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CE Biology Chapter 3 –The Cell as a Basic Unit of Life

Chapter 3 – The Cell as a Basic Unit of Life

A. Discovery of Cells

1. The Discovery
 The term ‘cell’ was first used by Robert Hooke, a British scientist, in 1665 to describe the structures that
he saw in a piece of cork (樹樹 ) under a compound microscope (樹樹樹樹樹 ).

2. Cell Theory (樹樹樹 樹 )

 After further observations and studies, two German scientists, Schleiden and Schwann, proposed the cell
theory.
 The theory states that

The cell is the basic unit of ______________ and _______________ in organisms

3. Microscope

a. Introduction
 Microscopes are tools for _______________ (樹樹 ) very small objects.

b. Technological Developments of Microscope (樹樹樹樹樹樹樹樹 )

i. Light Microscope
 It uses light for observation.

1. Simple microscope
 It is the earliest type of microscope which has one lens only.

2. Compound microscope
 It has at least two lens.
 A good compound microscope can magnifying an object up to 1,500 times.

ii. Electron Microscope (樹樹樹樹樹 )

 It uses electron beam (樹樹樹 ) instead of light for observation.
 It can magnify a structure up to 700,000 times
 Scanning electron microscope (樹樹樹樹樹樹樹 ) can give 3-dimensional images.

c. Contribution to the Discovery of Cells

 Before the invention of microscopes, no one can see the tiny structures, e.g. cells, of organisms.
 With the technological developments of microscopes, even tiny parts of ___________ can be studied.
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CE Biology Chapter 3 –The Cell as a Basic Unit of Life

B. Level of Organization of Organisms

1. Cell
 A cell is the basic unit of living organisms.
 Generally each cell contains a ____________, ____________ and cell ____________.
 Different parts of a cell are specialized (樹樹樹 ) to perform particular ____________ (樹樹 ).
 Normal functioning of a cell depends on the coordination(樹樹 )of all the cell structures.

2. Tissue (樹樹 )
 In a multicellular organism (樹樹樹樹樹 ), cells modify into different types.
 Different type of cells have different shapes and sizes, and are specialized for particular functions.
 Examples:
a. Muscle cells, nerve cells, red blood cells in mammals
b. Mesophyll cells (葉葉葉葉 ), sieve tube cells (葉葉 )and companion cells (葉葉葉 )in plants.
 Similar _________ group together to form a tissue so that their functions can be performed efficiently.
 Examples:
a. Vascular Tissues (葉葉葉葉 ) of Flowering Plants
 Vascular tissues are composed of different cells including xylem vessels (樹樹樹樹樹 ), sieve
tubes (樹樹 )and companion cells(樹樹樹 ), for ____________ of materials.

b. Muscular Tissues (樹樹樹樹) of Animals

 Muscular tissues consist of many __________ cells which contract (樹樹)for movement.
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CE Biology Chapter 3 –The Cell as a Basic Unit of Life

3. Organ (樹樹)
 Different ____________ group together to form an organ carry out specialized functions.

a. Root (樹)of Flowering Plants

 A root is an ____________ which consists of vascular and support tissues.
 It is specialized for anchoring plants to soil, and absorbing water and dissolved mineral salts.

b. The Heart (樹樹) in Human

 The heart is made of muscular, nervous and connective tissues.
 It is specialized for pumping blood around the body.
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CE Biology Chapter 3 –The Cell as a Basic Unit of Life

4. System (樹樹)
 A system is formed by ____________ and tissues which work together to perform a particular set of
functions
a. Shoot System in Flowering Plants
 The shoot system is the part above the ground level.
 It consists of stems, leaves, flowering and fruit.

b. Systems in Mammals
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CE Biology Chapter 3 –The Cell as a Basic Unit of Life

5. Organism
 An organism is composed of many ____________ which work coordinately.

6. Level of Organization (樹樹樹樹) of a Living Organism

____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________