEWS

Kenya Airports Authority (KAA)

Sh 460 million set aside to revamp airfields and airstrips

Kenya has earmarked Sh460 million to
revamp infrastructure in selected small
airports and airstrips. Rehabilitation of the
airstrips is expected to bolster plans for
domestic airlines, which have upped their
investments in inbound destinations.
East African Safaris, Safarilink, and Fly540
have announced plans to fly to more local
destinations, signalling increased tourism
activity and an uptick in a flying lifestyle
among the local population. In the case of
Kakamega airstrip, the poor state of the
runway made Fly540 to use a 19 seater
in its recent venture to the Western region
instead of a 37-seater, with the airline’s
management saying the runway needs
another layer of tarmac to accommodate
the landing of bigger aircraft.
Other airstrips that lie in disuse are Garissa,
Mandera, Busia, Makindu, Lodwar,
Bungoma, and Kitale. Acting transport
minister Amos Kimunya issued a warning
to those who have built illegal structures
around the facilities, saying the government
will demolish them when the notice expires.
The government is also courting investors to Phase one of the over $600 million project is building the unit in phase three in a way that
finance the ongoing expansion of the Jomo complete while contractors have been picked would allow for future expansion to meet
Kenyattta International Airport (JKIA), to start work on the second phase. Recently growing needs for space.
with a target of raising Sh15.5 billion in EIB extended to Kenya a grant of Sh480 It is expected that the country’s economic
the short term. million for the ongoing expansion, with leadership in the region set up JKIA as a
The Kenya Airports Authority has opened the funds aimed at minimising disruptions major transport hub, especially with the
negotiations with the French Development at JKIA during repairs of terminals and unveiling of the East African common
Agency (AFD) and the European Investment arrival halls. The government is also market. The expansion of JKIA is aimed
Bank (EIB) to raise the money which the reviewing the design of the third phase, at easing traffic pressure and making the
government plans to add on to the Sh9.6 with the expectation that demand for car country competitive by ensuring efficient
billion it has committed to the project. parking spaces may soon grow beyond handling of passenger flights and cargo
“Negotiations are proceeding well and KAA earlier projections. traffic.
will soon sign an agreement with the two Government bureaucrats are working It is among the leading African airports in
lending institutions,” Mr Kimunya, said. with consultants to craft a new design for cargo traffic.

KAA invites bids for second JKIA Runway.

Kenya Airports Authority has called for
consultancy bids for the design, of the
expansion and modernization plans. In a
tender notice in the local dailies KAA is
looking for a firm to come with preliminary
design of the second runway, associated
taxiways, aircraft parking and a new
passenger terminal and a new passenger
terminal building at the JKIA. The works
are expected to start in another three to
five years.
Mr. Kimunya, the acting transport minister
said that this expansion will not only cater
for the increasing aviation traffic but will
also come in handy in the event of the first
runway requiring major maintenance or
closure for any reason.
The second runway will see the airport
handle bigger aircraft like the Airbus 380.
According to the KAA, the wingspan of the
A380, A double deck wide body aircraft,
is 79.8 metres while the current runway is
only 45 metres wide with 7.5 metre tarmac
shoulder on each side. The current runway
is 80 percent used especially during peak
periods.
KAA is looking at constructing a Greenfield
passenger terminal building, which will
incorporate sustainable design and comply
with the world Green Building Council
Standards, which facilitates the move
towards sustainability.
The expansion and the upgrading plan is
to be carried out in four phases. The first
phase began three years back and has been
completed at a cost of $40 million with the
second phase expected to begin and will
cost a total of $95 million.
The upgrade is expected to see the facility
handle over 10 million passengers by 2024.
Currently passenger numbers stand at five
million.

Kenya Engineer - July/August 2010 9

NEWS

Mining
Cemtech Limited granted exclusive mining rights to
exploit limestone

cement production
Prime Minister Raila Odinga presided
over the ground breaking ceremony at the for more than 50 Cement Watch
650 acre site where the cement factory is years.
to be built. The factory is expected to cost The cement will Lafarge owned Bamburi Cement is the key
Cemtech Limited at least Sh 14 billion. produce between producer of cement in Kenya at over 2.1
Other the cement factory the construction 1.2 million and 2.4 million tonnes annually, and expected to
of a 64MW power station is also underway million tonnes of climb to 2.8 million tonnes.
to power the cement production. cement per annum
‘I have come here to stamp Government beginning in 2012. East African Portland cement produces 1.3
authority that Cemtech is the only company The company has 99 million tonnes,
granted exclusive mining rights to exploit yrs mining rights in
limestone and construct cement and power the area and has paid Mombasa Cement one million tonnes.
plants here, other mining firms can look 1.5 million to private
elsewhere,’ said Raila at the Ceremony. land owners. The Athi River Mining is working to increase
Other areas with viable limestone deposits factory is expected output from 0.5 tonnes annually to one
include Koru, Namanga, Kapedo, Kitui, to employ 500 million tonnes.
Ngaeni,Mwatate, Taita hills, Kilifi, Kwale, workers directly and
Nguni and Meru. 1700 indirectly.
Pokot is rich in gypsum, a component of When complete, the amenities. The group is intending to use advance mining technology
Portland cement that prevents flash setting development will with zero environmental impact.
of concrete, this just one of the minerals that include staff houses, The company plans to send locals for training in its main factory
Cemtech will be mining. It will also mine a school, medical in India, and believes the investment will open up Pokot through
pozzalana and iron ore. The quantity of this and training centre building of low cost housing, roads, schools, medical centres and
minerals present in the region can sustain and other social provisions of clean water.

Coal exploration in Kitui

Four new coal mining sites have been
named in Eastern Province. The government
through the ministry of energy has created
four coal exploration blocks covering
490.5 square kilometers within Mui basin
following the discovery of fossil fuel deposit
in the region. The Mui basin is located about
180km north-east of Nairobi. It is about 400
sq.km in area.
Energy minister Kiraitu Murungi with
environment and Minerals minister John
Michuki said in a statement that the area has
been mapped for coal exploration.
Coal is a combustible sedimentary rock
composed mostly of carbon and hydrocarbon
used to produce heat and or electricity in
homes and industries.

10 Kenya Engineer -July/August 2010

 Control Panels of Various Comple
ch Bo ards and xities
lt ag e Swit .
w Vo
n of Lo
a t io
Fabric
&
ig n
n Des
es i
cialis
Spe
S PS
Switch Boards

Melili Road, (Next to Marshall’s Showroom), Off Mombasa Road.

P.O Box 18435 - 00500, Nairobi, Kenya.
Tel: + 254 (0) 20 2077219, 8019435/6/7.
Fax: + 254 (0) 20 3532986. Cell: +254 724255298
Email: info@spsafrica.com
Website: www.spsafrica.com
Distribution Boards Motor Control Centres
Cable Management Systems

We are Sole Distributors

& Consumer Units
Stabilizers

Medium Voltage Switch Gear

Our Switchboards are

fabricated to Form 2B,
Form 3B, Form 4B. We also
fabricate
Intelligent Switchboards
as Type Tested to KSIEC
60439-1 and New IEC 61439-1
Standards with
Kenya Bureau of Standards
Diamond Mark.
NEWS

Nairobi city council turns to Bonds to help raise money for
roads
Nairobi council will be issuing a commercial
paper to raise money for roads, Town Clerk
Philip Kisia has disclosed. This is part of an
ambitious strategic plan which the council
relaunched in line with the government’s
Vision 2030.
“We will be issuing infrastructure bonds in
the next 24 months,” Mr Kisia said, adding,
the council will at the same time be fully
automated. The council human resources
director, Ms Jeniffer Nyagah, said Strategic
Plan 2006-2012 had undergone a rigorous
process, with the help of KPMG, who were
the lead consultants.
The plan intends to fully automate manual
services in the council, which will see
customers enjoy timely services. The
parking arm of the council is among sections
set to reap increased revenues. “Car owners
will enjoy a reliable automated parking
management system. This will boost
revenues generated from parking tickets,
which is currently estimated at Sh2 million
a day,” the Town Clerk said.
The automation is also expected to bring
on board 24- hour surveillance cameras
that will assist the council in tracking down
Gold mining activities in Kenya
Last year Goldplat plc acquired Kilimapesa
Gold Pty Ltd which has several assets
located in south western Kenya and which
has recently been granted a mining licence
by the Department of Mines and Geology.
Also late last year Red Rock Resources of
Australia acquired 60 per cent of a Kenya
group Kansai unit Mid-Migori Mining Co
Ltd. Both Kilimapesa and Kansai Mining
sites are within the Migori Archaean
greenstone belt that falls on the border of
the Migori and Transmara districts.
The Department of Mines and Geology
estimate that the Western Kenya belt could
produce up to 34 tonnes of gold per annum.
Present production is well short of that
figure but both companies are optimistic
that their gold production will increase
dramatically in the coming years.
Western Kenya presently produces an
estimated 2,000 kg of gold per annum, which
is mainly handled by small scale traders
who sell their metal through middlemen. A
large fraction of the mining activity is not
captured in national data.
The coming on board of major miners
provides the country with an opportunity
NEWS
NEWS
Moi Avenue within Nairobi Central Business District NCBD
city residents who flout by-laws. On gender According to the plan, the council seeks
balance in the council’s workforce, Mr Kisia to use between 25 and 40 per cent of its
said: “More women will be appointed into revenue on capital expenditure. The council
executive and political positions in the has been spending millions of shillings
council and we will also bring on board in paying debts and salaries that have
talented young professionals.” continued to pull it backwards.
to boost production,
increase employment
opportunities and
d i v e r s i f y We s t e r n
Kenya’s economy.
Last year the
Government revised
the Mining Act to
grant investors four-
year prospecting
licences with an
option of renewal and
easy transferability.
Mines and Geology
Commissioner Bernard
Rop says that the new
laws crafted last year Siaya District Gold mining
will take the sector to a higher pedestal of
June 2010 it stood at $1,179 as investors
profitability.
worried about the direction of the Euro
Rising gold prices in the international
economy.
market jolted gold mining activity. Official
Investors say that the expected future level
data indicates earning from gold rose almost
of output could make Kenya a middle-level
four times to Sh2.3 billion in 2009 from
gold producer with the Migori belt alone
Sh593 million the previous year. The price
having the capacity to produce 1.2 million
of gold in the international market leapt
ounces. That level of output could make
from $834 per ounce at the end of 2008 to
gold one of the country’s top forex earner.
$1,095 by the end of last year. As at mid-
13 Kenya Engineer -July/August 2010
NEWS
UNEP Executive Director, Mr. Achim Steiner Awards Kenafric Industries -Winner of
Overall Energy Award
awards annually with the aim of recognizing
Energy Management Award (EMA) is
an initiative of the Kenya Association of
Manufacturers through the Centre for Energy
Efficiency and Conservation (CEEC) and
aims to promote a culture of energy efficiency
and conservation among energy consumers in
Kenya. A recent survey on Kenyan industries
revealed that wastage of primary energy
input stands at between 10-30 percent. This is
attributed to lack of information, motivation,
know-how, financial restrictions and market
imperfections.
Since 2004, Kenya Association of
Manufacturers has been holding the energy
Awards
industries that have embraced energy efficiency
and realized energy and cost savings.
To participate in the award, enterprises must
demonstrate that they have made sustainable
gains in energy efficiency through the use of
modern energy management practices, which
result in them achieving significant energy and
cost reductions.
The 6th Awards was held on March on 26th
March 2010 at the Hotel Intercontinental. The
occasion was graced by PS Energy Mr. Patrick
Nyoike, and presided over by United Nations
Environment Programme, UNEP Executive
Director, Mr. Achim Steiner.
Ashden Award for
sustainable energy
solutions
Skylink was among the six winners announced
in London in July. All the winners received
over 140,000 sterling pounds in prize money
for their pioneering work and saving thousands
of carbon dioxide to the environment through
the innovative use of sustainable energy
technologies.
Sky Link made it for its commitment to
popularizing the use of biogas as a viable
source of fuel to protect Kenyans disappearing
forests and providing rural communities
access to clean , cheap and alternative energy
for cooking.
The Ashden Awards were founded in 2001 to
promote the work of innovative projects in the
field of sustainable energy.
Continental award
Safaricom was named Africa’s Telecoms
Company of the Year at the African Business
Awards 2010 held at London’s Grosvenor
House Hotel on June 21st .
Safaricom topped a keenly-contested final short
list that featured other telecoms operators on
the continent like Gateway Communications
and Globacom Mobile, both of Nigeria,
Mobinil of Egypt and Ghana’s Tigo.

Eng. Henry Gichungi
Henry Gichungi( Deputy manager, off
grid power stations) and Onesmas Maina
(Third Assistant Eng. off grid power
Eng. Raphael Mwaura
Eng Raphael Mwaura attended East Africa
Power Pool Technical Sub Committee
Meeting in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from
24th to 27th of May, He is the power system
Development Manager at Kenya Power and
Lighting Company.
Eng. J. Njuguna Gatitu, Manager
(Maintenance), Kenya National Highways
Authority (KeNHA) attended a two weeks
seminar on Public Private Partnership
Eng .Onesmas Maina
stations) both from KPLC attended
factory acceptance Test of 250kV Wind
Turbines for Marsabit powers Stations.
Brussels, Belgium.
Eng. J. Njuguna Gatitu
(PPP) in Montréal Canada from 17th
May 2010 to 29th May 2010 . The course
was conducted by Setym International.
PPP is the way forward in putting up
major infrastructure projects such as
roads, rail system, power generation etc
involving both the private institutions
and governments. Eng. Njuguna gained
valuable training from lectures conducted
by prominent PPP experts in Canada and
also toured an ongoing PPP project in
Montreal
PEOPLE
Eng.Peter Gatura
Eng. Peter Gatura of KPLC attended the
Korea Global Electric Power Forum,
organized by Korea Trade Investment
Agency. Seoul, Korea.
Bob Collymore
Safaricom Ltd., has named Bob Collymore
to replace Michael Joseph as chief
executive officer from Nov. 1. Collymore,
52, was chief officer for corporate affairs at
Johannesburg-based Vodacom Group Ltd.
before his new appointment, Safaricom
said in an e-mailed statement from the
capital, Nairobi. However Michael Joseph
remains as a strategic advisor to the firms
operations in Kenya
Kenya Engineer - July/August 2010 15
NEWS
Air Compressor Newsflash
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we constantly monitor the performance CompAir in East Africa.
compressor technology guaranteeing.
-Outstanding efficiency
-Premium reliability
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Quantima’s Q-drive™ compression and
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Q-drive™ is special for what it doesn’t
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 NEWS

Geothermal

KenGen is inviting prequalification bids for new geothermal

plant.
The country’s main power generator, Kenya
Electricity Generating Company (KenGen),
is seeking contractors to put up two
geothermal power plants. KenGen is inviting
prequalification bids for constructing two
power plants of 280 megawatts geothermal
power generation capacity with steam field,
substations and transmission, it said in a
procurement notice.
The company already producing more than
200MW of electricity from geothermal
sources plans to add 280MW of geothermal
power at a cost of Sh104 billion ($1.3
billion) by 2013. KenGen said that the
government had received financing from
KenGen headquaters in Nairobi
the International Development Association
the invitation for bids for the four contracts add about 800MW of power to the national
(IDA), the Japan International Cooperation
expected to be made between September grid by 2014.
Agency (Jica) and the French Development
and February next year. Projections by the Energy ministry showed
Agency (AfD) for electricity expansion,
In the 2010/11 Budget, Finance minister that Kenya requires at least additional
the Olkaria IV, and 1 Additional Units
Uhuru Kenyatta said the energy sub-sector 2,013MW to the national grid by 2014.
Project.
will be allocated Sh35.1 billion this year “The supply deficit and costly short-term
“In addition, the Government of Kenya and
with Sh15.6 billion going towards the interventions constrain economic growth
the Kenya Power and Lighting Company
expansion of the national power grid. and reduce the regional competitiveness of
(KPLC) have applied for financing from
Some Sh11.6 billion will go towards Kenya’s private sector,” the World Bank
the European Investment Bank (EIB) and
harnessing geothermal resources as well as said in a statement when it approved a Sh26
the German Development Co-operation
initiate exploitation of coal reserves with billion loan to help the country expand
(KfW) and intend to apply the proceeds
special emphasis on adding 280 megawatts its national grid and support emerging
towards payments under four contracts,”
of geothermal capacity by 2013. geothermal power generation.
the company said.
Treasury also plans to direct Sh5.4 billion to “The gap between electricity supply and
KenGen had earlier signed a loan agreement
fund the rural electrification to help increase demand has increased in recent years
with Jica for Sh25.84 billion ($323 million)
the number of public facilities connected to due to Kenya’s strong economic growth
and expressed confidence in securing
the national grid. and inadequate investment in power
the outstanding $700 million. Part of the
“The Government will encourage through infrastructure,” it said.
project entails boosting electricity output at
public private partnerships the development Data show that at the peak of the recent
KenGen’s Olkaria 1 plant to 140 KW from
of about 500MW additional geothermal drought, the country’s power reserve
45 KW within finances from JICA.
power capacity over the next four years, capacity wilted to record levels, triggering
The rest of the 280 KW increase would come
encourage development of biomass from fears that the country is likely to run short
from its Ol Karia 4 plant through finances
municipality waste,” Mr Kenyatta said of power from 2012 if new plants did not
from AfD and EIB. The prequalification of
noting that such initiatives are expected to come through.
bids should be made the end of July with

Ksh 12 billion to boost geothermal power production in Kenya

The European Investment Bank will extend
Ksh 12 billion to the Kenya Government
for the construction of the Olkaria IV
geothermal power plant with a capacity
to generate 280 megawatts of power.
The banks Vice-President responsible
for Africa Mr. Plutarchos Sakellaris said
that the project will increase the output of
electricity which currently barely outstrips
the demand.
‘We have approved the loan totaling 119
million euros; what we are waiting for is to
sign a financing contracts which we will do
shortly after certain condition are met,’ he
told the reporters in Nairobi.
‘Other co-financers will be the French
Development Agency and the Japanese
International Development Agency, this
could be upto Ksh 100 billion,’ he added.
KenGen launched a new geothermal
electricity plant with a 35Mw capacity,
Mr. Eddy Njoroge, the Managing Director
said that this is part of the Company’s
strategy in accelerating investment in power
production. The plant is located in Olkaria
II power plant.
‘The European Investment Bank is pleased
to support the continued expansion of the
geothermal power generation in Kenya, as
part of its contribution to renewable energy
and climate action across Africa. Olkaria is
key source of electricity that contributes to
growth in Kenya and the wider EA region,’
said Mr. Sakellaris at the commissioning
ceremony in Naivasha.

Kenya Engineer July/August 2010 17

NEWS
Sh100 billion to power geothermal production
The Ministry of Energy has received every year.
financial commitments of over Sh100 The current peak power
billion from development partners for demand is around
geothermal power production. 1,070 MW, with a
Energy Minister Kiraitu Murungi said the generation capacity
pledges in loans and grants would boost of 1,160 megawatts.
the Government’s quest for green energy It is projected that
by increasing electricity supply from there will be a rise
geothermal, thermal and wind sources.”The in demand of 10 per
resources complement Government efforts cent each year over the
and will accelerate the harnessing of next twenty years. The
geothermal potential as a source of meeting Olkaria II third unit
electricity demand,” said Mr Murungi. was constructed at a
European Investment Bank Vice President cost of $132.2 million
for Africa, Plutarchos Sakellaris said the funded by EIB, Word
money would finance construction of Bank and AfD.
Olkaria IV plant. The money will also go Plans are underway to
towards the extension of Olkaria I. Both construct the biggest
units are set to add 280 megawatts into the geothermal plant in the
national grid. country, a joint venture
He said the bank has worked with financial between KenGen and
partners including the World Bank, AfD Sinclair Knight Merz Dr . Silas Simiyu, CEO Geothermal Developement Company
of France, KfW of Germany and JICA with a capacity of 280
of Japan and the Chinese Government megawatts coming from four geothermal
over the last one year to put together the generators. in Kenya by embarking in other projects that
financial package of one billion euros. The “EIB is pleased to support the continued will see the company increase its capacity to
Government of Spain and the Belgium expansion of geothermal power generation 500 megawatts in the next five years.
Government have pledged a further $60 in Kenya as part of its contribution to “These developments are in line with our
million. renewable energy and climate change across business strategy to reduce hydro-electric
Kenya’s geothermal potential is high, Africa,” said Sakellaris. power reliance as it is dependent on weather
approximated at 7,000 megawatts, but the Mr Eddy Njoroge, KenGen managing patterns and pursue green energy sources,”
expected increase in energy consumption is director said the company’s five years he said.
also high, averaging at eight per cent growth strategy aims to stabilise the power situation

KenGen receives Sh 26 billion for geothermal power

and Sh2.7 billion for enhancing the rural
Kenya Electricity Expansion Project has connection rate, enabling it to meet its
electrification programme. “The project is
received Sh26.4 billion from the World Bank annual target of 200,000 new connections.
intended at strengthening and extending
to increase geothermal power generation, Mr Zutt said the focus on geothermal is to
the distribution grid across the country
enhance connectivity, and refurbish power enhance the country’s power supply from a
through construction of an estimated 1,300
plants to enhance efficiency. The drive more viable source. Dependency on hydro
kilometres of distribution lines to enhance
to shift the country’s power base from power, which is determined by weather
connection and the refurbishment of about
the weather-dependent hydro source to patterns, has affected the country’s economy
26 substations to improve reliability,” said
geothermal has gained momentum as the especially through high power charges due
Johannes Zutt, the world Bank country
World Bank, through the International to the use of emergency power from diesel
director.
Development Association (IDA), has based generators when rain fails.
In addition, the Electricity Expansion
provided Sh9.6 billion for the development
Project will see the construction of three new
of Olkaria geothermal sources. The country is emerging from a prolonged
transmission lines to improve reliability.
The credit line is to be used to scale up drought that affected its power supply,
The lines target to connect the expansive
geothermal power generation to 280 leading to power rationing. The use of
North Eastern region to the national grid,
megawatts from the current 198. “This emergency power generators resulted in
improve power reliability in Western Kenya,
credit line will be used to support geothermal inflated power bills, eating into households’
and Nyanza.
generation that include extension of the incomes. The Kenya Electricity Expansion
The project funds will be used to create
Olkaria I and construction of Olkaria IV Project intends to spend Sh112 billion to shift
a revolving kitty which will allow power
scaling up electricity generation from more the country power base to geothermal.
connection through the rural electrification
reliable sources,” said Finance minister
programme and payment by customers
Uhuru Kenyatta. Other partners who have pumped funds
through installments.
into the programme include China, KFW
The fund is expected to enhance Kenya
The other two credit lines are Sh5.2 billion of Germany and the European Investment
Power and Lightning Company’s (KPLC)
for construction of transmission lines Bank.

18 Kenya Engineer -July/August 2010

 NEWS
Wind
Wind farm exceeds expectations
Ngong wind farm has generated a total
of 8.9GWh of energy during the first
six months of commercial operation
starting from August 2009 and continues
to register better production than previously
anticipated.
The wind farm has consistently recorded
monthly production above 1.5GWh since
October 2009 and this trend is expected to
be maintained up to the month of May 2010.
Overall annual production may far exceed
expected production of 14.9GWh.
This improved production is largely
attributed to impressive windflow pattern
experienced over the period as well as
the availability of good quality grid. Most
turbines have continued to record impressive
load factors. Some have recorded monthly
load factors of up to 69%. Overall wind
factors above 50% have been recorded since
November 2009.
Cumulative percentage wind farm load
factor has steadily increased from a low of
Engineers from Vestas install wind turbines at Ngong Hills
33% in September 2009 to a high of 45%
at the end of January 2010. This improving So far the wind farm has abated over US$940,000 not spent by Kenya in the
trend in the overall wind farm performance 4,300 tonnes of carbon dioxide that would purchase of oil.
as shown below. have been emitted to the atmosphere if Energy generated from the wind farm
Overall annual cumulative load factor for the the same amount of energy was generated has supported well over 17,000 ordinary
wind farm is expected to lie between 40% from non-renewable energy sources. This households by meeting all their daily
and 45% depending upon the availability of amount is equivalent to more than 12,000 electricity requirements.
individual turbines. barrels of crude oil not consumed and about Source: KenGen News

Turkana wind Power project to reap from carbon sale

The planned 300 megawatts wind power
project in Turkana, northern Kenya, will
earn up to 14 million euros (Sh1.3 billion)
in carbon credit sales a year, the initiative’s
debt arranger said in a recent press briefing,
raising hope for improvement of the
livelihood of communities living around
the site.
“The community around Turkana has been
marginalized for a long time and the project
promises a windfall in terms of proceeds
from carbon credit sales that would be used to
improve development in the region,” Bobby
Pittman, the African Development Bank
(AfDB) vice President for Infrastructure,
Private Sector and Regional Integration
affirmed in an interview.
“The earnings could even be more than
projected because the demand for clean
energy is huge.” The AfDB estimates that
during the project’s 20-year lifespan carbon
emissions will be reduced by an estimated
16 million tonnes indicating the potential
earnings the project is likely to generate
from the facility. The bank is facilitating a
debt tranche for the Sh55 billion wind power
project that could add up to a third of power
supply to the national grid.
The project is the brainchild of private
investors under the umbrella of Lake
Turkana Wind Power (LTWP) group. The
LTWP envisaged constructing a wind farm
consisting of 353 wind turbines, each with
a capacity of 850 kilo watts (kW).
The total power generated in the initial
phase of the project is expected to reach
300mw by July 2012. LTWP already has
an agreement with Danish firm Vestas Wind
to supply 360 wind turbines for use in the
project.
“The excitement is huge among lenders and
we are sure of securing the needed funds.
Everyone wants to be part of this historic
environmentally friendly power project,”
Mr Pittman said in an interview on the
sidelines of the bank’s annual conference
in Abijan.
The undertaking is among those that have
won grants from a new UN-backed facility
that aims to boost the African carbon market
through environmentally friendly projects.
Alongside Athi River Mining Limited
(ARM), they are among beneficiaries of
the African Carbon Asset Development
facility (ACAD) set up as a collaboration
between the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP), Standard Bank and
the German government’s International
Climate Initiative.
The work plan of the ACAD showed it would
support African carbon projects through a
combination of technical assistance, grants
and preferential access to corporate finance
and transactional guidance.
“Government investment alone will not
be enough. ACAD is a good example of
how we can attract much-needed private
capital for investments that address climate
change.” Another Kenyan firm, Mumias
Sugar Company, has also ventured into the
carbon credits trade in which it produces
power through burning of bagasse.

Kenya Engineer - July/August 2010 19

NEWS

Technology
Syniverse to Enhance Roaming Operations, Fraud Prevention
for Kenya’s Safaricom
growth.”
Syniverse Technologies has been selected
By relying on Syniverse, Safaricom will
by Kenya’s largest mobile operator,
enjoy a simplified, end-to-end clearing
Safaricom, to underpin its mobile roaming
and settlement process made possible by
services, adding to a growing roster of
Data Clearing House for GSM (DCH) and
Syniverse’s operator customers throughout
Financial Clearing House for GSM (FCH).
Africa. In a competitive takeaway for
These Syniverse roaming solutions will
Syniverse, Safaricom will join a list of
allow Safaricom to minimize the resources
more than 45 operators on the continent that
required to handle roaming accounting,
rely on Syniverse for a range of roaming,
while improving operational efficiency
messaging and network solutions to
of transaction processing. Also part of
enhance operations and business growth.
the MORE portfolio, the award-winning
“With rapid expansion of the African mobile
Syniverse DataNet solution will ensure
market, we’re committed to providing
Safaricom is protected against roaming
high-quality services and expertise Synverse Cooperation HQ
fraud and fully compliant with all current
that allow operators like Safaricom to mobile expansion, and we chose Syniverse
industry standards for roaming fraud,
simplify operational complexity and to support us because of its commitment to,
including the GSM Association’s Near Real
maximize revenue opportunities while and understanding of the African market,”
Time Roaming Data Exchange (NRTRDE)
providing subscribers with highly reliable Mr Joseph said. “Roaming is a key service
initiative.
mobile services,” said Eugene Bergen category for us and we are constantly
Safaricom CEO Michael Joseph said
Henegouwen, Executive Vice President, seeking new ways to expand our footprint
efficient, secure roaming operations are
EMEA, Syniverse. “Our work with a and improve our offering in Africa and
essential as Kenya experiences tremendous
growing number of African operators beyond. With this partnership, Safaricom
growth in mobile subscribers. The country
demonstrates Syniverse has established is able to manage our own growth and, at
is expected to exceed 100 percent mobile
itself as a trusted partner on the continent the same time, ensure we can deliver the
penetration by 2013.
to provide solutions that meet subscriber quality roaming experiences subscribers
“Our position as the leading operator in
expectations and promote operator expect from us.”
Kenya means we have a key role to play in

Software developers get Sh300m boost

The global digital content industry is
forecast to grow at between six and 10
per cent between 2006 and 2010 software
developers in Kenya will benefit from a
Sh300 million government grant launched
to promote the development of local digital
content and computer applications.
While launching the fund, the Kenya ICT
board said it would target individuals or
Kenyan firms that can develop digital
content and software applications for the
consumption of an estimated 3.4 million
internet users in the country.
“The main purpose of this grant is to
propel the emergent lucrative but yet
underexploited local content industry
to growth,” said Paul Kukubo, the CEO
of Kenya ICT Board. Digital content,
a major driver of economic growth in
developed countries, includes data accessed
from electronic devices such as personal
computers, game consoles, mobile phones
and digital TV.
The internet offers the most common form
of distribution of digital content. The
grant, which targets content developers
including software developers, film,
animation, advertising, publishing, gaming
and education professionals and content
creators, will provide an impetus for
creating of quality applications relevant to
the Kenya government and private sector.
The money, part of the $114.4 million
grant from the International Development
Association for the Development of
the Transparency and Communications
Infrastructure Project (TCIP), will be
limited to a maximum of $50,000 for
firms and $10,000 for individuals. In an
advertisement in the media, the ICT board
asked interested individuals and firms that
can develop innovative communication and
information applications to apply.
“The grant will support the development of
existing government information portals to
provide government agencies and the public
with readily accessible and transparent
content and data,” said Mr Kukubo.
The digital content industry has been
identified by the Ministry of Information
and Communication as an important area of
growth in the ICT sector through creation
of a viable knowledge-based economy. Mr
Kukubo said the slow uptake of internet
use by Kenyans was due to unavailability
of local content and this has made many
Kenyans shy away from accessing the
internet,” he said.
Several content developers welcomed the
grant but cautioned that the government
must ensure that information on the grant
is disseminated to the grassroots, while
contributing to the economy through
creation of employment opportunities,
capital investment and export earnings.
“The ICT board must sensitise all content
and software developers in the country
about the grant and not just concentrate on
a few in urban centres,” said George Oketch
of Technology Associates.
The global digital content industry is
forecast to grow at a rate of between six and
10 per cent between 2006 and 2010.
Countries including New Zealand, Australia,
Singapore, Canada and the European Union
have recognised the importance of digital
content in developing their knowledge
based economies.

20 Kenya Engineer - July/August 2010


Tullow Oil discovers more oil, gas in western Uganda
Tullow Oil, an Irish Company which has
been exploring for oil in western Uganda
for several years and with considerable
success announced late May 2010 that it
had made oil and gas at Nzizi 3 well. The
company said in a statement posted on its
website that the well located in the Katso
– Yonya region was drilled to total depth
of 974 metres and the results of logging
and sampling confirmed a total of 9 metres
of gas pay, and 16 metres of oil pay. As
expected, the gas pay includes a 4 metre
zone in communication with the Nzizi-2
well. The oil pay includes a new discovery
in the basal sands where 11 metres of net
pay was encountered without an oil-water
contact. The oil discovery will be the
subject of further evaluation. Reservoir
quality in each of these sandstone intervals
is excellent.
The successful outcome of this well proves
its viability as a future gas producer for the
integrated power project. The Nzizi-3 well
will now be suspended and the rig will move
to the Waraga-1 discovery well to prepare
it for future testing.
Angus McCoss, Tullow Exploration
Director, said: “The Nzizi-3 appraisal well
takes us a significant step towards first gas
production in Uganda. We continue to work
closely with the Government of Uganda
on plans for accelerating our exploration
and appraisal activities in the region and
KenGen in deal with University to train Engineers
Kenya has moved to address the shortage
of geothermal engineers with the signing
of a deal between KenGen and Kenyatta
University to train the engineers starting
this September. This comes as KenGen and
the Geothermal Development Company
(GDC) are about to start intense generation
that will see output increase from the
current 200MW to 2,000MW by 2020.
Kenya faces a shortage of geothermal
engineers although it has not impacted
on the development and generation of the
renewable energy because it is still done
in a small scale, said GDC. “The need
for geothermal engineers will increase
tremendously because of the high potential
of the planned geothermal fields,” said Mr
Eddy Njoroge, the CEO of KenGen. GDC
currently has 40 geothermal engineers.
The company recently recruited 100 more
engineers, 40 of whom have been taken for
further training in China.
An explorer at work in Hoima.
look forward to commencing a multi-well
programme
Tullow has interests in three licences in
the Lake Albert Rift Basin in Uganda. It
operates Block !, 2 and 3A. It had earlier
bought from Heritage Oil its 50% interest
in Blocks 1 and 3A for a reported US $1.5
billion.
Tullow had earlier announced its intension
to bring in China National Overseas Oil
Corporation (CNOOC) and Total Oil as its
development partners and early July said it
had received approval from the Government
of Uganda for its proposal subject to certain
The rest are being trained by geothermal
experts from Iceland, the company said.
Kenya’s geothermal potential is estimated
at 7,000 MW, according to the government.
The slow pace of developing geothermal
wells has, however, seen Kenya depend
largely on hydro electricity that is vulnerable
to rain patterns. Kenya’s current peak power
demand is projected to rise 10 per cent each
year over the next 20 years. Geothermal
engineers will be trained at Kenyatta
University’s School of Engineering that
pioneered three years ago, said the vice
-chancellor, Prof Olive Mugendi.
Students will learn theory and practical
skills interchangeably at the university
and at the KenGen field operations, she
said.“We have adopted this partnership
from what is practised in Canada. It is a
private public partnership that works well
there,” she said.
Students will join KenGen for one semester
during their second year and go back to
NEWS
conditions that Tullow intends to discuss
with the Government in due course. It
is reported that the three partners will
each have a one-third stake in future
developments.
Tullow expects to produce oil from the
Lake Albert region for consumption on the
local market by end of 2011. By the end of
2014 or 2015 Tullow and its development
partners expect to be producing more than
200,000 barrels per day of oil,a portion
of which will be exported to international
markets. The project will require a 1,200
kilometre export pipeline and a refinery.
the university for another year to gain
practical skills. KenGen and the Geothermal
Development Company are about step up
development of geothermal wells that will
see the country’s output from the source
increase tremendously.
Geothermal Development Company
currently has 40 geothermal engineers.
The company recently recruited 100 more
engineers, 40 of whom have been taken
for further training in China. The rest
are being trained by geothermal experts
from Iceland, the company said. Kenya’s
geothermal potential is estimated at 7,000
MW, according to the government.
The vice –chancellor of Kenyatta University,
Prof Olive Mugendi, said that students
will learn theory and practical skills
interchangeably at the university and at the
KenGen field operations. “We have adopted
this partnership from what is practised in
Canada. It is a private public partnership
that works well there,” she said.
Kenya Engineer - July/August 2010 21
Plant Reliability
Struggling with Crafting your Plant Reliability Improvement Policy?
Industries using machines require them to
run reliably with high availability and high
utilization all their working life.
High equipment reliability requires quality
manufacture and precision maintenance,
coupled with correct operating practices,
which altogether deliver the necessary
controlled conditions that produce high
reliability.
You get equipment working superbly
reliable when designers make the right
choices, the maintenance people do their
work to design specification, and operators
run equipment so that operating stresses are
low. There is no downtime if the equipment
design is right for the service, if the parts
work in a low-stress environment, and it is
operated accurately.
Highly reliable production should be normal
and natural with plant and equipment
working dependably at long-term sustainable
capacity. If under operation, equipment
performance is not as designed, then
something is amiss. But not with the
equipment; the problem is in the business
processes, or there are uncontrolled external
agents at work. The challenge is to identify
the process failures that cause defects and
prevent equipment from delivering design
performance, and then to act firmly to rectify
the situation.
Man-made equipment and machinery
only work well for a long time when they
work precisely. Precision means meeting
specified standards to within allowed
tolerances. Precision requires that the
specific standards needed for high reliability
are set and continually achieved during
design, manufacture, assembly, operation
and maintenance
A reliability improvement policy is a great
place to start in driving reliability growth.
I have a few suggestions for its content,
which I hope will help you to craft one for
your organisation.
Match Policy to the Reality of Your
Situation
A policy is a document containing a set of
principles to guide people’s decision making
and actions. It needs to be connected to
the other business policies, and tell people
how it will help those to be achieved.
Describe how reliability improvement
will help production, and marketing, and
maintenance, and customers. This validates
it to managers and employees. It also needs
to reflect what is possible in an organisation
and not try to envision an unbelievable
22 Kenya Engineer - July/August 2010
future. Use it to move ahead in a series of
manageable steps toward the grand vision.
You re-write the policy to make the second
step after you have taken the first, the third
step after completing the second, and so
on.
There is no point saying you will be a high
reliability organisation if you still have
breakdowns. That is rubbish and everyone
can see it. A policy that says we will
build the systems that reduce production
breakdowns by half is what I would
put in the first policy document. In the
document I would go on to list the systems
and processes needed to halve current
breakdowns. In the second policy document
we would build the systems to prevent all
production breakdowns. In the third policy
document we create a high reliability
organization. Reliability improvement is a
journey with destinations to be reached one
after the other.
Build the Right Principles into the
Policy
There are three fundamental premises that
I believe a reliability improvement policy
need to contain.
The first is that equipment can only be
failure-free if its individual parts do not
fail: nothing else matters. Parts fail first
and then equipment stops. The health of
equipment parts fatally impacts equipment
reliability. Take care of the parts and the
equipment cannot help but be exceptionally
reliable. This premise is the cornerstone of
production and maintenance success and its
achievement will liberate great wealth.
The second premise is that people operate
plant and equipment. People introduce
‘human factor’ and human error issues that
can destroy equipment reliability, such
as their degree of competence, interest in
doing better, amount of curiosity, level of
dedication, desire to learn more, and many
other entirely normal human traits. The
better the ‘human factors’ are managed
and developed, the more successfully and
failure-free will equipment run.
The third premise is that we are working
to build a world-class business. A business
built of reliable processes that produce
desired results which stakeholders and
customers are delighted to have. Poor plant
and equipment reliability is a business
process failure that prevents business
success. The more precisely that plant and
equipment are used and maintained, the
less is the risk of failure, the higher is the
Mr. Mukhwana is the CEO and
Managing Consultant for Project
Management Office E.A. Ltd.
quality, the lower is the product price, and
the shorter is the delivery time. Customers
like that and will buy your product, so
making the business successful.
Parts, people and processes; machine,
man and method; these are what make our
products and services. Each is important to
business success and must be encouraged
to perform at their best.
6 R e q u i re m e n t s f o r R e l i a b i l i t y
Improvement
Reliability growth and improvement is a
result. It is an effect produced by the right
causes. First must be the cause before there
can be its effect. Here is a list of five causes
of reliability.
Standards: Reliability is inextricably
connected with quality and precision. You
must know exactly how close to perfection
your equipment parts must be engineered
and kept to get the reliability you want.
Structure: People build machines, run
machines and work on machines: people
deliver reliability. How they work together
and are supported in their efforts by the
business is of paramount importance if you
want good performance from them.
Systems: Quality and precision are delivered
in a business through its systems and
processes. The methods and practices that
your business uses to deliver world-class
reliability for its equipment need to be in
your documents.
To be continued in the next issue

A better understanding of the Smallholder Irrigation
Subsector
Article written by Eng. Jane A. Simiyu, Irrigation and Drainage department Ministry of Water and
Irrigation
The Government of Kenya has recognized
the role of irrigation development as a key
drought mitigation measure as stipulated
in the Vision 2030. Tremendous strides
have been made by the government, the
private sector and the donor community
in the area of irrigation development since
the 70s. It is estimated that about 120 000
ha are currently under irrigation of which
47% (54,800ha) fall under Smallholder
community-based irrigation schemes. The
other percentages are 41 %( 49,000ha)
and 13 %( 16,000) under privately run
irrigation schemes and National irrigation
schemes respectively. (Ministry of Water
and Irrigation - Department of Irrigation
and Drainage – 2010)
Smallholder Irrigation has been promoted
as a means of ensuring food security,
increased productivity, improved incomes
and nutrition and employment creation.
As from 2003/04, Government budgetary
allocation for the smallholder irrigation
subsector has been on a steady increase.
The same incremental trend applies for the
development partner contributions.
The subsector has a major role to play
in vision 2030 in ensuring a substantial
increase in productivity and production for
enhanced food security. Inspite of the steady
increase in budgetary allocations, there still
exists a major gap in financial resources
requirements for smallholder irrigation
expansion needed to make a contribution in
meeting the envisaged targets in the vision
2030 of expanding at a rate of 32,000ha
annually.
Often questions are raised about the
viability of smallholder irrigation schemes
such as; Are smallholder irrigation
schemes financially viable? Are the
schemes sustainable? Is it worthwhile
developing more schemes? Are these
projects not inducing a financial burden
on the government as far as operation and
maintenance is concerned? Are smallholder
irrigation projects the best way of investing
the limited financial resources at the
government’s disposal? Are the farmers able
to manage these projects?
This article attempts to answer most of
these questions. The term ‘Smallholder
irrigation’ requires some clarification as it
means different things to different people.
In the recent past, this term has created
a lot of ambiguity within the irrigation
subsector and the debate that seems to arise
is whether it is worth investing further in
smallholder irrigation development. Many
think smallholder irrigation in terms of
size, others in terms of irrigating a kitchen
garden, others in terms of bucket irrigation,
others in terms of small with no major
impact to the communities where it is
practiced, while others in terms of lack of
need for investments in the construction of
irrigation infrastructure and so on.
Defination of smallholder irrigation
Smallholder or community–based irrigation
schemes are demand-driven farmer-managed
irrigation schemes. A bottom-up or ‘grass-
roots approach is used for development.
Here, farmers are involved in the planning
decisions, contribute at least a part of the
capital costs, and accept full responsibility
for operation and maintenance. The
Government facilitates development and
may at times provide incentives; however,
the farmers drive the process through
participation in the planning, financing,
implementing, operating and maintaining
the irrigation system. . These farmers
irrigate together and share the same water
source that originates from an intake, mainly
a weir. The water may be conveyed through
piping or open channels with a designed
distribution system that ensures equitable
sharing of water to all the irrigators. There is
individual control of irrigation and farming
activities by each farmer in his/her plot.
The individual plot sizes normally range
between 0.2 and 2 ha (FAO 2000). However,
the total acreage may vary from 10ha to as
large as 400ha. Such irrigation schemes
are considered as formal in the smallholder
farming sector. At each irrigation scheme,
farmers Irrigation Management Committees
(IMCs) have been established with the help
of the government agency in place.
Individual irrigation farmers who practice
irrigation using different types of pumps that
operate either sprinklers or drip systems are
a subset of smallholder irrigation. Such
farmers exist throughout the country and
are the main producers of horticultural
products in the market today. Access
to credit for such potential farmers will
continue to be important, particularly to
ensure that irrigation equipment and inputs
WATER & IRRIGATION
Eng. Jane A. Simiyu, is a holder of BSc.
Agricultural Engineering, Reg.Eng,
MIEK she is specialized in irrigation and
Drainage function and has worked for
over 20years in Irrigation and Drainage
Department in Ministry of Agriculture
and Ministry of Water and Irrigation. She
is currently deployed in the Irrigation and
Drainage Technical services division in the
department of Irrigation and Drainage,
MWI, and also pursuing an MA Program
in Project Planning and Management at
University of Nairobi
are sufficiently affordable and accessible
to farmers.
The main objectives of the IMCs are
to enhance farmer ’s participation in
management and decision making at
the scheme level, introduce a system of
discipline among the farmers and to control
infield water distribution. The IMC function
in such a way as to prepare farmers for a
complete take-over of the management
functions after withdrawal of government
support. Government’s objective, since
1980s has been to promote farmer-managed
schemes where possible.
Main characteristics of smallholder
irrigation schemes
Farmers participate in or preferably drive
all the project phases from planning to
implementation and evaluation in order
Kenya Engineer - July/August 2010 23
 WATER & IRRIGATION
Intake weir in a smallholder irrigation scheme
to create a sense of ownership of, and
consequent commitment to, the scheme. A
bottom up approach is followed for irrigation also help policy makers in formulating
development, treating farmers as “owners”
rather than “beneficiaries” of the projects,
Participatory Rural Appraisal methods
are applied. They are farmer managed
irrigation schemes, as they result in very
little financial burden on the government
for operation and maintenance. Success and
sustainability demand careful holistic design. and the commitment of the farmers.
Sustainability here referring to the long-term
ability of the beneficiaries to operate and
maintain their schemes profitability with
little or no external intervention other than Every year during the dry season, Esther
the normal extension services. Capacity
building in water management, general crop
production and marketing are important. It
might be important to help farmers with
inputs for the first season so that they can
build a cash flow base Institutional support
should be enhanced in smallholder irrigation
development. Continuous monitoring of
irrigation schemes is necessary to provide
feedback information that helps in the
planning, implementation and management
of future schemes. An integrated rural
development approach should be followed
to maximize benefits from the intervention
meaning that rural physical infrastructure
and markets should be developed alongside
irrigation development. Developing the
skills and broadening the experience of
the farmers is key. Smallholder Irrigation
development has shown throughout the
developing world that it can be used as a
key drought mitigation measure and as a
vehicle for the long-term agricultural and
macro-economic development of a country.
However socio-economic evaluations of
smallholder irrigation schemes are needed
24 Kenya Engineer - July/August 2010
at regular intervals in order to be able to
derive lessons from past experiences and
sound policies for future development.
Factors which determine the performance
of Smallholder Irrigation schemes include
planning, group cohesion, institutional
support, strength of the Irrigation
Management Committee, choice of crops,
and appropriateness of the technical design
A success story from a smallholder
irrigation scheme
would sit at home without much to do
and unable to plant because, like most
rural Kenyans, she needed rain to grow
food for her family. Her family’s food
availability for the entire year depended
on one harvest grown during the rainy
season on a small plot, which made them
unable to grow enough food to last the
entire year. Successive years of drought
and other production shocks in Kenya have
reduced crop productivity and undermined
livelihoods, leaving smallholder farmers
like Esther and her family increasingly
food insecure and vulnerable and making
recovery more difficult.
To feed her family after their own food
production ran out, Esther would do
casual labor, working in the fields of other
farmers to earn 2 kg of maize meal per day.
However, doing this left her with little time
to do her household chores and tend to her
fields. In years of severe drought, Esther
and her family were dependent on food
aid distributions when their food stocks
ran out.
In 2006, Esther’s life changed with the
arrival of Government-funded Smallholder
Irrigation Scheme in her village. Esther
can now irrigate crops during the dry
season, allowing her to harvest up to three
times a year. In 2007and 2008, Esther
grew a variety of crops under irrigation,
including tomatoes, onions, cabbage and
maize. After feeding her family, Esther
sold the surplus vegetables and maize in
the market, making in three months what
she had never made in her life. Esther
purchased a bicycle,guinea fowls, goats,
and chickens—none of which she had prior
to the smallholder irrigation project and
which allow her to earn additional income
through the sale of eggs and meat. Esther is
also proud to have a leadership role in the
project as secretary of the Irrigation System
Water Users Committee (WUC). Through
the WUC, community members participate
in all aspects of operating the irrigation
system, including planning, construction,
and maintenance.
Esther describes the changes in her family’s
life, “Now, casual labor is history!” Before,
I was in dire poverty and stayed at home
during the dry season. Now, we have food
all-year round and do not depend on food
aid. I can pay my children’s school fees
and will be able to send them to secondary
school, and perhaps even university.” When
asked about the future, Esther is convinced
that she will be at a better stage of her life
in three years. She plans to start a small
business to buy and sell beans and, in a
few years, will go toTanzania to buy new
and used clothes for sale in her community.
The future is indeed bright for Esther and
her family.
Smallholder Irrigation Development has

had a significant impact on the lives of
many smallholder farmers. A measure
of the program’s success has been the
interest expressed by other communities
in establishing smallholder irrigation
schemes.
The transfer of government-run (public)
irrigation schemes to farmers’ associations,
often referred to as irrigation management
transfer (IMT), has been widely promoted
in developing countries as a means to
decentralize functions of the state, to reduce
public expenditure, and to instill a sense
of local ownership and responsibility in
farmers. Kenya’s new proposed irrigation
policy thus constitutes a significant
departure from the past emphasis on costly
government-supported irrigation schemes
administered in a top-down fashion. Public
schemes were largely built and designed to
be managed by government or an agency
of government and often had a resettlement
objective. The design was not created
with commercial viability in mind and
the government of the day were willing to
subsidize capital costs, management and
some of the running costs. Times have
changed and farmer management is being
encouraged to enhance sustainability.
Examples of smallholder successes in
Kenya
Emening Smallholder Farmers Group
This was started when one individual farmer
bought a motorized pump in 1988 and
started growing vegetables with water from
Emening River. Soon, a few more farmers
also bought pumps and the number of
irrigators grew quickly. By 2004, there were
47 farmers actively engaged in irrigation.
The farmers then formed and registered
a self-help group, which has a well-
organized management structure, to ensure
coordinated water sharing, and provision of
credit to new and upcoming farmers. They
grow local horticultural crops, with special
emphasis on watermelons, as the crop is
not eaten by goats (an important livestock
resource). Capacity building was provided
by government extension system, and has
been instrumental in assisting farmers
formalize their governance structures and
introduction of other crops to complement
watermelons.
Lari-Wendani Irrigation Scheme
This was started in 1986 as a group
scheme, through technical assistance by
the Ministry of Agriculture, irrigation and
drainage department, which developed the
physical infrastructure. The original farmers
numbered 94 and, although the population
has grown, irrigation scheduling in blocks
has remained unchanged. It covers 80 ha
and water is drawn from a small perennial
stream. The farmers grow mainly fresh
vegetables such as tomatoes, onions and
kale during the dry season for sale in towns.
The main innovation was management of
the scarce water by the farmers themselves,
through their water users association. The
farmers have designed their own water-
sharing plans, which are strictly timed
and adhered to, ensuring equitable water
distribution. Food security and poverty
reduction were reported to be the greatest
achievements at Lari-Wendani. Capacity
development is through the combined
efforts of the Ministry of
Agriculture and the Ministry of Water and
Irrigation. This was particularly necessary
at the beginning, since the farmers had
no prior experience with irrigation and
horticulture.
Mukuria-Kyambogo Irrigation Scheme
This is an example of how partnerships
between large commercial farms and
smallholder out-growers can succeed in
enabling smallholder irrigators to fulfil
the EUREP-GAP protocols and access
European Unionfresh-produce markets.
The scheme was started in 1994 by a group
of 15 farmers. There was cost sharing as
farmers built the water intake using their
own contributions and labour, while a loan
of US $11 000, obtained through an NGO
(SISDO), was used to buy materials such
as pipes, sprinklers and gate valves, for the
piped, gravity-fedsprinkler scheme. Each
farmer paid back the loan at US $16 per
month, and within 48 months the loan was
paid up.
The group started by growing local
vegetables like carrots, cabbage and
potatoes, but there were problems with
marketing. In 2000, farmers switched to
growing fresh produce for export such
as snow peas, sugar snaps andgarden
peas, supported by elaborate partnerships
with large commercial exporters, such as
Homegrown. The partnerships are made
legally binding through signed agreements,
while support capacity development services
were provided by the commercial firm.
Farmers estimated earnings to average
about US $1200 per month from a crop
of sugar snaps. The capacity-building
support and supervision given by the large
commercial exporters was instrumental in
helping the smallholder farmers learn to
grow exotic crops and to acquire EUREP-
GAP certification.
WATER & IRRIGATION
New Mutaro Irrigation Scheme
The New Mutaro Irrigation scheme is
unique, being one of the few schemes, which
have dedicated land for irrigated fodder,
which is rare in Kenya. This is because in
Kenya most irrigation schemes have by-
laws which forbade the irrigation of fodder.
Thus, livestock keeping tends to be a lesser
by-product rather than a major enterprise.
The New Mutaro was constructed in 1983
as a canal-based, gravity-fed scheme with
funding from the Kenya Government and
European Economic Community. The
original members numbered 180 but by
2004 the numbers had grown to about 2000.
The scheme covers 120 ha but each farmer
is allowed to irrigate 0.8 ha only, due to
water shortage. Other than fodder, grown
by over 100 farmers, farmers also grow
local and export vegetables. Dairying was
considered by farmers to be a more reliable
enterprise compared with vegetables, whose
market instability frustrated them. Capacity
development had been enhanced through
a cooperative society that the farmers ran,
and which was especially instrumental
in supporting the dairy activities. The
cultivation, packaging and marketing
of export vegetables were supported by
partnerships with commercial exporters,
while dairying is managed through the
farmers’ cooperative.
Mitunguu Irrigation Scheme
This was initiated in 1985 through a
grant from the Government of Kenya and
GTZ. The funds were used for surveys,
construction of new intake, pipe layouts
and construction of cooperative society
buildings. The original design was 400 ha
for 309 farmers, but by 2004 there were over
600 irrigating farmers. The scheme operates
as a gravity-fed piped sprinkler system and
has seen many changes in crops grown,
starting with local vegetables, dairy,Asian
and export vegetables, but due to frustrations
with marketing and middlemen farmers
shifted to growing irrigated bananas. This
has reduced the influence of middlemen,
giving farmers some leverage and bargaining
space(time-wise) resulting in relative price
stability and a marketing system controlled
by the farmers themselves. The banana
crop usually earned farmers between US
$500 and $1125 per month. Capacity
development had been instrumental in
the introduction of high-yielding banana
varieties and agronomy. This had involved
farmer trials with researchers from the
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute,
NGOs and government extension staff.
The interaction with researchers had a
Kenya Engineer - July/ August 2010 25
WATER & IRRIGATION
great impact as farmers in the scheme
the manufacture, promotion, supply and in smallholder technologies and clarification
were always experimenting with different
support of irrigation technologies. Access of land tenure arrangements. These need
methods of water application, different
to credit will continue to be important, to to be fully addressed by policy makers in
varieties and general field management.
ensure that irrigation equipment and inputs order for IMT to be successful (Shah et al.,
are sufficiently affordable and accessible 2000).
Ng’uuruGakirwe Water Project
to farmers. Strengthening smallholder access to markets
This was started in 1985 with a group of
Of particular importance is the need to through collaboration with agri-business
15 smallholder farmers, who initiated plans
strengthen and sustain the education and may provide a window of opportunity
to abstract water from the nearby River
training of professionals, technicians and for smallholder irrigators. To help foster
Kithinu for domestic use, but later used it
ultimately farming communities. Only healthy collaboration between agribusiness
for irrigation. By 1987, the farmers, now
by developing the skills and broadening and smallholders that benefit both sectors,
numbering 107,approached the Catholic
the experience of the farmers, and the the government needs to explore ways to
Diocese of Meru for technical and financial
institutions created to support them, can the make contract farming sustainable.
assistance to implement the project for
benefits offered by technological innovation With the assistance of the donor community
irrigation. The project was implemented
be taken advantage of. in the sector, the government has made
in three phases through grants from donors
Water User Associations play a pivotal substantial progress with the formulation of
and the government to the tune of US $750
role in smallholder irrigation schemes an Irrigation Policy and Strategy resulting
000. It serves 430 farming households with
management. These are the organizations from a broad stakeholder dialogue in
piped sprinkler irrigation, creating direct
through which farmers manage their which the objectives and development
employment for over 3000 people. Each
irrigation system and the institution to paths were formulated and agreed. The
farmer is allowed to irrigate a maximum
which water rights, infrastructure use policy will soon be ratified by the Cabinet
of 0.4 ha. The most interesting aspect of
rights and obligations are transferred. It is and will subsequently form a part of
this scheme is that it produces high-value
the responsibility of the WUA to further the Government’s National Agricultural
organic herbs (chamomile, carcade and
manage and develop these assets in order Policy. The formulation and anticipated
lemon grass), which are processed and
to maximize the irrigation benefits for its ratification of this policy represents an
packaged at the factory run by farmers, and
members. Similar to water rights legislation, important milestone in the development of
the produce is exported to niche markets
legislation for WUA should contain a the irrigated agricultural sector in Kenya. It
in Europe and Japan. Food crops are also
number of minimum elements in order to is noted that capacity building and training
irrigated for home consumption. Capacity
be successful. Water users associations, are important components of the Strategy.
development of the scheme benefited from
are self-governing entities, and mobilize The following are major findings by
government extension staff, who handled
membership fees or labor contribution to professionals in the smallholder irrigation
water management, while NGOs and
fulfill their collective needs. subsector (irrigation and drainage
the private sector taught farmers how to
One of the objectives of WUA is to operate department) that are worth noting; Projects
grow and process the herbs, which was a
and maintain the transferred irrigation that are planned with full farmer participation
completely new enterprise to them. Farmers
system efficiently and economically, and perform better than those that are planned
are continually learning, and the demand
with the full and active participation of all by experts on their own do. Projects that are
to be certified as organic farmers was more
the members. It includes the criteria for viewed by farmers as being their projects
than the factory could handle.
assessing water charges and operation and perform better than projects that are viewed
For smallholder irrigation development
maintenance charges from members. WUAs by them as belonging to the government.
to make a bigger impact in this country,
will be authorized to enforce discipline in Investments in operation and maintenance
experience shows that several broad issues
water use among the users, and resolve any are determined by the feeling of the farmers
must be addressed.
dispute in sharing of water by individual on the ownership of the scheme. Those
Technology plays a central role in irrigation
farmers. schemes for which farmers have a sense of
development. It can reduce the drudgery
The main responsibilities of the WUA ownership are better looked after than those
of lifting and distributing water and in
include: Collecting water charges from for which farmers think assets belong to the
the process make more effective use of
water users (for organizing operation, government.Farmer managed schemes tend
limited water resources. Selecting the
maintenance and Repairs; Registering to embark on high value crops and have
most appropriate technology is an essential
as one water use and being granted one developed a commercial mentality
pre-requisite for success. Assistance given
license (water use right); In addition it can In conclusion, Smallholder Irrigation
to farmers should be of a self-sustaining
be responsible for approving the cropping Development is the ‘RIGHT IRRIGATION’
nature, which does not require continuous
pattern and area to be irrigated for each crop for this country. Smallholder irrigation
support from an external agency over an
within the area of operation of the WUA; schemes are financially viable and
extended period. Any system set up to
It has also a power to inspect the irrigation sustainable. These schemes do not induce
respond to farmer demand is more likely to
systems under its operation, to establish a a financial burden on the government as far
succeed than one which is imposed, however
water distribution process to ensure equity as operation and maintenance is concerned
well meaning this might be. National and
and prevention of wastage and to deal with since farmers with enhanced skills and
local NGOs are more likely to reflect local
allocation of water during shortage and knowledge are able to manage these
needs for irrigation than government and
crisis. schemes. In this respect, it is worthwhile
so there is a need to link more strongly the
Specific policies that lead to improved developing more smallholder irrigation
activities of NGOs with the development
farming practices include promotion of schemes as they are the best way of
programmes of government and aid donors
high-value crops, expansion of systems for investing the limited financial resources at
for the benefit of all. It will be important
extension and technical support, investment the government’s disposal.
to ensure private sector involvement in

Kenya Engineer - July/ August 2010 26


Application of GIS in locating facilities and services
(A case study of petrol stations within NCBD, Kenya)
By: Ng’ang’a Titus, Kirira Dominic, Wango Tim, Mbui John.
The purpose of the project was to avail
route guided interactive maps to motor-
ists and hence deploy spatially enabled
location-based services as a platform for
improved services in case of emergencies
such as running out of petrol. This was done
by showing how the analytical and visu-
alization capabilities of GIS can enhance
decision making in transportation through
mapping of petrol stations locations. Street-
level geocoding and optimized routing gives
in-vehicle navigation capabilities to assist
motorists in finding service locations easily.
Optimal routes generation reduces the dis-
tance of travel and hence fuel consumption.
The interactive map allows the motorists to
find the nearest petrol station. Searching is
by the way of incidences. The incidence is
shown by a computer guided Global Posi-
tioning System. The motorist clicks on the
current position/incidence and then chooses
nearest petrol stations.
The queries performed on the multimode
road network dataset are evident that map-
ping of petrol stations and network analysis
can lead to informed decision making. Simi-
lar decisions could be achieved through the
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
same concept (such as locating the nearest
hospital by ambulances).
Multimode Transport Network
Networks are the interconnected features
that are used for transportation and in-
clude highways, avenues and city streets.
Networks are an important part of every-
day lives and analysis of these networks
improves the movement of people, goods,
services and the flow of resources (Nancy
E, 2003). Networks give the means for the
movement of people, the flow of resources
and energy and the communication of
information (Haggett & Chorley, 1969).
Network analysis in GIS provides good
decision support for users interested in
finding the nearest facility (Pahlavani P. &
Samadzadegan F., 2006).When the linear
features are joined together to form a single
transportation network they are regarded as
a multimode infrastructure.
Multimodal networks allow organizations in
both the public and private sectors to better
perform transportation planning analysis
and accessibility modeling (http://www.
esri.com/software/arcgis). In this project,
highways, avenues and streets have been
integrated to form the multimode transport
network.
Shortest path in networks
A path between two vertices that mini-
mizes a pre-defined metric such as the total
number of steps, total distance or time, is
called a shortest path. Determination of
shortest paths is often described as short-
est path analysis (De Smith et al., 2009).
To determine the best way one needs at a
minimum an origin and a destination. (Jo-
chen A., 2007). The problem of identifying
the shortest path along a road network is a
fundamental problem in network analysis,
ranging from route guidance in a navigation
system to solving spatial allocation prob-
lems (Zeng W. & Church R., 2009).
In order to make the output more meaning-
ful, the highlighted route is also described
with regard to details like the road to start,
the roads to traversed, turns to left or right
and distance of travel along each road
(http://www.gisdevelopment.net/applica-
tion/Utility/transport).
Davis & Shirtliff Eldoret
Branch have held a well
attended customer sem-
inar where various new
Davis & Shirtliff prod-
ucts were introduced.
Pictured is Group Dep-
uty CEO David Gatende
together with D&S El-
doret Branch Manager,
Joyce Kefa, discussing
products with customer
Ryan Schumacher of
Majitech K Ltd.
Kenya Engineer - July/ August 2010 27
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

GIS and GIS-T

Traditional approaches are
no longer adequate for ana-
lyzing network flows and
conducting minimum cost
routing. GIS provides effec-
tive decision support through
its database management
capabilities, graphical user
interfaces and cartographic
visualization (Yi-Hwa W. et
al., 2001).
GIS-T refers to the princi-
ples and applications of ap-
plying geographic informa-
tion technologies to trans-
portation problems (Miller
H. & Shaw S., 2001). Bus
companies can find the best
routes by integrating GIS
technology with GPS. Bus
drivers can use GPS to find
locations. Integration of GIS
technology with GPS allows
trucking companies to reach
locations quickly (Hossein Fig 1: Area of Study (http://www.google.co.ke)
B., 2003). A country’s transportation sys- used to relate these data. The use of GIS GIS can be used as an effective tool in
tem represents development stage of that to manage data can simplify the analysis Managing and Planning transportation (Sid-
country (Mukti A. et al., 2005). of transport systems and can enhance the deswar P., 2003). GIS is successfully used
Finding an efficient route is a difficult decision-making process (http://www. for route planning and analysis, bus dispatch
problem for many drivers. Car Naviga- worldbank.org/transport/roads). and emergency response, automatic vehicle
tion Systems are sometimes offered as a The computation of shortest paths is often a location and tracking, paratransit scheduling
special feature on new cars. These systems central task because shortest path distances and routing, bus stop and facility inventory,
are capable of performing some of the are often needed as input for “higher level” accident reporting and analysis, demo-
tasks traditionally performed by driver, models in many transportation analysis graphic analysis and route restructuring,
such as determining the best route to the problems such as facility location, network and transportation planning and modeling,
destination. (Nazari S. et al., 2008). flows, vehicle routing and product delivery among others (http://www.mvcommission.
Transportation infrastructure represents (http://www.publish.uwo.ca/-jmalczew). org/GIS_for_transportation).
one of the largest and most critical in- Because of the spatial nature of most trans- GIS has been recognized for many years
vestments made in any nation, at any portation data, transportation professionals now as an invaluable tool for managing,
stage of development. The movement of find GIS to be a powerful tool to construct planning, evaluating, and maintaining
people and goods either domestically or and analyze transportation networks and to transportation systems. As the gateway to
internationally is vital to every aspect of conduct impact assessment of transporta- economic development and, subsequently, a
that economy. GIS can be used to deter- tion facilities (Zhong-Ren P. & Edward healthy economy, transportation infrastruc-
mine the location of an event or asset and A., 1998). ture represents one of the largest and most
its relationship or proximity to another Displaying the road network on a computer critical investments made in any nation, at
event or asset. Information on bus routes, monitor is a very effective and efficient tool whatever stage of development. Similarly,
current location, subway stop location, in observing the relationship between the for many firms in the transportation indus-
emergency situations and locations, track spatial and physical attributes of roadway try, profitability and a strong competitive
condition, demographic changes, and em- facilities. The ability of GIS to produce position depend on a safe and reliable sys-
ployment centers are all factors that can coloured maps has provided a visual dimen- tem. Roads are the main arteries of a modern
be used to improve transit performance sion for travel demand analysis (Mezyad society’s infrastructure, contributing heavily
(Syed A., 2004). A, 2001). The application of GIS to a to the distribution of goods and persons.
diverse range of problems in Transporta- GIS provides many helpful applications
GIS and Networks tion engineering is now well established. It for ensuring a smooth transportation flow.
GIS contain data related to location points, is a powerful tool for the analysis of both Customer satisfaction, competitive posi-
lines (commonly roadway links and cor- spatial and non-spatial data and for solving tion, timely response, effective deployment,
ridors), and polygons. Analysis tools that important problems of networking (Mukti and profitability are all positively affected
are part of GIS software packages can be A. et al., 2005). (GISDATA Group, 2009).

Kenya Engineer - July/August 2010 28


Methodology
Area of study
The Nairobi Central Business District (Fig
1) takes a rectangular shape, around the
Uhuru Highway, Haille Selassie Avenue,
Moi Avenue and University Way. It includes
many of Nairobi’s important buildings,
including the City Hall and Parliament
Building. However, some of the surround-
ing areas were included in order to support
easier analysis and interpretation.
Data Collection and Preparation
The handheld Garmin GPSmap 60cx GPS
receiver with an accuracy of between 3-5
meters was used to pick the locations of
the petrol stations. The data consisted of
grid coordinates referenced by the UTM
WGS 84 Zone 37 0 S projection. Once the
location of a petrol station was observed, it
was stored within the GPS and downloaded
later. Geocoding of the petrol stations was
done in Arcview.
The study involved fieldwork in which the
petrol stations were visited and their geo-
graphic coordinates picked using hand held
GPS. Attribute data were obtained from the
petrol stations attendants. The directions
of the one way roads/streets were obtained
from google maps.
The primary data collected required editing.
ArcGIS 9.2 suite application ArcMap was
used for editing the data.
Data Capture
In this study, the handheld Garmin GPS
map 60cx GPS receiver was used to pick
the locations of the petrol stations and
had an accuracy of between 3-5 meters.
The map of Nairobi district analogue was
scanned into soft copy so as to result into a
portion of it, the CBD. The georeferenced
CBD map was created. Before scanning,
the document was well prepared to ensure
that line widths are resolvable and unwanted
data was cropped out.
All the physical locations of the CBD,
including roads (linear feature) were digi-
tized. The end result was a digitized map of
Nairobi CBD that contained roads network
and buildings. Digitizing introduced errors
eg undershoots and overshoots. Linear
features for network analysis required thor-
ough editing to close gaps and disseminate
orphaned junctions. Spatial network editing
involved error correction such as closing
gaps. Broken road network lines were con-
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
nected using line snapping by specifying
gap threshold value to connect lines that
matched the snapping criteria. Line smooth-
ing was done using the generalization tech-
nique to remove artifacts caused by image
scanning. The line editor was used to add
missing lines manually. It was also used for
line merging and splitting, node editing, and
line labeling functions.
Query Analysis
A key component of ArcGIS 9.2 Spatial
Analyst is the ability to perform queries.
The query functionality gives the analyst
the ability to leverage existing data and to
make more informed decisions (ESRI White
Paper, 2001).
The key to network representation is to rep-
resent nodes, arcs and network topology ef-
ficiently. Once the nodes, arcs, and network
topology are efficiently represented, other
data and information associated with nodes,
arcs, stops and turns can be represented as
attributes either associated with nodes or
arcs (Benjamin F., 2008).
When a geometric network is created, Arc-
GIS 9.2 also creates a corresponding logical
network, which is used to represent and
model connectivity relationships between
features. The logical network is the con-
nectivity graph used for route analysis. In
the project, the route analysis operation was
finding the shortest route from an incidence
in terms of distance (Impedance).
The logical network allows ArcGIS 9.2 to
quickly discover and model the connectiv-
ity relationships between connected edges
and junctions in a geometric network during
editing and analysis. This allows for fast
network tracing and facilitates the genera-
tion of on-the-fly connectivity while editing.
When edges and junctions are edited or
updated in the geometric network the cor-
responding logical network is automatically
updated and maintained as well (Benjamin
F., 2008).
Finding the nearest Petrol Station(s)
Finding the nearest facility is a multimode
infrastructure network dataset query type
of analysis. A motorist in a hired GPS fitted
vehicle may need to locate the nearest petrol
stations. The GPS fitted vehicle shows the
right position (Incidence) of the motorist.
The motorist enters the incidence within a
click of the mouse and enters the number of
petrol stations he/she would like to view.
Results and analysis
The main objective of the study was to
demonstrate how GIS application could
lead to decision making. In order to achieve
that objective the facilities considered were
petrol stations within the NCBD. A road
network dataset was generated. The analy-
sis of the results was done through spatial
queries into the road dataset. The analysis
involved identifying the closest facility
from a location, tracing the best route to the
facility and step-by-step directions along the
identified route.
A map showing conspicuous and independ-
ent petrol stations within the NCBD was
generated. A motorist/tourist at an inci-
dence outside Hilton hotel was considered
and a route to the nearest petrol station was
generated through running network analysis
(Fig 2). Fig 3 shows the directions from
Hilton hotel to Shell, Latema Road, the
closet petrol station.
Conclusions
The results of the study were based on the
data collected and the analysis undertaken.
The analysis mainly involved multimode
infrastructure network dataset query for
motorists. The results showed a success-
ful completion of data manipulation. The
graphical output is in form of maps indi-
cating the route to be traversed along with
the distances and directions to be traversed
along each road segment.
The queries performed on the multimode
road network dataset were satisfactory
and demonstrated how mapping of petrol
stations and network analysis can lead to
informed decision making. The study il-
lustrated the application of GIS in finding
the optimal route between the given origin
and destination.
The study demonstrated that similar deci-
sions could be achieved through the same
concept, e.g ambulances locating the near-
est hospital in case of emergencies. This
concept as well applies to planes that would
need to take an emergency landing on the
nearest airport/airstrip during times of emer-
gencies thereby avoiding crash landing.
The results of application of similar projects
case studies depict numerous benefits in-
cluding minimizing travel time, minimizing
driving distances, reducing fuel consump-
tion, providing driving directions to new
drivers, estimating drive time and increasing
the number of trips.
Kenya Engineer - July/August 2010 29
IEK
Public Private Partnership for Development of Sustainable
Infrastructure in Kenya
May /June 2010 Issue of Kenya
Engineer contained a review of some
of the papers presented on the recent
Engineers’ conference. There were ten
sessions during the conference. The
conference Chair was Eng. J Mutai
A review of additional papers is given
below:
A conceptual web based system model for
management of public private partnership
infrastructure ventures by Enock Bosire,
Transmission Engineer, Kenya Power and
Lighting Company. This paper focused on
definition and conceptual development of
a web based infrastructure management
information system (WIMIS) which
combines the efforts of commercially
available Project and Construction
Management Systems to structure a system
applicable to the characteristics of a public
private partnership, taking in consideration
development of information systems.
In each public private partnership
arrangement, popularly referred to as
PPPs model, the scope is divergent and
defined depending on the category of
infrastructure under subject hence need
to focus on particular model(s) with
concurrent characteristics. The built -own-
operate- transfer scheme has most aspects
and being the one considered complex
and lengthy is a model to explore. In this
model of development of infrastructure,
construction stage forms majority of the
scope and hence construction management
which, starts from specification defining
to commissioning, is the core process
with the other stages being administration
on pre and post construction. The pre-
construction involves the identification of
required infrastructure and its specifications
and the definition of criteria that includes
regulations, policies and legislations that
apply in the sourcing of a private party
to undertake the project - done by the
procuring authority. The post-construction
stage involves the measure of outputs,
comparing them with expected ideal values
for purpose of measuring success of the
infrastructure project- collaboration of the
private party and procuring entity.
There are several Information Technology
tools and systems commercially available
for holistic project management, Rojas
et al (1999) and Deng et al (2001) in
their analysis concluded that web based
information systems are most viable due
30 Kenya Engineer - July/August 2010
Minister of roads Mr. Frankline Bett registering for the IEK conference
fact that data loaded to server for browser
access is independent of format of original
creation, therefore accessible on different
operating platform with only compatible
browser as a requirement.
In a public private partnership venture, there
are several stakeholders, each with specific
mandate and their relationship is complex.
The paper therefore sought to simplify this
complexity.
Design Statement for Project
Conceptualization as a Prerequisite for
Design Documents under the public
private partnership: Case of Engineering
laboratories in public universities in Kenya
By S. K. Makhanu, B Waswa Sabuni and M.
K. Mukangula. DVC (A&F), Lecturer Dept.
of Civil & Structural Engineering, Senior
Maintenance Engineer Masinde Muliro
University of Science and Technology. The
expansion of university education through
the private sponsored student programs has
put a lot of pressure on existing facilities at
universities. It has been difficult to provide
adequate and suitable facilities especially
for the privately sponsored students. To
alleviate this universities have adopted the
Public private partnership (PPP) concept in
infrastructure development. However this
concept is not easily understood by first
time investors. Thus the project concept
and specifications, the roles and obligations
of each party, the costs and benefits in the
partnership have to be clearly spelt out in
a language understandable to all parties.
This design statement will precede the
formal preparation of contract documents
and will guide all the professionals
involved at the design stage of the project
including architects, engineers and quantity
surveyors.
This paper spelled out a possible approach
and proposes a format for the design
of engineering laboratories for public
universities in Kenya that can be adopted
before preparation of contract documents.
The Expanding Role of the Private
Sector in the Kenyan Electricity Supply
Market By Eng. Boniface K. Kinyanjui,
Kenya Power & Lighting Company. The
global electricity supply market landscape
has been transforming as power utilities
are restructured and governments partially
or fully privatize public companies. The
passage to the present has recorded gains
but also presented challenges. The Kenyan
power sector is a typical example of a
market model that has undergone a cycle
of transformation since commencement of
reforms in the mid 1990’s after completion
of studies carried out on power system
capacity expansion, electricity tariffs and
restructuring. The Government restructured
the sector after enactment of the Energy Act
1997 and introduced Independent Power
Producers (IPPs), which is ultimately a
public-private-partnership (PPP) model.
The role of the private sector in electricity
supply has since continued to grow. Besides
power generation, private companies
provide services, fuel, materials and
equipment to the power industry. The
modern trend shows that companies are
embracing outsourcing of non-core activities
to enhance efficiency and allow them to
focus on their core business.
Private sector players and investors seek
to work in a secure low risk investment
climate that can adequately assure them of

good returns. A country’s macroeconomic
conditions which include indicators such as
the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation
and unemployment, constitute parameters
that define the national investment climate.
The Level infrastructure development in
the market environment also contributes
to the general investment climate as good
infrastructure eases business and enhances
efficiency and productivity. Contrarily,
a poor infrastructure slows down and
discourages prospective and even existing
investors. When the target project is itself
an infrastructure project, the track record
and business environment of a country can
provide a basis for analysis and decision
making prior to commitment.
The expanding contribution of private
companies in power projects in Kenya is
mirrored by the gradual rise of the IPP
market share in electricity production. The
level of engagement of large and small
private companies in transmission and
distribution projects in the country is also
unsurpassed. This shows that the Kenyan
electricity supply market has built good
confidence for partnership with the private
sector. Despite the various challenges facing
power sector utilities, the private sector and
electricity customers, there are emerging
opportunities that favour enhancement
of PPP. This paper discussed public
private partnership in Kenya, highlighting
opportunities and challenges.
IEK Visit to the ARM’s Rhino Cement manufacturing plant at
Kaloleni , Mombasa
Historical Energy Grade Transitions and
the Future of World Economic Growth, a
Case for Kenya By Christopher Maitai: The
invention of the coking process by William
Darby in 1709 led to the widespread use
of coal in 18th century England. From an
economic stand point, one could say that
this event more than any other ushered in the
industrial revolution with its dependence on
coal and steel produced from coal. However
from an engineering perspective, there is
another cause of the industrial revolution
that is more subtle. This cause is the
physical make up of the energy resources
available to England.
Rondo Cameron states,
A possible explanation for the correlation of
population growth/stagnation/decline with
income movements can be fashioned by
analyzing the interaction of the fundamental
determinants of economic development
(land, labor, capital and entrepreneurial
capacity). With a given technology, the
resources available to a society set the
upper limits to its economic achievements
and technological change by increasing
productivity and opening up new resources
has the effect of raising the ceiling.
This emphasizes technology as the major
ingredient for periods of high economic and
population growth. However, we believe
another ingredient, equally as important as
technology, is the grade or inherent value
of energy resource inputs available to an
IEK
economy. This has to do with productivity.
Each type of energy resource has an inherent
physical potential for being more or less
productive and that potential is the energy
grade. Higher grade energy resources have
more potential for being productive than
lower grade energy resources.
Energy is the driving force behind industrial
production and is indeed the driving force
behind any economic activity. However, if an
economy’s available energy resources have
low grades, i.e. low potential productivity,
then new technology will not be able to
stimulate economic growth as much. On
the other hand, high grade energy resources
could magnify the effect of technology
and create tremendous economic growth.
High grade resources can act as magnifiers
of technology, but low grade resources
can dampen the forcefulness of new
technology. This leads to the conclusion
that it is important to emphasize the role of
the inherent nature of resources in economic
growth more fully.
To see better how this very subtle idea
is a not so subtle cause of the industrial
revolution, and possibly other economic
epochs, we must look at some simple
physics of energy resource characteristics.
We believe that the most important resources
for economic achievements are energy
resources; therefore, we look at ways to
compare energy resources.
Beside
The IEK Office bearers
during their recent
visit to the Athi River
Mining’s Rhino Cement
manufacturing plant at
Kaloleni , Mombasa
during the IEK Annual
Conference
INSET: The IEK Ex-
Chairman Engineer
Francis Ngokonyo
plants a tree at the
Rhino Cement Quarries
at Kaloleni during the
recently concluded IEK
Annual Conference at
Mombasa.
Kenya Engineer - July/August 2010 31
IEK

IEK Council Professional

Chairman - Eng D M Wanjau-Maina Examination
1st Vice-Chairman - Eng J M Riungu The Professional Interviews (PI) will
be conducted 3 (three) times in a year.
2nd Vice-Chairman - Eng H J Nyaanga
To enable the necessary arrangements
Hon Treasurer - Eng R K Chepkwony to be made, the Professional Exami-
Hon Secretary – Eng M Shiribwa nation documents MUST be lodged,
not later than the date indicated
Ordinary Member – Eng R K Kosgei
herewith :
Ordinary Member – Eng (Mrs) V W Maundu Month of Closing Date for
Ordinary Member - Eng Jan K. Mutai (EBS) Examination submission of
Ordinary Member – Eng W R Okubo (OGW) Documents
March 31 January
Ordinary Member – Eng C M Ndonga
June 30 April
Ordinary Member - Eng M E Okonji November 30 August
Retiring Past Chairman – Eng F W Ngokonyo
Chairman Mombasa Branch – Eng Abel Rotich Update of Addresses
Vice-Chairman Mombasa Branch – Eng. M. Owuor Members are urged to update their
addresses. Please submit your current
Branch Sec/Treasurer Mombasa Branch – Eng J O Odumbe address to IEK Secretariat : iek@confer-
Chairman Western Branch – Eng A Cheruiyot ence@gmail.com/info@kenyaengineer.
or.ke The address to include, postal
Vice-Chairman Western Branch - Eng Prof P M Wambua
number and code, telephone, e-mail.
Branch Sec/Treasurer Western Branch – Eng I Chebii

New members elected

The Council of the Institution has elected the
following new members
Class of Member Class of Graduate
P A Aruna M.3480 J S Ndoli G.1662
D M Migwi M.2028 E O Ohaga G.3735
J G Nduati M.1817 Z Ndika G.3733
T K Kendagor M.2606 E Gitonga G.3729
S S Sitati M.1857 L W Kariuki G.3746
N M Musuni M.3201 B M Wamukoya G.3745
T K Simiyu M.3752 E L Induli G.3718
J O Oyugi M.3473 D M Muriithi G.3624
R W Oginga M.2554 D Odhiambo G.3756
N K Bosuben M.2532 C K Owiti G.3757
E B Wanyonyi M.3652 J M Mwanthi G.3758
L M Gitonga M.3620 E W Muinamia G.3754
J K Chege M.2059 S K Melly G.3755
J K Machira M.3395 J M Kagiri G.3751
S S Sira G.3753
Class of Associate
J G Limungi A.3652
G C Muckoya A.3651

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32 Kenya Engineer - July/August 2010