NOTE: ONLY PAGES 1-8 ARE NEEDED FOR THE REVIEW SESSION

THE REST ARE SAMPLE PROBLEMS FOR YOUR OWN PRACTICE

FE Thermodynamics Review
Outline of Thermodynamics topics
Suggestions for FE Exam preparation
Thermo context of exam & reference
handbook
Example test questions
– morning session
– afternoon session

Exam Pointers
Familiarize yourself with the reference handbook
Make educated guesses if you can’t solve the
problem (or don’t have the time)
– cross out answers you know are incorrect
– work problems backwards using the available
answers
If a problem seems difficult
– guess and mark it
– work on it later if you have the time

1
 FE pointers - Thermo
Know how to use ideal gas law & steam tables
to evaluate properties
Be able to apply 1st Law to open/closed systems
Know basic definitions/concepts (e.g., adiabatic,
isentropic, Carnot efficiency)
Know how to calculate ∆u, ∆h, and ∆s for ideal
gases & liquids/solids

FE Exam Thermo Problems

Morning session
– 11 questions out of 120
Afternoon session (general)
– 6 questions out of 60
Afternoon session (ME discipline)
– 6 questions out of 60
Afternoon session (ChE discipline)
– 6 questions out of 60

2
 SAMPLE MORNING
QUESTIONS

A liquid boils when its vapor pressure is equal

to
a) one atmosphere of pressure
b) the gage pressure
c) the absolute pressure
d) the ambient pressure

Which thermodynamic property is the best

measure of molecular activity of a substance?
a) enthalpy
b) internal energy
c) entropy
d) external energy

3
 What is the maximum thermal efficiency possible for a
power cycle operating between 600oC and 110oC?
a) 47%
b) 56%
c) 63%
d) 74%

All real gases deviate to some extent from the ideal gas
law. For which of the following conditions are the
deviations smallest?
a) high temperatures and low volumes
b) high temperatures and low pressures
c) high pressures and low volumes
d) high pressures and low temperatures

For every gas there is a particular temperature above which

the properties of the gas cannot be distinguished from the
properties of a liquid no matter how great the pressure. This
temperature is the
a) absolute temperature
b) saturation temperature
c) standard temperature
d) critical temperature

Which of the following statements is the closest interpretation

of the first law of thermodynamics for a closed system?
a) Mass within a closed control volume does not change.
b) Net energy crossing the system boundary is the change in
energy inside the system.
c) Change of total energy is equal to the rate of work performed.
d) All real processes tend toward increased entropy.

4
The net entropy change of the universe during an
adiabatic, irreversible process is:
a) positive
b) negative
c) zero
∂Q
d)
∫T

A Carnot refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of

10. If the refrigerator’s interior is to be kept at -45oC, the
temperature of the refrigerator’s high temperature
reservoir is most nearly?
a) 250 K
b) 270 K
c) 300 K
d) 350 K

If both the volume and the pressure of an ideal

gas contained in a cylinder are doubled, the
temperature is:
a) constant
b) doubled
c) quadrupled
d) halved

A container contains half liquid water by volume

and half vapor by volume. Select the best
estimate of the quality if the pressure is
atmospheric:
a) x =0
b) x = 0.0006
c) x = 0.1
d) x = 0.5

5
Steam initially at 1 MPa and 200oC expands in
a turbine to 40oC and 83% quality. What is the
change in entropy?
a) -0.35 kJ/kg-K
b) 0.00 kJ/kg-K
c) 0.26 kJ/kg-K
d) 0.73 kJ/kg-K

What is the change in internal energy of air

(assume to be an ideal gas) cooled from 550 oC
to 100 oC?
a) 320 kJ/kg
b) 390 kJ/kg
c) 450 kJ/kg
d) 550 kJ/kg

Air is compressed in a piston-cylinder arrangement to

1/10th of its initial volume. If the initial temperature is
35oC and the process is frictionless and adiabatic what
is the final temperature?
a) 350K
b) 360K
c) 620K
d) 770K

Air (an ideal gas) undergoes an adiabatic process in a

closed rigid container. The reversible work done is:
a) 0
b) (P2 – P1)V
c) cp∆T
d) T∆S

6
 SAMPLE AFTERNOON
QUESTIONS

The next 3 problems refer to a power plant

operating on an ideal Rankine steam cycle.
The plant operates between the pressure limits
of 1 MPa and 5.628 kPa. The temperature of
the steam entering the turbine is 500oC . The
total gross power generated is 300 MW.

What is the quality of the steam after it has

expanded in the turbine?
a) 78%
b) 92%
c) 97%
d) 100%

7
What is the enthalpy of the steam as it enters
the condenser?
a) 2380 kJ/kg
b) 2420 kJ/kg
c) 2560 kJ/kg
d) 2600 kJ/kg

What is the total steam flow rate through the

turbine?
a) 10 kg/s
b) 110 kg/s
c) 200 kg/s
d) 270 kg/s

8
 if
EIT EIJH E£VIE W
(
~pple Problems on ~ermodyn&mics

li'ift l.bm of saturated stem .at hooor is contained in a closed ,piston-cylinder

arrangement. The steam expmds reversibly and isothermally to a final.
pressure of 60 psia. Dete~e: (i) the initial volume.. (ii) the heat
transter1'ed" and (iii) the work done by the steam.
(i) (ii) (11.1)
(A.) !t3 (A) 0 Btu (A) 0 Btu
(B) 9.3'15 .f't3 (B) -800 Btu (B) 8()Q Btu
(C) 5.805 .f't3
(0) +800 Btu (C) + 32., Btu
(D) (D) + 32., Btu (D) +67, Btu
9.222fi30.093f't3
(E) (E) +12, Btu (E) +12, Btu

~)teamente~ a turbine at 300 psia and 700or \lith a veloi:1ty of 200 !'t/sec.
The mass. .flow rate of steam is 10,,000 l'bm/hr" and the heat transfer rate
from the tUrbine is .30,,000Btu./hr. The stesm .flows steadily through the
turbine and leaves the tm-bine at 1; psia as a saturated vapor with -a
velocity of 600 rt/sec. Detem.1ne: (i) the powr output of the turbine,
and (11) the irreversibility for the process" if the SU!"rOtmd1ngtemperature
is ;37~. .
(i) (11)
(A) 890 hp (A.) u;6,hOO Btoa/hr
(B) ~8" 700 hp (B) .30,000 ~
(C) 209 hp .(C) h23,400 Btu/hr
(D) 82.3 hp (D) .30,800 Btu/hr
(E) 6~ hp (E) 0 Btoa/hr .

3. J~reon-12 at 180 psia and lOOor enters an expansion valva in. a va.por-compre.ssion
refrigeration system. The flow through the valve is adiabatic, steady", and
with negligible changes in kinetic energy. Dete~e the temperature of
the Freon (if in the suJ=erheatedvapor regime) or the quality of the Freon
(if in the two-phase region) leaving the expansion valve.

(1) B3or (D) -8.3or

(B) o.hOB (E) 0.650
(C) 0.350
It. ~l Oarnot cycle ref'rigerator operates in a roOD.in which the temperature
is 80~. It is required to transfer 10,000 Btwmin. fro~ the cold space
being held at -20or. Determine:. (1) th~ rate of change of' the entroP7
of the room, and (ii) the power requirement of the refrigerator.
(1) (11)
(A) 125.0 Btu/min.-~ (A) 53.5 hp
..(B) -22. 7 Btu/min.-~ (B) 289.4 hp
(0) -500 Btu/min.-~ (0) 235.8 hp
(D) +22.7 Btu/min.-~ (D) 525.2 hp
(E) 100.0 Btu/min. ~ (E) h2.4 hp

2.
1.
0.37.3
 -2

s.. Air is c"anpressed in a reversible steady'-flow system from 1.5 psi a and
l00~ to anrexit pres~ of 100 psia. The compression process is
polytropic, with a polytropic exponent of n -1.2.50 The air may-be
as5'4ed to behave as an ideal ga.s with constant specific heats.
Determine: (i) the change in entroPY'" (ii) the work of compression
-oer \mit ma.ss, and (iii) the heat -ttansferred per unit ma8s.
i) -(ii) (iii)
(A) -0.1)0 Btu/lbm-~ (A) +62.0 Btu/lbm (A.) -8.9 Btu/l.bm,
(B) -101.1 Btu/lbm~~ (B) -70.9 Btu/lbm (B) -26.6 Btu/lbm
(C) +0.221 E~~~-~ (C) -88.6 Btu/lbm (C) -44.3 Btu/lbm
(D) -0.039 Btu/l~-~ (D) +70.9 Btu/lbm (D) -+62.0 Btu/lbm
(E) +0.039 Btu/lbm-~ (E) +hU.3 Btu/lbm (E) +44.3 Btu/lbm

6. A nozzle is designed-to "expand -air- reversibly and adiabatican.,. ~m 'l00 psia

and 80~ to an exit pressure of 20 psia. The iDlet kinetic ene~~ is
negligible, and the mass flow rate of air is 3 l~eec. Dete~e: (i) the
exit velocity" and (ii) the exit cross eectional area.
(i) (ii)
(A) 2.9l 2
(A) 1)10 it/sec.
(B) 342 it/sec. (B) u9.l
:C) 2.5.50
it/sec. (C) 0.39
,D) 1.547rt/st.;~. (D; 1.49
E) 43,100 it/sec. (E: 1.76

.
.)
'jI') 13,100 kW 0..516
. ) 19,500 kW 0..345
:) Uh7 kW 0.484
J) 7570 kW 0.199
17,600 kW 0.250

.r"
(: :11):A)
(. 65.2$ 39 psi
(:( 10.5% ,B) 14.7 psi
(I 89.5% 331 psi
,C),D):E)
46.8% 197 psi
53.2$ 173 psi

)
 -3 -
.
9. Methane (qH4) is burned with atmospheric air. The analysis of the products.
of combustion" as determined by m Orsat apparatus (dry- analysis on a
molal bas1s~ "is as folloW's z

coa .7.1% ; co .O.~ ; 0

a
.7.7$ ; N
2
-84.8%

The products of' combustion are at 1, psia. Determine: I(i) the air-fuel
ratio on a mass basis, (1.1) the percent theoretical air, and (ill) the dew
point temperature or the products or combustion.
(1) 1:..":'1 (11) (
(A.) 11.3l1bm, air/lbm fuel (J. lS~ ( A) 213~
(B) 9.,2 lbm, air/lbm, 1'u21 (B loot ( B 12S~
(c) 7.93 lbm air/lbm .fuel (C S~ ( C) h2or
(D) 17.2 lbm, air/lbm, .fuel (D 83% ( D,) 63~
(E) 2,.9 lbm, air/lbm ruel (E 27zt ( E) 84~
S:tesmis condensed in & surface condenser at 0.50 psia. Cooling vater
at a mass .flow rate or 26 x 105 J.bm/hr is supplied at an inlet tetlperature
of 68°r. The steaM enters the condenser at a quality or 0.900 and & mass
£low rate of 8O,000 J.bm/hr. No sub-cooling of the condensate occurs.
The overall coefficient of heat transfer is U -490 Btu/br-fta_~.
Determine the square feet of condenser surface required. .
(A) J.8,900 fi2
(B) 53,000 .t't2.
(C) 16,200 .ft2
(D) J.U,OOO.ft2, .
(E) 32,400 ft2. .

10.
iii)
 -4 -
.ANSWERS
.- to Sample Problems on 'l'hermod3'namics

1.. The system and the process on the T-s plane are shownbelow. Property
vaJ.ues are taken .tram. the CO!nbustionEngineering Steam Tables.

Q T

lLOOOY

8
'The initial specific volume is:

v -v -1.8630 ft3/lbm at 400O:r

J, gJ,
'l'he.1.nj.tiaJ. vo1'ameor the steamis found from:
v
3.
-my
3.
ms. (B)

Fc)r a reversible isothermal process, the energy transfer. as heat is given by:

8 .1.7134 Btu/lbm- ~ at 400°F and 60 psia

2

ThE~nJ Q .(.5.0)(860~)(1.7134 -1..5274) c (.5.0)(860°)(0.1860)

-+ 799.8 Btu ARS.(c)

Jpp:lying the First Law of Thermodynaaics for a closed system, we find:

Q -W -U -U .m(u -u )
].2 ].2 a ]. a ].

The internal energy- values are .fO\md as .follows.

u -h -pv .1201.0 -(247.259)(144 1n~/ft2)(1.8630)/(778 ft-1bf/BtU)

1. 1 1 1
u -1201.0 -85.3 .1115.7 Btu/lbm
2.

~
 -s -
(No.-l, cont'd)
.

w
~ 2
W -799.8 -($.0)(2,.0) .799.8 -12$.0 -+674.8 Btu ANS.CD)
~ 2.

2. ~rhe sy-stem is shown below. Propen,. values are taken from the Combustion
Engineering
$teamTables. .
h -1368.9 Btu/lbm (300 psia,
= ---[~.
1m
-30,000Btu/hr
J. .700Cj-) @
h2 -1150.9 Btu/lbm (15 psia, r :;t; I .
.sat.vap.) I
s -1.6758 Btu/lb -~
J. .m I .
W
s , -1. 7552 Btu/J.bm-~
2

IJ

App1y:ing the First Law of Thermodyn~cs

for steady flow, we obtain:
!@
Q -W + m(h + ~/2g -h -~/2g ) .o
1 ~ C 2 2 C

v. ..~ .q.
W/m h -h .(y- -V';;'2)/2g
~ 2 4 2 c.
V .(-30,000/10,000) + (1368.9 -1150.9) .(2002
-6002)/(2)(32.2)(778)

The powr output is:

ms. CD)
For stesq no " the irreversibility is given by:
...0
.
I .R

I .426,,360
T (8
0 2
-S
1
) -Q

+ 30,,000 .456,,360
0
.(10,,000)(537

Btu/hr
)(1.7552 -1.6756) -(-30,,000)

ms. (A)

~
 p
<!>,---, @
180 @
psia /

'- ---
20
psia ---J..
@

h
Applying the First Law of '!'hemodynamics .f'or stead3-."f1ow" on a unit mass

basis"

q -w'"
(h -h ) ...(~- V2)/2g ...(gig )Ez -z ) .0
.12 12 C .c 1 2
T]le system. is adiabatic (q .0)" there is no mechanism .f'c:r doing work (w .0)"
C11anges in Jdnetic and potential ene rgies are negligible; therefore.. the
FjLrst Law reduces to:

h .- -h

x
2
ANS. (C)

~
 -7

h. Th!~ Carnot. ref'rigeration system is shoiln below.

r TH .80~
ROOM
-
.,40~
The entroPY' change for the roan is
found from the f'ollowing, since the
.rooQ, is an isothermal 87stem:

~ 6,Sroom
--Qg

'l'g
.
CJPJlO'l' The heat transfer rat..e to the roan. is:
REF. w
QL 10,000
~ .10,,000Btu/min. ~ -T
H
L
(-)
T
-(540°)(
4400
)

r OOLDSPACE
. ~ -J.2,270 Btu/min.
TL .-20or .hhO~ Then, 12,270
.6,Sroom
-
5400
.+ 22.7 Btu/min.-~ ANS. (D)
~Sroom

Note that the entropy of the room incre ases. because hea't is ~ to the room.

'I'he power requirement .for the Carnot re.frigerator is .round !'ran:

w -~ -~ -12,270 -10,000 .2270 Btu/min.

w -(2270 Btu/min.)(60 min./br.)/(2545 Btu!bp-hr.)

w -53..5 hp ANS. (A)

Jon alternate solution is as follows. The COP for a Carnot refrigerator is:

- -~
TH -TL 5hO -b4o w

'lben,
w .10,000/4.40 .2270 Btu/min. .53.5 hp

~
 -B

p (n-1)/n 100 (
T -T (-!). -(5600,&)( -) J..2~-J.)IJ..215 -(560°)(6.667)°.2.00
2 J. P 15
1
T -(';-60°)(1.161) -R1A_),~

8 -s
2 1
s -8
2 J.

s -s
2 1 ANS. CD)

-- ~2 V dp - n(p v
2 2
n R(T -T )
.a ].
, 1 -n
~ 1 -n

- (1.25)(53.34)(818.4 -560)
(778)(1 -1.25) ANS. (0)

p (k-l)/k
T -T (-a.) -(S40~)( ~ )(~.~o-l)/~.~O
2 J. . ., (5hOO)(O.20)O.286
100
pJ.
T
2 -(540°)(0.631) .340.9~

or

~
 -9

(No.6, cont'd)
ANS. (D)

~~e specific volume at the exit is found frOM the equation of stete,

v
2.
--=.- (20)(lh4)
RT (S.3..3u)(.3hO.90)

~['he required
P2
e.xit cross sectional. area. is fo1md from:
.-
m .J. V Iv
.
mv (3.0)(6.314)
2 2 2

--2- .0.01224 ft2

v (1547)
2

ANS. (E)

7. TJle system and the cycle on the temperature-entropy plane are sho n below.
.Ul property. values are taken from the Canbustion Engineering S~am. Tables.

T
@
m .100,,000 700~
lbm/hr
~~ t
~
-- @

@ POMP
. "
@ ~~
-.~~ '4 -

.~~
]:1
1.
. 69.73 Btu/1~ ; V
1
h
2
-h
~
+ v (p
~ 2-
- P1 ) .69.73 + (0.016136)(400 -1)(144)/(778) .69.73 + 1.19

]~
2.
-70.92 Btu/l~
]:1
3 3

~
 -10 -
(No.7, cont'd) The expansion through the turbine is isentr~icj therefore,
the quality ~t the exit of the turbine (point 4) is found from:

The enthalPY' at the en t of the turbine .is:

h -h +x h -69.73++ (O.8l7l)(lO36~) -69.73. 646.6

" r" ".fg"
h -.916.11 Btu/lbm
4

Jlpplying the First Law to the turbine, for steady now with negligible
c:hanges in kinetic and potential energies,
...
Wt .m (h -h ) -(lOO,OOO)(l363.h -9l6JL) .(100,000) (4h7.0).
. 3 4

Wt .4.47 X 10? Btu/hr .(4.47)(10?)/(34l3 Btu/kW-hr)

.
Wt -13,100 kW ANS. (A)

T.t1epump work is found frOm:

W .m(h -h ) .(100,000)(-1.19) --119,000 Btu/hr

P 1. 2
T11enet work output of the cycle is: .

Wnet .(U47.0 -1..19)(105) .4.4S8 x 1.0'7 Btu/hr .13,060 kW

The heat tre.nsfer rate in the steam boiler is found by appl;;ing the First
Law to the boiler.

Th!! thermal efficiency for the cycle is .found trau:

..'7
~et 4.4,8 x .10
'? 0.34, -34.$% ANS. (B)
~ X 10"

12.925
~
 -11

Tbe cy-cle 'on the p-v and T-s planes is sho\o'nbelow. Properties or air are:
'~ .'O.2hO Pt.u/lbm-~ ; Cv .O.l71lL Btu/lbm-Op. ; R .53.34 rt-lbr/l~-Op.
:k .J..400 .
4500Dr : @
@ @

p @ @
T
@) @
@
---@
lh.7
ps:1a (;)
v s

The temperature at the end of the compression process is found from the
isentropic relationship,

The speci1'ic vol1me at point 1 is:

v
J.
.
The pres~ at the end of the cornpression stroke is:

The specific 'VOlumeat point 3 is:

RT (S3.3U)(4960°)
V
3
-~- .3.107 .ft3/J.bm
(591.h)(~)
The temperature
P3
at point 4 is fO'1nd frm
.
the isentropic relationship,

k-l

The heat added during the constant-pressure caa.bustion process is:

qH .h -h
3 2

8.
 AHS. (E)

net work
mep-
pi~on displacement
--
v
Wnet
-v
. (442.9)(778)
1 2
mep .196. 7 1b,rl1n~
AIlS. CD)

2
-~
CO + 0.4 co + 7.,7 0
2
2
+ 84.8 N + CH 0
2. 2.

a -7.1 + 0.4 -7.50

2c , or c .2a. (2)(7.50) -15.00

(1 + 3.76) b
AFR.-~ - --

a (7.50)

..ANS. (E)

" 2 2
-~ co
2

.
7.1
4a.
~
 1.3 -

(No. 9, c~t'd) The theoretical air-fuel ratio is:

AFR
. -(2 + 7.52)/(1) .9.52 lbmole air/lbmOle fuel
theo.
'~e percent theoretical air is:

%TA.
.
AFR
. 14.31
-1..50 -1.50 % theoretical air ANS. (A)
AFRtheo. 9.$2
The mole fraction of vater in the products is:
y(H 0) .(1,.00)/(100.0 + 1,.00) .0~304
2;

The partial pressure of the water vapor in the products of c~bustion is:

p v .P m
,.(H2 0) .(1, psia.)(O.l304) -1.9,6, psia
From the Combustion Engineering Steam Tab1es~ the sa.turation tempera-ture
corresponding to this pressure is:

ANS. (B)

:From the Combustion" Engine:ring Steam TablesJ we find the .following propertie~:

T -79.586°F at 0.50 psia Ste am

0.50 psis.
h - 47.62 Btu/l~
:r

T
T .68°r 2
1.

The change in entha.1w of the stem: is:

Condensate
L::\.h .(h f + x h ) -h f .x h
fg fg
~h .(O.900)(lOh8.6) .991.36 Btu/lbm
The heat transfer rate from the steam is:

The exit temperature of the cooling water is:

T -660 + (7.93)(107)/(26)(108)(1.0) .660 + 3.0So. 7l.0S~

2

The log~ean temperature difference is:

(79.586 -68) -(79.586 -71.05) 3.050

IRTD. - -9.9SoF
lnCn.586/8.536) 0.3055
'T'\,.ft" I -DIU tKTD -(7.93)(lO?)/(490)(9.9BO) -16,200 !t2 ANS. (c)
10.
~
 T -.~-' -~-V O:.J--'.:_.2.
T':"{'" '\'- C "' ~
~
k""'" ;':(s::'. ~ne..., -~r--=-"_. C...
:> ,;>~ ~:.~n

~~ Steam enters a stem condenser at 1. psia and a qucl.1ity' of 9~, with a

mass now rate of hO,OOO1bmJhr. The condensate"leaves as a sa.turated
l1qu:id. -Liquid water. at an inlet temperature of 60~ is used for
condensing the steam. The minim\m .flow rate of coolj.ng water wotlld be:
(A) 1270 gpD
(B)
(C) 76,196 gpn
81,775 gpm .,
(D). 1825 gpIt
(E) 1959 ~
!s~ In B. steam desuperheater, stem at 100 psia end 1000~ enters at a mass
now rate or 100 1bm/min. Liquid water at 80"i' enters and is mixed with
the stemn to produce steam at 60 psia and 100~ supe1"heat. The mass now
rate o.r liquid water is:
( A.) n .82 lbM/Min.
( B ) 26.:;11lbm/Ddn.
( C) 25.511bM/min.
( D) 29.02 lbrll/MiD.
( E ) 16.92 1 bm/lI'&.in. .

fu~ Steam enters a throttling calorimeter at 280 psia. The temperature of

the steam le4ving the calorimeter 1s 284~, and baranetric pressure is
.30 in. Hg abs. The temperature of the steam enterille the calorimeter 1s:
(A) 2B4~
(B) indetenninate
(C) 307or
(D) h11of
(E) IlO2or

!!E~ A.P'nIlP handles liq\1id vs.ter at 6Oor and a flow rate of 20 gallons/min.
The 1n1et and outlet pressures are 20 psia and 80 psia, respectively.
Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energies, the ~~~~mumpower
required is:
(A) 5.24 hp
(B) 0.10 hp
(C) 1.00 hp
CD) 0.0.31.1hp
(E) 0.70 hp

~~ A Carnot refrigerator operates between -32or and +96°F. The energy

absorbed from the low-temperature space is JOOBtu/lbm. The net work done
on the working sub3tance is:
(A) 69.1 Btu/lbn
(B) 1003.1 Btu/lbm
(C) 230.9 Btu/lbn
(D) 89.7 Btu/lbm
(E) 389.7 Btu/lbn
 . -2 -
~~ Stem enters a throttling valva at 600 psia and 700~. 'nle nOW'through
the v.a1ft.is adiabatic" with negligible chmges in Jdnetic and potentiel
energies. The stea J.eaves the Tal '99 at ~oo psia. The surroundings
temperature is 77~. The irreversibility of the throttl.ing process is:
.(.1) 0.0 Btu/lbm
(B) indetenrlnate
( C) 0.042 Btu/lbn
(D) 3.23 Btu.lJ.bm
(E) 22.,;' Btu/lbm
No. 7'~ In a basic ideal RanJd.necycle using s't.eemas the worldng fi'Cid, the
pressure and temperat1n'e at the inlet of the turbine are .500 psis. and SOODr.
The e:xhs.ustpressure .fran the turbine is 1.0 psis.. The themal ef'ficiency
0.1"the q-cle is:
(1) 25.5%
(B) .31.~
(0) 19.(#
(D) 3S.JL .
(E) 34.JL
No.8. In an ideal vapor-canpression refrigeration system using Freon-12 as
the worJdng .fluid, the Freon leaving the condenser is a saturated liquid
at llOor, and the Freon leaves the evaporator as a saturated vapor at lOor.
nle coeff1cient of performance for the refrigeration system is:
.(A) 11.00
(B)
(C) 11.70
3.S8 "

(D) 10.00
(E) S.70

}foe 9. .An ideal Ot.to cycle uses sir as the wor1dng fluid. The compression
rai~o is 7.00 J and tJ1e max:1Jn\Z
temperature of the cycJ.e is 1400°&. The
thermal efficiency for the cycle is:
(A) 16.7%
(B) 43.3
(0) 6l.~
CD) lh.Jt
(E) 51.1.1$
No. 10. An ideal simple BrQ"ton cy-cle uses air as the wor]d.ng fluid. The maximum
and JrlniDttml.temperatures in the cy-cle are 1 aX>Dr and 6Oor, respectively. The
pressure ratio across the compressor and the turbine is 6.00 The thermal
efficiencY' for the cy-cle is:
(J..) 51 %
(B) 49 %
(C) indeterminate
(D) 60 %
(E) 110%
 -3 -

.~utions to The~o~cs' Probl~s

.. 40,000 lbm/hr
The srstera is sho\m below.
steam at
1 psia arid 9~ quality
0

water 0 @ vater at
at 6OOp 10l.74Dr

@ condenss.te
saturated liquid
101.74 Op'
The heat transfer from the stesm is:

The mass nov rate of cooling vater is found froa:

m -9.15 X 105 1bm/hr

w
The volmuetric now rate of cooling water 192

.v. (9.15 X 105 ~bm/hr)(0.0l6033 ft3/lbm)(7.h805 gal./!t3)

(60 Irl.n. /hr )

JNS. (D)

!~~ .Appl,ing the First Law to the desu,perheater, 1.00 lbm/min.

Site mn at
C8
8
:m h
8
+ m h .In
8
+ D'o) h e> 1.00 psia and lOOODr
2.2

Substituting
111 W

the numerical
23
.m 0 @
.steam at
w -~
'values, 'water I 60 Rsia and
at BOOF '
(100)(1$32.0) + 48.04 =w 100 F sprht.

.(mw + 100)(1229.8)

..
:m
w
(100)(1$32.0 -1229.8)
. (100)(312.2) -25.57 lbm/min. .ANs. (c)
(1229.8 -lIB.oll)

.
(1181.76)
~
 -h-
~l,. From the Hollier chart, it is .found that
the entering state o! the ate- is in the
." 't1«>-phase region; there!ore J the steam
..t.aperature is the saturatim1 temperature
" at a preSBm"e o! 280 psia.
h
t .4U~ ANS.(D)
~ -

.!.9.~L For &t.eadjl" now or an incanpressible !"luid in an isentropic process,

1~e power is giwn by:
." ..
.W .V (p -p ) .(20 gil./min.)(O.l3368 rt3/g8l.)(80 -20)(144)/{33,OOO)
2; 1

JNS. (E)

!.Q~ The coefficient of performance of a Carnot refrigerator is:

h28~
COP
.. TL .3.311--~
TH -TL 5560 .;. 4280 W

ThI! work done on the refrigerator is:

'W - 300/3.3lL . 89.7 Btu/lbm AN5. (D)

No.6. The property values are found !'rom the Combustion

Engineering SteS!!i Tables:

I. 1351.8 Btu/l~ at 600 psia and 700~ 0 @

-=-r-.~<1-~._.~.
'nle exit entropy mq be to'lmd from the Mollier chart or the Steam Tables,
sinc:e the First Law yields:

h .h --13;1..8 Btu/lbm Temp.. 6~OF T

2
700~
~ 2
Pressure
:B]' i].'lterpolation, hCiJpsia" h-1335.9 1351.8 1363.4
s-1.6163 s 1.6uO6
2
s
2

The irreversibill ty is I

:l -22.S Btu!J.bm° ANS.(E)

~
 -s -
~Z.!. The enthalpy values at the various
.~ts in the RsnJdne cy-cle are :

.8 h. 69.73 Bt1)/lbm at 1 psia, sat 8 liq. ~

2. T
h
2

(!){I
.69.73 + 1.49 .71.22 Btu/lbm
(7---
h s
3

s -S 1.9781 -1.11921
(1 -.x) . g4~ -~ ..0.2633
4, 1.8455
Big"
h -h -(1 -x )h.r
4 g4 4 ..g"
'!be net worlc is:
."wi -W -h ) -(h -h)
Vnet turbine P1Jmp .(h 3 ..2 ].
I. A- ft -g~~.~~J
.~~~~.~ o..~ r\r'\ - 1.119 .398.25 -1.49 -.396.76 Bt.u/lbm
wnet .
The be:at added in the boiler is:

396.76 ANS.(E)
"}-- .O.JaJ .34.3t
~ U;9.98

~b The enthalpy values at the various

points in the vapor-compre!sion
refrigeration cycle are: p

h
1.

h
h
h
3 4

,0/
~
 ]~o. 8 J cont' cr. The heat absorbed in the qg
'evaporator is:

-h -h -78.335 -.33.531
% 1 "
" 0,..' ~'-~'-
% .U4.oUU D't.W.1.~
The work input to the compressor is:

w .h -h .90.853 -78.335
net 2 ~
Wnet .12.;'18 Btu/lbm

The coefficient of performance is:

.hl1.80h./12.Sl8 .3.58 ANS.(c)

--
1:J2. 9~ The thermal efficiency for the ideal Otto cycle is given by:
\

k-l 1.11-1
-1 -0.459

'? .o.51J1 -511.1% ms. (E)

No.10. The thermal efficiency for the ideal Bray"ton cycle i~ given by:

1 (k-l)/k 1 (1.4-1)/1.4
"rJ -1-(-) -l-{-) .1 -0.600
6
rp
"r? .O.lJOO .40 % ANS.
--

r-,

~
 KIT 'EI.AH HEVIEW

Sam'Ole Questions on Thermodvnsmics

The state of a thermodynamic S7S'tem is a1.wqs defined b:r its

A) absolute temperat1Ir8
B) process
( c) properties
D) temperature and pressure
E) avaUabilit,-

2. KathematicalJ.'1', a thermodynaDic propert,. is 'Which of the tollo...:Lng?

(A.) a point tmction
(B) a. path .t\mction
(C) an inexact differential
(D) discontinuous
(E) an exact di.!'ferential .

3. The normal boiling point of l1qmd oxy-genis 90 K. What is this ~pera.ture

in ~?
(A) -330~.
(B) -lB3Oa
(C) +162~
(D) +168~
(E) +51B~
. .
.
Equations of "tate tor a single-canponent pure substancle can be any ot
the foUoidng, ~x~'Pt:
(A.) the ideal gas 18."", pv .RT
(B) the ideal gas la modified by the canpressibllity factor, pv -ZRT
(C) 8DY' relationship interrelating 3 or more state fut1ctions
(D) a mathematical expression defining a path between "tate"
(E) a mathematical expression interrelatiIlg thermott'namic properties of
the material

5. In the pressure-temperature diagrmn for H2O sho.-n below, what is the name
of
(A) thepour
point labeled -P?
point
(B) isentropic point ~
~
(C) cri tic;l point ~ ~
C/]
(D) triple point C7) 0
C/)
(E) nomal boiling point ~ p
VAPOR

m-iPERAI'URE

6. A.two-phee mixt'Ure of liquid

and a quality of 0.800 The
vater and steam exists at a pressure of 200 psia
enthalpy of saturated liquid water is 355.5 Btu/l1
and the enthalpy of saturated vapor (steam) is 1198.3 Btu/lbm at 200 psia.
What is the specific enthalw of the two-phase mixture?
'(,1) 1243.0 Btu/lbm
(B) 1553.6 Btu/lbm (D) 524.1 Btu/lbm
(c) 1314.1 Btu/lbm (E) 1029.7 Btu/lbm

1.
4.
 -2 -

7. An adiabatic process is ~rined as a process in which:

(A) the heat trSD-'ter is zero .
(B) the entropy change .is zero
(C) the enthalpy change is zero
(D) the internal energs- change is zero
(E) the vol~ remains constant

8. J. nonf1.ow (closed) system contains 1 lbm o! air, which mSY'be assumedto

beha'Ve.., an ideal gas with Cp -0.240 Bt'U/lbm-~ and Cv -0.l7l Btu/1bm-~.
The air temperature is increased by 10~ mile 5 Btu or work is done by" the
iu. What is the heat transfer in Btu?
(J.) -3.29 Btu
(B) -2.60 Btu (D) +7.40 Btu
(C) +6.71 Btu (E) none of these

The F1nt Law of Thermodj"nBnics states that:

(A.) he.t energs- cannot be can.pletel.,. transformed into work
(B) internal energj" is due to molecular motion
(C) heat
one ofcan only temperature
lower be transferred tran a bocb'"of higher temperature- to

(D) energy- can be neither created nor destrOY'ed

(E) entropy of the universe is increased by irreversible processes

The ma:x:im-um
thermal efficiency that can be obtained in an ide al reversible
heat engine operating between lS40~ and 340~ is cJ,osest to:
(A.). lO~ '
(B) 6\Yp
(0) 7~
(D) hot
(E) 2~

u. A re.frigerator with a ~r input of 3 hp operates between Oar and lOOar.

The ma'T"'tmum theoretical heat transfer rate .from. the cold reservoir is
ne&rest to:
(.1.) t. 7~800 Btu/hr
(B) 13,000 Btu/hr (D) 35,000 Btu/hr
(c) 23,000 Btu/hr (E) 43,000 Btu/hr

12. The internal energy' or an ideal gas is:

(.A.) a function or temperature and pressure
(B) a function or temperature alone
(C) constant
(D) not changed in an i"entropic proce"s
(E) decreased when the gas expan~ through a throttling valve

Which of the following characteristics of &ny' absolute or thermodynamic

teMperature .scale is fixed by- the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
(A) the ice point temperature
(B) the difference betwen the steam point and the ice point temperatures
(C) the ratio or ice point to steam point temperatures
(D) the nature of the thermometer substance
(E) the number of degrees on the scale

10.
.9.
 3

The rate of heat transfer through a given section of' a un1.form ve1.l for a
gi Ten temperature di.f"ference is:
(A.) directly proportimlal to the coe;fficient of' thermal conduct! vi t7 and
'to the thickness ot the vall .
(B) inversely proportional to the c~tficient of thermal conductivity and
dire ctly proportional to the thickness of' the vall
(C) directly proportional to the c~tticient of' therm&1. coMuctivit,- and
iDversely proportional to the thickness ot the vill
(D) inverselY' proportional to the coefficient of thermal conductivit.v and
'to 'the thickness at the vall
(E) independent ot the thicIaless of the vall

Given a vall ha'rlng an inner surface temperature of BOor and the outer
S"ar.tace is exposed. to abient .wind and surraandings at .$O~. The. ~nvecti va
heat trmsfer coefficient for a 1.$ mph wind is about 7 Bt"1J/hr-ft2_~.
Neglecting 8%]j"' radiatian losses.. cal~ate the overall heat tranSfer
coefficient for the Cmlduction and convection heat transfer. The heat nux
t.hrough the wall'is 2h Bt1J/hr-fta..
(A) 0.14 BtWhr-ft 2- or
(B) 0.80 Btu/hr-ft2_~
(c) J..2.$Btu/hr-ft2_or
(D) 7.J.0 Btu/hr-ft2_or
(E) 8.20 Btu/br-ft2-or

"
 -4-

2.
(c)
4. CD)
5.

7. (A.)

B. (C)
.
".Q -w. u

9. (D) energy can be neither created nor destrqyed.

~. (.£..+6. 7l Btu
The First Law of Thermo~acics

is also called the Conservation of Energy Principle.

(B)
engine)
60%.is The
given
thermal
by: efficien~ of an ideal reversible heat engine (Carnot

BOo~

22. (B)

(C)
~. (C)

(B)
u .(2h)/(BOO
-50°) .0.80 ~~~
hr-!t -F

u.
6.
3.
1.
13.
10.
15.
 EIT Exmn Renew -~ODmA.\!ICS Section

~"J."U
JJI 0UTLDl.E

1. Conce'Ct,sand Definitions

a. Thermodynamic S7Stem and control TO1mu.e

b. Specific vol~e (v .VIm) and densit,- ( p .l/v )
c. Pressure; the m.an~eter equation,
Zeroth Law 01' Therm~muics: 6P .p (g/g-)~z
...
When two bodies have equality' of' temperature \lith a third body',
the,- have equality o£ temperature \lith each other.
Temperature scales:

(~) .(1.8)(OX) (Oa) .(~) + 459.70

(~) .(1.8)(°0) + 32° (K ) .(OC) + ~~13.2°

!. Property and state

2 .Prope~,ies of Pure Substances

a. S~b-cooled Uquid, saturated,liquid (r), saturated vapor (g), and

S'Up3rheated vapor
b n~ssure-temperature -diagrm
c Pr~ssure-volu.'!1e diagram
d Temperature-entrow diagram.
e Hollier chart (enthalw-entrow diagrmn)
r Steam Tables
Tw'o-ph~e region: V' v 1" + oXv r ; h. h.f' + x Ar ;". sf ...oX Sf 0'
g Ideal gas g g 0
h,
pv-RT J R -R~ Ru -1.54.5 tt-lb1"/lbm- ~
3. The First Law of ThemOdynamics
Evaluation of work .tor a closed system: W
J. 2

b. Ev'aluation of heat in a reversible process: Q

J. 2
.
c. General First Law equation:

outle2:ts me (h~!
Q -W +
inl~Smi(hi

d. Closed systeD1:

.-a;e.d.........
 -2 -
Ste ady'-!'low

.t. Cant1nu1 t,- equati on:

.--
m -!._V/v .! Vp

g. Throt tUng pro c e s s :

hi -he
h. The SecondLaw gf Th~modynamic~
a. Thermal etf.icienc,. ("7) and COPfor heat engines and refrigerators

"7 .Wnet/~ ; OOp. ~ /Wnet

Carnot engine and Carnot refrigerator

7]carnot.
TH -TL
T
., roP carnot .T TL
-T
H H L
c. Clausius and Ielvi!1-Planck etateIl1.ents of the Second Law

(Clausius) It is impossible to construct a heat engine that produces

no effect other than the transfer 0: heat from a coOler body to a
hotter body'.
(Kelvin-Planck) It is impo-,sible to construct a heat engine which
produces no effect other than doing worlc on the surroundings and
exchang"...ngheat with a single the~al reservoir. A lO~ efficient
heat engine is impossible.

Corollaries of the Second Law.

I. No heat engine is more efficient thml a reversible heat engine
(Carnot cycle).
n. All reversible heat engines haw the same efficienCY' when
operating betwen the same two teMperature limi t8.
III. It is possible to de~.ne a temperature scale (absolute scale)
which is independent of the thermanetric medium.
IV. It is impossiOle to achieve a negative temperat".Jre on the absolute
temperature scale.
e.

General Second La equation:

Entropy- production, Ps .0 for a reversibl~ process

Ps > 0 for an irreversible process
Ps ..(. 0 for an i.!Ilpossible process

t.
d.
e.
b.
 3-
-dQ
g. Closed system:
-+P -(s
T S 2 -S1,) stored

Stsad3'-flow sys'tem:
-
dq
-+p'S -s
"T s e i
GE!neralirreversibi1i ty equation:
I .TASstored + L meTose
outlets
oj. Stead:'1-i'lowsystem:

RS"Hne cy-cle
&aheat cy-cle
c.d.Regenerati va cycle ( with open or ~osed
Vapor-compression refrigeration cy-cle
feedwater hea~rs)

e.
..
Otto cycle (spark-ignition intemaJ. combustion engine)
#
Die~el c7cle
Stirling cy-cle (external combustion engine)
g.h.1.
Brqton C7c1e (gas turbine engine)
Brqton cy-cle with:
intercooling
rehe at
regeneration
isentropic efficienay for compressor and turbine

1.
h.
a.b.
 -4-
-
c~-~1
7c
~rf
rf
- ... - ...
to)
~ Co) g.
ft
~ ~
CI
g, ~
= Eo4
I
fot
I
0 .
~ c~
.""--'"
C P4 .
~
g.P4 E-t_ , io4P4
. ...

I
..ft
ft

rof
I
-
~ft
g.

ft
I
f"'f fot
-Q.
C)

«
2 g. E-t~1 E-t g, c
~
=
!
c .of -rt
c
~ ~ ~ Eo4
.of ~
H
t)
re
~
g
e...
~
.
0
~
. ~

~
I
~cw r-4
CI

~
I
~CI
~
N
~
I
I
Eo4
-0-
c

CW
0
H E-cftlE-c ~ ~
~ - - -..
~
is ~ I .
~ct
ct
~"1 ~
- - >~I p
-~
~
~
.
0
~

~
..
c:
r-I
P4
~
rf
0 ~ ~
~
r-.

~
0 >..
~
~P4
~
Prf
c..
=
~
~
H - -.. -..
.
r4 E-t Eo4
~ 0 ... to-
I
~ ~
~
rJ]
.
0
Q,
.('I
E-t,

>NI ~
I
I (-4
~ - ~

t
cw
to-

0
Eo4
->
()

~ ~
~
g.
e H
5
&{
~ - -"
.I
~
~
fo4
.
0
~
~
~
r4
.
e... E-o
I
~ ~ E-4

ft l
E-4

r4

0
~
0
tJ
m
~
H
C
0
ori ~ D- ~
f'f
.c
~
~
"
~
~ ~ ~
~ ~
~
Po
oc
p
I I ,
~ I N N (II
CJ' Po
~
~ t'a r4 cq ... = .:: m
~ ~
..
 -.5

SrE.AK PO'Q. CYa.ES

~eic'l~~ ~c1_~

@ TURBnlE
_c- ,.-

~
A rom;R c ~Wt

@CONIENSER
~ @~~~;~. ~
s
Wp"""'"
QH -h -h ,.w t .h 3 .' h" -h
1
2

~hee.t_C1'c1e

-h ) + (h -h) .h -p )
2 s -I 2 ~
3

.{h -h)
c.-h -h 3 6
~.L. & 1

~~!rati ve Cy-~
--~-
@)

@
l
~ ""1..~- Wt

~ ~ ~-

W
~ ~
-J@~;~~-~ ~
5
p2 WPJ.
-h )/(h
e.
~.h -h
" 3 2.

"
l3(!)
~
 -6 -
JIR-ST.A!fDARDPO~ CYCLES

Otto Cycle

~e~l Qzc_l~

p T

~tirling Cycle

~
 -7 -
REI.ATIONSHIPS FOR AIR-SfANDARD R)'Q CYCLES

v p~
D1&X
compression ratio .-.presS'tlre ratio
rv ~p
Vmin Pmin
T v t
---~ -temperatureratio ~ -~ -thermal e.t'.t'iciency
rT
TJdn qH

Otto Cycle

k-l k
"'J -1-(-)
1 T .T r
k-l
] ) . P r
r 2 1. v 2. 1. V
.v
k-l k-l
T .T ]) - P r Ir
r -V Iv:. v Iv .. 1 rirv '4 J. 1" V
v 2.2. 43

r", -T tr
3 J.

Diese1 Q:9'cle

T
; r .2. .cut-off ratio
~ c T
2.

k-J. k
r -v Iv T -T r
Pa -p1,ry
v 2. a a J. v

k-l k
T .T r r P3 .P2. -P1, rV
3 1. c v

k k
T .T r P4. P1, rC
" 1. C

~t~lin~ Cycle

T .T .T P2, ry
~ 2 1. L

T .T .T
rv ..3 H
r .r r D P /p
p T v 3 1.
rT

Pa.
 -8 -

~
caiP.
~j--~~;~-i~2 @TURBnlE
C~BUS1'ER

-w:c~ 1
Vnet

..-~
@~4~
~
1 (k-l)/k
"'J -1-(-) (k-l)/k
r T
2.
-T r
1 p
p
T -T
" 3. rir~k-l)/k

0 ,QH @
-~~I~~~;:;;;:.."'-l CQ!PP.E
S5OR
,-

VAI.VE~
!}= -.-w
~ I .-0
EVAPORATOR

h
h -h
COP-qt -- 1. 3
~-h -h -h-h
w b -h ~ 1 " 1 3
c 1

W .h -h
c 2 1 q .h -h
B 2 3

I/i-;: