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GSM
The interfaces defined between each of these
sub systems include:
• 'A' interface between NSS and BSS
• 'Abis' interface between BSC and BTS (within
the BSS)
• 'Um' air interface between the BSS and the
MS
Section 1 – GSM Architecture Overview
GSM
Abbreviations:
MSC – Mobile Switching Center
BSS – Base Station Sub-system
BSC – Base Station Controller
HLR – Home Location Register
BTS – Base Transceiver Station
VLR – Visitor Location Register
Section 1 – GSM Architecture Overview
GSM
TRX – Transceiver
AuC – Authentication Center
MS – Mobile Station
EIR – Equipment Identity Register
OMC – Operations and Maintenance Center
PSTN – Public Switched Telephone Network
Section 1 – GSM Architecture Overview
GSM
The Mobile Station (MS) consists of the
physical equipment used by a PLMN
subscriber to connect to the network. It
comprises the Mobile Equipment (ME) and
the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The
ME forms part of the Mobile Termination
(MT) which, depending on the application
and services, may also include various types
of Terminal Equipment (TE) and associated
Terminal Adapter (TA).
Section 1 – GSM Architecture Overview
Section 1 – GSM Architecture Overview
GSM
The IMSI identifies the subscriber within the
GSM network while the MS ISDN is the actual
telephone number a caller (possibly in
another network) uses to reach that person.
GSM
Security is provided by the use of an
authentication key and by the transmission
of a temporary subscriber identity (TMSI)
across the radio interface where possible to
avoid using the permanent IMSI identity.
The IMEI may be used to block certain types
of equipment from accessing the network if
they are unsuitable and also to check for
stolen equipment.
Section 1 – GSM Architecture Overview
MS and SIM
The mobile station consists of :
• Mobile Equipment (ME)
• Subscriber Identity Module
(SIM)
MS and SIM
The SIM stores permanent and temporary
data about the mobile, the subscriber and
the network, including :
• The International Mobile Subscribers
Identity (IMSI)
• MS ISDN number of subscriber
• Authentication key (Ki) and
algorithms for authentication check
MS and SIM
The mobile equipment has a unique
International Mobile Equipment Identity
(IMEI), which is used by the EIR
Section 1 – GSM Architecture Overview
NSS Identifier
IMEI – International Mobile Equipment
Identifier.
The IMEI is an internationally-unique serial
number allocated to the MS hardware at the
time of manufacture. It is registered by the
network operator and (optionally) stored in
the AuC for validation purposes.
NSS Identifier
IMEI = TAC + FAC + SNR + sp
NSS Identifier
IMSI – International Mobile Subscriber
Identifier
When a subscriber registers with a network
operator, a unique subscriber IMSI identifier is
issued and stored in the SIM of the MS as well
as in the HLR . An MS can only function fully if
it is operated with a valid SIM inserted into an
MS with a valid IMEI.
NSS Identifier
IMSI consist of three parts:
IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN
MCC = Mobile Country Code
MNC = Mobile Network Code
MSIN = Mobile Station Identification Number
Section 3 – NSS Topology
NSS Identifier
TMSI –Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
NSS Identifier
MSISDN – Mobile Station Integrated Services
Digital Network
The MSISDN represents the ‘true’ or ‘dialled’
number associated with the subscriber. It is
assigned to the subscriber by the network
operator at registration and is stored in the
SIM.
NSS Identifier
According to the CCITT recommendations, it
is composed in the following way:
MSISDN = CC + NDC + SN
CC = Country Code
NDC = National Destination Code
SN = Subscriber Number
Section 3 – NSS Topology
NSS Identifier
MSRN – Mobile Station Roaming Number
The MSRN is a temporary, location-dependant
ISDN number issued by the parent VLR to all
MSs within its area of responsibility. It is
stored in the VLR and associated HLR but not
in the MS. The MSRN is used by the VLR
associated MSC for call routing within the
MSC/VLR service area.
Section 3 – NSS Topology
NSS Identifier
LAI – Location Area Identity
Protocols
MSC/BSC MSC/HLR OMC/MSC MSC/Fixed Network
MSC/VLR OMC/HLR
MSC/EIR OMC/VLR MSC/Voice
MSC/GMSC OMC/BSS messaging
VLR/VLR
VLR/HLR
MSC/MSC
BSSMAP TCAP+MAP X.225 R2, ISUP other
Signaling
SCCP SCCP X.224
SS7 SS7
Section 3 – NSS Topology
Interfaces
Section 3 – NSS Topology
Circuit vs Packet
Circuit Switched Service:
◦ 2G system (primarily voice and data on circuit
switched air interface)
◦ Call charging based on channel holding time.
◦ Maximum number of users per TDMA channel is 8
◦ Suitable for constant bit rate applications
◦ Resource allocation is done such that UL and DL
are paired.
Section 7 – Dimensioning
Circuit vs Packet
Packet Switched Service:
◦ Several users can share the same channel.
◦ Charges based on channel usage (actual usage of
byte transferred).
◦ Well suited for bursty traffic.
◦ Resource allocation done independently on UL
and DL (good for applications with asymmetrical
bit rate)
◦ Dynamic allocation of resources
◦ Can multiplex traffic (voice, data, video).
Section 7 – Dimensioning
1 capacity
0
8
14 4
12
10 2
8
TCH 0
6
2
Section 7 – Dimensioning
Access
Point
BTS
Section 7 – Dimensioning
GPRS Attach/Detach
Attach
Performed when the MS indicates its presence
to PLMN for the purpose of using GPRS service
Carried out between MS and SGSN
MS identifies itself with its GSM identity
GPRS subscription necessary for successful
attach
GPRS Attach/Detach
Detach
Performed when the MS indicates to the PLMN
that it no longer be using GPRS services
MS identifies itself with its GSM identity
Section 7 – Dimensioning
Section 7 – Dimensioning
System Architecture
HLR
BTS Gc
Gr
Gb Gn
BTS
Gi
Data
Um Abis Networks
Section 7 – Dimensioning
SGSN
Responsible for delivery of packets to mobile
subscribers in its service area.
Mobility Management
Logical link management, authentication
GPRS user- related data needed by SGSN to
perform routing and transfer functionality stored in
GPRS Register e.g., current cell, current VLR, user
profile including IMSI and its address in PDN.
Interface point between core and Radio networks
Section 7 – Dimensioning
GGSN
Acts as an interface between GPRS network and
external PDNs
Mainly responsible for packet routing, transfer and
mobility management
Converts packets from SGSN into appropriate PDP
format and sends them out to corresponding PDN
PDP addresses of incoming data packets from PDN
are converted to IMSI of the destination user and
sent to the responsible SGSN.
Tunneling
Section 7 – Dimensioning
TRX 2 TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS Packet
Switched
Territory
Additional Default Dedicated
GPRS GPRS GPRS
Capacity Capacity Capacity