M08 Communications

Table of Contents
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................... v
Performance Objective ............................................................................................................................. v
The Importance of Communication Technologies ........................................................................................ 1

Learning Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 1
Role of Communication Technology................................................................................................................ 2
Transmitter Communication Components ....................................................................................................... 3
Basic Communication Components.......................................................................................................... 3
Sensor ................................................................................................................................................ 3
Signal Processor................................................................................................................................ 3
Output Signal..................................................................................................................................... 4
Analog Communication Technology................................................................................................................ 6
Analog Signals .......................................................................................................................................... 6
4–20 mA Signal.................................................................................................................................. 6
1–5 V Signal ...................................................................................................................................... 6
3–15 psi Signal .................................................................................................................................. 6
Digital Communication Technology ................................................................................................................ 7
Digital Communication Protocols............................................................................................................ 7
Advantages of Digital Communication..................................................................................................... 8
Decreased Wiring Costs .................................................................................................................... 8
Remote Device Communication ........................................................................................................ 8
Improved Reliability in Data Transmission ...................................................................................... 8
HART Communication Protocol ....................................................................................................................9

Learning Objectives..................................................................................................................................9
HART Technology Overview ...........................................................................................................................10
Digital Process Values .............................................................................................................................11
How A/D Converters Work................................................................................................................11
How D/A Converters Work................................................................................................................12
Advantages of HART Technology ....................................................................................................................13
Integration with Existing Equipment ........................................................................................................13
Burst Mode ........................................................................................................................................13
Multiple Process Variables.......................................................................................................................13
Remote Device Communication................................................................................................................14
Transmitter Self-Diagnostics ....................................................................................................................14
Multidrop Networking ..............................................................................................................................14
Open Protocol...........................................................................................................................................15
HART Communicators .....................................................................................................................................16
Connecting a HART Communicator to a Loop .......................................................................................1 6
Device Descriptions..................................................................................................................................16
Communication Technologies For Internal Use Only / ii

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Table of Contents
Foundation Fieldbus Protocol .......................................................................................................................17
Foundation Fieldbus Technology Overview....................................................................................................18
Foundation Fieldbus Layers.....................................................................................................................18
Physical Layer ...................................................................................................................................18
Communications Stack ......................................................................................................................19
User Layer .........................................................................................................................................19
Foundation Fieldbus Blocks .....................................................................................................................19
Resource Block ..................................................................................................................................19
Transducer Block...............................................................................................................................19
Function Blocks .................................................................................................................................21
Advantages of Foundation Fieldbus ................................................................................................................23
Protocol Design ........................................................................................................................................23
Device Interoperability.............................................................................................................................23
Reduced Wiring Costs...............................................................................................................................23
Network Flexibility ...................................................................................................................................24
Control in the Field ..................................................................................................................................24
Foundation Fieldbus Networks........................................................................................................................26
Segments, Trunks, and Spurs ....................................................................................................................26
Network Topologies ................................................................................................................................ 27
Device Communication on the Network ................................................................................................. 28
Intrinsic Safety ........................................................................................................................................ 28
Profibus Protocol ........................................................................................................................................... 30

Profibus Technology Overview........................................................................................................................31
Profibus-FMS ...........................................................................................................................................31
Profibus-DP..............................................................................................................................................32
Profibus-PA ..............................................................................................................................................32
Similarities to Foundation Fieldbus..................................................................................................32
Differences from Foundation Fieldbus .............................................................................................33
Proprietary Communication Protocols ..........................................................................................................34

Proprietary Communication Protocols ...........................................................................................................35
Modicon Modbus ......................................................................................................................................35
Honeywell DE...........................................................................................................................................35
Foxboro FoxCom......................................................................................................................................36
Yokogawa BRAIN .....................................................................................................................................36
iii / For Internal Use Only Communication Technologies

Table of Contents
Advantages of HART and Fieldbus..................................................................................................................37
Comparing HART With FoxCom and BRAIN ..........................................................................................37
Open Protocol ...................................................................................................................................37
Widely Adopted in the Industry .........................................................................................................37
Comparing HART With DE ......................................................................................................................38
Maintained Analog Signals ...............................................................................................................38
Simultaneous Variable Transmission ................................................................................................38
Broad Industry Support .....................................................................................................................38
Foundation Fieldbus Added Advantages..................................................................................................39
Workbook Exercises ....................................................................................................................................... 40
Workbook Exercise - Answers........................................................................................................................ 58

Activity Answers..... ....................................................................................................................................... 60
Communication Technologies For Internal Use Only / iv

Introduction
Communication is the transmission of information between two points (e.g., transmitter and controller) without
alteration of sequence or structure of the information content. Communication technologies tie process control
instruments together with host systems, network masters, and other nearby devices. The field of
communication technology has evolved substantially over the last twenty years. The accuracy and utility of
device communication continues to improve dramatically, especially over the last few years. Most recently, the
trend in communication has been toward fieldbuses—all-digital device networks—in which individual devices
are taking over network control responsibilities, directing their fellow devices, and managing entire loops in
the field.
The following pages will introduce you to the range of device communication technologies commonly used in
the process control industry. You will start by learning about basic analog communication technology. You will
also learn about the various digital communication technologies that have appeared over the last twenty years,
from HART® to FOUNDATION™ Fieldbus, and the benefits and limitations of each technology.
This module contains the following five sections:
❑ Importance of communication technologies
❑ HART communication protocol
❑ FOUNDATION Fieldbus protocol
❑ Profibus protocol
❑ Proprietary communication protocols
As you proceed through the module, answer the questions in the activities column on the right side of each
page. Also, note the application boxes (double-bordered boxes) located throughout the module. Application
boxes provide key information about how you may use your baseline knowledge in the field. When you see the
workbook exercise graphic at the bottom of a page, go to the workbook to complete the designated exercise
before moving on in the module. Workbook exercises help you measure your progress toward meeting each
section’s learning objectives.
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
After completing this module, you will be able to discuss relevant communication technologies with your
customers and recommend communication technology strategies to your customers.
Communication Technologies For Internal Use Only / v

The Importance of Communication
Technologies
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this section, you will be able to:
❑ Explain the role that communication technology plays in process control
❑ Identify the fundamental components involved in transmitter communication
❑ Define communication protocol
❑ Name three analog communication protocols that are used today
❑ Explain the difference between analog and digital communication signals
❑ Briefly describe the key advantages of moving from analog communication technologies to digital
communication technologies
Note: To answer the activity questions the Hand Tool (H) should be activated.
Communication Technologies For Internal Use Only / 1

The Importance of Communication Technologies
Role of Communication Technology

Sensor equipment does not generally produce usable signals on its Activities
own. Typically, a sensor will emit a small voltage or current. The
fundamental job of communication technology is to transform the 1. The fundamental job of
raw signals from sensors into intelligent values that can be communication technology is to
transmitted to another location, typically a control room. transform the raw signals from a
For the last several decades, communication technology has been sensor into intelligent values that
continuously improving its ability to carry out this fundamental job. can be transmitted to another location,
Transmitters are able to produce more accurate and repeatable typically a control room. Is this
process values every year. statement true or false?
Recent digital communication systems are able to play (or assist

with) a number of additional roles, including:
❑ Remote device maintenance—Technicians can interact with,
test, and configure transmitters from remote locations using
two-way digital communications.
❑ Self-diagnostics—Transmitters can observe their own status and
report problems back to a control room.
❑ Control in the field—Transmitters can handle network traffic in
the absence of a control room. Furthermore, transmitters and
other devices can be linked together in complex, 2. Name some of the additional
decision-making networks. roles that digital communication
can play.
Select all options that apply.
1 Remote device maintenance

2 Self-diagnostics
3 Self-calibration
4 Control in the field
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - ROLE OF COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
2 / For Internal Use Only Communication Technologies

Transmitter Communication Components

BASIC COMMUNICATION COMPONENTS Activities
The basic communication components are: 3. List the basic communication
❑ Sensor components.
❑ Signal processor Select all options that apply.
❑ Output signal
1 Sensor
Figure 8.1 illustrates how the basic communication components 2 Control valve
interoperate. 3 Signal processor
4 Output signal
Signal uses a communication protocol
(e.g., 4–20 mA, HART, Fieldbus)
Output signal
4. What is the function of a

sensor?
Signal
processor
1 To convert an electrical signal

into a pneumatic signal
Sensor 2 To convert a process variable
(converts the into an electrical signal
Process process variable into
Variable(e.g., an electrical impulse) 3 To convert a digital signal into
pressure,
temperature) an electrical signal
4 To convert a digital signal into
Figure 8.1: Basic Communication Components
an analog signal
Sensor
The sensor interacts with the process variable and converts it to an
electrical signal usable by a signal processor (i.e. transmitter). For
example, a pressure sensor might convert pressure into millivolts.
Signal Processor
Within a transmitter, a signal processor accepts the raw electrical signal
from a sensor, performs calculations on the signal according to preset
values (e.g., range, span), and sends out a new electrical signal suitable
for transmitter output.


Analog-to-Digital Converter Activities
The signal processor may convert the incoming analog signal from
the sensor to a digital signal before processing the signal. By 5. What is the appropriate
converting the raw signal to a digital value, the processing electronics definition of communication
can perform more sophisticated calculations and produce a more protocol?
accurate result than with a pure analog signal.
An analog-to-digital (A/D) converter changes an analog signal into an 1 Communication protocol is a
equivalent digital signal. tool that is used to configure
devices in a process plant.
Output Signal 2 Communication protocol is a
The output signal component transmits the electrical impulse from set of rules that two or more
the signal processor to a control system or to the field device network. devices use to talk to each
other.
The output signal conforms to the specification of a communication 3 Communication protocol is an
protocol. A communication protocol is a set of rules that two devices interface used to map process
use to talk to each other. The rules enable the output signal sent by the variables to the control system.
transmitter to be received and correctly interpreted by the control 4 Communication protocol is a
system or other devices on the network. Most transmitters use set of guidelines that devices
communication protocols that are based on a small range of electrical follow when transmitting
signals. For example, a transmitter might use the signal “6 milliamps signals in a hazardous process
(mA)” to mean “steam is moving through the pipe at a rate of 50 plant.
cubic feet per minute.”
Digital-to-Analog Converter
Prior to sending the output signal, the transmitter may convert a
digital value (used internally by the signal processor) to an analog 6. The job of an A/D converter is
value. Transmitters convert digital values to analog values because: to convert analog signals into
_____________ signals.
❑ Many process control devices—including control systems—can
only interpret analog signals
❑ Analog signals can convey process information much more 1. electrical
rapidly than digital signals 2. pneumatic
A digital-to-analog (D/A) converter changes a digital signal into an 3. digital
equivalent analog signal.


Activities
7. Why are D/A converters still in
use today?
1 Some process control devices

require analog signals
2 More accurate calculations are
possible with analog signals
3 Analog signals are more
accurate than digital signals
4 Analog signals can convey
process information much more
rapidly than digital signals
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - COMMUNICATION COMPONENTS

Analog Communication Technology

Analog signals are signals which can be continuously varied across a Activities
scale of values. Analog signals change in non-discrete steps—any
value is possible. A volume control knob is a good example of an 8. Which of these would be a
instrument that produces an analog signal. good example of analog
control?
ANALOG SIGNALS
The process control industry uses three main analog signals: 1. Volume control knob
❑ 4–20 mA 2. Remote control knob
❑ 1–5 V
❑ 3–15 psi
9. List the main analog signals.

4–20 mA Signal
The 4–20 mA signal is by far the most prevalent analog signal in the
process control industry. This signal varies the current of an electrical 1 4-20 mA
signal to convey information. The 4–20 mA range represents the 2 1-5 V
normal 0–100% range of the value being transmitted. Failure/alarm 3 0-50 mV
conditions are transmitted using mA values outside this normal range 4 3-15 psi
(i.e. signals between 0-4mA and/or above 20 mA).
Using 4 mA as the lowest value in the range is primarily beneficial for
diagnostic purposes. Users calibrate the transmitter to output 4 mA
when the process condition is in a "zero" state (e.g., empty tank). In a
system where the zero state corresponded to 0 mA, as with 0-20 mA, 10. Why does the 4–20 mA signal
all failure conditions must be reported using signals greater than 20 use 4 mA for its lowest value?
mA.
1 4 mA is the minimum current
required for the transmitter to
1–5 V Signal
operate properly
The 1–5 V signal varies the voltage of an electrical signal to carry 2 4 mA is the approved minimum
information. As with the 4–20 mA protocol, the 1–5 V signal uses safety limit for process control
values outside of the normal range to indicate failure conditions. 3 The 4 mA signal is primarily
used for rezeroing purposes
3–15 psi Signal 4 Conversion of a mechanical
signal into a digital signal is
The 3–15 psi signal—sometimes called the pneumatic signal—does
best done at 4 mA
not vary an electrical signal to convey data. Instead the pnuematic
systems use compressed air; the greater the air pressure, the higher the
value communicated.
Pneumatic signals are often used with dedicated devices such as
switches and valves.

Digital Communication Technology

Digital signals are signals that change only in discrete ways. A Activities
digital signal does not continuously change like an analog signal;
digital signals jump directly from one value to the next. For example, 11. Tuning the radio frequency by
a digitally-tuned radio can be tuned to 94.7 FM or 94.8 FM but it pressing a control button is an
cannot be tuned between those two steps. appropriate example of a digital
Because process values are inherently analog, transmitters must control. Is this statement true or
obtain a digital process value by sampling the analog process value false?
many times per second, which causes the value to “step” to discrete
values. Figure 8.2 illustrates digital process values.
Analog
process
value
Sampled
digital 12. Which are the commonly used
values
digital communication protocols?
Digital
process 1 4-20 mA
value 2 FOUNDATION fieldbus
3 HART
Figure 8.2: Digital Process Values 4 Profibus
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS

The process control industry uses a wide variety of digital protocols
for device communication. Three of the most common protocols are:
❑ HART
❑ FOUNDATION Fieldbus
❑ Profibus
Digital communication protocols are explained in detail throughout
the remainder of this module.

Digital Communication Technology

ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Activities
Digital communication technology offers significant advantages over 13. Identify the advantages of
simple analog technology. Some of the most important advantages of digital communication.
digital communication are: Select all options that apply.
❑ Decreased wiring costs
❑ Remote device communication 1 Decreased wiring costs
❑ Improved reliability in data transmission 2 Remote device communication
3 Decreased response time
Decreased Wiring Costs 4 Improved reliability in data
transmission
Digital communication allows multiple transmitters to operate on the
same set of communication wires, or on a fieldbus. Because each
transmitter does not need to be individually wired to a control system,
the wiring cost per transmitter is lower.
Remote Device Communication

Two-way digital communication permits hosts (e.g., hand-held
devices, control systems) to communicate with transmitters either
locally or from a remote location. Thus, users can perform the
following functions from a remote location:
❑ Diagnose the “health” of the field device
❑ Determine a transmitter’s current status, which may include
predictive maintenance information
❑ Conduct a loop test
❑ Commission a new device
Improved Reliability in Data Transmission

A digitally transmitted value is either accurately received by the
control system or not received at all. Environmental influences
(e.g., electrical interference) never alter the values of digitally
transmitted data. Environmental influences do affect data transmitted
with an analog protocol (e.g., 4–20 mA).
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - ANALOG AND DIGITAL PROTOCOLS

HART Communication Protocol
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
❑ Briefly describe how HART devices communicate
❑ Briefly describe the analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion process
❑ Explain the key advantages of HART communication technology over simple analog communication
technology
❑ Briefly describe burst mode
❑ Briefly describe multidrop networking with HART devices
❑ Explain how a HART communicator is connected to a control loop
❑ Define device description

HART Technology Overview

Transmitters capable of using HART technology can overlay a Activities
digital signal on top of an analog signal. The HART signal conveys
digital information (a series of 0s and 1s) by using frequency shift 1. Which technique does HART
keying. A frequency of 1100 Hz equals a 1, and a frequency of 2200 technology use to convey digital
Hz equals a 0. Because the average modulating current value is zero, information?
the digital HART signal has no effect on the regular analog signal.
Figure 8.3 illustrates frequency shift keying.
1 Manchester encoding
Analog
signal
2 RS-485 serial communication
HART
signal
3 Frequency shift keying
4 RS-232 serial communication
Figure 8.3: Frequency Shift Keying

A minimum of 250 Ω must be present in the loop for HART
communication to work. The resistance is required so that the digital
HART signal will create enough voltage to be recognized by a
control system or HART communicator.
2. What is the minimum resistance
that must be present in the loop to
establish HART communication ?
1 250 ohms
2 500 ohms
3 1000 ohms
4 1100 ohms
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - HOW HART DEVICES COMMUNICATE?


DIGITAL PROCESS VALUES Activities
HART-capable transmitters use digital process values. Therefore, the 3. Which factors affect the quality
transmitter must convert the analog value from the transducer to a of an A/D conversion?
digital value (A/D conversion). And because HART-capable Select all options that apply.
transmitters send a digital and an analog output signal, the transmitter
must also convert the output signal from a digital value back to an 1 Sampling rate
analog value (D/A conversion). 2 Sampling precision
Figure 8.4 illustrates how the components of a HART-capable 3 Sampling size
transmitter work together.
Signal uses an analog protocol
(e.g., 4–20 mA) and the HART protocol
D/A converter
Output signal
A/D converter
Signal
processor
Digital information
(i.e, HART values)
Process Sensor
Variable
Figure 8.4: HART Communication Components
How A/D Converters Work

HART-capable transmitters change analog sensor information into
digital information by passing the analog signal through an A/D
converter. A/D converters work by sampling an analog signal many
times per second. Each time the analog signal is sampled, the A/D
converter records a digital value that is as close as possible to the
analog value.
Two factors affect the quality of digitally sampled values:
❑ Sampling rate—The number of times per second that the analog
signal is sampled
❑ Sampling precision—The number of different digital values that
an analog value can become


Figure 8.5 illustrates the sampling rate and sampling precision of an Activities
A/D conversion. The higher the sampling rate and sampling
precision, the closer the digital signal will be to the original analog 4. What determines the quality of
signal. the output of a D/A
conversion?
Analog
transducer
signal 1 Sampling rate
2 Sampling precision
3 Quality of the signal processor
Sampling
precision 4 Quality of the original A/D
(10 steps) conversion
1 sec 2 sec 3 sec

Sampling rate
(10 samples per second)
Figure 8.5: Sampling Rate and Precision
How D/A Converters Work

To produce analog output, HART-capable transmitters use a D/A
converter to convert digital process information into an analog signal.
A D/A converter produces an analog wave based on the digital
samples taken during the A/D conversion.
Figure 8.6 shows an analog signal produced by a D/A converter. The
signal comprises many individual steps that represent the individual
digital values recorded during the A/D conversion.
Analog output
1 2 3
Time (seconds)
Figure 8.6: Analog Output of a D/A Converter
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - SIGNAL CONVERSION

Advantages of HART Technology

HART communication technology offers significant benefits over Activities
analog-only communication. Some of the most important benefits are:
❑ Integration with existing equipment 5. Which of the following are
❑ Multiple process variables significant benefits of HART
❑ Remote device communication technology?
❑ Transmitter self-diagnostics
❑ Multidrop networking 1 Integration with existing
❑ Open protocol equipment
2 Multiple process variables
INTEGRATION WITH EXISTING EQUIPMENT 3 Remote device communication
4 Safely used in any hazardous
A key advantage of HART technology is that it can be used with area without approval
existing equipment that uses the 4–20 mA signaling standard, because 5 Transmitter self-diagnostics
HART devices can transmit data both as an analog signal and as a
digital signal at the same time. Therefore, HART technology can be
used with over 90% of the equipment installed today, including control
systems, calibration equipment, and other maintenance tools.
Burst Mode
Burst mode is a user-selectable HART option that enables the HART
device to continuously send data without the primary host requesting
the data. In normal mode, a HART device can typically complete two 6. The purpose of burst mode is to
message transactions per second; in burst mode, a HART device can enable the HART device to
complete three or more message transactions per second. __________ _____ data that is not
requested by the primary host.
The Model 333 Tri-Loop® also uses burst mode transmission to receive
data from multivariable transmitters. The Tri-Loop converts the burst
mode data into three analog signals that can be used by non-HART 1. continuously erase
control systems. 2. continuously send
3. intermittently send
MULTIPLE PROCESS VARIABLES
HART-capable transmitters send two output signals simultaneously: a
regular analog output signal and a digital HART signal overlayed on
the analog signal. Therefore, HART-capable transmitters can send two
(or more) process variables at the same time. The HART digital signal
alone is capable of sending up to four variables simultaneously to
support multivariable transmitters and more complex devices
(e.g., analyzers, valve positioners).


REMOTE DEVICE COMMUNICATION Activities
To configure or test an analog-only transmitter, a technician must 7. HART communicators are
physically go to the transmitter and use set screws or a local display. commonly used to
HART-capable transmitters can engage in two-way digital communicate with HART
communication, which means a technician can make adjustments to a devices remotely. Is this
transmitter from anywhere in the loop. statement true or false?
The most common device for remote HART communication is a
HART communicator such as the Rosemount Model 275
Communicator. HART communicators are discussed later in this
module.
TRANSMITTER SELF-DIAGNOSTICS
The digital electronics in a HART-capable transmitter allow the
transmitter to periodically run its own self-test suite. If the transmitter
locates a problem, it can communicate the error condition in its digital
HART information.
8. What is the maximum
Transmitter self-diagnostics can significantly aid technicians with allowable number of
device maintenance by proactively reporting problems to a control transmitters that can coexist on
system. a multidrop network?
MULTIDROP NETWORKING
1 5
Analog-only transmitters must be individually wired to a control 2 10
system. By contrast, up to 15 HART-capable transmitters can share a 3 15
single analog loop in a networking configuration called multidrop. 4 20
Figure 8.7 shows a HART multidrop network. When on a multidrop
network, transmitters can only communicate using digital HART
signals; the analog signal for each device is fixed at 4 mA.
Digital communication only

Power supply
2 3 4 1
HART-capable transmitters
Figure 8.7: HART Multidrop Network


Each transmitter on a multidrop network identifies itself with a Activities
unique polling address from 1 to 15 or from its unique TAG ID. The
output of each transmitter is accompanied by its network address, 9. Which of the following are
which allows the control system to differentiate the output of one advantages of multidrop
transmitter from another. The network address also allows a networking?
technician to engage in two-way communication directly with a Select all options that apply. .
particular transmitter on the network.
Multidrop networking has a number of key advantages, including
1 Reduced wiring costs
dramatically reduced wiring costs, the ability to communicate easily 2 Easy communication with multiple
with many devices, and the improved reliability of a digital-only devices
network. 3 Reduced maintenance costs
4 More reliable communication
Due to the limited communication speed of the HART

protocol in a multidrop network, it is typically used
only for monitoring applications, such as level and
temperature.
1 0. Open protocol is a protocol that
OPEN PROTOCOL is openly published and is not
owned by a single vendor. Is
HART technology is an open protocol—it is openly published and is this statement true or false?
not controlled by a single vendor. Therefore, users of HART
technology can be assured that the technology will remain stable and
well supported by their suppliers long term. Other benefits of an open
protocol include:
❑ Competitive, market-based pricing
❑ Several price/performance options for software and hardware
❑ Lower maintenance and training costs
❑ Continued product evolution and innovation
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - ADVANTAGES OF HART TECHNOLOGY

HART Communicators
The most common tool used to configure and test HART-capable Activities
transmitters is a HART communicator, such as the Rosemount
Model 275. HART communicators can engage in two-way 11. Where can a HART communicator
communication with any HART-capable transmitter on a loop. be connected in a control loop?
CONNECTING A HART COMMUNICATOR TO A LOOP

A HART communicator can be connected anywhere in the loop 1 Anywhere between the first
across a minimum loop resistance of 250 Ω (Figure 8.8). and last transmitter of the
loop
Note: Even if there is 250 Ω resistance in the loop, if the connection
2 Anywhere between the power
is not parallel to this load, communication cannot be established.
supply and the first transmitter of
250 Ω the loop
resistance
3 Anywhere across a minimum
Power
supply loop resistance of 200 ohms
4 Anywhere across a minimum
loop resistance of 250 ohms
Rosemount 12. What is the appropriate definition

Model 275 HART of device description?
Communicator
Figure 8.8: Connecting a HART Communicator 1 A device description is a data

to a Loop sheet that describes the
capabilities of the HART
communicator.
DEVICE DESCRIPTIONS 2 A device description is a file that
HART communicators recognize HART-capable transmitters by describes the HART
using device descriptions. Device descriptions (DDs) are electronic communicator’s modes of
files that list a particular transmitter’s capabilities and modes of operation.
operation. DDs allow HART communicators to “know about” and 3 A device description is a file that
configure all of a transmitter’s features. describes a transmitter’s capabilities
and modes of operation.
A HART communicator can be updated with new DDs at any time. 4 A device description is a data
New DDs let a communicator recognize new transmitters or keep sheet that describes a transmitter's
up-to-date with changes in the way transmitters work. functional capabilities.
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - HART COMMUNICATORS

FOUNDATION Fieldbus Protocol
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
❑ Define physical layer
❑ Define function block
❑ Briefly describe the function of the resource block and transducer block
❑ List the most common FOUNDATION Fieldbus function blocks and their uses
❑ List the key benefits of FOUNDATION Fieldbus technology over other types of device communication
❑ List three restrictions of FOUNDATION Fieldbus networks
❑ Define network topology
❑ Briefly describe how instruments communicate on a FOUNDATION Fieldbus network
❑ Explain how intrinsic safety concerns impact a FOUNDATION Fieldbus network

Foundation Fieldbus Protocol
FOUNDATION Fieldbus Technology Overview

FOUNDATION Fieldbus (FF) is a two-way, digital-only Activities
communication protocol. FF provides an open, configurable system
for connecting many different process control devices on a single 1. List the layers of FF operation.
network. Select all options that apply.
FOUNDATION FIELDBUS LAYERS 1 Physical layer

2 Foundation stack
FF communication is logically divided into three layers: 3 Communication stack
❑ Physical layer 4 User layer
❑ Communications stack
❑ User layer
Figure 8.9 illustrates the three FF communication layers.
User layer
2. H1 and H2 are the two speeds of

Communications FF. Is this statement true or false?
stack
.
e
Physical layer
FF network
Figure 8.9: FOUNDATION Fieldbus Layers
Physical Layer
The physical layer handles the physical connections necessary to
enable FF communication. The wiring connections for power and
data exchange are part of the physical layer. The physical layer
converts signals between the FF network and the communications
stack.
The physical layer of an FF network segment can be either H1,
which operates at 31.25 Kbits/second, or FF HSE (high-speed
ethernet), which operates at 100 Mbits/second or faster. H1 and HSE
were specifically designed as complementary networks. H1 is
optimised for traditional process control applications using two-wire,
bus-powered devices. HSE is designed for use with field-powered
devices that have large amounts of data to transmit. HSE can also
provide interconnectivity for high-data/high-performance control
applications and plant information integration.

Foundation Fieldbus Technology Overview

Communications Stack Activities
The communications stack handles the FF network communication.
The communications stack holds a queue of outgoing network 3. What job does the
messages, schedules time on the network for broadcasting those communications stack
messages, and negotiates sending unscheduled network messages. perform?
User Layer
1 It handles network
The user layer controls the transmitter-human interface elements, communication.
such as transmitter configuration and alarms. The user layer is 2 It controls the
represented as function blocks. Function blocks are programming transmitter-human interface
segments that can be logically linked together to produce transmitter elements.
functions. For example, two input blocks that hold the data from two 3 It regulates the flow of signals
temperature sensors can be linked into a mathematical block that to different Fieldbus blocks.
averages the two temperatures. 4 It programs segments that can
be logically linked together to
FOUNDATION FIELDBUS BLOCKS produce transmitter functions.
The three main types of block contained in an FF device are:

❑ Resource block
❑ Transducer block
4. Programming segments that
❑ Function blocks
can be logically linked together
to produce transmitter
Resource Block
functions are known as ________.
The resource block describes the resources that a device can provide .
to an FF network. For example, the resource block might list the
function blocks available in a transmitter. The resource block 1. transducer blocks
provides the control system with information needed to recognize a 2. function blocks
device’s capabilities. The key function of the resource block is to 3. resource blocks
provide information about a device’s status to control systems and to
other applications that require the information.
Transducer Block
The transducer block is the interface between a sensor and the
5. The transducer block provides
function blocks in the transmitter—function blocks can only interact
information about a device's status to
with sensor data through the transducer block. A transmitter usually
control systems. Is this statement true
has one transducer block for every sensor to which the transmitter
or false?
connects. However, some devices allow a single transducer block to
handle multiple sensor values.
Transducer blocks are used to define the sensor type, perform sensor
calibrations, configure LCD displays, support diagnostic functions,
and perform other tasks.


Activities
6. Which block retrieves sensor
information and transfers it to the
other block?
1 Function block
2 Resource block
3 Transducer block


Function Blocks Activities
Function blocks provide the mechanism for transmitting information
from one device on the network to another. The Fieldbus Foundation 7. A transmitter may need to use
defines a very large number of function blocks. Functions ranging an AO function block because
from simple output scaling to complex switching algorithms are all some control devices may need
available through the use of one or more function blocks. The most to reduce an analog signal from
common function blocks are: the transmitter. Is this statement
true or false?
❑ Analog input block
❑ Analog output block
❑ Proportional/integral/derivative block
Analog Input Block

The analog input (AI) block obtains sensor data from the transducer
block, optionally performs simple scaling algorithms, and sends out a
digital process value. The AI block also reports a status of Good, Bad,
or Uncertain based on its confidence in the process value.
The AI block is used with devices that measure a continuously
varying process. Devices may comprise more than one AI block to
handle multiple sensors. 8. Which of the following is an
example of a PID function
Analog Output Block block in use?
The analog output (AO) block accepts a digital process value as its
input, optionally performs simple scaling algorithms, and sends out
an analog process value (e.g., 4–20 mA). The analog process value 1 Controlling the radio signal
can be used to drive recorders & indicators. More usually the analog with a frequency knob
process value from the AO Block is used with devices that drive a 2 Controlling a valve to keep two
continuously varying actuator like a regulating control valve, variable liquids mixed at a constant
speed motor, etc. density
3 Controlling the flow of two
liquids manually by monitoring
Proportional/Integral/Derivative Block
the transmitter readings
The proportional/integral/derivative (PID) block operates like a 4 Controlling the flow of current
thermostat: the PID block reads a digital process value, compares the with a fuse
value against a predefined setpoint, and sends out a correctional value
based on a complex algorithm. The PID block is useful for feedback
loops. For example, in a process that mixes two liquids, a flowmeter
could use a PID block to open or close a valve to keep the process
density at 30 g/cc. In the past, the PID block was executed in the
control system. FF lets the user decide where the PID block is
executed.


Signal Characteriser (SGCR) function block Activities
The Signal Characteriser (SGCR) function block characterises or
approximates any function that defines an input/output relationship.
The function is defined by configuring as many as twenty X, Y
co-ordinates. The block interpolates an output value for a given input
value using the curve defined by the configured co-ordinates, i.e.
strapping table.
Input Selector (ISEL) function blocks

The Input Selector (ISEL) function block can be used to select the first
Hot Backup, maximum, minimum, or average of as many as eight input
values and and place it at the output. The block supports signal status
propagation.
Integrator (INT) function block

The Integrator (INT) function block integrates one or two variables
over time. The block compares the integrated or accumulated value to
pre-trip and trip limits and generates discrete output signals when the
limits are reached.
Arithmetic function blocks

The Arithmetic function block provides the ability to configure a range
extension function for a primary input and applies different arithmetic
types as compensation.
The Arithmetic functions include: - Flow Compensation Linear, Flow

Compensation Square Root, Flow Compensation Approximate,
Btu Flow, Traditional Multiply and Divide, Average, Summer, Fourth
Order Polynomial, and Simple HTG Compensate Level.
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - FOUNDATION FIELDBUS BASICS

Advantages of FOUNDATION Fieldbus

FF offers substantial advantages over other communication protocols. Activities
Some of the most important advantages of FF technology are:
❑ Protocol design 9. One of the reasons why
❑ Device interoperability protocol design is a meaningful
❑ Reduced wiring costs
advantage of FF, is that FF
offers better process control
❑ Network flexibility
tools than other protocols.
❑ Control in the field Is this statement true or false?
PROTOCOL DESIGN
FF is the only all-digital device communication protocol specifically
designed for the process control industry. As such, it offers better
process control tools (i.e., function blocks) and more useful
communication, network, and safety options than other protocols.
Furthermore, FF is an open protocol—it is openly published and not
controlled by a single vendor. Therefore, users of FF technology can be
assured that the technology will remain stable and well supported by
their suppliers.
10. Why do FF devices need less

Because FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an open protocol, wiring than analog devices?
FOUNDATION Fieldbus device manufacturers must Select all options that apply.
compete on the basis of product quality.
1 FF devices have short distances
DEVICE INTEROPERABILITY between network segments
2 FF devices are bus-powered
All FF devices are interoperable by design. Any FF device can be 3 FF devices share network
plugged into any FF network and be automatically recognized. When segments
connected to an FF network, new FF devices will communicate their 4 FF devices need fewer control
available functionality to each other and to the networked hosts. system components
REDUCED WIRING COSTS

FF devices require far less wiring overhead than their analog
counterparts. FF devices need less wiring because they:
❑ Can be powered by the same wires they use to communicate
(i.e., bus-powered devices)
❑ Share network segments with other FF devices
❑ Require fewer control system components
FF wiring, as a consequence, costs only a fraction of the cost of wiring
an equivalent number of analog instruments.

Advantages of Foundation Fieldbus

NETWORK FLEXIBILITY Activities
FF technology allows customers to configure their device networks 11. The flexibility of FF
into a wide variety of different topologies, unlike traditional analog networking gives minimum
point-to-point installations (see Network Topologies on page 26). No control of wiring and
matter where a device is placed on an FF network, the device will placement of devices. Is this
announce itself to the network and receive a unique network ID statement true or false?
automatically.
The flexibility of FF networking gives customers the maximum
amount of control in wiring and device-placement decisions.
CONTROL IN THE FIELD

FF is the only communication technology that allows technicians to
build control systems that operate entirely in the field. Control in the
field means that control is distributed among measurement devices
instead of within dedicated controllers. A single control loop can be 12. Control in the field is
implemented on the FF segment, which means the control function characterized by control
can be local to the process. Local control increases the response speed systems distributed within
of the control loop. dedicated control systems. Is
this statement true or false?
FF does not stipulate that control functionality must be located in the
field—instead, users determine where control will be distributed
based on their specific application needs. Some of the benefits of
distributed control include:
❑ Redundancy—The failure of a control system does not cripple
the network
❑ Reduced control costs—Because the devices themselves are
controllers, there is no need for additional controller resources in
the control system
❑ Greater control adaptability—New devices can be added online
to implement new control strategies without affecting the
operation of the other devices and control strategies on the
segment
❑ Increased reliability—Field devices are a more reliable platform
from which to implement standard control, because the device
mean time between failure (MTBF) for pressure and temperature
transmitters exceeds 230 years

Advantages of Foundation Fieldbus

Activities
13. Which of the following are
benefits of control in the field?
1 Redundancy
2 Reduced control costs
3 Greater control adaptability
4 Increased safety
5 Increased reliability
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - ADVANTAGES OF FOUNDATION FIELDBUS

FOUNDATION Fieldbus Networks

SEGMENTS, TRUNKS, AND SPURS Activities
An FF network (or segment) consists of one trunk and one or more 14. What is the maximum cable
spurs. Figure 8.10 illustrates a trunk and several spurs in an FF length of an FF network without
segment. FF repeaters?
Trunk
1 1900 m (6234 ft)

2 120 m (394 ft)
3 90 m ( 295 ft)
Spur
Spur
4 59 m (197 ft)
Terminator
Power supply and

conditioner
Figure 8.10: FOUNDATION Fieldbus Segment

FF segments have the following characteristics:
15. What acts as a limitation on the
❑ Every FF segment must have two terminators mounted as close to spur length?
each end of the segment as possible
❑ Each segment requires a power conditioner to prevent the power
supply from absorbing the communication signal while trying to 1 The number of devices on the
maintain a constant voltage level on the communication wires FF spur
❑ The maximum length of all FF segments in a network cannot 2 The number of spurs on an FF
exceed 1900 m (6234 ft), although this distance can be extended segment
with the use of FF repeaters
❑ An FF segment can support a practical limit of 16 bus-powered
devices (or 32 individually-powered devices)
Spur length is limited by how many devices are on the spur. Table 8.1
lists maximum spur length.
Number of Devices
on the Spur Maximum Spur Length
1 120 m (394 ft)
2 90 m (295 ft)
3 60 m (197 ft)
4 30 m (98 ft)
Table 8.1: Maximum Spur Length

Foundation Fieldbus Networks

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES Activities
The network topology is the shape of the network. The four most 16. Network topology can be defined
common network topologies are: as the __________ of the network.
❑ Point-to-point
❑ Daisy chain
❑ Tree 1. size
❑ Branch 2. shape
Figure 8.11 illustrates the four common network topologies. 3. troubleshooting
Junction box
Tree
Daisy chain
Branch
Point-to-point
Figure 8.11: Four Common Network Topologies

Different network topologies can be combined to form complex types
of networks. For example, one segment of a branch network could be
the base of a tree network.
Removing a device from a daisy chain may disrupt

the entire FF segment. Daisy chains have several
connections. Just one loose connection can also
disrupt the entire FF segment.

Foundation Fieldbus Networks

DEVICE COMMUNICATION ON THE NETWORK Activities
To keep all of the FF devices on the network from sending data at the 17. What special device schedules
same time, communication is precisely scheduled by a device called the communication on an FF
the link active scheduler (LAS). The LAS is not a special instrument; network?
any FF device (or a control system) can be the LAS, but only one
LAS can exist on each FF segment. When each device’s turn comes
up on the schedule, the LAS allows that device to send data for a 1 LAS
limited amount of time. If the primary LAS fails, a back-up LAS can 2 Resource block
take over and prevent an interruption in network communication. 3 Terminator
4 Link master
INTRINSIC SAFETY
FF network segments can be rendered intrinsically safe by
introducing safety barriers between the segment and the rest of the
network. All of the devices on the intrinsically safe (I.S.) segment
must be bus-powered. The number of devices allowed on an I.S.
segment is less than for non-I.S. segments—the exact number is
dependent upon several device characteristics (e.g., the I.S. 18. Devices on an I.S. segment must
classification, cable type, power consumption). receive their power from the ________.
.
1. junction box
2. control system
3. bus

Foundation Fieldbus and Redundancy

Activities
FOUNDATION Fieldbus networks can easily be made as secure and
robust as a conventional 4-20mA point-to-point wired system.
By proper design of the H1 segment and allocation of devices based

on a process unit and loops, rather than the device type, you can limit any
process downtime to a single process unit if a segment failure occurs.
This is much harder to achieve with a conventional 4-20mA approach,
as multi-channel I/O input cards would be handling a large number of
loops usually across process units.
By using the "Control In the Field" capabilities of the field devices,

this allows the primary control loops to be executed completely outside
of the traditional controller. The ability of the devices to provide
backup Link Active Scheduling for the H1 segment means that if
communication is lost within the central control system, the loops will
continue to function normally without any interruptions. This in itself
will result in an increased availability of the overall system and a higher
MTBF usually making additional component redundancy unnecessary.
Overall system redundancy depends on the reliability of the Host system,

The H1 Interface, The H1 Segment wires, the power supply/conditioner,
the transmitters, the controller algorithm and the communications
scheduler. FOUNDATION Fieldbus does not support cable redundancy,
but as the wire has the lowest complexity level and under normal
conditions the lowest failure rate, this is usually not an issue.
FOUNDATION Fieldbus is a technology that enables a broader range

of redundancy types than seen in more traditional control solutions.
From basic transmitter and function block redundancy, to Power
and Conditioner redundancy and H1 system interface redundancy.
Available Foundation Fieldbus redundant components include: -

Measurement Devices, Valves, Segment power supplies and
conditioners, Backup Link Active Scheduler, Distributed function
blocks, Host H1 interface.
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - FOUNDATION FIELDBUS NETWORKS

Profibus Protocol
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
❑ List the three major types of Profibus and their uses
❑ List the commonalities between FOUNDATION Fieldbus and Profibus
❑ List the key differences between FOUNDATION Fieldbus and Profibus

Profibus Protocol
Profibus Technology Overview

Profibus, like FF, is a fieldbus—a sophisticated, two-way, Activities
digital-only communication protocol. Profibus is fundamentally
designed to meet high-speed factory automation needs; one of the 1. Which of the following are Profibus
protocol’s variants has been adapted to meet process control needs. variants?
Profibus is made up of three different variants, each with a different Select all options that apply.
purpose. The three protocols are:
1 Profibus-FMS
❑ Profibus-FMS 2 Profibus-PA
❑ Profibus-DP 3 Profibus-DP
❑ Profibus-PA 4 Profibus-CANopen
5 Profibus-ModBus
Profibus-PA is the Profibus variant that directly
competes with FOUNDATION Fieldbus.
Figure 8.12 illustrates Profibus topology.
Network master
device
2. Which Profibus variant directly competes

Profibus-FMS with FF?
(or ethernet)
Profibus- PLC
DP Power 1 Profibus-FMS
supply
Profibus- 2 Profibus-DP
PA 3 Profibus-PA
DP to PA
converter
Discrete
devices Control
valves and
transmitters
Figure 8.12: Profibus Topology
PROFIBUS-FMS
Profibus-FMS (Fieldbus Message Specification) is a high-level
protocol that is designed for communication between network master
devices (devices that control communication on network segments).
Profibus-FMS is a multimaster protocol—any or all of the devices on
the network can be masters. Profibus-FMS communicates using
high-speed signals like FF HSE.

Profibus Protocol

PROFIBUS-DP Activities
Profibus-DP (Decentralized Periphery) is a distributed I/O protocol 3. Which Profibus variants
that is best suited for high-speed, discrete device automation. In a communicate using high-speed
Profibus-DP network, master devices continuously poll slave devices. signals?
Like Profibus-FMS, Profibus-DP is a multimaster system. However, Select all options that apply.
Profibus-DP does not facilitate master-to-master communication.
1 Profibus-FMS
PROFIBUS-PA 2 Profibus-DP
3 Profibus-PA
Profibus-PA (Process Automation) is the only Profibus variant
designed for process control. Profibus-PA attempts to address the
same applications and market as FF H1.
Unlike Profibus-FMS and Profibus-DP, the Profibus-PA variant does
not use high-speed communication signals and cannot coexist with
the other two variants on the same network. Communication between
a Profibus-PA segment and a Profibus-DP segment requires a
network gateway known as a linking device or coupler.
4. How is the Profibus-PA similar
Similarities to FOUNDATION Fieldbus to the FF?
Profibus-PA is similar to FF in two main ways:
❑ Physical layer—Profibus-PA uses a physical layer that is 1 Physical layer
identical to the physical layer used by FF H1 (IEC 61158-2) 2 Bus-powered
❑ Bus-powered, I.S. devices—Because Profibus is electrically 3 Timestamp
identical to FF, the I.S. options are identical as well 4 I.S. devices

Profibus Protocol

Differences from FOUNDATION Fieldbus Activities
Aside from counterpart buses, Profibus-PA differs from FF in several
important ways, including: 5. Reliance on function blocks
puts Profibus-PA network
❑ Protocol design—Profibus was not originally designed for
structures at a disadvantage in
process control (Profibus-PA is a variant of Profibus that has
comparison to FF networks. Is
been engineered to meet process control needs). FF is
specifically designed to meet the needs of the process control
industry.
❑ Network structure—Profibus-PA is stricter and more hierarchical
in its network requirements. Profibus-PA, like traditional analog
communication technology, puts all of the control into network
masters and central control systems. FF networks are flexible
and more independent of control systems. Only FF allows the
control system to be distributed anywhere in the network.
❑ Network management—Technicians must manually control
Profibus-PA device addresses and host configurations; address
conflicts can disrupt a Profibus-PA network. FF networks
automatically assign device addresses, and technicians can easily 6. Which characteristic of the
update hosts with new DDs. Profibus-PA network
❑ Network communication—Profibus PA synchronizes communication puts it at a
communication only between a device and the host; FF disadvantage to FF network
synchronizes communication among all field devices and the structure?
host. In addition, FF provides a timestamp, while Profibus PA
does not.
❑ Network modifications—Profibus networks must be taken 1 Puts all of the control into the
offline for modifications. FF allows online modifications for network masters and central
both control and monitoring purposes. control systems
❑ Function blocks—Profibus PA does not support function blocks 2 Synchronizes communication
in field devices. only between a device and its
host
❑ TAG search—Profibus only provides identification by device;
3 Manual control of device
FF allows software functionality to be identified through unique
address and host configurations
tags.
4 Only provides identification by
❑ Trending—FF devices can maintain a local trend file that can be
device
accessed by the host; Profibus PA devices cannot maintain a
trend file.
❑ Data integration—Profibus PA communications must pass
through several layers of networks between the field and the end
user/application, which increases the risk of information getting
sent to the wrong destination.
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - THREE PROFIBUS VARIANTS

Proprietary Communication Protocols
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
❑ Briefly describe the following communication protocols in terms of their basic technology and common
implementation:
• Modicon Modbus®
• Honeywell DE
• Foxboro FoxCom
• Yokogawa BRAIN
❑ List the principal differences between Honeywell DE and HART
❑ List the primary advantages of FOUNDATION Fieldbus over the protocols listed above


Device manufacturers have developed a large number of proprietary Activities
(i.e., closed, vendor-owned) digital communication protocols. Four
of the most common “other” protocols are: 1. How is Modbus most frequently
❑ Modicon Modbus used?
❑ Honeywell DE
❑ Foxboro FoxCom
1 Communicates control and
❑ Yokogawa BRAIN
monitoring data
2 Communicates digital
MODICON MODBUS information by modulating the
current on the loop
Modbus is a digital, low-level, master-slave device communication 3 Communicates digital
protocol. A Modbus master queries slave devices with commands, information overlayed on top of
such as a command to read a process variable. Modbus is primarily an analog signal
used to communicate control and monitoring data. 4 Communicates analog signals
Modbus operates independently of a device’s physical layer. A only
device can communicate through its physical layer
(e.g., FOUNDATION Fieldbus) and also through Modbus. Some device
manufacturers use Modbus as a complementary “common language”
among their instruments.
2. The Modbus protocol is available
Although the Modbus protocol is owned by Modicon, the protocol is
to users and manufactures under
available to users and manufacturers under royalty-free license.
royalty free-license. Is this
statement true or false?
HONEYWELL DE
Honeywell’s DE (Digitally Enhanced) protocol is a digital
replacement for standard analog communication protocols
(e.g., 4–20 mA). DE communicates digital information by
modulating the current on the loop: a 4 mA signal equals a 1, and a
20 mA signal equals a 0. Because the current itself is modulated, a
regular 4–20 mA analog signal cannot coexist with the DE signal. 3. DE modulates the ________
The DE protocol is proprietary—it is owned by Honeywell and is not on the loop to convey
openly available. information.
1. current
2. frequency
3. voltage


FOXBORO FOXCOM Activities
The FoxCom protocol operates either as a digital replacement of a 4. How does FoxCom operate?
standard analog signal (like Honeywell DE) or as a digital signal Select all options that apply.
overlayed on top of an analog signal (like the HART protocol). In
both cases, the digital signal can accomplish the same two-way 1 As an analog-only protocol
communication tasks that DE and HART technology can accomplish 2 As a digital-only protocol
(e.g., remote transmitter configuration). The all-digital signal conveys 3 As a digital signal overlayed on
information at a relatively speedy 4800 baud. The HART-like signal top of standard analog signal
runs much slower, at 600 baud. (By comparison, the HART protocol As an analog-only or
4
operates at 1200 baud.) digital-only protocol
When operating in the HART-like mode, FoxCom uses the Bell 202 (user-selectable)
frequency shift keying method. The communication methods between
FoxCom and HART technology are similar enough that most
FoxCom-capable devices can communicate using both FoxCom and
HART technology. Technicians can even configure many
FoxCom-capable devices using a HART communicator.
FoxCom is a proprietary protocol—it is owned by Foxboro and is not
openly available.
YOKOGAWA BRAIN 5. Frequency shift keying is a

technique used by FoxCom and
Yokogawa’s BRAIN protocol is based on frequency shift keying, like BRAIN to convey digital
HART technology. A digital signal is overlayed on top of a standard information along with the
analog signal (e.g., 4–20 mA). However, the BRAIN protocol uses standard analog signal. Is this
non-standard frequency settings to produce digital 1s and 0s. statement true or false?
Yokogawa manufactures a BRAIN communicator that is somewhat
like the HART communicator. The BRAIN communicator (like the
HART communicator) requires 250 Ω resistance and can be
connected anywhere in the loop across a 250 Ω load.
The BRAIN protocol is proprietary—it is owned by Yokogawa and is
not openly available.
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - PROPRIETARY PROTOCOLS

Advantages of HART and Fieldbus

The HART and FF communication technologies maintain significant Activities
advantages over the four other protocols described in this section. A
brief comparison can quickly highlight some of the most important 6. What benefits does the HART
advantages. protocol have as compared to
FoxCom and Brain ?
COMPARING HART WITH FOXCOM AND BRAIN Select all options that apply.
HART, FoxCom, and BRAIN use essentially the same frequency 1 Being an open protocol
shift keying method of overlaying digital information onto an analog 2 Being controlled by single
signal. All three protocols can be used via a communicator connected vendors
anywhere in the control loop. 3 Being widely adopted in the
industry
HART technology has two important benefits that FoxCom and
4 Communicator connected
BRAIN do not have. HART technology is:
anywhere in the loop
❑ An open protocol
❑ Widely adopted in the industry
Open Protocol
Both FoxCom and BRAIN are controlled by single vendors, which
threatens to lock customers into devices manufactured by that
vendor. HART technology is an open protocol that is not owned by a
single vendor, which frees customers to choose devices from any
manufacturer that supports the protocol. HART is supported by over 7. Customers view HART
140 companies, including Foxboro and YEW. technology as a stepping-stone to
__________ technology.
Customers have overwhelmingly chosen to buy

products that use open protocols. 1. Modbus
2. Profibus
Widely Adopted in the Industry 3. Fieldbus
HART technology is the most widely adopted digital protocol in the
process control industry, accounting for the vast majority of all
digital device communication. The HART Communication
Foundation estimates that over 12 million HART devices are in use
today worldwide. Each year, as more plants convert from simple
analog communication to a digital strategy, the majority of those
plants will choose HART technology as a logical first step.
HART is a logical stepping stone to fieldbus

technology, because customers can maintain their
investment in analog technology.


Because HART technology is so widely adopted, most device Activities
manufacturers build HART-capable instruments, which results in
even wider industry adoption. Wide adoption assures customers that 8. Why is wide industry adoption
their HART devices will interoperate with an enormous number of a benefit to HART technology?
other devices from many manufacturers.
1 Analog signals will not be

The HART protocol is the most widely adopted digital
protocol in the process control industry. All
required for process control in
proprietary protocols combined are expected to future
amount to only a tiny fraction of total device sales in 2 Security of the network is
the coming years. enhanced
3 It is the only technology that
provides digital signal
COMPARING HART WITH DE overlayed on top of standard
HART technology and DE commonly compete for customers. analog signal
4 Continued viability is ensured
However, HART technology and DE are not equal competitors.
HART technology has significant advantages over DE, including:
❑ Maintained analog signals
❑ Simultaneous variable transmission
❑ Broad industry support
Maintained Analog Signals

HART technology overlays its digital signal on top of a standard
analog signal. The analog signal is perfectly preserved. DE, on the
other hand, replaces the analog signal with a digital signal.
9. DE forces customers to
Because DE cannot coexist with an analog signal, customers who abandon their analog systems
adopt DE must throw away their investment in analog technology. because DE cannot coexist with
Customers who adopt HART technology, however, are free to an analog signal. Is this
continue using their analog systems. statement true or false?
Simultaneous Variable Transmission

HART instruments can update up to four process variables with each
transmission. DE can only update one variable per transmission. DE
sends a secondary variable on the second transmission, a tertiary
variable on the third transmission, and so on. This strategy delays
transmission of the primary variable by two or three cycles.
Broad Industry Support

HART technology enjoys broad industry support. Over 100 device
manufacturers build HART-capable instruments. DE is restricted to
Honeywell instruments and a few licensed products from other
vendors.


FOUNDATION FIELDBUS ADDED ADVANTAGES Activities
FF is the only communication technology to offer substantial process 10. What advantages does FF have
control advantages such as: over Modbus, DE, FoxCom,
❑ Device interoperability—Devices from the same and/or different and BRAIN?
manufacturers can typically coexist in the same network, but Select all options that apply.
only FF devices communicate with each other by design
❑ Network flexibility—Only FF offers true “plug-and-play” device 1 Device interoperability
networks 2 Replaces analog signals
❑ Control in the field—Only FF is able to offer remote, intelligent with digital signals
devices for which control is located right at the device 3 Network flexibility
4 Control in the field
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - ADVANTAGES OF HART AND FOUNDATION

FIELDBUS

Module 8: Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 8.1— ROLE OF COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
1. Which are the roles that communication technology performs? (Select all options that
apply)
(1) Interprets sensor data and transfers the data to a control room.
(2) Rectifies sensor failures from the control room.
(3) Enables technicians to remotely configure transmitters.
(4) Reports transmitter problems to a control room.
2. How does “control in the field” change the way the process control industry uses
communication technology?
(1) Engineers can develop sophisticated control strategies that happen right at
the measurement device.
(2) Plants can rely much less on central control systems.
(3) Providing improved loop integrity reduces the need for redundant controllers
and redundant I/Os.
(4) Permits multiple devices to exchange process control information
simultaneously.
(5) Local loops are “safer” – modifying them (or failure of one loop) does not
have to affect the rest of the plant network.
Workbook Exercises Page 40

For Internal Use Only © 2002 Rosemount Inc.
EXERCISE 8.2 — COMMUNICATION COMPONENTS
1. Match each communication component to its diagrammatic description.
(1) Sensor (A)
(2) Process Variable (B)
(3) Signal Processor (C)
(4) Output Signal (D)
2. A ___________ converts a process variable (e.g., pressure) into an electrical signal

(e.g., millivolts).
(1) controller
(2) sensor
(3) transmitter
3. Which of the following statements explains why an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter

and a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter might be necessary for device
communication? (Select all options that apply)
(1) Transmitters with digital electronics require a digital process value.

(2) Dependent devices, such as: valves and programmable logic controllers
(PLCs) can only receive digital signals from transmitters.
(3) Transmitters used with integral LCD display require an analog signal.
(4) Dependent devices, such as: valves and programmable logic controllers
(PLCs) can only receive analog signals from transmitters.
Page 41 Workbook Exercises

© 2002 Rosemount Inc. For Internal Use Only
EXERCISE 8.3 — ANALOG AND DIGITAL PROTOCOLS

1. Differentiate between the analog signals and the digital protocols.
(A= analog ; D = digital)
(1) 4 – 20 mA _____
(2) HART® _____
(3) FOUNDATIONTM Fieldbus _____
(4) 1–5V _____
(5) 3 – 15 psi _____
2. Match the image identifier to the corresponding description.
(1) Continuously varies _____

(2) Discrete values only _____
(3) Created by sampling _____
(4) Analog _____
(5) Digital _____
3. A customer requires 10 additional transmitters, which will be fairly inaccessible once

they are installed. She has also indicated that she needs to control costs. Why would
you advise this customer to consider digital communication technology? (Select all
options that apply)
(1) Digital transmitters require less wiring, and are therefore cheaper to install.
(2) Digital transmitters are more accurate so money will be saved through
improved process control.
(3) Digital transmitters offer the advantage of self-calibration.
(4) Technicians can communicate with digital transmitters remotely.

EXERCISE 8.4 — HOW HART DEVICES COMMUNICATE
1. HART devices use a technique called frequency shift keying. A frequency of
________equals 1 and a frequency of ________equals 0. Because the average
modulation on the wire is zero, the HART signal has __________ effect on the
analog signal.
(1) 1100 (1) 1100 (1) no

(2) 2200 (2) 2200 (2) minimal
(3) 31250 (3) 31250 (3) major
2. Which of the following descriptions are characteristics of HART communication?
(1) Requires a minimum 250 ohms resistance in the loop to establish HART
communication.
(2) The transmission rate is 2200 bits per second.
(3) Requires no loop resistance to establish HART communication.
(4) Uses two different frequencies to indicate 1 and 0.

EXERCISE 8.5 — SIGNAL CONVERSION
Refer to the following reference diagram to answer all the questions in this section.
1. If the sampling rate changes from 10 samples per second to 20 samples per second,
what will happen to the digital process value?
(1) The digital process value will have twice as many steps.
(2) The digital process value will decrease by half.
(3) The digital process value will be unaffected.
(4) The digital process value will decrease marginally.
2. If the analog signal changes to a flat line, the digital value will also become a flat line
that matches (or very nearly matches) the analog signal. Is this statement true or
false?
(1) True
(2) False

3. Sampling interval is more important when the process value __________ changes.
(1) frequently
(2) never
(3) rarely
4. What general statement can you make about data loss in A/D conversions based on
this illustration?
(1) A/D converters with high sampling rates and sampling precision will not loose
any data during the conversion process.
(2) A/D converters with high sampling rates and sampling precision can lose
some data during the conversion process.
(3) A/D converters with low sampling precision lose data during the conversion
process.
(4) A/D converters with low sampling rates lose data during the conversion
process.

EXERCISE 8.6 — ADVANTAGES OF HART TECHNOLOGY
1. 1. A customer is considering the upgrade of 10 analog transmitters to HART
transmitters but has expressed concern about the initial investment amount. What
reassurances will you provide him? (Select all options that apply)
(1) HART transmitters can be used with the existing equipment that uses the 4-
20 mA signaling standard.
(2) HART transmitter only deals with digital communication and since analog
signal is not required, wiring and control system costs are reduced.
(3) HART transmitters can be connected in multidropped networks, which can
save on wiring and control system costs.
(4) Unlimited mulitdropping of HART transmitter in a single loop.
(5) HART transmitters run their own self-diagnostics, thereby reducing expensive
downtime.
2. HART devices fulfill the role of digital devices and provide advanced functions like
“control in the field”. Is this statement true or false?
(1) True
(2) False
3. Which of the following statements is applicable to HART multidropped networks?
(1) Only analog communication is possible when using HART multidropped

networks.
(2) Only digital communication is possible when using HART multidropped
networks.
(3) Both digital and analog communication is possible while using HART
multidropped networks.

EXERCISE 8.7 — HART COMMUNICATORS
1. Which of the following statements are applicable to HART communicators? (Select
all options that apply)
(1) A technician can configure many transmitters individually through a single

connection by using a communicator on a multidropped network.
(2) Device descriptions allow communicators to be easily upgraded with
information about new transmitter functions.
(3) Wired transmitters provide access to HART devices from any point in the
loop.
(4) Communicators allow technicians to access HART devices from any point in
the loop across a 250 ohms load.
(5) Multiple HART communicators can used to communicate with multiple HART
devices at one time in a multidropped network.
2. HART ____________ allow technicians to access HART transmitters from anywhere

in the loop across a minimum ____________ ohms load.
(1) sensors
(2) communicators
(3) transducers
3. HART communicators are quick and easy to upgrade with new device descriptions.
Is this statement true or false?
(1) True
(2) False

EXERCISE 8.8 — FOUNDATION FIELDBUS BASICS
1. Match each layer name and description to the appropriate layer code.
(1) X _____
(2) Y _____
(3) Z _____
(A) User layer – Contains function blocks that can be linked together to provide
process control features
(B) Physical layer – Defines the hardware connection of the transmitter to the
fieldbus network
(C) Communications stack – Handles transmitter communication on the fieldbus
network
2. Match each function to the appropriate block name.
(1) Analog Input (AI) _____

(2) Resource _____
(3) Proportional/integral/derivative (PID) _____
(4) Analog Output (AO) _____
(5) Transducer _____
(A) Identifies the resources that a device can provide to a FOUNDATION

Fieldbus network.
(B) Communicates sensor data to other blocks.
(C) Reads and reports digital process values.
(D) Converts a digital process value to an analog value.
(E) Behaves like a thermostat.

3. Match each function to the appropriate block name.
(1) Signal Characterizer _____

(2) Input Selector _____
(3) Integrator _____
(4) Arithmetic _____
(A) Could be used to implement the average of a number of input values.

(B) Totals a flow signal over time.
(C) Could be used to allow for temperature compensation in an HTG level
application.
(D) Makes the signal from a conical tank linear.

EXERCISE 8.9 — ADVANTAGES OF FOUNDATION FIELDBUS
1. How does FOUNDATION Fieldbus address the problem of traditional analog wiring
costs?
(1) FOUNDATION Fieldbus devices offer complete remote control and require no
wiring, leading to a complete reduction of wiring costs.
(2) FOUNDATION Fieldbus devices require far less wiring than analog
transmitters, which can lead to substantial cost savings.
(3) FOUNDATION Fieldbus devices can run on the wiring of an already setup
analog system without terminators and power conditioners.
(4) FOUNDATION Fieldbus technology allows unlimited number field devices to
be multidropped in a single segment, which can lead to substantial cost
savings.
2. FOUNDATION Fieldbus devices, are interoperable by design. Any device from any
manufacturer can communicate with any other device. Is this statement true or false?
(1) True
(2) False
3. FOUNDATION Fieldbus devices __________ the need for large, central control
systems and their attendant network of wires. FOUNDATION Fieldbus devices can
handle many control responsibilities by__________.
(1) support (1) host system

(2) increase (2) themselves
(3) reduce (3) wiring direct
4. FOUNDATION Fieldbus fulfills all of the roles of digital communication technology. Is

(1) True
(2) False

5. A plant manager wants to use 100% FOUNDATION Fieldbus for a new plant
expansion, but intends to wire point-to-point. What would be your advice?
(1) There is little need to resort to point-to-point wiring because FOUNDATION

Fieldbus devices can be connected in a number of different network
configurations.
(2) A point-to-point wiring setup will be appropriate since all the devices have to
share the same network.
(3) There is no need for point-to-point wiring because the FOUNDATION
Fieldbus devices can be controlled remotely.
(4) The manager could rewire her devices so that they share the same network
wires, thereby cutting down wiring and maintenance costs dramatically.

EXERCISE 8.10 —FOUNDATION FIELDBUS NETWORKS
1. Match each illustrated part to the correct description code.
(1) W _____
(2) X _____
(3) Y _____
(4) Z _____
(A) Segment – Maximum length of 1900 m (6234 ft) and maximum of 32

individually-powered devices
(B) Terminator – Every segment must be terminated as close as possible to each
end
(C) Spur – Length is limited by how many devices are on the segment: the more
devices there are, the shorter the spurs
(D) Power supply and conditioner – Each segment requires a power conditioner
to prevent the power supply from absorbing the communication signal
2. Topology is the shape of the network – FOUNDATION Fieldbus has a unique

network shape. Is this statement true or false?
(1) True
(2) False

3. How is intrinsic safety observed in a FOUNDATION Fieldbus Network? (Select all
options that apply)
(1) A safety barrier must be placed between the intrinsically safe and non-safe
segments.
(2) The intrinsically safe and non-safe segments must have separate wiring
properties.
(3) The number of devices on an I.S. segment is unlimited.
(4) The device must be certified as I.S.
4. The link active scheduler (LAS) need not necessarily be in the control room. The LAS
can be virtually anywhere on the network. Is this statement true or false?
(1) True
(2) False

EXERCISE 8.11 — THREE PROFIBUS VARIANTS
1. Match each Profibus variant on the left to the descriptive characteristic on the right.
(1) Profibus – FMS (A) Distributed I/O protocol

(2) Profibus – DP (B) Uses high-speed signals
(3) Profibus – PA (C) Supports intrinsically safe operation
(D) Designed to meet factory automation needs
(E) Suited for master to master communication
2. Which of the following Profibus-PA items are similar to FOUNDATION Fieldbus?

(Select all options that apply)
(1) Network management

(2) Physical layer
(3) Bus-powered, intrinsically safe devices
(4) Protocol design
(5) Network communication

EXERCISE 8.12 — PROPRIETARY PROTOCOLS
1. Match each protocol to the appropriate characteristic(s). (Match all the options that
apply)
(1) Modicon Modbus® _____

(2) Honeywell DE _____
(3) Foxboro FoxCom _____
(4) Yokogawa BRAIN _____
(A) Modulates current on the loop

(B) Available through royalty-free license
(C) Digital only operation
(D) Uses frequency shift-keying
(E) Can communicate with a handheld communicator

EXERCISE 8.13 — ADVANTAGES OF HART AND FOUNDATION FIELDBUS
1. A customer wants to replace one third of his analog-only transmitters with digital
transmitters but does not want to give up the analog communication since several
valves are dependent on it. (Select all the options that apply)
(1) HART technology is an open protocol that allows the customer to obtain
devices from any manufacturer.
(2) HART transmitters require less network wiring as compared to FoxCom
Transmitters.
(3) HART technology is widely adopted in the industry and this ensures that the
technology will be supported in the future.
(4) FoxCom transmitters do not support analog signals as they handle only digital
communication.
2. A customer wants to upgrade his plant to a Fieldbus-only system. Not wanting to

make the large investment necessary to switch the entire plant at once, he is
exploring stepping stone technologies. (Select all options that apply)
How will you convince the customer that in comparison to Honeywell DE, HART
technology is a better stepping-stone to Fieldbus?
(1) HART technology allows the customer to keep his existing analog technology
while he introduces new digital technology. DE requires him to abandon his
analog technology immediately.
(2) HART devices can transmit multiple digital variables simultaneously. DE can
only send one.
(3) HART devices can be configured by technicians in the field or on the bench
with a communicator. DE devices are factory programmable and cannot be
configured in the field.
(4) HART technology is an open protocol, which will not lock the customer into a
single supplier. DE is proprietary and requires the customer to buy devices
from Honeywell.
(5) HART technology is widely adopted in the industry, ensuring broad support.

3. A customer wants to move his plant to a fieldbus-only system. Not wanting to make
the large investment necessary to switch the entire plant at once, he is exploring
stepping stone technologies.
How will you convince the customer that FOUNDATION Fieldbus is the best solution
for his long-range plan for a fieldbus-only plant? (Select all options that apply)
(1) FOUNDATION Fieldbus permits devices to communicate and interoperate by

design.
(2) FOUNDATION Fieldbus is the only protocol that is specifically designed to
meet the needs of the process control industry.
(3) FOUNDATION Fieldbus allows complete network flexibility.
(4) FOUNDATION Fieldbus works equally well with digital or analog signals.
(5) FOUNDATION Fieldbus is the only protocol to offer control in the field
functionality.

Module 8: Workbook Exercises - Answers
Exercise 8.1 – Role of Communication Technology
1. 1, 3, 5
2. 1, 2, 3, 5
Exercise 8.2 – Communication Components
1. D, C, B, A
2. 2
3. 1, 4
Exercise 8.3 – Analog and Digital Protocols
1. 1 = (A), 2 = (D), 3 = (D), 4 = (A), 5 = (A)

2. 1 = (B), 2 = (A), 3 = (A), 4 = (B), 5 = (A)
3. 1, 2, 4
Exercise 8.4 – How HART Devices Communicate
1. 1, 2, 1
2. 1, 4
Exercise 8.5 – Signal Conversion
1. 1
2. 1
3. 1
4. 2
Exercise 8.6 – Advantages of HART Technology
1. 1, 3, 5
2. 2
3. 2

Module 8: Workbook Exercises - Answers
Exercise 8.7 –HART Communicators
1. 1, 2, 4
2. 2, 3
3. 1
Exercise 8.8 – Foundation Fieldbus Basics
1. A, C, B
2. C, A, E, D, B
3. D, A, B, C
Exercise 8.9 – Advantages of Foundation Fieldbus
1. 2
2. 1
3. 3, 2
4. 1
5. 1, 4
Exercise 8.10 – FOUNDATION Fieldbus Networks
1. D, C, B, A
2. 2
3. 1, 3, 5
4. 1
Exercise 8.11 – Three Profibus Variants
1. 1 = (B, D, E), 2 = (A, B, D), 3 = (C, F)

2. 2, 3
Exercise 8.12 – Proprietary Protocols
1. 1 = (B, C, F), 2 = (A, C), 3 = (C, D, E), 4 = (D, E)
Exercise 8.13 – Advantages of HART and FOUNDATION Fieldbus
1. 1, 3
2. 1, 2, 4, 5
3. 1, 2, 3, 5

Module 8: Activity Answers
1. True
2. 1,2,4
3. 1,3,4
4. 2
5. 2
6. 3
7. 1,4
8. 1
9. 1,2,4
10. 3
11. True
12. 2,3,4
13. 1,2,4
1. 3
2. 1
3. 1,2
4. 4
5. 1,2,3,5
6. 2
7. True
8. 3
9. 1,2,4
10. True
11. 4
12. 3
1. 1,3,4
2. False
3. 1
4. 2
5. False
6. 3
7. True
8. 2
9. True
10. 2,3,4
11. False
12. False
13. 1,2,3,5
14. 1
Page 60 Activity Answers

Module 8: Activity Answers
15. 1
16. 2
17. 1
18. 3
Profibus Protocol
1. 1,2,3
2. 3
3. 1,3
4. 1,2,4
5. False
6. 1
1. 1
2. True
3. 1
4. 2,3
5. True
6. 1,3
7. 3
8. 4
9. True
10. 1,3,4
Activity Answers Page 61


M08 Communications

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M08 Communications

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Table of Contents

The Importance of Communication Technologies ........................................................................................ 1

HART Communication Protocol ....................................................................................................................9

Communication Technologies For Internal Use Only / ii

Profibus Protocol ........................................................................................................................................... 30

Proprietary Communication Protocols ..........................................................................................................34

iii / For Internal Use Only Communication Technologies

Workbook Exercise - Answers........................................................................................................................ 58

Communication Technologies For Internal Use Only / iv

Communication Technologies For Internal Use Only / v

Communication Technologies For Internal Use Only / 1

Role of Communication Technology

Recent digital communication systems are able to play (or assist

1 Remote device maintenance

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - ROLE OF COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

2 / For Internal Use Only Communication Technologies

Transmitter Communication Components

4. What is the function of a

1 To convert an electrical signal

Communication Technologies For Internal Use Only / 3

Transmitter Communication Components

4 / For Internal Use Only Communication Technologies

Transmitter Communication Components

1 Some process control devices

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - COMMUNICATION COMPONENTS

5 / For Internal Use Only Communication Technologies

Analog Communication Technology

9. List the main analog signals.

Communication Technologies For Internal Use Only / 6

Digital Communication Technology

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS

7 / For Internal Use Only Communication Technologies

Digital Communication Technology

Remote Device Communication

Improved Reliability in Data Transmission

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - ANALOG AND DIGITAL PROTOCOLS

Communication Technologies For Internal Use Only / 8

Communication Technologies For Internal Use Only / 9

HART Technology Overview

Figure 8.3: Frequency Shift Keying

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - HOW HART DEVICES COMMUNICATE?

10 / For Internal Use Only Communication Technologies

HART Technology Overview

Figure 8.4: HART Communication Components

How A/D Converters Work

Communication Technologies For Internal Use Only / 11

HART Technology Overview

1 sec 2 sec 3 sec

Figure 8.5: Sampling Rate and Precision

How D/A Converters Work

Figure 8.6: Analog Output of a D/A Converter

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - SIGNAL CONVERSION

12 / For Internal Use Only Communication Technologies

Advantages of HART Technology

Communication Technologies For Internal Use Only / 13

Advantages of HART Technology

Digital communication only

Figure 8.7: HART Multidrop Network

14 / For Internal Use Only Communication Technologies

Advantages of HART Technology

Due to the limited communication speed of the HART

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - ADVANTAGES OF HART TECHNOLOGY

Communication Technologies For Internal Use Only / 15

CONNECTING A HART COMMUNICATOR TO A LOOP