Practice assignment#3 MECH 221 13-20th October, 2017

Question 1:

Calculate the number of vacancies per cubic meter in iron at 850°C. The energy for vacancy
formation is 1.08 eV/atom. Furthermore, the density and atomic weight for Fe are 7.65 g/cm3
and 55.85 g/mol, respectively.

Solution
æ Q ö N A rFe æ Q ö
N v = N exp ç- v ÷ = exp ç- v ÷
è kT ø AFe è kT ø
And incorporation of values of the parameters provided in the problem statement into the above
equation leads to
(6.022 ´ 10 23 atoms / mol)(7.65 g / cm3) é 1.08 eV / atom ù
Nv = exp ê- -5 ú
55.85 g / mol ë (8.62 ´ 10 eV / atom - K) (850°C + 273 K) û

= 1.18 ´ 1018 cm-3 = 1.18 ´ 1024 m-3

Question 2:

A Duralumin (Aluminum-Copper alloy) initially containing 0.4 wt% copper is kept in an

atmosphere that provides a constant copper concentration at 1.0 wt% on the surface. If after 43
hours the concentration of copper is 0.55 wt% at a position 4.0 mm below the surface, determine
the diffusion coefficient of copper for the treatment.
𝐶(𝑥,𝑡)− 𝐶0 𝑥
Non-Steady State Diffusion à = 1 − 𝑒𝑒𝑒 � �
𝐶s−𝐶0 2√𝐷𝐷

Solution

Data from the question:

C0 = 0.4 wt%
Cs = 1.0 wt%
Cx = 0.55 wt%
t = 43 h
x = 4.0 mm = 4x10-3 m
𝐶(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝐶0 𝑥 0.55 − 0.4
= 1 − 𝑒𝑒𝑒 � �→ = 1 − 𝑒𝑒𝑒(𝑧)
𝐶s − 𝐶0 2√𝐷𝐷 1 − 0.4

∴ 𝑒𝑒𝑒(𝑧) = 0.75
Practice assignment#3 MECH 221 13-20th October, 2017

Now we must now determine from Table 5.1 the value of z for which the errors function is 0.75.
An interpolation is necessary as follows:

𝑧 − 0.8 0.75 − 0.7421

= → 𝑧 = 0.81
0.85 − 0.8 0.7707 − 0.7421

Now solve for finding D:

𝑥2 (4𝑥10-3𝑚)2 1ℎ
∴ 𝐷 = � 2 �= � �. = 3.94x10-11 𝑚2⁄𝑠
4𝑧 𝑡 4(0.81) (43 ℎ) 3600 𝑠
2

Question 3:

The diffusion coefficients for iron in nickel are given at two temperatures:

T (K) D (m2/s)
1273 9.4 × 10–16
1473 2.4 × 10–14

(a) Determine the values of D0 and the activation energy Qd.

(b) What is the magnitude of D at 1100ºC (1373 K)?

Solution

(a) From Equation 5.9a,

Qd æ 1 ö
ln D1 = lnD0 - ç ÷
R çè T1 ÷ø
Q æ1ö
ln D2 = ln D0 - d çç ÷÷
R è T2 ø
Now, solving for Qd
Practice assignment#3 MECH 221 13-20th October, 2017

Qd = - R
ln D1 - ln D2
= - (8.31 J/mol − K)
[
ln (9.4 ´ 10 −16) - ln (2.4 ´ 10 −14 ) ]
= 252,400 J/mol
1 1 1 1
- -
T1 T2 1273 K 1473 K

Now, solving for D0 from Equation 5.8

æQ ö é 252, 400 J/mol ù

d
ú = 2.2 ´ 10 m /s
D0 = D1 exp çç ÷÷ = (9.4 ´ 10 -16 m2 /s) exp ê -5 2
RT
è 1ø ë (8.31 J/mol - K)(1273 K) û

(b)
é 252, 400 J/mol ù
ú = 5.4 ´ 10
D = (2.2 ´ 10 -5 m2 /s) exp ê- -15 m2/s
ë (8.31 J/mol - K)(1373 K) û
Practice assignment#3 MECH 221 13-20th October, 2017

Question 4:
The following data were collected from a 12.8 mm diameter test Load (N) Length (mm)
specimen of an aluminum (lo = 50.800 mm). At fracture, the total
length was 59.182 mm and the diameter was 9.40 mm. Plot the 0 50.800

data as engineering stress versus engineering stress and calculate: 7330 50.851
a) The modulus of elasticity;
b) The 0.2% offset yield strength; 15100 50.902
c) The tensile strength; 23100 50.952
d) The % elongation;
e) The true stress at fracture; and 30400 51.003
f) The modulus of resilience
34400 51.054

38400 51.308

41300 51.816

44800 52.832

46200 53.848

47300 54.864

47500 55.880

46100 56.896

44800 57.658

42600 58.420

36400 59.182
Practice assignment#3 MECH 221 13-20th October, 2017

Solution
d=12.8 mm therefore:
Ao=0.25*π*12.82=128.68 mm2

Load (N) lf (mm) Δl (mm) Stress (MPa) Strain

0 50.800 0 0 0

7330 50.851 0.051 56.96 0.00102

15100 50.902 0.102 117.34 0.00204

23100 50.952 0.152 179.51 0.00304

30400 51.003 0.203 236.24 0.00406

34400 51.054 0.254 267.32 0.00508

38400 51.308 0.508 298.41 0.01016

41300 51.816 1.016 320.95 0.02032

44800 52.832 2.032 348.15 0.04064

46200 53.848 3.048 359.03 0.06096

47300 54.864 4.064 367.57 0.08128

47500 55.880 5.080 369.13 0.10160

46100 56.896 6.096 358.25 0.12192

44800 57.658 6.858 348.15 0.13716

42600 58.420 7.620 331.05 0.15240

36400 59.182 8.382 282.87 0.16764

The data are plotted below on two plots: the first corresponds to the entire stress-strain curve,
while for the second, the curve extends to just beyond the elastic region of deformation.
Practice assignment#3 MECH 221 13-20th October, 2017

a) The elastic modulus is the slope in the linear elastic region (Equation 6.10) as
Ds 200 MPa - 0 MPa
E= = = 62.5 ´ 10 3 MPa = 62.5 GPa
De 0.0032 - 0
b) For the yield strength, the 0.002 strain offset line is drawn dashed. It intersects the stress-
strain curve at approximately 285 MPa.
c) The tensile strength is approximately 370 MPa, corresponding to the maximum stress on the
complete stress-strain plot.
d) The ductility, in percent elongation, is just the plastic strain at fracture, multiplied by one-
hundred. The total fracture strain at fracture is 0.165; subtracting out the elastic strain (which is
about 0.005) leaves a plastic strain of 0.160. Thus, the ductility is about 16%EL.
Practice assignment#3 MECH 221 13-20th October, 2017

e) True stress at fracture:

𝐹 36400
=𝜎𝑇 = = 524.51 𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝐴𝑖 (𝜋⁄4)(9.40)2
f) From Equation 6.14, the modulus of resilience is just
s 2y
Ur =
2E
Which, using data computed above gives a value of
(285 MPa) 2
Ur = = 0.65 MN/m2 = 0.65 ´ 10 6 N/m2 = 6.5 ´ 10 5 J/m3 (93.8 in.- lb f /in.3)
(2) (62.5 ´ 10 3 MPa)

Question 5:
a) A 10-mm-diameter Brinell hardness indenter produced an indentation 1.62 mm in diameter in
a steel alloy when a load of 500 kg was used. Compute the HB of this material.
b) What will be the diameter of an indentation to yield a hardness of 450 HB when a 500 kg load
is used?

Solution:
a) We are asked to compute the Brinell hardness for the given indentation. It is necessary to use
the equation in Table 6.5 for HB, where P = 500 kg, d = 1.62 mm, and D = 10 mm. Thus, the
Brinell hardness is computed as:
2P (2)(500 kg )
HB =
[
pD D - D - d
2 2
=
] [
(p)(10 mm) 10 mm - (10 mm) 2 - (1.62 mm) 2
= 241
]
b) This part of the problem calls for us to determine the indentation diameter d which will yield
a 450 HB when P = 500 kg. Solving for d from the equation in Table 6.5 gives
2 2
é 2P ù 2 é (2)(500 kg ) ù
d = D - êD -
2
ú = (10mm) - ê10 mm -
(450)(p)(10 mm) úû
=1.19 mm
ë ( HB)pD û ë